ch7 PDF

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0521609992c07.xml CUAT007-EVANS July 19, 2006 21:32
C H A P T E R
7
Antidifferentiation
Objectives
To review antidifferentiation by rule
To consider the relationship between the graph of a function and the graph of its
antiderivative
To apply the technique of substitution to integration
To apply trigonometric identities to integration
To apply partial fractions to integration
7.1 Antidifferentiation
The derivative of x2 with respect to x is 2x. Conversely, given that an unknown expression has
derivative 2x it is clear that the unknown expression could be x2 . The process of finding a
function from its derivative is called antidifferentiation.
Consider the polynomial functions f(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = x2 − 7

Then f (x) = 2x and g (x) = 2x
i.e. the two different functions have the same derived function.
y
Both x + 1 and x −7 are said to be
2 2
antiderivatives of 2x. If two functions y = x2 + 1

y = x2
have the same derivative on an y = x2 _ 1 Each of the graphs is a
interval then they differ by a constant. translation of y = x2
If two functions have the same 1 parallel to the y axis.
y = x2 _ 7
derived function then the graph of one x
function is obtained by a translation 0
distance _1
parallel to the y axis of the other. 7 units
distance
7 units
The diagram illustrates several
_7
antiderivatives of 2x.
253
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254 Essential Specialist Mathematics
The general antiderivative of 2x is x2 + c where c is an arbitrary real number. The notation

of Leibniz is used to state this with symbols.

2x d x = x 2 + c
This is read as ‘the general antiderivative of 2x with respect to x is equal to x2 plus c’ or ‘the
indefinite integral of 2x with respect to x is x2 + c’.
To be more precise, the indefinite integral is the set of all antiderivatives and to emphasise
this, it is written as shown.

2x d x = { f (x): f (x) = 2x} = {x 2 + c: c ∈ R}
The set notation is not commonly used but it should be clearly understood that there is not a
unique antiderivative for a given function. The set notation is not used in this text but it is
advisable to keep it in mind when considering further results.
In general, F and f are functions such that:
If F (x) = f (x)

f (x) d x = F(x) + c, where c is an arbitrary real number
Note that F(x) is an antiderivative of f (x).

In Essential Mathematical Methods 3 and 4 the following rules for integration were
established:

f (x) f (x)dx
x n+1
xn , n = −1 +c
n+1
x−1 , x > 0 loge x + c
1
x−1 = , x = 0 loge |x| + c
x
1 −b 1
, x = loge |ax + b| + c
ax + b a a
1 kx+d
ekx+d e +c
k
1
sin(ax + b) − cos(ax + b) + c
a
1
cos(ax + b) sin(ax + b) + c
a
1
(ax + b)n (ax + b)n+1 + c
a(n + 1)
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Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 255
The definite integral

b
f (x) d x = F(b) − F(a) where F is any antiderivative of f
a
b
and f (x) d x is called the definite integral from a to b.
a
The number a is called the lower limit of integration and b is called the upper limit of
integration. The function f is called the integrand.
Example 1
Find antiderivatives of each of the following:

2
a sin 3x − b e3x+4 c 6x 3 −
4 x2
Solution

a sin 3x − is of the form sin(ax + b)
4

−1
From the table sin(ax + b) d x = cos(ax + b) + c
a
−1
∴ sin 3x − dx = cos 3x − +c
4 3 4

2
b e3x+4 is of the form ekx+d c 6x 3 − dx = 6x 3 − 2x −2 d x
x2
1
ekx+d d x = ekx+d + c 6x 4
k = + 2x −1 + c
4
1
∴ e3x+4 d x = e3x+4 + c 3 2
3 = x4 + + c
2 x
Example 2
Evaluate each of the following integrals:

1 1√
2 8
a cos(3x) d x b e 2x
− e dx
x
c 2
sec (2x) d x d 2x + 1 d x
0 0 0 0
Solution

2
2 1
a cos(3x) d x = sin(3x)
0 3 0

1 3
= sin − sin(0)
3 2
1
= (−1 − 0)
3
1
=−
3
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1 1
1 2x
b e 2x
−e = e − ex
x
0 2 0

1 1 0
= e2 − e1 − e − e0
2 2

e2 1
= −e− −1
2 2
e2 1
−e+ =
2 2
c From Chapter 6 it was found that if f (x) = tan(ax + b) then
f (x) = a sec2 (ax + b).

1
Hence sec2 (ax + b) d x = tan(ax + b) + c
a

8
∴ sec2 (2x) d x = 12 tan(2x) 08
0

= 1
2
tan − tan 0
4
= 1
2
(1 − 0)
= 1
2
1√ 1 1
d 2x + 1 d x = (2x + 1) 2 d x
0 0

1
1 3
= (2x + 1) 2
2 × 32
0

3 3
= 13 (2 + 1) 2 − 1 2

3
= 1
3
32 − 1
√
= 13 (3 3 − 1)
1
In the previous chapter it was shown that the derivative of loge (|x|) = .
x
a
And by the chain rule the derivative of loge (|ax+ b|) = .
ax + b
1 1
Hence an antiderivative of = loge (|ax+ b|).
ax + b a
Example 3
1
1 1
a Find an antiderivative of b Evaluate dx
−1 4x +2 0 4x + 2
1
c Evaluate dx
−2 4x + 2
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Solution

1 1 1 1
a is of the form and d x = loge (|ax + b|) + c
4x + 2 ax + b ax + b a

1 1
∴ d x = loge (|4x + 2|) + c
4x + 2 4
1 1
1 1
b dx = loge |4x + 2|
0 4x + 2 4 0
1
= (loge (6) − loge (2))
4
1
= loge (3)
4
−1 −1
1 1
c dx = loge |4x + 2|
−2 4x + 2 4 −2
1
= (loge (| −2 |) − loge (| −6 |))
4

1 1
= loge
4 3
1
= − loge (3)
4
Graphs of functions and their antiderivatives

In the following, F and f are functions such that F (x) = f (x), i.e. F(x) is an antiderivative
of f.
Example 4
Consider the following graphs of y = f (x) and y = F(x).

y
y
y = f (x)
y = F(x)
(1, 1)
(0, 1)
x x
0 0
Find: a f (x) b F(x)

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Solution
x2
a f (x) = mx and as f (1) = 1, m = 1 b F(x) = +c (by
2
∴ f (x) = x antidifferentiation)
But F(0) = 1 and therefore c = 1
x2
i.e. F(x) = +1
2
Note: The graph of y = f (x) is the gradient graph for the graph of y = F(x).
It has been shown that there are infinitely many graphs defined by f (x) d x.
Example 5 y
The graph of y = f (x) is as shown.

Sketch the graph of y = F(x) given that F(0) = 0. y = f (x)
(_1, 2)
x
0
Solution y
y = f (x) is the gradient graph of y = F(x).
Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is
always positive. The minimum gradient
is 2 and this occurs when x = −1. There is _1
a line of symmetry x = −1 which indicates x
0
equal gradients for x values equidistant from
x = −1. Also F(0) = 0. A possible graph is shown.
Example 6 y
The graph of y = f (x) is as shown. Sketch the graph of

y = F(x) given that F(1) = 1.
x
0 2
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Solution y
y = f (x) is the gradient graph of y = F(x).
Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is positive
for x > 2, negative for x < 2 and zero
for x = 2.
(1, 1)
A possible graph is shown.
x
0 2
Exercise 7A
1 Find an antiderivative of each of the following:

2x
a sin 2x + b cos(x) c sin d e3x+1
4 3
5(x+ 4)
1 3
e e f g h 6x3 − 2x2 + 4x + 1
3x − 2 2x 2
2x + 1
i
x +3
2 Evaluate each of the following integrals:
1 2 1
1
a e x − e−x d x b 3x 2 + 2x + 4 d x c dx
−1 0 0 3x + 2
3
2 3 4
d sin 2x d x e dx f cos (x) + 2x d x
0 2 x3 0
1
2 2
g e3x + x d x h cos (4x) d x i
sin 12 x d x
0 0 −
2
−1 0
4 2 1 1
j sec x d x k dx l dx
0 −3 3x − 2 −1 4 − 3x
√ 1
a (3x + 2)5 b 3x + 2 c
(3x + 2)2
3x + 1 3x
d e cos f (5x − l)1/3
x +1 2
4 For each of the following find the rules for f (x) and F(x) where F (x) = f (x):
y
a y
(1, 2) (_1, 4) y = F(x)

y = f(x)
x x
0 0
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b y y
y = f (x)
a parabola
y = F(x)
(1, 4)
x
0 x
0
c y y
(2, 4)
y = F(x)
0 (2, 0)
x
x
0
y = f (x)
(0, _8) a parabola
d y y
y = f(x)
(y = aebx)
y = F(x)
0 x 3
x
0
(0, _1)
(_loge2, _2)
y
e y π
,2 (π, 4)
2
y = F(x)
0 (π, 0) (2π, 0)
x x
0 (2π, 0)
y = f (x)
3π _
, 2
2
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f y y
(0, 0.5)
y=π
y = f (x) y = F(x)
π
(1, 0.4) 0,
2
x x
0 0
a
f (x) =
b + x2
5 For each of the following the graph of y = f (x) is shown. Sketch the graph of y = F(x) for
each of them where F (x) = f (x) and the value of F(0) is given:
y
a y b
y = f (x)
y = f(x)
x x
0 1 _1 0
F(0) = 0 F(0) = 1
c y d y
y = f(x) (_3, 4)
y = f (x)
(1, 2) x 0 x
0 _5 _1
F(0) = 0 F(0) = 0
e y f y
x x
0 1 2 0 3
y = f(x)
F(0) = 2
F(0) = 0
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7.2 Antiderivatives involving inverse

circular functions
In Chapter 6, the following rules for differentiation of inverse circular functions were
established.
x 1
f : (−a, a) → R, f (x) = sin−1 , f (x) = √
a a2 − x 2
x −1
f : (−a, a) → R, f (x) = cos−1 , f (x) = √
a a2 − x 2
x a
f : R → R, f (x) = tan−1 , f (x) = 2
a a + x2
From these results, the following can be stated:

1 x
√ d x = sin−1 + c1 x ∈ (−a, a)
a2 − x 2 a

−1 x
√ d x = cos−1 + c2 x ∈ (−a, a)

a2 − x 2 a
a x
d x = tan−1 + c3 x∈R
a2 + x 2 a
x x
It can be noted from this, that sin−1 + cos−1 = −(c1 + c2 ) and it can be shown that
a a
x x
sin−1 + cos−1 = for all x ∈ (−a, a).
a a 2
Example 7
Find an antiderivative of each of the following:

1 1 1
a √ b √ c
9−x 2 9 − 4x 2 9 + 4x 2
Solution
x
1 1 1
a √ d x = sin−1 +c b √ dx = dx
9 − x2 3 9 − 4x 2 2 9
− x2
4

1 1 1 1
c dx = 9 dx = dx
9 + 4x 2 4 4
+ x2 2− x2 9
4
3
2 1 2x
= 9 2
dx = sin−1 +c
3 4 4
+ x2 2 3
3
1
= dx 2
6 + x2 9
4

1 −1 2x
= tan +c
6 3
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Example 8
Evaluate each of the following definite integrals: 1

1 2
1 1 3
a √ dx b dx c √ dx
0 4−x 2 0 4 + x2 0 9 − 4x 2
Solution
1 x 1 2 2
1 1 2
a √ d x = sin−1 b dx = 1
dx
0 4 − x2 2 0 0 4 + x2 2
0 4+x
2
x 2
1
= sin−1 − sin−1 0 = 12 tan−1
2 2 0
= 12 (tan−1 1 − tan−1 0)
=
6
=
1 1 8
3 3
c √ dx = dx
0 9 − 4x 2 0
2 9
− x2
4
1
1
= 3
2
dx
− x2
0 9
4
1
−1 2x
= 2 sin
3
3 0
= 3
2
sin−1 2
3
≈ 1.095
Exercise 7B
1 Evaluate each of the following integrals:

dx dx dt
a √ b c
9−x 2 5 + x2 1 + t2

5 3 dx
d √ dx e dx f √
5−x 2 16 + x 2 16 − 4x 2

10 dt dx
g √ dt h i √
10 − t 2 9 + 16t 2 5 − 2x 2

7
j dy
3 + y2
2 Evaluate each of the following:
1 1 1
2 2 3 5
a d x b √ dx c √ dx
0 1+x 1 − x2 4 − x2
2 0
0
5 3 2
6 2 3 dx
d dx e dx f
0 25 + x
2 0 9 + 4x 2 0 8 + 2x 2
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√
3 3 2 1
2 dx 4 dx 3 3
g √ h √ i dy
0 9 − x2 0 9− 4x 2 0 1 − 9y 2
2
dx
j
0 1 + 3x
2
7.3 Integration by substitution

In this section, the technique of substitution is introduced. The substitution will result in one of
the forms for integrands reviewed in section 7.1.
First consider the following example.
Example 9
Differentiate each of the following with respect to x:

2
a (2x2 + 1)5 b cos3 x c e3x
Solution
a Let y = (2x2 + 1)5 .
dy du
Let u = 2x2 + 1. Then y = u 5 , = 5u 4 and = 4x.
du dx
By the chain rule for differentiation:
dy dy du
=
dx du d x
= 5u 4 · 4x
= 20u 4 x
= 20x(2x 2 + 1)4
dy du
b Let y = cos3 x. Let u = cos x. Then y = u3 , = 3u 2 and = −sin x.
du dx
dy dy du
=
dx du d x
= 3u 2 · (−sin x)
= 3 cos2 x(−sin x)
= −3 cos2 x sin x
2 du dy
c Let y = e3x . Let u = 3x2 . Then y = eu , = 6x and = eu .
dx du
dy dy du
=
dx du d x
= eu · 6x
2
= 6xe3x
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Example 9 suggests that a ‘converse’ of the chain rule can be used to obtain a method for
antidifferentiating functions of a particular form.

From Example 9a 20x(2x 2 + 1)4 d x = (2x 2 + 1)5 + c

is of the form 5h (x)[h(x)]4 d x = [h(x)]5 + c where h(x) = (2x 2 + 1)

From Example 9b −3 cos2 x sin x d x = cos3 x + c

is of the form 3h (x)[h(x)]2 d x = [h(x)]3 + c where h(x) = cos x

2 2
For Example 9c 6xe3x d x = e3x + c

is of the form h (x)eh(x) d x = eh(x) + c where h(x) = 3x 2
This suggests a method that can be used for integration.

(x 2 + 1)6
e.g. 2x(x 2 + 1)5 d x = + c [h(x) = x 2 + 1]
6

sin3 x
cos x sin2 x d x = +c [h(x) = sin x]
3
A formalisation
of this idea provides a method of integration for functions of this form.
Let y = f (u) du where u = g(x).
The chain rule for differentiation gives:
dy dy du
=
dx du d x
du
= f (u)·

dx
du
∴ y = f (u) d x
dx
and this implies:

du
f (u) dx = f (u) du
dx
This method is called the change of variable rule or the method of substitution.
Example 10

1 2
a sin x cos2 x b 5x 2 (x 3 − 1) 2 c 3xe x
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Solution

a sin x cos2 x d x
du
Let u = cos x. Then f (u) = u 2 and = −sin x and thus:
dx

du
− cos2 x(−sin x) d x = − f (u) dx
dx

= − f (u) du

= − u 2 du
−u 3
= +c
3
−cos3 x
= +c
3
1
b 5x 2 (x 3 − 1) 2 d x
1 du
Let u = x 3 − 1. Then f (u) = u 2 and = 3x 2 .
dx

1 5 1
∴ 5x (x −
2 3
1) 2 dx = (x 3 − 1) 2 3x 2 d x
3
1
5 du
= u2 dx
3 dx

5 2 3
= u 2 +c
3 3
10 3
= u2 + c
9
10 3 3
= (x − 1) 2 + c
9

2
c 3xe x d x
du
Let u = x 2 . Then f (u) = eu and = 2x.
dx

2
∴ 3xe x d x = 3
2
eu · 2x d x

du
= 3
2
f (u) dx
dx

= 3
2
eu du
= 3
2
eu + c
2
= 3
2
ex + c
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Example 11

2 3
a b
x + 2x + 6
2 1
(9 − 4x − x 2 ) 2
Solution

2 2
a dx = dx (completing the square)
x + 2x + 6
2 x2 + 2x + 1 + 5

2
= dx
(x + 1)2 + 5
du
Let u = x + 1. Then = 1 and hence
dx

2 2
dx = du
(x + 1)2 + 5 u2 + 5
√
2 5
=√ 2+5
du
5 u
2 u
= √ tan−1 √ + c
5 5

2 x +1
= √ tan−1 √ +c
5 5

3 3
b 1
dx = 1
dx
[−(x 2 + 4x − 9)] 2 (−[(x 2 + 4x + 4) − 9 − 4]) 2

3
= 1
dx
(−[(x + 2)2 − 13]) 2

3
= 1
dx
[13 − (x + 2)2 ] 2
du
Let u = x + 2. Then =1
dx

3 3
and 1
dx = 1
du
[13 − (x + 2)2 ] 2 (13 − u2) 2
u
= 3 sin−1 √ + c
13
(x + 2)
= 3 sin−1 √ +c
13
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Linear substitutions
The antiderivative of expressions such as:
√ 2x + 5 2x + 4 √
(2x + 3) 3x − 4 √ (2x + 4)(x + 3)20 x 2 3x − 1
3x − 4 (x + 2)2
can be found using a linear substitution.
Example 12
Find an antiderivative of each of the following:

√ 2x + 1 √
a (2x + 1) x + 4 b c x2 3x − 1
(1 − 2x)2
Solution
√
a (2x + 1) x + 4 dx
du
Let u = x + 4. Then = 1 and x = u − 4
dx
√ 1
∴ (2x + 1) x + 4 d x = [2(u − 4) + 1]u 2 du
1
= (2u − 7)u 2 du
3 1
= 2u 2 − 7u 2 du

5 3
= 2 25 u 2 − 7 23 u 2 + c
5 3
= 45 (x + 4) 2 − 14
3
(x + 4) 2 + c

2x + 1
b dx
(1 − 2x)2
du
Let u = 1 − 2x. Then = −2 and 2x = 1 − u
dx

2x + 1 2−u
∴ d x = − 1
(−2) d x
(1 − 2x)2 2
u2

2 − u du
= − 12 dx
u2 d x

= − 12 2u −2 − u −1 du
= − 12 (−2u −1 − loge |u|) + c
= u −1 + 12 loge |u| + c
1
= + 12 loge |1 − 2x| + c
1 − 2x
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√
c x 2 3x − 1 d x
du u+1 (u + 1)2
Let u = 3x − 1. Then = 3 and x = . Therefore x 2 = .
dx 3 9
√
(u + 1)2 √
x 2 3x − 1 d x = u
9
1
= 1
27
(u + 1)2 u 2 (3) d x
1 du
= 1
27
(u 2 + 2u + 1)u 2 dx
dx
5 3 1

= 27
1
u 2 + 2u 2 + u 2 du

7 5 3
= 1
27
2 2
7
u + 4 2
5
u + 2 2
3
u +c
3 1
= 2 2
27
u 7
u2 + 24
5
u + 1
3
+c
3
= 2
2835
(3x − 1) 2 [15(3x − 1)2 + 42(3x − 1) + 35)] + c
3
= 2
2835
(3x − 1) 2 (135x 2 + 36x + 8) + c
Using a CAS calculator

CAS can be used to determine such integrals but several operations may be necessary
√
to obtain the desired form if x 3x − 1 dx is entered. However, entering
2

√
1
27
(u + 1)2 u du | u = 3x − 1 immediately gives the form above. The second screen
is obtained by scrolling across.
Exercise 7C
1 Find each of the following:

3 x cos x
a 2x(x 2 + 1) d x b dx c cos x sin3 x d x d dx

(x + 1)
2 2
sin2 x

e (2x + 1)5 d x f 5x 9 + x 2 d x g x(x 2 − 3)5 d x

x +1 2 1
h dx i dx j √ dx
(x + 2x)3
2 (3x + 1)3 1+x

3x 3x
k (x 2 − 2x)(x 3 − 3x 2 + 1)4 d x l dx m dx
x +1
2 2 − x2
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2 Find antiderivatives of each of the following:

1 1 1
a b c √
x 2 + 2x + 2 x −x +1
2 21 − 4x − x 2
1 1 1
d √ e √ f
10x − x − 24
2 40 − x 2 − 6x 3x 2 + 6x + 7
√ √ 6x √
a x 2x + 3 b x 1−x c 1
d (2x + 1) 3x − 1
(3x − 7) 2
2x − 1 √ 1 5x − 1
e f (x + 3) 3x + 1 g (x + 2)(x + 3) 3 h
(x − 1)2 (2x + 1)2
√ x2
i x2 x − 1 j √
x −1
7.4 Definite integrals by substitution

Example 13
4
Evaluate 3x x 2 + 9 d x.
0
Solution
du
Let u = x 2 + 9, so that = 2x.
dx

Then 3x x 2 + 9 d x = 32 x 2 + 9 · 2x d x
1 du
= 3
2
u2 dx
dx
1
= 3
2
u 2 du

3
= 2 3u
3 2 2
+c
3 3
= u 2 + c = (x 2 + 9) 2 + c
4 3 4
∴ 3x x 2 + 9 d x = (x 2 + 9) 2
0 0
3 3
= 25 2 − 92
= 125 − 27
= 98
In a definite integral which involves the change of variable rule it is not necessary to return to
an expression in x if the values of u corresponding to each of the limits of x are found.
Thus x =0 implies u = 9
and x =4 implies u = 25
25
3 1 3 2 3 25
and the integral can be evaluated as u 2 du = u2
2 9 2 3 9
= 125 − 27
= 98
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Example 14
Evaluate the following: 1

3
a
2 3
cos x d x b 2x 2 e x d x
0 0
Solution

a 2 2 2
cos3 x d x = cos x(cos2 x) d x = cos x(1 − sin2 x) d x
0 0 0
du
Let u = sin x. Then = cos x.
dx

When x = , u = 1 and when x = 0, u = 0
2
1 1
u3
∴ integral becomes (1 − u 2 ) du = u −
0 3 0
=1− 31
= 2
3
1
3
b 2x 2 e x d x
0
du
Let u = x 3 . Then = 3x 2 . When x = 1, u = 1 and when x = 0, u = 0
dx
1 1
x3
∴ 2
3
e · (3x ) d x =
2 2
3
eu du
0 0
= 2 u 1
3
[e ]0
= (e − e0 )
2 1
3
= 2
3
(e − 1)
Exercise 7D
1 Evaluate the following definite integrals:
3
4 2
a x x2 + 16 d x b 3
cos x sin x d x c sin x cos2 x d x
0 0 0
4 1 √ e2
1
d x(x − 3)17 d x e x 1 − x dx f dx
3 0 e x loge x
4 1
1 ex 4 sin x
g √ dx h dx i dx
0 3x + 4 −1 ex + 1 0 cos3 x
1 −3
2x + 3 3 cos x 2x
j dx k
dx l dx
0 x + 3x + 4 1 − x2
2 sin x
4 −4
−1 x
e
m dx
−2 1 − ex
P1: GHM
7.5 Use of trigonometric identities for integration

Products of sines and cosines
Integrals of the form sinm x cosn x d x, where m and n are non-negative integers, can be
considered in the following cases:
A m is odd B m is even and n is odd C m and n are both even.
Case A:
If m is odd, write m = 2k + 1. Then sin2k+1 x can be written
(sin2 x)k sin x = (1 − cos2 x)k sin x. The substitution u = cos x can now be made.
Case B:
If m is even and n is odd, write n = 2k + 1. Then cos2k+1 x can be written
(cos2 x)k cos x = (1 − sin2 x)k cos x and the substitution u = sin x can now be made.
Case C:
1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
If m and n are both even, the identities sin2 x = or cos2 x = or
2 2
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos
x can be used.
1
Also note that sec2 kx d x = tan kx + c. The identity 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x is employed in
k
the following example.
Example 15
Find:

a cos2 x d x b tan2 x d x c sin 2x cos 2x d x

d cos4 x d x e sin3 x cos2 x d x
Solution
a Use the identity cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1.
By rearrangement of the identity:
cos 2x + 1
cos2 x =
2
and thus:

cos 2x + 1
cos2 x d x = dx
2
= 1
2
cos 2x + 1 d x

= 12 12 sin 2x + x + c
x
= 14 sin 2x + + c
2
P1: GHM
b Use the identity 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x.

By rearrangement of the identity, tan2 x = sec2 x − 1

∴ tan x d x =
2
sec2 x − 1 d x
= tan x − x + c
c Use the identity sin 2 = 2 sin cos .
Let = 2x. Then sin 4x = 2 sin 2x cos 2x and sin 2x cos 2x = 1
sin 4x
2
∴ sin 2x cos 2x d x = 1
2
sin 4x d x

= 12 − 14 cos 4x + c
= − 18 cos 4x + c

cos 2x + 1 2
d cos4 x = (cos2 x)2 =
2
= 4 (cos 2x + 2 cos 2x + 1)
1 2
As cos 4x = 2 cos2 2x − 1

cos 4x + 1
cos x = 4
4 1
+ 2 cos 2x + 1
2
= 18 cos 4x + 12 cos 2x + 38

∴ cos x d x =
4 1
8
cos 4x + 12 cos 2x + 38 d x
= 1
32
sin 4x + 14 sin 2x + 38 x + c

e sin x cos x d x =
3 2
sin x(sin2 x) cos2 x d x

= sin x(1 − cos2 x) cos2 x d x
du
Let u = cos x. Then = −sin x
dx
=− (−sin x)(1 − u 2 )(u 2 ) d x

du
=− (1 − u 2 )u 2 dx
dx
=− u2 − u4 d x
3
u u5
=− − +c
3 5
cos5 x cos3 x
= − +c
5 3
P1: GHM
Exercise 7E
1 Find an antiderivative of the following:
a sin2 x b sin4 x c 2 tan2 x d 2 sin 3x cos 3x
e sin2 2x f tan2 2x g sin2 x cos2 x h cos2 x − sin2 x
i cot2 x j cos3 2x
1
a sec2 x b sec2 (2x) c sec2 x d sec2 (kx)
2

e tan2 (3x) f 1 − tan2 x g tan2 x − sec2 x h cosec2 x −
2
3 Evaluate the following definite integrals:

2 4 2
a 2
sin x d x b 3
tan x d x c sin2 x cos x d x
0 0 0

4 2
d cos4 x d x e sin3 x d x f sin2 2x d x
0 0 0
1
3
g sin2 x cos2 x d x h sin2 x + cos2 x d x
0 0

x
a cos3 x b sin3 c cos2 (4x) d 7 cos7 t
4
e cos3 (5x) f 8 sin4 x g sin2 x cos4 x h cos5 x
7.6 Partial fractions

Example 16
5 3
Express − as a single fraction.
2x + 1 x − 1
Solution
5 3 5(x − 1) − 3(2x + 1)
− =
2x + 1 x − 1 (2x + 1)(x − 1)
5x − 5 − 6x − 3
=
(2x + 1)(x − 1)
−x − 8
=
(2x + 1)(x − 1)
Sometimes it is essential to reverse the process, i.e. to take an algebraic fraction such as
−x − 8
and express it as the sum or difference of several partial fractions.
(2x + 1)(x − 1)
9x + 1 A B
e.g. Find A and B such that: ≡ +
(x − 3)(x + 1) x −3 x +1
P1: GHM
The symbol ≡ which means ‘is identically equal to’ signifies that the two expressions are
equal for all allowable values of x.
Expressing the right-hand side with a common denominator:
9x + 1 A(x + 1) + B(x − 3)
≡
(x − 3)(x + 1) (x − 3)(x + 1)
which means:
9x + 1 ≡ A(x + 1) + B(x − 3)
Two polynomials of degree n are equal if they coincide for more than n values.
Therefore, if values of A and B are found such that the polynomials 9x + 1 and
A(x + 1) + B(x − 3) are equal for x = −1 and x = 3, they must be equal for all values
of x for these values of A and B. The values that have been chosen are for convenience. The
result can be achieved through a choice of any two values for x.
When x = −1, 9x + 1 = −8 and A(x + 1) + B(x − 3) = −4B.
For the two polynomials to be equal −4B = −8 and therefore B = 2
When x = 3, 9x + 1 = 28 and A(x + 1) + B(x − 3) = 4A
For the two polynomials to be equal 4A = 28 and therefore A = 7
That is, A = 7 and B = 2
9x + 1 7 2
This implies: ≡ +
(x − 3)(x + 1) x −3 x +1
This technique holds for an algebraic fraction with non-repeated linear factors in the
denominator,
an−1 x n−1 + an−2 x n−2 + · · · + a0 A1 A2 An
i.e. ≡ + + ··· +
(x − x1 )(x − x2 )(x − x3 ) . . . (x − xn ) x − x1 x − x2 x − xn
Example 17

9x + 1
Find dx.
(x − 3)(x + 1)
Solution
Using the partial fractions found above:
9x + 1 7 2
≡ +
(x − 3)(x + 1) x −3 x +1

9x + 1 7 2
and thus: dx = dx + dx
(x − 3)(x + 1) x −3 x +1
= 7 loge |x − 3| + 2 loge |x + 1|+ c
Using the logarithm rules:

9x + 1
d x = loge |x − 3|7 |x + 1|2 + c
(x − 3)(x + 1)
P1: GHM
Special case 1
If the degree of the denominator is less than or equal to the degree of the numerator, then
division must take place first.
Example 18

x5 + 2 x5 + 2
Express as a partial fraction and hence find d x.
x2 − 1 x2 − 1
Solution
Dividing through:
x3 + x

x2 − 1 x5 + 2
x5 − x3
x3
x3 − x
x +2
x5 + 2 x +2
∴ = x3 + x + 2
x −1
2 x −1
x +2 x +2
Expressing = as partial fractions:
x −1
2 (x − 1)(x + 1)
x5 + 2 1 3
= x3 + x − +
x −1
2 2(x + 1) 2(x − 1)
Therefore:

x5 + 2 1 3
dx = x3 + x − + dx
x2 − 1 2(x + 1) 2(x − 1)
x4 x2 1 3
= + − loge |x + 1| + loge |x − 1|
4 2 2 2
3
x 2
1 |x − 1|
= x4 + + loge
2 2 |x + 1|
Special case 2
When the denominator is a perfect square quadratic, the following technique can be used.
Example 19

3x + 1 3x + 1
Express in partial fractions and hence find d x.
(x + 2)2 (x + 2)2
P1: GHM
Solution
3x + 1 a b
Write = +
(x + 2) 2 x + 2 (x + 2)2
Then 3x + 1 ≡ a(x + 2) + b
When x = −2
−5 = b
when x =0
1 = 2a + b
∴ a=3
3x + 1 3 5
∴ = −
(x + 2)2 x + 2 (x + 2)2

3x + 1 3 5
and d x = − dx
(x + 2) 2 x + 2 (x + 2)2
5
= 3 loge |x + 2| + +c
x +2
Exercise 7F
1 Decompose each of the following into partial fractions and find their antiderivatives:
7 x +3 2x + 1
a b c
(x − 2)(x + 5) x − 3x + 2
2 (x + 1)(x − 1)
2x 2 2x + 1 4x − 2
d e f
x2 − 1 x2 + 4x + 4 (x − 2)(x + 4)
2x − 3 5x + 1 x 3 − 2x 2 − 3x + 9
a b c
x − 5x + 6
2 (x − 1)(x + 2) x2 − 4
4x + 10 x 3 + x 2 − 3x + 3 x3 + 3
d e f
x + 5x + 4
2 x +2 x2 − x
3 Evaluate the following:
2 1 3
1 1 x −2
a dx b dx c dx
1 x(x + 1) 0 (x + 1)(x + 2) 2 (x − 1)(x + 2)
1 3 3
x2
x +7 2x + 6
d dx e dx f dx
0 x2 + 3x + 2 2 (x + 3)(x − 1) 2 (x − 1)2
3 1 2
x +2 1 − 4x 1
g dx h dx i dx
2 x(x + 4) 0 3 + x − 2x 2 1 x(x − 4)
−2
1 − 4x
j dx
−3 (x + 6)(x + 1)
P1: GHM
7.7 Further techniques and

miscellaneous exercises
In this section, the different techniques are used and arranged so that a choice must be made
of the most suitable one for a particular problem. Often there is more than one appropriate
technique.
The relationship between a function and its derivative is also exploited. This is illustrated in
the following example.
Example 20
1

2
−1
a Find the derivative of sin (x) + x (1 − x 2 ). b Hence evaluate (1 − x 2 ) d x.
0
Solution

a Let y = sin−1 (x) + x 1 − x 2

dy 1 (−x)x
=√ + 1−x + √
2 (using the product rule for x 1 − x 2 )
dx 1 − x2 1 − x2
1 1 − x2 − x2
=√ + √
1 − x2 1 − x2
2(1 − x 2 )
= √
1 − x2

= 2 1 − x2

b From a 2 1 − x 2 d x = sin−1 (x) + x 1 − x 2 + c
1
1
2
∴ 2 1 − x 2 d x = [sin−1 (x) + x 1 − x 2 ]02
0
1

2 2
∴ 1 − x2 dx = sin−1 12 + 12 1 − 12 − (sin−1 (0) + 0)
1
2
0
√
1 1 3
= + ×
2 6 2 2
√
3
= +
12 8
Example 21

a Find the derivative of xe . 2x b Hence find xe2x d x.
Solution
a Let y = xe2x
dy
∴ = e2x + 2xe2x
dx
P1: GHM

b ∴ e2x + 2xe2x d x = xe2x + c1

∴ 2 xe2x d x = − e2x d x + xe2x + c1

∴ 2 xe2x d x = − 12 e2x + c2 + xe2x + c1

1 2x c2 + c1
∴ xe2x d x = 1
2
− 2 e + xe2x +
2
c2 + c1
Let c=
2
∴ xe2x d x = − 14 e2x + 12 xe2x + c
Exercise 7G
1
1 6
1 If d x = loge p, find p. 2 Evaluate sin2 x cos x d x.
0 (x + 1)(x + 2) 0
1
e2x 3
3 Evaluate d x. 4 Evaluate sin3 x cos x d x.
0 1 + ex 0
4
x 6 cos x d x
5 Evaluate d x. 6 Find c if = loge c.
3 (x − 2)(x + 1) 0 1 + sin x
6
2
7 Find an antiderivative of sin 3x cos 3x. 5
8 If d x = loge p, find p.
4 x −4
2
6
3
9 If d x = loge p, find p.
5 x 2 − 5x + 4
10 Find an antiderivative of:
cos x 3 ex
a b x(4x 2 + 1) 2 c sin2 x cos3 x d
3
sin x e2x − 2e x + 1
3
x
11 Evaluate √ d x.
0 25 − x 2
1 1 1 1
a b √ c √ d
(x + 1) + 4
2
1 − 9x 2 1 − 4x 2 (2x + 1)2 + 9

1
13 Let f: (1, ∞) → R where f (x) = sin−1 √ .
x
4
1
a Find f (x). b Using the result of a find √ d x.
2 x x −1
P1: GHM
14 For each of the following, use an appropriate substitution to find an expression for the
antiderivative in terms of f (x):

f (x)
a f (x)[ f (x)]2 d x b dx
[ f (x)]2

f (x)
c d x, f (x) > 0 d f (x) sin[ f (x)] d x
f (x)
2
dy 8 − 3x
15 If y = x 4 − x, find and simplify. Hence evaluate √ d x.
dx 0 4−x
2x 3 − 11x 2 + 20x − 13 c
16 Find constants a, b and c, such that: ≡ ax + b + .
(x − 2)2 (x − 2)2

2x 3 − 11x 2 + 20x − 13
Hence find d x.
(x − 2)2
17 Evaluate each of the following:

0 1

4 3 sin x
a 2
sin 2x d x b (14 − 2x) x 2 − 14x + 1 d x c 9 1
√ dx
0 −1 −
3
cos x
e2
dx 4 2 2 sin x
d e tan x d x f dx
e x logx x 0 0 2 + cos x

18 Find sin x cos x d x using:
a the substitution u = sin x b the identity sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x

dy 1
19 a If y = loge (x + x 2 + 1) find . Hence find √ d x.
dx x + 1
2
dy 7 1 √
b If y = loge (x + x 2 − 1) find . Hence show that √ d x = loge (2 + 3)
dx 2 x2 − 1
1 1 4 + x2 x
a b c d
4 + x2 4 − x2 x 4 + x2
x 2 1 √
e f g x 4 + x2 h x 4+x
4+x 2 1 + 4x 2
1 1 x x
i √ j √ k √ l √
4−x 4 − x2 4−x 4 − x2

dy
21 a If y = x cos x find and hence find x sin x dx.

dx

b Hence evaluate (x − ) sin x d x.
0
3
x3 − x + 2
22 Find constants c and d such that d x = c + loge d.
2 x2 − 1
P1: GHM
23 a Differentiate f (x) = n−1

sin(x) cos (x).
b Hence verify that n cosn x d x = sin(x) cosn−1 (x) + (n − 1) cosn−2 (x) d x.
c Hence evaluate:

2 2
i cos4 x d x ii cos6 x d x
0 0

2 4
iii cos4 x sin2 x d x iv sec4 (x) d x
0 0
24 Evaluate:
2
x dx
a b x(x − 1)n dx
(x + 1)n 1
1
25 a Evaluate (1 + ax)2 d x.
0
b For what value of a is the value of this integral a minimum?
a sin x − b cos x
26 a Differentiate with respect to x.
a cos x + b sin x

2 dx
b Hence evaluate .
0 (a cos x + b sin x)2

4
27 Let Un = tann x d x where n ∈ Z and n > 1.
0
13
a Express Un + Un − 2 in terms of n. b Hence show that U6 = − .
15 4
1 1
28 a Simplify + .
1 + tan x 1 + cot x

2 d 2 d
b Let = − . Show that = .
2 0 1 + tan 0 1 + cot

2 d
c Use these results to evaluate .
0 1 + tan
P1: GHM
Review 282 Essential Specialist Mathematics
Chapter summary
x
1
√ d x = sin−1 + c1
a2 − x 2 a
x
−1
√ d x = cos−1 + c2
a 2 − x2 a

a −1 x
d x = tan + c3
a2 + x 2 a
Change of variable rule or method of substitution

du
f (u) dx = f (u) du, where u is a function of x
dx
Linear substitution
√ 2x + 4 2x + 5
The antiderivative of expressions, such as (2x + 3) 3x − 4, √ and can
3x − 5 (x + 2)2
be found using linear subsitution.

Consider f (x)g(ax + b) d x
Let u = ax + b
u−b
Then x=
a

u−b
and f (x)g(ax + b) d x = f g(u) d x
a

1 u−b
= f g(u) du
a a
Definite integration involving the change of variable rule
Let u = g(x)
b g(b)
du
Then f (u) dx = f (u) du
a dx g(a)
Use of trigonometric identities
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 x
= cos2 x − sin2 x
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
P1: GHM
Review
Partial fractions
ax + b
For the algebraic fraction
(x − x1 )(x − x2 )
ax + b A1 A2
= +
(x − x1 )(x − x2 ) (x − x1 ) x − x2
ax + b
For the algebraic fraction
(x − x1 )2
ax + b A B
= +
(x − x1 ) 2 (x − x1 )2 (x − x1 )
If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials in x and the degree of P(x) is greater than or equal
P(x)
to the degree of Q(x), then the algebraic fraction should be written in the form
Q(x)
P(x) R(x)
= H (x) +
Q(x) Q(x)
where the degree of R(x) is less than the degree of Q(x) before partial fractions are
considered.
Multiple-choice questions
√
1 An antiderivative of x 4 − x is:
1 −1 3 x2 3
A (4 − x) 2 − x2 (4 − x) 2 B 2x
3
(4 − x) 2 C 3
(4 − x) 2
3 5 5 3
D 8
3
(4 − x) 2 − 25 (4 − x) 2 E 2
5
(4 − x) 2 − 83 (4 − x) 2
m
3
2 tan x sec2 x d x = where m ∈ (0, 2 ). The value of m is:
0 2
A 0.5 B 1 C 3 D 6 E
8
3 An antiderivative of tan (2x) is:

A 12 sec2 (2x) B 12 loge (cos (2x)) C 1
2
loge (sec (2x))
1 1 2
D 2
loge (sin (2x)) E 2
tan (2x)

2sin (2x)
4 d x is equal to:
2 + cos (2x)

4

A √12 B loge √12 C loge 2 D 1
2
loge 2 E 1

3
5 sin x cos3 x d x written as an integral with respect to u, where u = cos x, is:
0
1 1

3 2
A u 3 du B u 3 du C u 3 1 − u 2 du
1
0 1
0
2
1
2
D u 3 1 − u 2 du E u 3 du
1
2 1
P1: GHM
Review 284 Essential Specialist Mathematics
2
6 The value of cos2 x − sin2 x d x correct to four decimal places is:
0
A −0.0348 B 0.0349 C −0.3784 D 2.0000 E 0.3784
2
7 An antiderivative of √ is:
1 − 16x 2

A sin−1 x4 B 12 sin−1 x4 C sin−1 (4x) D 1
2
sin−1 (4x) E 1
8
sin−1 (4x)
1
8 An antiderivative of is:
9 + 4x 2
2x 2x 2x
A 19 tan−1 2x9 B 13 tan−1 2x3 C 1
6
tan−1 3
D 9 tan−1 9
E 3
2
tan−1 3
d(x f (x))
9 If = x f (x) + f (x) and x f (x) = 1
1 + x2
then an antiderivative of f(x) is:
dx
A x f (x) − tan−1 (x) B loge (x 2 + 1) C 1
2x
loge (x 2 + 1)
D f (x) − tan−1 (x) E tan−1 (x)
10 If F (x) = f (x), then an antiderivative of 3 f (3 − 2x) is:

−3
A 3
2
F(3 − 2x) B 4
(3 − 2x)2 C 3
4
(3 − 2x)2
−3 −3
D 2
F(3 − 2x) E 2
f (3 − 2x)
Short-answer questions (technology-free)

2x + 3 1 x
a cos3 2x b c d √
4x 2 + 1 1 − 4x 2 1 − 4x 2

x2 x
e f x 1 − 2x 2 g sin 2
x − h √
1 − 4x 2 3 x2 − 2
√ 1
i sin2 3x j sin3 2x k x x +1 l
1 + cos 2x
e3x + 1 x x2
m n o sin2 x cos2 x p
e3x+1 x2 −1 1+x
2 Evaluate the following integrals:
1 1 1
2 2 2
1
2 −1 1
a x(1 − x ) d x
2 2 b (1 − x ) dx c x(1 + x 2 ) 2 d x
0 0 0
2 1 1
1 2x + 3x + 2
2
dx
d dx e dx f √
1 6x + x 2 0 x 2 + 3x + 2 0 4 − 3x
1
dx 2
g √ h 2
sin 2x d x i sin2 x cos2 x d x
0 4 − x2 0 −
2

2 4 2 cos x − sin x
j sin2 2x cos2 2x d x k dx l x2 x3 + 1 dx
0 0 2 sin x + cos x −1
P1: GHM
Review
3 Show that:

x 1 2x + 2 1
= −
x + 2x + 3
2 2 x + 2x + 3
2 x2 + 2x + 3
Hence find:

x
dx
x2 + 2x + 3

−1
√ 1
4 a Differentiate sin x and hence find d x.
x(1 − x)

−1 2x
b Differentiate sin (x ) and hence find √
2
d x.
1 − x4
d
5 a Find (x sin−1 x) and hence find sin−1 x d x.
dx

d
b Find (x loge x) and hence find loge x d x.
dx

d
c Find (x tan−1 x) and hence find tan−1 x d x.
dx
cos 2
a sin 2x cos 2x b x2 (x3 + 1)2 c d xe1−x
(3 + 2 sin )2
2x
e tan2 (x + 3) f √ g tan2 x sec2 x h sec3 x tan x
6 + 2x 2
i tan2 3x
7 Evaluate the following:
8
2 1 8
a sin5 x d x b (13 − 5x) 3 d x c sec2 2x d x
0 1 0
2 −1
1 x2 + 1
d (3 − y) 2 dy e sin2 x d x f dx
1 0 −3 x 3 + 3x
1 2
1 2 2x − x −2
8 Find the derivative of x + 2
and hence evaluate d x.
x −1 1
x2 +
x

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0521609992c07.xml CUAT007-EVANS July 19, 2006 21:32

Consider the polynomial functions f(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = x2 − 7

antiderivatives of 2x. If two functions y = x2 + 1

254 Essential Specialist Mathematics

The general antiderivative of 2x is x2 + c where c is an arbitrary real number. The notation

Note that F(x) is an antiderivative of f (x).

Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 255

The definite integral

Find antiderivatives of each of the following:

Evaluate each of the following integrals:

256 Essential Specialist Mathematics

Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 257

Graphs of functions and their antiderivatives

Consider the following graphs of y = f (x) and y = F(x).

Find: a f (x) b F(x)

258 Essential Specialist Mathematics

The graph of y = f (x) is as shown.

The graph of y = f (x) is as shown. Sketch the graph of

Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 259

(1, 2) (_1, 4) y = F(x)

260 Essential Specialist Mathematics

Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 261

262 Essential Specialist Mathematics

7.2 Antiderivatives involving inverse

From these results, the following can be stated:

Find an antiderivative of each of the following:

Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 263

Evaluate each of the following definite integrals: 1

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7.3 Integration by substitution

Differentiate each of the following with respect to x:

Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 265

This suggests a method that can be used for integration.

Find antiderivatives of each of the following:

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Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 267

Find antiderivatives of each of the following:

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Find an antiderivative of each of the following:

= − 12 (−2u −1 − loge |u|) + c

Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 269

Using a CAS calculator

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2 Find antiderivatives of each of the following:

7.4 Definite integrals by substitution

Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 271

Evaluate the following: 1

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7.5 Use of trigonometric identities for integration

Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 273

b Use the identity 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x.

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4 Find an antiderivative of each of the following:

7.6 Partial fractions

Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 275

Using the logarithm rules:

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Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 277

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7.7 Further techniques and

Chapter 7 — Antidifferentiation 279

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