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A. G.Ware
Cast TvDe 304 pipe about 3.4 ksi at 450°F (Figure 4). The minimum stress
Most of the data in the ASTM reports (Simmons and Cross, difference for cast Type 304 stainless steel pipe is about 3.8
1952; Simmons and Van Echo, 1965; Smith, 1969) are for ksi at 650°F. The minimum stress difference for Type 316
wrought stainless steel. The 1969 report excludes data for cast stainless steel pipe is about 3.8 ksi at 650°F.
stainless steels, whereas the 1952 and 1965 reports contain
only a few data points for cast material at several The curve-fit yield stress was divided by the ASME Code
temperatures. The data in the 1965 report are for cast stainless yield stress value at the corresponding temperature.
steel pipes that had been bored and cold expanded. Other data Subtracting 1 IYom these values results in a fraction that
sources are Hiser (1988) and Chopra et al. (1991). represents the increase (that is, the margin) in the best-fit
curve values over the ASME Code values. These increases are
TvDe 316 shown in Figures 7 through 9. The minimum margh for
There are less available data for Type 3 16 stainless steel than wrought Type 304 stainless steel pipe is about 17% at 425°F.
for Type 304 stainless steel. A comparison of the wrought and The minimum margin for cast Trpe 304 stainless steel pipe is
cast properties of Type 304 stainless steel pipe shows that the about 18% at 100°F. The minimum margin for Type 316
cast yield stress and ultimate tensile strength values are less stainless steel pipe is about 20% at 550°F.
than the wrought values by about 5 and 3%, respectively.
From plots of the corresponding values for Type 316 stainless There are too few data points available to determine a
steel, it appears that there also is not a great difference probability distribution for the stress values. Figure 10 shows
between the wrought and cast values; therefore, no a histogram of the yield stress values for all three stainless
differentiation will be made between these two Type 316 steels at 70°F. The distribution could be assumed to be
stainless steels. constant between 30 and 44 h i , or a normal or lognormal
distribution truncated at a lower bound of 30 ksi. However,
The Type 31 6 stainless steel data are from Simmons and Van for purposes of estimating the confidence level that the ASME
Echo (1965), Smith (1969), and CF8M (the cast form of Type Code yield stress values have with respect to the data, a
316 stainless steel) from Bamford and Swamy (1984), Chopra normal distribution was assumed. The data firom all three
et al. (1991), Hiser (I988), Wilkowski et al. (1989), and Stainless steels are plotted together in Figure 11, along with the
Willcowski (1984). ASME Code yield stress values for wrought Type 304 stainless
steel. Also included is the 97% lower confidence level based
YIELD STRESS on an assumed normal distribution of the test data f?om 70 to
Plots of the data for the three stainless steels are shown in 550°F. As seen in Figure 11, the 97% lower confidence curve
Figures 1 through 3. Several types of curve fits were used to closely approximates the ASME Code values. Thus we can
approximate the data. A cubic polynomial appeared to give a conclude that the ASME Code values represent a high
good representation. The equation of the curve fit, with y confidence level, say 95 to 99%, that the ASME Code values
representing the yield stress and x representing the are less than the test data. For probability studies, the yield
temperature, are shown on the graphs. The ASME Code yield stress value on the best-fit curve could be used as the mean of
stress values for SA-376 Type 304 pipe, SA451 CPF3ICPF8 the yield stress distribution for a give temperature, and the
(cast Type 304) pipe, and SA451 CPF3IWCPF8M Type 316 ASME Code value could be used as the 97% lower confidence
stainless steels are also included on the graphs. The ASME limit.
Code values are an approximate lower bound to the data.
There are two test data values that are less than 30 ksi at 70°F ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH
(one data point each on Figure 1 and Figure 2), but since the Although the ultimate tensile strength values are not used in
minimum yield stress for these materials is 30 ksi, pipe from the ASME Code to compute S, values for stainless steel, the
these two material lots would not be used in nuclear plant test data are presented here for interest. The data for the three
construction. Stainless steel does not have a distinct yield stainless steels are shown in Figures 12 through 14. The
point, and common practice is to use 0.2% permanent set (as ASME values for a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 70
determined kom the test) for the yield strength value. The ksi are included. (The ASME Code also lists 75 ksi minimum
lack of a distinct yield point may contribute to some of the ultimate tensile strength material.) Third-order polynomial
scatter in the data. curves fits were used for the Type 304 stainless steels, and a
fourth-order polynomial fit was used for Type 316 stainless
The best-fit values and the ASME Code values were used to steel. The ASME Code values and the curve fits appear
calculate the stress differences between the ASME Code relatively closer together than do the corresponding curves for
minimum yield stress values and the best-fit yield stresses at the yield stresses in Figures 1 through 3. In fact, several data
the corresponding temperatures. Plots of these stress points are below the ASME Code ultimate tensile strength
differences are shown in Figures 4 through 6 . The minimum values.
stress difference for wrought Type 304 stainless steel pipe is
A. G.Ware
DISCLAIMER
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992, Boiler and Wilkowski, G. M., et al., 1989, Degraded Piping Program -
Pressure Vessel Code, Section II (Materials), Part D - Phase 11, NUREG/CR-4082, BMI-2120, Volume 8.
Properties.
Yawaga, G., et al., 1984, "Stable and Unstable Growths of
Bamford, W. H., and S. A. Swamy, 1984, "The Case for Circumferential Cracks in Type 304 Stainless Steel Pipes
Elimiuahng Instantaneous Pipe Break as a Design Basis for Under Tensile and Thermal Loading", Proceedings of the
Westinghouse Main Coolant Piping," Proceedings of the CSNI CSNI Specialist Meeting on Leak-Before-Break in Nuclear
Specialist Meeting on Leak-Before-Break in Nuclear Reactor Reactor Piping, NUREG/CP-005 1, pp. 56- 125.
Piping, NUREG/CR-0051, pp. 56-125.
NOTICE
Chopra, 0. K., et al., 1991, Long-Term Embrittlement of Cast
Duplex Stainless Steels in LWR Systems, NUREG/CR-4744, This paper was prepared as an account of work sponsored by
Volume 4, Number 2. an agency of the United States Government. Neither the
United States Government nor any agency thereof, or any of
Hays, R. A., et al., 1986, Fracture Andysis of Welded Type their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or
304 Stainless Steel Pipe, NUREG/CR-4538, Volume 1. assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third
party's use, or the results of such use, of any information,
Hiser, A. L., 1988, Fracture Toughness Characterization of apparatus, product or process disclosed in this report, or
Nuclear Piping Steels, NUREGKR-4538, Volume 1. represents that its use by such third party would not infringe
privately owned rights. The views expressed in this paper are
not necessarily those of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Commission.
A. G. Ware
60
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50
- * 4.29E+O1
*-
'
30
Q)
25
20
15
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Temperature ( O F )
FIGURE 1. YIELD STRESS DATA FOR WROUGHT TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL PIPE.
45
:I i i I I
I I I I I
I I
40
I y = -4.72E-08~~
I
p 1.04E-04k - 7.42E-P2x
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v)
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a
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20
15
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Ternperature ( O F )
FIGURE 2. YIELD STRESS DATA FOR CAST TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL.
A. G.ware
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A
35
5
s
u)
2
c,
30
u)
E
.? 25
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20
15
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Temperature (OF)
7.5
A 6.5
s
25
Q ) 6
0
C
Q)
& 5.5
s
m
s 5
s
2!
3j 4.5
3.5
3
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature ( O F )
FIGURE 4. DIFFERENCE IN BEST-FIT CURVE AND ASME CODE YIELD STRESS VALUES FOR WROUGHT TYPE
304 STAINLESS STEEL PIPE.
A. G.Ware
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3.5
3
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature ( O F )
FIGURE 5. DIFFERENCE IN BEST-FIT CURVE AND ASME CODE YIELD STRESS VALUES FOR CAST TYPE 304
STAINLESS STEEL.
9
.-
h
2
Y
7
al
0
S
2
a 6
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in
v)
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature("F)
FIGURE 6. DIFFERENCE IN BEST-FIT CURVE AND ASME CODE YIELD STRESS VALUES FOR TYPE 316
STAINLESS STEEL.
A. G. Ware
0.26
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.2
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature (OF)
FIGURE 7. MARGIN OF ASME CODE TO BEST-FIT CURVE YIELD STRESS VALUES FOR WROUGHT TYPE 304
STAINLESS STEEL PIPE.
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.19
0.18
0.17
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature (OF)
FIGURE 8. MARGIN OF ASME CODE TO BEST-FIT CURVE YIELD STRESS VALUES FOR CAST TYPE 304
STAINLESS STEEL.
A. G.Ware
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.2
0.19
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature (OF)
FIGURE 9. MARGIN OF ASME CODE TO BEST-FIT CURVE YIELD STRESS VALUES FOR TYPE 316 STAINLESS
STEEL.
12
10
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A. G.Ware
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v)
u)
35
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u)
F
30
25
20
15
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 aoo 900 1000
Temperature (OF)
FIGURE 11. YIELD STRESS VALUES FOR TYPES 304 AND 316 STAINLESS STEELS.
100
-
y = -1.27E-07m3 + 2.38E-04~~1.46 I-Olx + 9.
Rz = 8.71E-01
41
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v)
S r L
* 0
8
* 60 __I
.-
-
c,
3 ASI ECode
50
40
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Temperature (“F)
FIGURE 12. ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH VALUES FOR WROUGHT TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL PIPE.
A. G.Ware
100
90
50
40
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Temperature (OF)
FIGURE 13. ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH VALUES FOR CAST TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL.
90
80
30
20
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Temperature (OF)
FIGURE 14. ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH VALUES FOR TYPE 316 STAINLESS STEEL.
A. G.Ware