A BARBOUR GUIDE

Fire Detection and Alarm Systems

The Official BIFM Information Service Partner

01 Current Position
Fire detection and alarm systems serve to enhance safety and reduce loss by the detection of fire,
and enable an alarm signal to be generated so that emergency actions may be taken.
A fire detection and alarm system can be divided into the following key elements:
• system categories - the main types of fire detection and alarm systems
• zones/system layouts
• detectors - fire, smoke, heat and other detectors
• sounders and call points.
“
Fire legislation, which is written for the purpose of life
Automatic
safety, requires duty holders in non-domestic premises to
detection is not
assess fire risks and put in place arrangements for a) the
required in all prevention of fire and b) to protect people from fire when
premises it occurs. Protection includes having in place a means
of detection and of raising an alarm. In all but extremely
small premises an electrically operated alarm is essential
for the purposes of effectively raising the alarm to alert
other occupants. Automatic detection is not required in
all premises and depends on the findings of the fire risk
assessment.
Legislation also requires that new buildings and
alterations to structures, whether domestic or non-
domestic, comply with Building Regulations standards
”
on fire safety. Building Regulations are country-specific
although there are significant similarities from country to
country.
Many organisations choose to have automatic fire
detection systems throughout their premises for
should include the allocation of responsibilities and
the purpose of business protection or insurance
arrangements for putting the policy into effect. All of the
requirements. For maximum effectiveness, where there is
no 24-hour presence on site, businesses often subscribe
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to the services of an alarm-receiving centre who will then
respond to alarms by notifying Fire Authorities and key
holders of the company. Such systems are also useful
where persons present on the site may not have the time,
or cannot be relied upon, to call the emergency services.
It should be noted however, that many fire authorities
have implemented policies where the fire brigade do
not respond to a call initiated as a result of automatic
fire detection during set daytime hours and, in some
cases, at other times unless there is a confirmed fire. The
exact policy varies between Fire Authorities and can vary
between types of premises. Withdrawal of fire brigade
response to automatic alarms can also occur where there
is a high unwanted (false) fire alarm rate. It is therefore
important to establish the current position in relation to
a specific premises. Some Fire Authorities also impose
charges where there is an excessive number of unwanted
call outs from automatic detection. In the case of the
London Fire Brigade, charges are made to call-outs from
unwanted alarms to non-domestic premises where
these exceed 10 in any 12-month period. The charge
this type is commonly referred to as ‘Planned Preventive
is currently £295 per call-out. It should be noted that
during fire brigade strikes the normal arrangement for
Fire Detection and Alarm
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 contingent fire-fighting cover provided by Fire Authorities
is that they will only respond at any time to a call indicating
a confirmed fire, as opposed to one initiated by automatic
fire detection.
Legal Requirements
The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 applies
in England and Wales and requires Responsible Persons,
in relation to non-domestic premises, to conduct a risk
assessment and to implement fire precautions. Responsible
Persons are normally employers but in the absence
of a relevant employer (which is normally a corporate
organisation), the duties fall to others who have control of
non-domestic premises. Similar legislation applies within
Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Article 13 of the Order requires that fire detectors and
alarms are installed where it is necessary for life protection.
The systems must be maintained in an efficient state,
efficient working order and in good repair (Article 17) and
in the case of a shared building, arrangements can be
made with another occupier to undertake the maintenance
required.
Employees and other persons using the premises must be
informed of the emergency procedures and given details of
the preventive and protective measures which have been
implemented.
To determine whether fire detection and alarm systems
are required for life protection, the risk assessor needs
to refer to established standards and industry guidance.
The initial source of guidance in England and Wales are
the Communities and Local Government Guides to Fire
Risk Assessment. It should be noted that there are many
different guides, each addressing different types of business
(see ‘Related Documents’).
The guides advise that fire detection is normally required
for life protection purposes to cover areas of a premises
where a fire may grow undetected, where people work
alone, where people are sleeping or where a building is
so large that it would not be possible for the occupants to
quickly identify fire in the building. Other areas requiring fire
detection will include, where such detection is necessary,
actuate devices such as fire door releases, fire curtains or
shutters, or to shut down ventilation plant or close fire and
smoke dampers. Smoke detection is normally also required
where there is an inner room with escape only possible
through an outer room, unless there are vision panels
between the inner and outer room.
Electric fire alarm sounders are normally required, even
where automatic detection is not necessary. The only
exception would be for small premises where a person
shouting ‘fire’ is able to be clearly heard throughout the
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building or a manually operated alarm (such as a rotary
gong) would be similarly audible.
The other important sources of information when
determining the need for fire alarm and detection systems
are the Building Regulations 2010 (as amended) and BS
5839 Part 1 2013. The most relevant documents in these
categories are listed within the ‘Related Documents’ and
’Further Information and References’ sections of this
guide. Similar requirements are contained in the Building
(Scotland) Act 2003 and The Building Regulations (Northern
Ireland) 2012. It should be noted that the requirements of
the above Building Regulations and similar legislation are
not retrospectively applied to existing buildings (except
where there are changes, extensions or alterations).
However the requirements of the Regulatory Reform (Fire
Safety) Order 2005 do apply retrospectively having regard
to the precautions necessary to ensure adequate standards
of fire safety.
Whilst Guidance and British Standards are not legal
requirements, these are established industry standards
which are relied upon in court as evidence of the expected
standards to be adopted. It is therefore important for a fire
safety risk assessor to take this information into account
when determining the fire precautions which should be
installed or applied.
Information
The information within this section is set out under the
following sub-headings:
a. System Categories
b. Addressable Systems
c. Zone/System Layout
d. Detectors
e. Sounders
i) Audible Signals
ii) The Management of Alarms
f. Manual Call Points
g. Servicing
h. Routine Testing and Inspection
a. System Categories
Fire detection and alarm systems can be divided into
three broad categories, as detailed in BS 5839-1 2013
‘Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings - Code of
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“
“ Alarm signals
must be clearly
audible to those
Practice for System Design, Installation, Commissioning and
Maintenance’. These categories are:

yy Category L: Automatically Activated Systems that are

more than two output states to be given representing
normal, fire and at least one other abnormal condition.

This differs from two state fire detection systems stems,

intended to hear Designed to Protect Life which incorporate two-stage detectors that provide a
them normal or alarm condition signal. The main benefit offered
ºº L1: Systems Installed Throughout the Protected by analogue detectors is that the output signal they provide
Building can give an early indication of fire.

” ºº

ºº
L2: Systems Installed Only in Defined Parts of the
Protected Building

L3: Systems Installed Only for the Protection of

c. Zones/System Layout

There are a number of design requirements under BS 5839-

1 that determine the way in which the protected areas
Escape Routes within a building are divided into zones. These include:

ºº L4: Systems Installed in Circulation Areas Used as yy the total floor area for a zone should not exceed
Escape Routes 2,000m2, other than in the case of a zone with only
manual call points comprising mainly a large open plan
ºº L5: Systems Installed to Satisfy Specific Fire Safety area such as the floor of a warehouse where the zone
Objectives can be 10,000m2

yy Category M: Manually Operated Systems (no sub-
categories)
yy Category P: Automatically Activated Systems Designed
to Protect Property
ºº P1: Systems Installed Throughout the Protected
Building
ºº P2: Systems Installed Only in Defined Parts of the
Protected Building
ºº BS 5839-6 2013 ‘Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
for Buildings - Code of Practice for the Design,
Installation and Maintenance of Fire Detection and
Fire Alarms Systems in Domestic Premises’ deals
specifically with domestic dwellings and includes a
similar categorisation system to that outlined above
but with three life safety categorisations LD1, LD2
and LD3.
b. Addressable Systems
The British Standard definition of an addressable system is ‘a
system in which signals from detectors, manual call points
or any other devices are individually identified at the control
and indicating equipment’. In more basic, non-addressable
systems it is only the detector circuit serving each zone
that is monitored and, in the event of a fire, the specific
detector(s) that triggered the alarm condition cannot be
identified beyond the zone in which they are installed.
An addressable analogue system uses detectors that
d. Control
provide of Contractors
an analogue signal. In practical terms, the output
signal from each detector varies in proportion to the level
of the smoke, heat or flame that is being sensed enabling
yy a zone should not cover more than a single floor. (This
does not apply to buildings with a floor area of under
300m2 which, due to their size, can have a single zone
covering all floors)
yy zones should not be divided between tenants in a
multiple-occupancy building
yy generally, an individual conducting a search within a
zone should not need to travel more than 60m from
their point of entry into the zone before becoming
aware of the fire location
yy the 2013 edition of the standard emphasises the
importance of a zone plan being displayed next to the
fire alarm control panel.
d. Detectors
There are two basic types of heat and smoke detector used
in fire alarm systems:
yy line detectors, which respond to changes in
temperature or other phenomena sensed in the vicinity
of a continuous line; typically these can be cable
detectors or optical beam smoke detectors which cover
an area by shining a beam over a distance
yy point detectors, which respond to smoke, flame, or
changes in temperature within the vicinity of the
detector. There are a number of different types of point
detector, including:
fixed-temperature heat detectors
ºº Notifiable
duties. projects are those which involve more
than 30 days, or more than 500 person days of con -
ºº rate of rise heat detectors
struction work. Further details are available within Barbour
Guide ‘CDM and Construction Site Safety’.

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 ºº flame detectors
ºº ionisation smoke detectors
ºº optical smoke detectors (chambers type)
ºº aspirating smoke detectors
yy some point detectors incorporate more than one
of these techniques (ie dual function detectors). For
example, they may require the presence of heat and
smoke to trigger an alarm condition. The benefit of this
approach is that the occurrence of unwanted (false)
alarms can be reduced
yy sprinkler heads incorporate heat detection and
therefore where sprinklers are installed they provide
additional automatic detection within a building
yy BS 5839-1 contains further details to assist in the
specification of the optimal type and layout of
detectors for the circumstances. Detectors should be
selected primarily on the speed of response required,
the need to minimise false alarms and the nature of the
fire hazard.
For point smoke detectors to operate effectively a clear
space of 500mm around and below should be maintained
and the detectors should not be sited within one metre of
air inlets or forced ventilation systems. Other requirements
apply where the detectors may be near obstructions or in
the apex of a roof.
e. Sounders
A ‘sounder’ is a general term used to describe devices
which provide an audible alarm, such as bells, sirens, and
klaxons or voice sounders. BS 5839-1 includes a detailed
explanation of the requirements for sounders in property
protection and life protection fire alarm systems.
i) Audible Signals
Alarm signals should be consistent throughout a premises,
so for example, a mixture of bells and sirens should not be
used in the same building. The sound should be distinctive
when compared with any other alarm systems in the
building.
Within certain types of premises, particularly hospitals and
care homes and certain high-rise buildings, it is normally
required/advisable to operate a two-stage alarm system.
This enables areas at immediate threat to be signalled
to evacuate whilst areas that are not immediately at risk
receive an alert signal. Commonly the full evacuation signal
will be a continuous alarm whilst the alert signal will be an
intermittent signal. In the case of voice alarm systems, there
will be clear instructions broadcast for each area. The use of
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two-stage systems allows managers to target staff resources
to assist persons to evacuate areas at greatest risk from a
fire. In a healthcare environment it enables a progressive
horizontal evacuation strategy to be pursued. This involves
moving non-ambulant patients from the area involved in
the fire to a separate fire compartment (normally with at
least 60 minutes’ fire resistance) and then if necessary to
the next fire compartment further away from the fire. In
multi-storey buildings the system is often used to prioritise
use of the stairways by those at immediate risk and prevent
overcrowding of the stairways. In some cases the design of
the building may have permitted a staircase which is not of
adequate capacity to allow a simultaneous evacuation, and
a two-stage alarm system is part of the building design.
Alarm signals must be clearly audible to those intended to
hear them. This normally requires a sound pressure level of
65dB(A) in all areas (60dB(A) in small areas and stairways).
Where a signal is intended to rouse a person who may be
sleeping the sound pressure level should be at least 75dB(A)
at the bed head. Where the background noise level is
60dB(A) or greater, then the sounder should achieve a level
at least 5dB(A) higher.
There may be a need for supplementary systems to take
account of noisy conditions or the needs of hearing-
impaired workers, including:
yy mechanisms that shut down noisy machinery in the
event of an alarm signal
yy visual warning beacons
yy portable alarm devices
yy pillow vibrating pads.
A system should have at least two sounders.
Where the system utilises speech sounders, the
recommendations of BS 5839-8 should be incorporated.
ii) The Management of Alarms
There is a need for caution when determining procedures
for silencing alarms. In general alarms should not be
silenced automatically although BS 5839–1 allows some
exceptions.
Where there is a procedure for allowing some investigation,
eg by security personnel, on activation of a device prior
to a full alarm sounding, the system must automatically
sound the alarm after a short period of time. Such systems
should also be designed so that it is not possible for the
investigator to silence the alarm if two or more detectors
have been activated or if a single manual call point has
been activated.
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“
“ Manual
call points
should be kept
Unwanted (false) alarms cause inconvenience and expense.
Advice on the prevention of false alarms can be found
within Section 3 of BS 5839-1 and also in the document
‘Guidance for the Reduction of False Alarms and Unwanted
unobstructed and
Fire Signals’ - (Chief Fire Officers Association).
clearly visible
BS 5839-2013 emphasises the importance, for residential
care homes, of there being no delay between alarm
”
activation and calling the fire brigade.
Details of false alarms should be recorded in the system log
book.
f. Call Points
A simple, manual fire alarm system is likely to use manual
call points as the primary means of triggering an alarm
condition. Additionally, manual call points are usually
incorporated into automatic systems as a means of
manually raising an alarm. Specific requirements for the
installation and operation of manual call points are detailed
in BS 5839-1. The main points are:
yy the method of operation of all manual call points in an
installation should be identical unless there is a specific
reason for difference
yy the delay between the operation of a call point and
the giving of an alarm, at least in the zone of operation,
should not exceed 3 seconds
yy manual call points must be located on staircases,
landings, exit routes and exits from zone areas and exits
from the buildings
yy to activate a manual call point, it should not be
necessary to travel more than 45m within the building,
except for high fire risk premises or if a significant
proportion of the building occupants have limited
mobility, when 25m shall be used
yy in general, manual call points should be mounted at a
height of 1.4m above the floor, easily accessible, well
illuminated and free from obstruction. A variation to this
height of 300mm is acceptable. This lower height can
be used when the first person to raise the alarm is likely
to be a wheelchair user.
Manual call points within unsupervised public areas may
be subject to malicious operation. It may be practicable
to use an alternate system such as an emergency voice
communication system. Hinged covers are also available
which reduce accidental operation of call points. The
introduction of such hinged covers is normally regarded
as d. Controltoof
a variation Contractors
compliance with BS 5839 and should be
noted on the system documentation. Some types of hinged
covers also contain a local alarm, so an attempt at malicious
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operation of the fire alarm system, by raising the cover, is
alerted.
Manual call points should be kept unobstructed and clearly
visible. Where the call point is not visible from all directions,
it may be necessary to display a sign in the vicinity where
it can be seen. Signs should meet the requirements of the
Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations
1996, which means that the sign should have a red
background and include a standard white pictogram.
g. Servicing
Inspection and servicing of the system should be
undertaken by a competent engineer on at least a
6-monthly basis, and more frequently if a risk assessment
determines it is required. Servicing companies should have
UKAS certification. Where in-house personnel are used to
undertake servicing it should be ensured that they have
sufficient competence to undertake the work correctly
in accordance with the British Standard. BS 5839-1:2013.
Section 6 specifies in detail the tests and inspections which
should be undertaken including certain more detailed
checks, including functional testing of all detectors, which
should take place on an annual basis.
Details of all servicing and testing should be updated on
the system log book.
h. Routine Testing and Inspection
The requirements for routine testing are set out within BS
5839-1:2013 Section 6 and are summarised below. This
testing can usually be carried out in-house by a person who
has received basic instruction in operation of the alarm
system.
The control panel should be checked daily to confirm that
there are no faults on the system.
Every week, at approximately the same time, a manual call
point should be operated during normal working hours.
The test, which should last for less than one minute, is
used to check correct operation of the control panel and
audibility within the building. The test should also be
used to check the correct operation of doors and shutters
designed to close automatically on activation of the alarm.
Call points should be tested one per week in rotation until
all have been tested.
Occupants should be informed of the time of the test and
asked to report any problems with receiving the signal. In
premises where some employees work a different schedule
of hours so that they would normally miss the test, a second
test should
duties. be carried
Notifiable outare
projects once per
those month
which at a more
involve time when
they are on duty.
than 30 days, or more than 500 person days of con -
struction work. Further details are available within Barbour
Guide ‘CDM and Construction Site Safety’.
Fire Detection and Alarm
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 Where the system is connected to an alarm receiving
centre, the centre should be informed of the test
immediately before it takes place and confirmation should
be sought afterwards that the signal has been received.
Standby power supplies should be checked on a monthly
basis in accordance with BS 5839-1:2013 Section 6.
The result of the tests should be recorded including the
identity of the call point that was tested.
Key Actions
Those with responsibility for non-domestic premises should:
yy arrange for a competent fire safety risk assessor to
undertake an assessment, part of which will be to
evaluate the current detection and alarm system within
the premises
yy determine the detection system category required
yy check that suitable numbers and types of detectors,
and manual call points, are appropriately located
throughout the building taking into account the
required category of system
yy check that the alarm signal is audible to the required
standard throughout the premises and is supplemented
by additional visual and other signals where necessary
yy ensure that there are safe and suitable procedures for
investigating alarms and for evacuating the building
yy ensure that staff have been trained and that all persons
present in the buildings are provided with relevant
information about the alarm system, the response
required by key individuals, including arrangements for
calling the fire brigade and the evacuation procedure
yy ensure that there is a zone plan displayed next to the
fire alarm control panel
yy conduct drills
yy check periodically that detectors and manual call points
are clear and unobstructed
yy have the automatic detection system connected to a
24-hour alarm receiving centre, if desired or if necessary
yy ensure that for a residential care home there is no delay
for investigation between the fire alarm and detection
system operating and a call being made to the fire
brigade
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yy confirm local fire authority policy in respect of response
to calls made due to automatic fire detection, and
implement relevant procedures accordingly
yy arrange for daily checks of the control panel, weekly
testing of the alarm and periodic servicing of the alarm
system
yy ensure that records are made of all servicing, testing
and alarm activations.
Key Terms
Addressable system – a system in which signals from
detectors, manual call points or any other devices are
individually identified on the control panel.
Alarm receiving centre – continuously manned premises,
remote from the location of the alarmed premises, which
acts in accordance with BS EN 50518-1:2013, BS EN 50518-
2:2013, BS EN 50518-3:2013, BS 8591:2014.
False alarm – fire signal resulting from a cause other than
fire.
Zone – geographical sub-division of a premises which can
be distinguished from other areas for the purpose of fire
detection and, in some cases, alarm signalling.
Related Documents
The following documents provide further guidance:
yy Firecode : Fire Safety in NHS : Operational Provisions,
Part B, Fire Detection and Alarm Systems Department
of Health – NHS Estates Health Technical Memoranda
HTM 05-03
yy Building Regulations (England and Wales) Approved
Document B Vol 1
yy Building Regulations (England and Wales) Approved
Document B Vol 2
yy Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005
yy Fire (Scotland) Act 2005
yy Fire Safety (Scotland) Regulations 2006
yy Fire Safety Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2010
yy Safety at Sports Grounds Department of Environment,
Heritage and Local Government 1996
yy SI 2010/2214 ‘Building Regulations, England and Wales’
(as amended in 2012 and 2013)
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“
“ Standby
power supplies
should be
yy Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 as amended and
Associated Non-domestic Technical Handbook Section
2 Fire (2015)
yy Small Premises providing Sleeping Accommodation

yy Educational and Day Care for Children Premises

checked on a yy Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2012 and yy Large and Medium Premises Providing Sleeping
monthly basis associated DFP Technical Booklet E: 2012. Accommodation

Communities and Local Government Guides to Fire Risk yy Transport Premises

”
Assessment:
yy Evacuation of Disabled Persons from Buildings.
yy Regulatory Reform, Fire Safety, Order 2005 : Short Guide

Further Information
to Making your Premises Safe from Fire

yy Animal Premises and Stables

yy Healthcare Premises
and References
yy BS 5839-1: 2013 ‘Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems
yy Residential Care Premises for Buildings - Code of Practice for System Design,
Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance of
yy Open Air Events and Venues Systems in Non Domestic Premises’

yy Sleeping Accommodation yy BS 5839-6: 2013 ‘Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for
Buildings - Code of Practice for the Design, Installation
yy Small and Medium Places of Assembly and Maintenance of Fire Detection and Fire Alarms
Systems in Domestic Premises’
yy Theatres, Cinemas and Similar Premises
yy BS 5839-8: 2013 ‘Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems
yy Offices and Shops for Buildings Code of Practice for Design, Installation,
Commissioning and Maintenance of Voice Alarm
yy Large Places of Assembly Systems’

yy Factories and Warehouses yy BS EN 54 Parts 1 - 13, 1996-2011 ‘Fire Detection and

Alarm Systems’
yy Transport Premises and Facilities
yy BS 8591:2014 ‘Remote centres receiving signals from
yy Educational Premises alarm systems - code of practice.’

yy Residential Care Premises yy CIBSE Guide E ‘Fire Engineering’ 2010

yy Means of Escape for Disabled People, Supplementary yy Guidance for the Reduction of False Alarms & Unwanted
Guide. Fire Signals - (Chief Fire Officers Association) 2010

Note that there are differences between the Scottish guides
and these Communities and Local Government Guides, for
example, the Scottish Government has produced a guide
for small sleeping premises. It is therefore recommended
that those involved in Scottish premises also review the
Scottish Practical Fire Safety Guides:
yy Information on fire safety and legislation is available
from the Communities and Local Government
Department http://www.communities.gov.uk/fire/
yy Information from the Scottish Government on fire safety
can be found at: http://www.infoscotland.com/firelaw/

yy Places of Entertainment and Assembly yy Information on fire safety and legislation in Northern
Ireland is available at: http://www.nifrs.org/
yy Healthcare Premises
Date of Review: November 2015
yy Care Homes

d. Control of Contractors
yy Offices, Shops and Similar Premises
yy Factories and Storage Premises
duties. Notifiable projects are those which involve more
than 30 days, or more than 500 person days of con -
struction work. Further details are available within Barbour
Guide ‘CDM and Construction Site Safety’.

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 Disclaimer
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