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Q
To get a good seismic to well tie, it is important to load the checkshot
data properly and run quality control on it (or a time/depth relationship)
and edit logs.
In this module, you learn how to load and quality control checkshot
data. You also learn how to prepare logs to use them as input to the
seismic well tie workflow.
Learning objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
m
• load and quality control checkshot data
• work with the Seismic Reference Datum (SRD) and Checkshot
Reference Datum (CRD) for SWT
• define time-depth relationships
• use the Log conditioning Tool Palette
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •327
I
9 Lesson 1 — Checkshot data loading
Loading checkshot data is an important step towards generating a
synthetic seismogram. A seismogram provides the time-depth
< relationship required in Sonic log calibration. It is useful to invest some >
time in reviewing the checkshot data file before importing it into
Petrel.
The checkshot data in Petrel is imported similar to well tops, point well
data, and points with attributes. You use the same dialog box with a
Q.
few modifications.
3
You can import individual well checkshots simultaneously as well as
multiple checkshot data. The dialog box is divided into three sections.
At the top of the dialog box is a small template spreadsheet that
describes the order and type of data found in the file. Edit the
spreadsheet to ensure that data is imported correctly.
The central section holds all of the settings required for the import. At
the bottom of the dialog box is a text window that displays the first few
lines of the file. This window helps you to select the attributes correctly
in the top section of the dialog box.
To make sure that checkshot data is loaded correctly, it is good practice
to take the time to study the attribute selection and understand the
purpose of each attribute.
Click on an Attribute or Unit entry in the spreadsheet part of the dialog
box. A list appears from which you can select attributes.
The depth and time datum references can be changed to match the
available input datum using these acronyms:
MSL Mean sea level. In the file shown, TVDSS refers to TVD
subsurface (MSL)
KB Kelly bushing elevated from MSL
SRD Seismic reference datum
CRD Checkshots reference datum
The shaded fields in the Depth and Time sections are entered in the
Templates pane during project setup. Refer to the Petrel Help for
further details.
328 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
I
Even if time and depth values below MSL are displayed as negative
numbers, the spreadsheet numbers (MD, TVD, and TWT) for checkshots
are positive.
< If the values are not positive, checkshots must be reloaded. Be sure to >
select the Negate time values check box in the import dialog box
when time and depth values are positive.
Q.
Load Z-values
3 Make sure that the ASCII file contains negative Z-values. If the Z-values
are positive, select the Negate Z values check box.
Load TVD or MD values
ASCII data must be positive.
Load TWT values
Make sure that the ASCII file contains negative TWT-values. If the
TWT-values are positive, select the Negate Z values check box.
Figure 1 TWT must be negative, in this example we can observe a loading error
that must be corrected before moving forward
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •329
In Figure 2, the checkshot data (left) is imported incorrectly. The input
file contains positive time values and the Negate time values check
box is not selected when loading checkshot data.
Column # 1 2 3 4 5 6 Column # 1 2 3 4 5 6
< Attribute X Y Z TV/T MD Well Attribute X Y Z TV/T MD Well >
Attribute name X Y Z TV/T MD Well Attribute name X Y Z TV/T MD Well
Attribute type Continuous Continuous Conbnuou Continuous Conbnuou Text Attribute type Continuous Continuous Conbnuou Continuous Conbnuou Text
Unit File CRS unit File CRS unit feet millisecond feet Unit File CRS unit File CRS unit feet millisecond feet
© Well name AJICheckShots cs Undefined value (8) WeS name ABCheck Shots cs Undefined value:
Depth
Time
Depth datum:
Negate Z values
MSL
O Zfrom MSL:
Depth
Depth datum:
0 Negate Z values
Time
MSL
9 Zfrom MSL:
Time datum I SRD Zfrom MSL: Time datum: J. SRD Zfrom MSL:
Negate time valuesÿ TWT from SRD QZ Negate time valuesÿ TWT from SRD:
330 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
Procedure — Load checkshot data
1. Right-click the Wells folder and select Import (on selection)
to open the Import file dialog box.
Ill
: ““Input
D >
< T ? X
G A Delete content . ..
Si PL§ Calculator
AtC E53 Well manager
Y L
R[, QH Log attributes
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •331
3. Select one or more files to import and click Open.
fv] Import file 1ÿ1
book in: Check Shots @ t f El-
Name Date modified Type Size
Recent Places
I'D AIICheckShots.es 31/07/2005 23:10 VSTA.cs.8.0 89 KB
f | Apatite_E13.cs 30/01/2007 12:27 VSTA.cs.8.0 1KB
Pi Copper_6.cs 30/01/2007 12:27 VSTA.cs.8.0 2 KB
f 1 Diamond_14.cs 30/01/2007 12:28 VSTA.cs.8.0 1 KB
Desktop _ Dolomite_Bl.cs 30/01/2007 12:28 VSTA.cs.80 1 KB
>1
2
Libraries
K,
0
Computer
□Open as read-only
Rle example/description:
4. From the header info in the lower section of the dialog box,
insert the parameters into the spreadsheet at the top of the
The input
parameters can be dialog box.
modified, depending on 5. If the Well name is not included in the input checkshot file,
information available in
the input file. Columns can
assign and verify Connect to trace to the correct well.
be added or removed in If the Well attribute is selected, the Connect to trace option
the Import checkshots is grayed out.
dialog box using Append
or Delete a column in 6. Select time and depth datum.
the table buttons. 7. If time values are positive in the input file, select the Negate
time values checkbox.
8. Click OK to complete the checkshot data loading.
332 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
D
R] Import checkshots: AIICheckShots.cs
Bid i
If a column in the
Column # 1 2 43 5 6
Attribute Y
X Z TWT MD Well
import checkshot file is
Attribute name X Y Z TWT MD wai defined as well name, the
< Attribute type Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Text option to link a checkshot >
Unit File CRS u FileCRS un feet millisecond feet
to a well is grayed out in
4 the import window. Petrel
Connect to trace Diamond-14
© assigns the checkshot to
the well with an identical
(5) Well name AllCheckShots cs Undefined value -999
name in the project.
l
Depth
Depth datum: MSL Zfrom MSL: 0 ft
Q Negate Z values
E; Time
%
Time datum: :r SRD Zfrom MSL: 0
Negate time values TWT from SRD: 0
©
ms
I I Replac ft/s
Date
® Default
¡tom date format a
29/12/1977
a
Time Zone: (UTC+0100) Brussels. Copenhagen, Madrid. Pans 0 DST a
Header info (first 30 lines):
✓ OKforaU |V OK A Cancel
(Si
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •333
Procedure — Quality check checkshots
It always Is important to quality control the loaded data. In this
example, negative time and velocity values reflect errors in the
checkshot loading.
< >
1 . Right-click checkshots in the Global well logs folder to open
the Checkshot spreadsheet.
I *- Input
•* 0 Wells
■* i- 0 Ooba/we/fogs
E> <ps' Log attributes
ISlD CAU
5 □ CILD
1 R„□ CILM
Rs □ CSFL
¡a <0 □ DPHI
P □ DRHO
At □ DT
Y □ GR
RD □ ILD
Rm □ ILM
*S □ NPHI
□ PHIT
P □ RHOB
Rp □ RT
R«o □ SFLU
Rn □ SN
□ SP
Fra □ \CL
> csjgESflSJ1
[@ Settings
f Synchronize MD s
f Synchronize XYZ's
Insert new attribute
!§£ Convert to interpretation
Guru
334 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
2. Check for negative velocities and TWT.
Checkshot spreadsheet for 'AIICheckShots.es' <=> lfalBa
DU Well: & All wells Sonic log: At DT *1 0
<
TVDSS Time in: TWT
- 0 1*6 *i @
>
Sonic Int.
TVDSS TWT Average velocity Interval velocity Sonic time
Vel
□
1 0.00 0.00 -5036.70
2 100.0C -39.71 -5036.69 -5024.45 11.89 0.00
m
3 105 0C -41.70 -5036.10 -5152.10 12.49 8407.16
4 304.9C -119.30 -5111.56 15 36.27 8405.41
5 504 8C -194.60 -5188.051 .59 60.05 8405.06
E;
9
10
11
6
7
8
704 8C
9038C
1101.91
1298.44
1492.04
1687.12
me\
Vi
-268.00
-339.10
9C
ai
-5476.32
-5550.75
-5624.66
-5597.94
-5750.44
-5937.42
-6107.47
-6262.40
-6392.81
83.84
107.63
131.42
155.20
178.98
202.77
8406.60
8366 95
8328.10
8263.58
8139.92
8200.78
12 1881.14 -660.60 -5695.24 -6552.38 226 56 8156.95
% 13 2075.74 -720.00 -5765.95 -6700.89 250.34 8181.91
14 2273.75 -779.10 -5836.88 -6847.33 274.13 8325.51
15 2473.01 -837.30 -5907.11 -6984.90 297.91 8378.31
~.c~- -TO *»*»1 -rn OOO*T co
4 III
V Apply ✓ OK A Cancel
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •335
I
Checkshots editing
Checkshot data represents hard facts. You must have good reasons for
editing or deleting checkshot data points because they are in situ
measured travel times through the sediments.
< >
By editing one data point, the calculated interval velocity from the point
above to the point below is recalculated. An outlier that is removed can
give an outlier between the two neighboring points.
Q.
Procedure — Edit checkshot data
jo
EH 1 . In a Function window, display the Interval velocity attribute of
the checkshots against Z (or TWT). Use the well filter to
display individual checkshot surveys.
* 0 AIICheckShots.cs
Á mg' M Attributes
IZlBz I
tl □ TWTpicked
H»I □ MD
S Wei
V*. | | A vef3ce ve/oct/
I :» X Interval ve/odvi
* 0 WeStiter
4 0 Agate-H6
4 0 Touimaline-5
4 0 Talc-A1
4 0 Quartz-A2
4 0 Mica-A3
•
336 Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
2. Use one of the filter tools from the Window toolbar and select
the outliers.
|jil Select using 2D rectangle
■
EISH3- T I
5200 5600 6000 8000 8400 8800 9200 9600 10000 10400 10800 11200
I |CD Select using freehand draw
L
I
[•1
m
NT
0
0
*7 Í
T I
I 5200 5600 6000 6400 6800 7200 7600 8000 8400 8800 9200 9600 10000 10400 10800 11200
§
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •337
The filtered points are highlighted in the Checkshot
spreadsheet
‘i£¡ Checkshot spreadsheet for 'AIICheckShots.es’ SOIDSS
(S® Well: ¿ All wells w Sonic log: At DT T & n g
<
£1EDEl[|a;
MD
Depth in:
TWT
MD
Sonic time
TWT
Sonic Int.
Drift
-
Well
9 EM @ >
Vel
641 7399.94 2056.20 7022.50 8840.93 849.00 9193.32 179.10 Emerald-A9
642 7599 96 2098.90 7059.49 8876.32 870.20 8901.97 179.25 Emerald-A9
643 7799.89 2141.70 7095.80 8941.88 890.54 9338 86 180.31
644 7999 93 2184 30 7131.80 9034.63 911.53 9075.71 180.62
645 8199.88 2226 30 7167.70 9114.24 932.66 8977.52 180.49 Emerald-A9
646 8399.94 2268.00 7203.49 9174.91 953.22 9243.56 180.78 Emerald-A9 □
647 8599.93 2309.10 7238.58 9229.78 973.31 9384.57 181.24
648 8799.92 2349.70 7272.99 9705.54 994.53 8830.98 180.32 Emerald-A9
1 649 8946 45 237800 7301.93 1009 82 8980 02 17918
650 65.00 0.00 5055.43 0.00 000 Dolomite-B1
¡a 651 199.98 53.40 5055.43 5194.29 16.03 8418.72 -10.67 Dolomite-B1
652 399 96 130.40 5137.42 5376.08 39.79 8418.72 -25.41 Dolomite-B1
653 599.95 204.80 5224.12 5516.69 63.54 8418.72 -38.86 Dolomite-B1
654 799.93 277.30 5300.61 5681.25 87.30 8418.72 -51.35 Dolomite-B1
r.-i
— u.
_J | OK A Cancel
338 •Condition Input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
1
Time-depth relationships
By doing a thorough quality control, the input sources for the time-depth
relationship increase your confidence in the velocity extraction when
building velocity models. They also generate good synthetic.
< >
This also is true for any correction that you make to well tops later or in
other velocity models.
The Time tab in the Wells folder Settings dialog box (Figure 3)
Q.
contains a list of available sources for the time-depth relationship for
all wells.
a If more than one object is selected, the list is used in a hierarchical
ft order.
0 Create new
(# Ed» existing OwT One-way time 1
R Apply ■/ OK | | A Cancel
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •339
I
9 Lesson 2 — Log conditioning
The Log conditioning Tool Palette provides tools for editing existing
log data to increase the quality and remove deficiencies. The tools are
< used interactively in the Well section window to modify and condition >
the log data.
The Log conditioning Tool Palette was designed to supplement the
Log editor in geophysical workflows. Edited logs can be saved in the
data tree. Interactive editing includes the ability to operate on multiple
Q.
log zones in depth or time.
3
Log editing must be done properly. Poor editing results in an
inconsistent time-depth relationship and artificial responses in the
synthetic, which makes accurate correlation impossible.
t
a
Seismic
[Ijfll
Wavelet toolbox
Log conditioning
Iter
J
a 0
X -section New well
EH la S’
New stratigraphic Chart
New folder
340 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
• In Select/Pick mode [P] right-click on a curve in the
[Ejg
Well section window and click Log conditioning from
the mini toolbar.
< >
a® SSTVD - [ly Well section tem I I,D Undef -a
uamona-i4 vuj
SSTVD| CALI RHOB DT GR
1:1826 [-0.10 in 2.44|- 4SSC 2 662: |i4.90 usm 303.80|5.66 gAPI 207,75
> Mil
4524 2
4600
F 31 & T T &•>im t
i r i
- Q RHOB (Continuous well log
F
l 4700
Show the selected item in tree
?] ■
Send to Studio
A Delete .. .
4900 - |=] Copy as derived log
'-y Guru
vm- ———
I I I S I I I PM — T
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •341
I
Figure 4 shows the options that you can select in the Log conditioning
Tool Palette.
<
E Tool Palette
▼
Selection operation
Log conditioning
®— ®— ®-@ ®_@JL
5 >
Q.
H S* II t
xinir®-®-®
ai R <> n ■? ST tt *ÿ
' U1
3
Figure 4 Selection options in the Log conditioning Tool Palette
These algorithms are available for the Seismic well tie process:
Co-blocking Use the blocking on one curve to guide
the blocking on another curve.
Draw Replaces log values with values
R interpolated between the start value
and stop depth.
c,ip Clip unwanted or unrealistic log values
Ft* within a selected zone, above or below
certain values.
Eliminate spikes Identify and remove spikes from the log.
342 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
I
Depth shift Vertically shift a log. Applied only for
ll the entire log.
Interpolate Replace the values of a log in a selected
< zone by the linear interpolation of the >
first and last values.
Value smooth Apply a general smoothing algorithm to
? log values.
Q. Stretch/squeeze Interactively reposition log depth values
| inside a segment, preserving or
3
deforming the log outside the selection.
Log extension Vertically extend, with a predefined fill
value, the top of the log to a shallower
depth or the bottom of the log to a
deeper depth.
Trend Identify, compute, and remove trends
<? created by compaction, thermal, or
other depth-related phenomena.
Frequency filter Analyze and filter the frequency
ST spectrum of the log. Additionally the
spectrum of a seismic trace at the well
position can be displayed as guidance.
This filter can be applied only to a single
log at a time. This operation is available
only if the well contains a defined
Time-Depth Relation (TDR).
Blocking Automatically block well logs. This can
be useful for reducing the resolution of
the log to a coarser seismic resolution,
prior to generating synthetic
seismograms.
Clear The Clear option removes all operations
and selections executed on the logs in
log conditioning.
Edited logs can be saved to the Petrel data tree.
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •343
I
Log conditioning Tool Palette: Despiking
Despiking is important, especially when performing the seismic well tie
process using sonic logs. The frequency content of the sonic is much
higher than the frequency of the seismic.
< >
Removing high frequency variations from the sonic to better match the
seismic resolution aids their comparison and avoids error accumulation.
The spike value errors accumulate down through the well when
integrating the sonic values.
Q.
The original and edited logs can appear simultaneously in a track of a
Well section window. By default, the horizontal scale is different,
ranging from the minimum to the maximum values of each log.
jo
As a result, it can be necessary to adjust the scales so that they are the
camo fnr hnth Innc Thic aHmctmont ic rlnno in the Wall Sartinn
Procedure — Despike a Sonic log
1. Display a Sonic log in the Well section window. (You also can
display other logs to help you better select the section of the
log for despiking.)
m
< >
2. In Select/Pick mode[P] , right-click the Sonic log curve
and click Log conditioning sift in the mini toolbar.
| &[£)l SSTVD - |jf Well section term - § ft |
$ÿ> Copper-6 [SSTVD]
z v: Sonic CALI
1:850 100.58 us/ft 129.38 0.42 in
4336 2
1
0
4400
l [© 7 '
"<-> @ ffl t
r i i
4450 : iQ Sonic (Continuous well log)
Show the selected item in tree
4550 -
4600
s
__
-1
C
A
|{=1
(j=)
(jj1
1ÿ
Delete . . .
Log set
4650 - Guru
CTH n i i i-
[T R ft Sx II ,> n r •? ST H ' um
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •345
4. Click the log track and drag. Depth limits are displayed as well
as the log and well names. Double-click to select the whole
track.
Co; ' I
. ■
: Sonic CALI
< 1850 100.58 us/ft 129 38 0 42 in >
. -t
P
4336 2
4400 -
[•]
4450
4500 T
0 > >
4550 c
Selection Domain Start End Log Well Enable Delete
3« R ft. 5* II # -i S* •? ¥H - U 0
I
5
4700
-
f
5
4750 -
4801 1.
Q c
1
346 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
5. In the Log conditioning Tool Palette, click the Eliminate
spikes button.
6. Select parameters and click the Eliminate spikes button.
< 1 496
>
4390 I ilCALl 3 5T
4400
4420
4440
[•]
4460
-
4520
4540
4560 ■
7
; Spike detection options: a
* Eliminate spikes umber of standard deviation: 1 46
▼ Log condit oning
\ I? t ? i - ■? S* - UÓ
Spike analysis window:
▼
-G
[[Eliminate spikes|
samples
4640
4661 1
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •347
7. Click Save modified logs and click Apply. Now, you can
modify the name of new log.
Copper-6 [SSTVDf
SSTVD Sonic CALI
'l 00 58
(
4420
4440
[•]
4460
i
0 I
4500
J %
s
< 4520 >
4540
4560
4580
▼
Tod Palette
1
| Save all checked logs
4640 ■;
4661.2;
348 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
I
The new log appears in the Global well logs folder in the
Input pane.
““ Input X
*
• ▼
Petrel Geophysics Condition Input data for Seismic well tie •349
I
Exercises — Condition input data for seismic well
tie
In these exercises, you learn to import and quality check the checkshot
data and condition the well data to prepare it for Sonic calibration
which will be later used for synthetic generation.
Exercise workflow
Q. 1. Import checkshots.
3 2. Make a well section.
3. Quality control and edit well logs.
.
input files in Data import\ Checkshots. Remember to set the Files of type to
Well input data\
Checkshots.
Checkshots format (ASCII) (*.*).
3. Select the Diamond_ 14.cs file (do not select the
AIICheckShots.cs file) and click Open.
Columns can be
added or removed in the
Import checkshots dialog
box using the Append or
Delete a column in the
table buttons.
Each file must be attached to
the correct well trace (done
automatically here). It is
possible to set different
depth and time datums,
depending on the input.
350 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
4. Match the parameter settings with the header information
section in the lower part of the window.
Make sure that Number of header lines is set to 2 and the
Negate time values check box is selected.
< [\] Import checkshots: Diamond_14.cs 1ÿ1
>
sida
Column # 1 2
Attribute TVD TWT
Attribute name TVD TWT
Attribute type Continuous Continuous
>1 Unit feet millisecond
V OKforaB ] [ V OK | Cancel
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •351
7. In the Global well logs folder, locate the newly imported
Diamond_14.cs object.
8. Right-click the object and select Spreadsheet.
• Input w Q X
< * 0 Wdls >
- t □ Gbba/wefbgs
Log attributes
IS □ CALI
t □ CILD
R« □ CILM
R$ □ CSFL
[m <I> □ DPHI
P □ DRHO
At □ DT
Y □ GR
RD □ ILD
R« □ ILM
% *n □ NPHI
<%«□ PHIT
P □ RHOB
RDD RT
< R*o □ SFLU >
7* □ SP
Fra □ VCL
R« □ SN
Diamond_14.i
Settings
A Delete ...
Spreadsheet 1
|=) Copy as derived log or log template
l>
" Collapse (recursive)
é
• Expand (recursive)
f Synchronize MD s
f Synchronize XYTs
Insert new attribute
Convert to interpretation
Ly Guru
352 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
9. Change the Depth in field to 7VDSS from the Depth in list at
the top of the spreadsheet.
The first two columns
In the Checkshots spreadsheet dialog box, all grayed out can be edited if necessary.
columns are calculated. Average velocity and Interval velocity
< values are derived from the input time-depth pairs. Sonic time >
and Sonic Int. Vel come from the input sonic log.
Drift is the difference between the two data sources. All
checkshot data in Petrel is referenced to TVDSS (that is,
referenced to MSL).
Checkshot spreadsheet for 'Diamond_14.cs‘ | CD ||
M) Well: ¿ All wells w Sonic log At DT
%
ED El El® TVDSS Time in: TWT - B s® a
Sonic Int.
TVDSS TWT Average vek>city Interval velocity Sonic time Drift Well
Vel
2 81.99 32.60 5030 06 5147.23 10.82 7574.47 -5.48 Diamond-14
3 281% 110.30 5112.60 5333.07 37.23 7574.48 -17.92 Diamond-14
4 481.95 185.30 5201.83 5486.69 63.63 7574.48 -29.02 Diamond-14 =
5 681.94 258.20 5282 26 5641.47 90.03 7574.48 -39.07 Diamond-14
6 881.93 329.10 5359.65 5813.37 116.43 7574.47 -48.12 Diamond-14
7 1081.91 397.90 5438 10 5934.42 142.84 7574.47 -56.11 Diamond-14
8 1281.90 465.30 5509 99 6106.87 169.24 7574.48 -6341 Diamond-14
9 1481.90 530.80 5583.65 6269.28 195.65 7573.90 -69.75 Diamond-14
10 1681.89 594.60 5657.21 6389.78 222.05 7574.30 -75.25 Diamond-14
11 1881.89 657.20 5726.99 6522 35 248.46 7574.20 -80.14 Diamond-14
12 2081.80 718.50 5794.85 6655.57 274.85 7574.27 -84.40 Diamond-14
13 2281.80 778.60 5861 29 6791.17 301.25 7574.31 -88.05 Diamond-14
14 2481.80 837.50 5926 69 6908 46 327.66 7574.31 -91.09 Diamond-14
15 2681.80 895.40 5990.17 7042.25 354.06 7574.39 -93.64 Diamond-14
16 2881.80 952.20 6052 93 7168.46 380.47 7574.05 -95 63 Diamond-14
17 3081.80 1008.00 6114.68 7246.38 406.87 7574.12 -97.13 Diamond-14
18 3281.80 1063.20 6173.44 7295.62 433.28 7574.38 -98.32 Diamond-14
19 3481.70 1118.00 6228 44 7220.22 459.67 7573.65 -99 33 Diamond-14
V Apply ✓ OK 7< Cancel
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •353
I
0 Exercise 2 — Import and quality check checkshot data for
multiple wells
When the quality check and edit is finalized, the checkshots can be
< used to calibrate sonic logs. You also can use them to establish >
time-depth relationships directly in wells.
1. Right-click the Wells folder in the Input pane and select
Import (on selection).
Q. 2. Find the input files in the Data import\Well input data\
Checkshots folder. Remember to set the Files of type to
Checkshots format (ASCII) (*.*).
jo 3. Select the file AIICheckShots.cs and click Open.
4. Check the parameters in the upper part of the Import
checkshots dialog box against the first 30 lines of the header
•
354 Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
R] Import checkshots: AllCheckShots.cs 1ÿ1
si a a
Column # 1 2 3 4 5 6
Attribute X Y z TWT MD Well
Attribute name X Y Z TWT MD Well
< Attribute type
Unit
Continuous
File CRS unit
Continuous
File CRS unit
Continuous Continuous Continuous
feet millisecond feet
Text
>
Time
E:
Time datum: “£ SRD Zfrom MSL 0 ft
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •355
5. Click O/Cto import the checkshot data file.
6. Click OK for All on the appearing Input data dialog box.
7. In the Global well logs folder, find the AIICheckShots.cs
object.
< 8. Right-click AHCheckShots.es onú select Spreadsheet. >
9. On the Home tab, in the Insert group, click Window, then
click Function windowto insert a new function window.
File Home Stratigraphy Seismic Interpretation Petroleum Systems Decision Support Structural M
G&G
✓ai
Perspective
¡a
Tool
<5 B t ai
Inspector Players Visual Window
a ii n
Full Panes Reset Window
a
Object
~
Folder
a
r
Peti
palette filters layout» screen » layout
View
ETfl 2D window
%
[1
[ja]
3D window
Function window
Hjstogram window
HD Interpretation window
[jjg] Intersection window
¡I Map window
fl Charting window
Geotime window
356 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
11 . Expand the Well filter and use it to display checkshot data only
for the Albite-F1 well.
m-V.-'gL-*.*. <PQB-a.-g- B-dHTig-EB-
5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 7200 7400 7600 7800 8000 8200 8400 8600 8800 MOO 9200 9400 9600 9800
< >
I- ■
1' •i
i- ■i
* 'ÿ$ 13 AJICheckShols.es
SI • 0 Attributes i
N Z\®z
ti D TWTpickcd
□ MD
HI>I
1 0 Wd
Xn O Average velocity ■
0 tv ® Interval velocity
!ÿ
a AA Welder
□ Agate-HG ■
4 0 Abile-Fl
< i- a! D Amethyst -3 ■ >
5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 7200 7400 7600 7800 8000 8200 8400 8600 8800 9000 9200 9400 9600 9800
Interval velocity, [ft/s]
Symbol legend
Interval velocity vs Z (AllCheckShots cs)
12. Use the Select using freehand drawtoo\ and paint a closed
area in the Function window. Make sure that the filter
polygon contains some bad points (outliers).
lab diBHZ QB• H'du-iT1 D'EH- - Bi-a- A |
4400 4800 5200 5600
lift Select using 2D rectangle
7200 7600 8000 8400 8800 9200 9600 10000
]-
f Iftft
Select using freehand draw
Select using ID range on X axis
Select using ID range on Y axis
I- É
N*“ §
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •357
13. In the Checkshot spreadsheet, click Delete selected
row(s) in the table to remove the row and click Apply to
change the checkshot data.
14. Check the other wells for outliers.
< >
Checkshot spreadsheet for 'AIICheckShots.es' l CD [I B~||w£3w|
□MB
MD
Depth in:
TWT
MD
Average velocity
Time in:
Interval velocity
TWT
Sonic time
Sonic Int.
- di ss s
Drift Well
Vel
1370 6619.90 1896.50 6885.59 8573.66 783.99 8612.32 -164.26 Albite-F1
1371 6819.90 1943.10 6926.07 8614.93 805.64 9228 09 -165.91 Albite-FI
1372 7019.90 1989.50 6965.46 8691.77 827.74 9043 39 -167.01 Albite-FI
1373 7219.88 2035.50 7004.48 8771.52 849.50 9187.30 -168.25 Albite-FI
E! 1374 7419.90 2081.10 7043.19 8849.59 871.57 9061 92 -168.98 Albite-FI
1375 7619.91 2126.30 7081.59 8906.10 893.71 9032 33 -169.44 Albite-F1
ft 1376 7819.86 2171.20 7119.32 8986.87 915.90 9011.47 -169.70 Albite-FI
1377 8019.83 2215.70 7156.83 9070.43 937.71 9165.25 -170.14 Albite-FI
1378 8219.84 2259.80 7194.18 9132.65 959.58 9147.18 -170.32 Albite-FI
1379 8419.85 2303.60 7231.03 9760.85 981.02 9328.77 -170.78 Albite-FI
1380 8734.18 2368.00 7299.83 1015.83 9027.72 -168.17 Albite-FI
1381 49.00 0.00 5058.29 0.00 0.00 Turquoise-2
1382 199.99 59.70 5058.29 5201.04 17.00 8882.53 -12.85 Turquoise-2
1383 399.97 136.60 5138.65 5354.48 39.51 8882.53 -28.79 Turquoise-2
1384 599.96 211.30 5214.96 5516.69 60.98 9315.09 -44.67 Turquoise-2
1385 799.94 283.80 5292.04 5665.44 82.20 9423 42 -59.70 Turquoise-2
1386 999.93 354.40 5366.42 5805.22 103.32 9470.61 -73.88 Turquoise-2 □
1387 1199 92 423.30 5437.85 5942.94 12445 9464 33 -87.20 Turquoise-2
✓ Apply ✓ OK A Cancel
358 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
Exercise 3 — Condition logs
The Log conditioning toolbox provides a number of tools for editing 0
existing log data to increase quality and remove deficiencies. The tools
are used interactively in the Well section window to modify and
< >
condition the log data. These tools also allow you to save the edited log
in the data tree.
1. On the Home tab, in the Insert group, click Window, then
click Well section window to insert a new well section
>1 window.
Home Stratigraphy Seismic Interpretation Petroleum Systems Decision Support Structural Modeling Property Model
% ive *«
Tool Inspector
E ir ffi
Players Visual Window
n 11rm u c
Full Panes Reset Window Object Folder Petrel Studio
§i
Studio Impor
palette filters layout» screen » layout file
View Search Mana
, 03 2D window
ETH ID window
] Function window
•
[j|i] Hjstogram window
(ID Interpretation window
[*£l Intersection window
I MaP window
[tjg] Plot window
[jfe] Stereonet window
(ÿ) Tectonic stress window
@ Charting window
[V OK ] [ÿCancel
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •359
3. Display the well Diamond-1 4 found from the Wells folder.
4. Open the Global well logs folder and display GR, CALI,
RHOB, and DT.
i*ÿ Input x ft S5 Well section tern - E, l~t f
'
9
-
■ SSTVD *
< M Vj Wells >
)iamond-14 [bblVUJ
i|-0 Ghbahvelhgt Hz-; :-=ÿ RHOB I:'
I* ¿51 Log attrfoutes 1 286915 66 gAPI 207.751ÿ010 m 2ÁA\ 1 4380 »cm3 2 6620 |'l 4 90 us/ft 303.8C
I8I0 CALI
& □ CILD
R„□ CILM
4131.8;
4200 -j- 1 1
Rs □ CSFL
[•] <P □ DPHI
P □ DRHO
At 0 DT
Y a
GR
Rp □ ILD
Rn □ ILM =
4300 -i
4400
4500
t
c t
0 *ii □ NPHI J
<%, □ PHIT
p a RHOB
4600
>
RD □ RT
R«o □ SFLU
4700 -j
\ I V
P
t>
£+ □ SP
Fra □ VCL
Rn □ SN
Diatnond_14.cs
AJICheckSh0t3.cs
4800
4900 - r ? ; .
Template settings
New template
Stratigraphy
ism
correlation!
Seismic Interpretation
v* 1
snow vertical
tracks
____
Petroleum Systems
|
Show cell
boundary
Decision Support
Set production
chart mode
Domain;
-
|H
-r’
Structural Modeling
SSTVD
Window settings
'
•
5
Property Modeling
_4®. ¡¡¡¡¡
Scaling
|l|J
view all
Equalize scales
4*-
Production
ww
Sync
rolling
Sync
j scaling
Well Design
Relative
50000
[a| Insert
(2 Show
¡§ Mane
Templates n Cross section Visualization Vertical scaling Horizontal scaling
360 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
0 Diamond-14 SSTVD]
SSTVD GR CALI RHOB DT
1:2869 5.66 gAPI 207,75 -0.10 in 2.44 '~ 43.S0 3.cm3 2.6620 14.90 usffl 303.80
ima rav Caliper lensitv Sonic
4131.8:
4200 4 l
4300
4400 4
>1
4500 T
4600
0 IT
4700
_¿j Q 3D grid
4800 _ Completions design
Edit fault properties
4900 ■: Facies
'Á Fault model <M[•,;T= 1 oo4 Palette
33
__
5000 -i @ Geobody interpretation Select »
•fjjj Z] Geomechanics tools Wel correlation X
5500 QI tools
Í [2
i Seismic interpretation
__
Z} Stratigraphic chart editing
5900
6000 F
6128.8a I
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •361
7. With Select/Pick mode [P] switched on, click on a curve
in Well section window and then click Adjust color table
in the Quick Access toolbar to refresh the color fill of the
< curve. >
B-B* Q - HE'S H t
0
9. Set the log curve values of GR and DT to 0-200 and 30-300,
respectively, to display the logs better in the Well section
window.
[ÿ] Settings for 'Well section template 3' S3
0 Info”! [{§}
_
Well section template
r@Y -
Eü
- 0 Min value 0 a
m B i3HTro
toÿCALI
m Max value:
Direction:
200
Normal
El RHOB
L-gjp RHOB □ Wrap |_Both
É 0j£. DT
Hi @flt DT
Borehole markers
E) Background
Deviated tracks (0)
la-
fa
n■@0 ¿ÿÿVIA GR
Vertical tracks (5)
Index track O Into [ÿ¡ Definition| fTf Umitsj Style
0Y GR 0 Min value: 30 d
E 0¿CALI @j Max value: 300
0gjCAU Direction Normal
RHOB
@P RHOB | Both
1] . E Wrap:
- wjua
TSatMl —
-
Ü. Borehole markers
D= Background
Deviated tracks (0)
Co
*/ /tpply ] ■/ OK A Cancel |
362 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
10. In Select/Pick mode [P] , click on a curve in Well section
window and click Log conditioning IsS in the mini toolbar to
open the Log conditioning Tool Palette.
< >
k SSTVD ▼ Well section tern ÍT]
+>Diamond-14 [SSTVD]
SSTVD GR _ _ CAU
200.00|-Vl0
RHOB _ I’ (
1:2869 OOP gAPI iñ Z44 V4380*cm3 2.6620 *30.00 us/ft 300.00
liper •ensitv Sonic
4131.8 =
4200
1 4300
¡a
4400 -i
4500 -
4600
m»r ni a
4700
CALI (Continuous well log)
*I I—&*1m ti
T I '
5500
5600
C7(W
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •363
13. Click and drag the mouse to select an area around spiky
sections in the DT track. If you double-click the track, the entire
log is selected.
< SSTVD ( GR
1:2437 0.00 gAPI 200.00-0.10
C-LI
in
__
_® Diamond-14
2.44
SSTVD]
RHOB
'30 00
DT
us/ft 300 00
>
mma rav BÿBcaiioer BÿB"Densrty Sonic
3773.3: 1:-= :: : :: |*HC= : |DT 133.01
3900 -j
)
4000
4100
0
4200 -!
Tool Palette
l
4300
=
■
Selptfíion
* stag condit oning
W x
Domain
SSTVD (ft)
Start
3864.84
End
9126.80
Log
DT
Well
Diamond-1
Enable
0 0
Delete
Ü1
— I»...
R ?k Sx ll t
4500 ■
? r •? ST h «-
*ui
4600 -j
J
4700 r
14. In the Log conditioning toolbox, click Eliminate
spike P* .
364 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
Note how the selected area of study can be affected by
changing the parameters (Number of standard deviation, Spike
analysis window, and Replacement method).
15. Continue until you are satisfied with the level of removed
< >
spikes.
16. Click Eliminate spikes £liminatc I to remove the spikes.
($> Diamond-14 SSTVD]
SSTVD GR _
CAU RHOB DT
200.001 -0.10
(
0
3900 \
4000
4100
F
Tool Palette
Eliminate spikes
Log conditioning
Si X
Spike detection options:
'Number of standard deviation:
Spike ana ysis window:
1.73
1000
i
samples
tf R Ri|2|K
*<> n r •? ST H *- Replacement method: Interpolate I Eliminate spikes
‘U 1
4400 - I
4500 -
K
17. After reviewing the complete sonic log section in line with key
logs and despiking where necessary, click
Save modified logs E3 in the Log conditioning Tool
Palette.
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •365
1
22. Select the Min value and Max value check boxes and enter
30 and 300.
[BJ Settings for ’Well section template 3'
23. On the Style tab, choose Selected from the list next to the
color section.
24. Choose a different color for Sonic Despiked and click Apply.
25. Highlight the Sonic Despiked log from the object list on the left
side of the dialog box. Move it under the track that contains DT
by using the blue arrow.
Petrel Geophysics Condition input data for Seismic well tie •367
I
26. Remove the empty track, click Apply, and click OK.
|S I» - |tj* Well section tem VI I'» B-B- Q IE
' Unde! •
m
it- m Show Color
a
i-ii - Sold
Q. m
3 E kiA Track
□ Show *ÿ•1 Btest
a
ft Deviatedtracks (0) H
'
•i
foa* 3
il -a
.
“» 03 “»i 03
¡¡ü™ |
031«.... -I nc*r mi*- -i
*
Review questions
• What are the main quality control steps for importing
checkshot data?
• Name five major functionalities in the Log conditioning tool?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
• loading and quality controlling checkshot data
• defining time-depth relationships
• using the Log conditioning Tool Palette
368 •Condition input data for Seismic well tie Petrel Geophysics
I
Module 7 — Sonic
calibration
<
In this module, you learn how to use sonic log and checkshot data to
Q. create a consistent time-depth relationship. In addition, you are
presented with some theoretical background about sonic calibration.
jo
Learning objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
m
< • calibrate a sonic log
• select input data and parameters
• define knee points and outputs
<
93 33 usmt
_ L
Dolomite-BI [SSTVD]
133.0*1-29.40
Checkshottime
ms
>
fÜTMH Sometime
1796 5:
i
4000
6000 ©
7000
m ©
8000
o 21 \
. 8729
£
Figure 1 Sonic times corrected to match checkshot times to obtain Drift curve
1 DT
2 Sonic TD curve
3 Checkshots
4 Drift: Sonic T - checkshots
< >
□
g
z
□
Figure 2 Drift curve is added to the sonic TD curve; Sonic log + Drift curve =
DT_Calib
Managers
3
'99
Seismic (default)
<
>
Seismic
•yjy.
§§
Wavelet toolbox
Log conditioning if E
Insert Seismic
Houston_Restorat »
QQ well tie Well tie editing » interpretation
D
Setup Seismic-well calibration 2D/3D interpretation ft
As a minimum for the The Seismic well tie dialog box opens.
sonic calibration, a sonic
curve must exist in the well.
If one or more objects
related to time-depth
information (such as
checkshots) are associated
with the well under study,
they are available from a list
in the dialog box.
•
372 Sonic calibration Petrel Geophysics
B
2. In the Seismic well tie dialog box, select Sonic calibration as
study type and select the well to use.
3. Select the default sonic calibration template.
O If no checkshots
exist for the well, a
4. Select the parameters on the various tabs in the dialog box. checkshot object can be
(These tabs are discussed in the next section.) dropped in from another
well. In this situation, you
5. When you are satisfied with the parameters, click OK. also can use a sonic or
velocity log as TDR.
<
On the Output tab (Figure 4), you can control the output logs from the
sonic calibration study. The Output tab has these options:
• Calibrated sonic
n The Auto save
option automatically saves
any changes made to the >
• Time-depth relationship (TDR) output during the process.
• Integrated sonic
• Drift curve/TcmTI
• Knee points
Q. • Knee curve
• Residual drift
a Input | Output | Datuming I Time-depth I Options I Statistics Track manager
A ) Calibrated sonic
® TcmTl
(v) Knee points
v i Knee curve
© Residual drift
Figure 4 Output tab in the Seismic well tie dialog box
For any given well, the TDR is established from the top of the list using
only the selected objects (with a check mark). If the data object does
not exist for the well, the process goes to the next object down.
Q.
To rearrange the priority list, click the item that you want to move and
3
use the up and down arrows to reposition it. Select the check box next
to the objects to include them as a possible TDR source (blue check
mark).
AA Settings for 'Wells'
* ® Info Statistics Itl I Thickness Report ¡ Make logs Simulation settings Quality attributes Lateral
0 Create new
□ Manual adjustment ®[
_aJ
® Insert extra point at SRD If not covered
lag, ft»
| VAH» J I. V OK | K I
The From shared checkshot option uses data from one well to
establish time-depth relationships in other selected wells. Activate the
option, choose a well from the Well filter of the available checkshot
item, and insert “v* it into the dialog box.
The Manual adjustment option allows you to adjust the TDR manually
based on Well tops.
376 •Sonic calibration Petrel Geophysics
I
When you click on Set as active TDR in the Seismic well tie dialog
box, the output TDR derived from the calibrated sonic log is selected
automatically on the Time tab only for the well of study.
< It is not applied to the other wells. It overrides the global settings for >
this well only.
Sample interval
Q. When saving or autosaving the time-depth relationship (that is, saving
with continuous generation), there are options to set the sample
interval of the time-depth relationship.
jo
Datumingtab
Datuming is of key importance. By default, the Seismic well tie
process picks up the project datum and kelly bushing of the currently
used well. The kelly bushing (distance from Mean Sea Level) is returned
as Elevation of sonic log depth datum. These options are used only if
the project datum and Seismic Reference Datum do not coincide with
Mean Sea Level.
Figure 6 shows the marine datum options on the Datuming tab. Figure
7 shows the land datum options on the Datuming tab.
0 Land datum U
9 Marine datum
Checkshot Log depth datum (KB)
depth cfetvm
< >
v
Vw
W Tme datvm (SRD)
B *•: _
Vb %
ITIf
Seabed
Datum elevation
Checkshot time-zero (b):
a
0 00 ft @| Use SRD
Below seabed
Depth of seabed (from MSL) (e):
a
0 00 ft
Velocity (Vb): 4862 20 ft's
| © Land datum | a
Marine datum
Cheefcjhot ,log depth datvn (KB)
depth datum
< >
,Trrw datum (SRDI
Vr
Q.
-jLllilfcjfcj
3
Datum elevation a
Checkshot time-zero (b): OOP ft g]UseSRD
Output time (TWT) (c): 0 00 ft □ UseSRD
ii Above ground surface a
Elevation of sonic log (a): 118.00 ft
Below weathering: a
Elevation of the base of the weathering (e): 118 00 ft
Velocity (Vb): 7874 02 ft/s
<
V,,.* 1480 m1%
>
Mb * 2000 mJs
a V, =2100 m/s
OOO ft O UMSRD 7 -CtlKttHOt 1000m
Output fcm«(TWT)(c): 000 ft ElheSRO
Q. a
11800 ft
V2= 2200 ml%
3
V-CMOM
a p
-
V] 2400 m/s
ii -a 7 -ClwtaM
Figure 8 Marine datum and its parameters selection in the Seismic well tie
process dialog box
a Vi = 2300 m/s
[•1
Elevation of ground surface (d)
Velocity (Vw)
Below weathering
3280 00 ft
5905 00 ft/s
a
I
1 V, = 2500 m/s
V -Chackabot 900m
0
Figure 9 Land datum and its parameters selection in the Seismic well tie
process dialog box
Q.
a
jo '1
.
=
-
*
«
-4 — .
r
Water layer
* Elevation o? water surface (d) 0 00 II
: Velocity (Vw)
Bekr* seabed
4862 20 ft's
Figure 10 Seabed not taken into account (left) and seabed taken into account
(right)
o Interpolate between the two closest checkshot samples at TOL for Tl-Tc = 0
Figure 1 1 The Time-depth tab in the Seismic well tie dialog box
/o».
-a
4862ft/s V** ffl
a I la—lawal
- T|
6000H/S
0 J
Drift DT V-CS V
Figure 12 Cubic Spline interpolation method above TOL (time of first log datum)
Petrel Geophysics Sonic calibration •389
In Figure 13, the Quadratic interpolation method is used above TOL
(time of first log datum). For this dataset, the Quadratic interpolation
method is not flexible.
Diamond-14 [SSTVD]
< ’ -155
Calibrated sonc
ms 14 20 5000 osffi 250 00 4
Interval velo cty
500 00 1b> 9 000 00
V Cahb
: a«aw
>
TcmTl >>ai veioct.
a i CNwaar (54<dr 7) Oomand-U Sane cWtwMw
d
HC
a TfTenMe S (Sfady 1) Damond-14 Sane < ■
m
I 6000ft/s kVU | OutBU| Swot > Owon*|¿ ** i rucfc
'
•ooe I kan KB TVO
I TOL a
■*K
)
Too —y Oma otto lop oft :to« 177349
© B— n. odogm a
o HMwTVOriMill •isoc* .
o J Mu*
©
o Drift DT V-CS V
o I
R Velocity (Vw):
Below seabed
4862 20 ft's
4862ft/s T„.otMr Q
lDm~+U
I TfTiwpMi gB>idr1)DwwM i
t* »u«*<
•a
6000ft/s
Q. a
0
Tecrftoa«m* id
jo .«-cwaou
■ MTOIIMTVTC.O
!»•
o a
o
< ❖ >
O
« Drift DT V-CS
Cubic
Polym
a
Residual drift Linear Interpolations
Q.
Residual drift I Linear
3
[Cubic
ii
Figure 15 Options tab in the Seismic well tie process dialog box
rÿOmÿUSoici
Ttvarfi J
<
Tfj *4>nfM*
. a >
*9* 1 Owl P«— ITM im* ; a
B
Q.
a
-• c
V
/
in mu:
0 ■ NH
jo .. i. /IUJ
m
m
- , ?UK
ni
y *» it' (
Figure 17 Interpolation in knee and residual points using the Cubic function
Petrel Geophysics Sonic calibration •393
i
J
:
1
T|1 IISUMIC ’S)
a
Ei 3
a / < >
V
/
,
'-i'-:
in
{
'ÜSMMCMII* «amond-14 Some calibration (TVD]
O C<nai>
(Si* i> OMMM-14 SOW «HéNMH
a
V* J,0Hman*M Uu 5000
EE
T|T«n*l. ■(SMyt)Dn.
, ton1 Punt iPanaw iTaitna i la—mlTwn—
2
— I
■
m
a
a
-
••» > MOO
MOO
■M..MOO
\
”«• 0200
• 0000
111* 2000-
bmo 2000-
pi± SOL
r* ™
r-
Figure 18 The Polynomial fit estimates a polynomial drift curve to honor the
knee points without fitting the noisy checkshots
lint Vallfl Int Vel b D~i! lini ni M ini ii»i Drift RMMMI [iñtVeil Int.Vef
[function drift I input [I output function drm br_ I input | I output function drift DT l input I output
!
/
)
3
Cub,,
4p polynomial 1
H Petrel Geophysics Aa ©
I
Statistics tab
On the Statistics tab (Figure 20), the depth and time of the first sample
of the log is known as Top of the log (TOL). This tab has these fields:
< • Depth reference (DREF): Displays the MD and TVD values of >
the top of the sonic log.
• Time reference (TREF): Displays the two-way time calculated
for the top of the sonic log. How this value is calculated is
defined on the Time-depth tab.
Q. Click Save to save this information as a log.
3
Input | Output | Datuming | Time-depth | Options I Statistics I Track manager
Top of the sonic log (TOL)
Ü
Depth reference (DREF) : 3983 00 MD
3982 84 TVD
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1 Checkshot
2 Initial knee point (Blue)
3 Drift (Red)
4 Residual drift
5 Original Sonic (Red) / Calibrated Sonic (Blue)
6 Output interval velocity (RED)/ Input interval velocity (Blue)
7 Two way time of TDR used as input
8 Interval velocity of the TDR used as input
9 Average velocity of the TDR used as input
Knee points
The Petrel Sonic Calibration workflow includes the ability to edit a
knee curve interactively based on checkshots. The knees can be added
at specific locations (using well tops, for example). You can view the
calibrated sonic log while editing the knees. It also is possible to
redefine the datum in the process and specify the outputs after
calibration.
m
Managers
] Seismic (default)
■
sa m
Seismic
Wavelet toolbox
Log conditioning
2. From the Seismic well tie Tool Palette, you can access a set
1
of tools to manipulate the knees.
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You can change the minimum and maximum values, the colors and sizes
of the curves/points, and the type of line (dashed, solid). It also is
possible to use additional logs or modify the order of tracks. The Well
section window template settings (Figure 22) control the order of tracks.
The overall display, with auxiliary logs, can provide the interpreter with
many pieces of additional information. In addition to the residual drift,
you can identify lithologic changes from the gamma log, washout from
the caliper, and velocity abnormalities from the interval velocity log.
Petrel Geophysics Sonic calibration •401
Aa
I
When the time-depth relationship is output, you can display the interval
velocity derived from the calibrated sonic and quality check the output.
See Figure 23.
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Procedure — Calibrate multiple sonic logs under Global
well logs
1. Right-click the Global well logs folder in the Wells folder
m
and select Create corrected sonic log.
jo 2. Click on the Settings tab and select the uncorrected sonic log
from the list.
3. Insert the required checkshot data.
4. Define the correction curve using Least squares polynomial
(orange curve in Figure 24) or Cubic spline (blue curve in
Figure 24).
> Q “
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Insert 0lobal (cont>
Least squares
polynomial
Cubic
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Exercises — Sonic log calibration
Generally, sonic logs are preferred for building velocity models because,
unlike checkshot data, they are more densely sampled. However, using
the original sonic logs directly delivers incorrect velocities for seismic
data conversion because they typically lack data in the upper part of the
well.
Sonic logs are measured in a different frequency range than the seismic
data (dispersion). They can contain cycle skipping or extreme spikes
that accumulate as incorrect integrated time values through the well
length. As a result, they must be calibrated with checkshots before
velocity modeling.
<
Seismic
jfr Wavelet toolbox
IS Log conditioning ®í Ü
Insert Seismic
4
Mesh
m
Volume
:! QH]
Mixer
Surface attributes
Calculator
>
3 well tie Well tie editing
* interpretation editing | attributes , 5** Neural net
Seismic-well calibration 2D/3D interpretation ■ Mesh r,| Attributes
n
3. In the Type of study field, choose Sonic calibration.
4. In the Well list, select the well Diamond-14.
The name of the 5. In the Input tab, make these selections from the lists, as
study is updated based on shown in the figure:
the name of the well that
you select. You can change • Sonic Despiked for Sonic log
the name of the study. • Diamond-14/Diamond_14.cs for TDR.
I I» Seismic well tie
Seismic well be [~H¡ñis1
# Create study: (Study 1) Diamond-14 Sonic calibration
O Edit study
| Type of study: | Sonic calibration
ffl A Diamond-14
\ Wed: Q A Diamond-14
< TB Copy template: Sonic caibration default template
- Tl
Input | Cutput [ Datuming ] Time-depth | Options | Statistics Track manager
@ Calibrated sonic
Calibrated sonic: Calibrated sonic
□ Autosave
( <y Time depth relationship (TDR)
TDR name: Calibrated TDR ¿ a
Sample interval: 16.40 ~ ft □All samples
17 Auto save
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© Integrated sonic
© TcmTI
( v Knee points
© Knee curve
v Residual drift
1 f C Edit study:
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Type of study: Sonic calibration 1
4k iÿJ
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0 Land datum a
9 Marine datum
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depth daturnÿ
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ira a
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Below seabed:
Depth of seabed (from MSL) (e):
a
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|V ||
✓ Apply OK
* Cancel |
✓ Apply ~| ✓ OK A Cancel
f © Edit study:
Type of study: Sonic calibration
¡3 Automatic adjustments a
Knees: Linear
<
Interpolations
a >
Residual drift: Linear
•
412 Sonic calibration Petrel Geophysics
1
This figure shows the default tracks of the Sonic calibration
template.
| & no • g1 (Study 1) Oi "o n V. 1 t'°
•
(jlUiamor 14 [IVD]
< \ÿ\ZrZ~~x\ÿF¿Fm 147.00 us/tt Interval veloaty UAv erage v el oc rty0 0 1TWT pick
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24,00 4.028 11 ft/s
Sonic Desoiked 14.037aj4.606 66 fcs 9.687 50 4,800 02 ft/s 7 560 54 -2441.27 ms 2.6
1061 6+3394:
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Track 1 TcmTI and Drift and Knees: The black points represent
the TcmTI (Time of checkshots - Time of log).
In the vertical scale, these black points are at the
checkshot depths. A red curve represents the drift and
blue dots represent the knee points.
Track 2 Residual drift: Shows the difference between the
checkshot time and the integrated calibrated sonic log.
This curve is updated based on the knee manipulations
on the Drift and Knees track.
B Seismic (detault) •
-.
Seismic |
Log conditioning
Insert Seismic Mesh Volume
Houston.Restorat *
O© well tie pfl Well tie editing ] » interpretation editing attributes
Setup Seismic-well calibration 2D/3D interpretation r- Mesh -
13. Click Edit mode ‘¿I in the Tool Palette.
1 4. Interactively edit the drift curve using the options available on
the Seismic well tie editing Tool Palette.
E Tool Palette EQ
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17. Move any knee along the TD relationship using these methods.
• To move a knee, click it and drag it to a new position.
• To delete a knee, click Delete knee point H on the
Tool Palette and click the knee.
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19. Open the Output tab of the Seismic well tie dialog box.
20. Rename Calibrated sonic log as Calibrated sonic_l
and click Save.
ill Seismic well tie
Seiafr*cwellÿll&ftJ
O Create study: (Study 2) Diainond-14 Sonic calibration
4k Wei: ¿ Diamond-14
Tj] Template: ¡5 (Study 1) Diamond-14 Sonic calibration
Input Output L Datumwg | Time-depth | Options | Statistics | Track manager
A Calibrated sonic
Calibrated sonic: Calibrated sonic_1
IFI Autosave
0a
21. For the Time-depth relationship (TDR) field, make sure that the
Auto save option is selected and click on Set as active TDR
button.
Q.
O lnf°
© Create new
] Settings Statistics
s Time
J Report Make logs
33
3 • Edit easing
0£ Oneway tine 1
SI Ovenide global settings Q Lock calculated log a
ii © From shared TOR:
0 From shared checkshot:
# From velocity function fÿ.] [/ (Study 1) Diamond-14 Sonic calibratiorv'Calibrated TDR
22. Adjust the knees if necessary and observe the effect on the
Interval velocity output. Verify that you are satisfied with its
shape.
23. On the Home tab, in the Transfer group, click Reference
project tool to open Reference project tool dialog box.
jo
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
o. • calibrating a sonic log
• selecting input data and parameters
• defining knee points and outputs
jo
jo Learning objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
m
• use the synthetic generation process and input data
• calculate the reflectivity coefficient
• Use of interactive bulk shift or continuous alignments to adjust
the time shifts between synthetic and seismic
• use correlation tools and track
• model the reflection coefficient (RC)
• quality check Interval velocity
!ÿ V Muchachos, Sé que
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9 Lesson 1 — Synthetic seismogram generation
workflow
Synthetic seismograms are the bridges between geological information
< (well data in depth) and geophysical information (seismic in time). >
Synthetic generation involves these steps:
1. Time convert the wells with checkshot data or a sonic log to
establish a time-depth relationship.
Q. 2. Calculate acoustic impedance and reflection coefficients from
3
different logs (usually density and sonic logs).
3. Generate or extract a wavelet.
4. Generate synthetic seismograms from density logs, sonic logs,
and a seismic wavelet by calculating acoustic impedance and
reflection coefficients. These calculations then are convolved
using a wavelet.
The Synthetic generation workflow used in the Seismic well tie
process includes the ability to tie a synthetic seismic trace with seismic
data.
Calculator
Seismic Insert Seismic Mesh Volume Mixer
well tie <2 Well tie editing
Seismic-well calibration
- interpretation
2D/3D interpretation 'ÿ
editing
Mesh r,
attributes , Neural net
Attributes
9 Inline O Xline
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Position: @(®|® ©
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1 Input logs track: Logs used for the Reflectivity series calculation.
2 Reflectivity track: Reflectivity series calculated based on the
method selected on the Input tab.
3 Wavelet track: Wavelet, power spectrum, and phase spectrum
of the wavelet used for the synthetic generated.
4 Seismic track: Seismic section used as a reference to compare
the seismic-synthetic track. The extension/orientation of this
section is controlled from the Input tab.
The red line on the Seismic track represents the Well trajectory.
The display is controlled in the Well section template
Settings dialog box.
Additional seismic tracks in the Well section window can be
added where attributes can be displayed. Well trajectory, logs,
and synthetic seismograms can be displayed.
424 •Synthetic seismogram generation Petrel Geophysics
I
5 Synthetic track: Synthetic seismogram created convolving the
reflectivity series and the wavelet. If any of the input data is
modified, this track is updated instantly.
6 Correlation track: A tool that helps increase the confidence in
matching synthetic seismogram to seismic data. Each trace in
the Correlation track represents the degree of correlation
between the synthetic and each of the traces contained in the
Seismic track as the synthetic is shifted vertically relative to the
Q. seismic.
3
The information from this correlation track is used to determine
the correct time shift to be applied to the synthetic or seismic
with the goal of achieving an optimal match.
7 Interval Velocity track: The output interval velocity and also the
place where the Interval velocity manipulations take place.
8 Input/Output Interval Velocity track: The input and output
interval velocities in the same track for quality control.
The input interval velocity is active in the well (from the active
TDR); the output interval velocity is the result after the time
shifts (bulk and stretch/squeeze) are applied in the synthetic.
The default template for the synthetic generation study presents
simultaneous display of the time and depth index tracks in Well
section window.
9 Drift track: The time shift (in ms) applied in the synthetic to tie
with the seismic. This shift comes from the bulk and stretch/
squeeze.
10 Well trajectory
TDR:
s Calibrated TDR
a
o Wavelet:
Active from well
iji TDR - (Study 2) Diamond-14 Synthetic generation
Calibrated TDR
w
© Time varying wavelet ¿w AIICheckShots.cs
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_ Atp Calibrated sonic log - (Study 1) Diamond-14 Sonic calibration
Seismic: rv | Atp Calibrated sonicjl
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\/ Input interval velocity - (Study 1) Diamond-14 Sonic calibration
y* Input interval velocity - (Study 2) Diamond-14 Synthetic generation
y* Output interval velocity - (Study 1) Diamond-14 Sonic calibration
Position y* Output interval velocity - (Study 2) Diamond-14 Synthetic generation
At Sonic Despiked
Inline
Xline
0 570
Xline window 10 :
Reflectivity coefficient
✓ Apply ✓ OK A Cancel
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Xline window 10 z
Reflectivity coefficient
Sonic or velocity: | | Atp Calibrated sonic log - (Study 1) Diamond-14 Sonic calibration
Density 1ÿ1 PRHOB
Advanced settings
RC resampling
ms
a
Sample interval: 1
Gardner's parameters a
[Q Use Gardner's equation
Constant: [023 imperial
Exponent 1 0.25
Filtenng opb<
fyl Use anti-alias filter
a
|✓ Apply || ✓ OK | A Cancel
Q.
Well head location
a This method sets the Inline, crossline to the location of the wellhead,
as shown in Figure 3.
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Figure 3 The well is displayed in the seismic track according to the position
obtained in the wellhead (XY location)
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Figure 6 Reflectivity coefficient options in the Seismic well tie dialog box
432 •Synthetic seismogram generation Petrel Geophysics
I
Here are some examples of how to calculate the reflectivity coefficient
using different types of data:
• Use sonic and density curves to generate the Al curve as the
n The original sonic log
(or a despiked version of the
original input sonic) is used
< ratio between the density and the sonic logs. In turn, the RC in this calculation. The >
curve is generated from the Al curve. The Seismic well tie calibrated sonic log is likely
process generates this curve on-the-fly. to contain abrupt shifts (at
knee point positions) as a
• Choose an Acoustic Impedance. It this case, a sonic and result of this calibration.
Using the calibrated sonic as
density need not be present. The Seismic well tie process input to this process results
Q.
calculates a reflection coefficient curve. in the same abrupt shifts in
3 the acoustic impedance log.
• Use any log curve as a pseudo-Acoustic Impedance curve for Because the reflection
apparent reflectivity computation. Gamma logs often work well coefficients are calculated
from the acoustic impedance
in this circumstance. Sonic logs also work well, but the polarity log, the result again
typically is reversed from the log derived from true acoustic introduces reflection
coefficients and artificial
impedance. events in the synthetic trace.
P = aZnpb
In this equation,
• a = The Constant unit (imperial/metric). It is shown next to the
Constant box. For the Exponent parameter, the default value is
0.25. You can change values for these two fields and them as
parameters for Gardner's equation.
• = Exponent.
b
If the project is in the Imperial system, the default value is 0.23 for the
Constant parameter. If the project is in the metric system, it converts
the default imperial value to metric using this equation:
a (in metric) = a (in imperial) * (1000/(0.3048 A exponent ))
---
velocities that are betweenl 500 m/s to 6000 m/s and densities from
2x103 Kg/m3 to 2.8x103 Kg/m3.
< - ta,
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Figure 7 Patch shows missing section of Sonic log for which RC and Synthetic
are not calculated
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Figure 8 Patch shows that RC and Synthetic can be calculated for missing
section of the Sonic log by using Gardner's equation option
Inputj
TÍ Template
| Time shift
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'ÿbtpu-
J Correlation j Track manager | Style [
Name Al @a
[T] Auto save
Name Resampled Al @a
[T] Auto save
| •/ |[ V OK ||
Apply
* Cancel
<
• Seismogram: Saved as a seismic log in the Global well
logs folder and the well used in the study.
• Reflectivity: Saved in the Global well logs folder and the
n You can
automatically save all of the
outputs, so that after they
>
are saved the first time, any
well used in the study. manipulation overwrites the
• Computed seismogram (depth)/ Synthetic in depth: The output. If the name of the
output is already in the Input
synthetics used to be a time domain object. In Petrel 2015.1, pane, a pop-up warning asks
you to confirm your decision
Q. the synthetics that is generated can be saved with depth as to overwrite it.
3
the vertical index.
Computed seismogram (depth)
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The Synthetic generation template consists of these tracks, but you can
modify them as required.
1 Input logs track: Logs used for the Reflectivity series calculation.
2 Reflectivity track: Reflectivity series calculated based on the
method selected on the Input tab.
3 Wavelet track: Wavelet, power spectrum, and phase spectrum
of the wavelet used for the synthetic generated.
•< ■ a -
We* track
inki*jAtDT/RHOB
Interpolation method and acale
Interpolation type Quadratic
la
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< IÿJP RHOB Scale >
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A «C (Study 2) Dwmor
•
RC (Study 2) Die
9
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Time (
|VJA Analytical Wavelet Seismic plot type
a
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I*JA "*0 1
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J Density HI
A Co""tabon (SWT)
I 1 «.
E
Correlation (SWT
S I*|A Nenral velocity (TDR
Nerval velocity f
Trace color f*
Nerpolated
Lobe
- ■ -«0
-90
|*jA bpi Nerval velocity
(vjy* nput Nerval velo
Trace sett ngs
Q
(*j Output Nerval ve Wiggle antiataang: SB Trace repeal court
0 90 3
MA (SWT
Qppmg factor Nerval
Frequent 0A* &4t (SWT 4 1
♦i Borehole markers
Phase sp 5? Background
•MS : -2100: 0 Deviated tracks (0)
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I
2
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Frequency (Hz)
too
m
[•]
Procedure — Display synthetic along a well trajectory in
a seismic track
0 1. Click Template settings [T] -~J in the Well section Window
toolbar during synthetic generation study.
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Petrel Geophysics Synthetic seismogram generation •451
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Correlation track
The Correlation tool provides information for a better seismic
synthetic match. This tool calculates the cross-correlation between
synthetic and seismic, which is achieved by calculating the time shift to
< >
be applied to the synthetic.
Although the correlation display looks like seismic data and uses similar
display mechanisms, it is NOT seismic. Do not look for correlations
between this display and the seismic track. Each trace in the
Q. Correlation track represents the degree of correlation between the
3 synthetic and seismic, because the synthetic is shifted vertically
relative to the seismic.
This calculation is repeated every time, according to the seismic sample
rate, and for every seismic trace. Remember that each value represents
how well the synthetic matches the seismic trace at a particular point
in time over the entire interval that you specified. The result of these
calculations is a series of numbers for each seismic trace.
These values are normalized to ±1 and displayed as curves in the
Correlation track. These values correspond to the same positions as the
seismic traces.
When you place the cursor over the Correlation track, you can read the
Inline and Xline positions, the correlation value corresponding with the
mouse position (Current position), and the Max correlation from the box
labeled in the upper right side of the track (see Figure 11 and Figure 12).
Irlme 622 & X -e 565
Current posean (-0 116. -30Sms. Odeg)
Max correlator (0.504 -Sms. Odeg)
Max after rotate (O 4S6 Oms 63deg)
Max after rotate and shift (0.513, -4ms. 26degj
Figure 11 A box in the upper right side of correlation track showing correlation
values, lag value, and phase rotation
If the phase mistie option is active on the Correlation tab, a new line
of information (number 5) is displayed. This information shows the
phase rotation to be applied to the wavelet to improve the tie.
Q.
You can see that the time lag for this option is different from zero,
3
meaning that the synthetic was shifted. With this result, the interpreter
knows what time shift or what phase applies to get the best
correlation.
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Figure 12 Correlation track with current cursor position and max correlation
values
Q.
The correlation values at lag zero represent the synthetic/seismic
relationship as it appears currently. The correlation values reflect a
3
current correlation is not high. In this case, the visual match between
the synthetic and seismic is not good.
The largest correlation value on each trace is marked with a symbol. A
red diamond marks the trace posted on the Correlation track with the
point of highest correlation (Figure 13). This symbol represents the best
mathematical match found between synthetic and seismic (in the Time
lag window). The lag value at this symbol is the amount of bulk shift
that you would need to apply to move the synthetic into this best match
position.
An asterisk marks the optimum point of correlation for the entire series
of traces used in the correlation generation operation. This symbol is
the global optimum correlation value of the best match among all of the
traces.
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Window section
Q. To specify a start time (ms) and end time (ms) for the vertical correlation
interval, use the Window section on the Correlation tab. You can
establish the limits of interest or choose the Automatic set limits
option (default). This option takes the complete time window defined by
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the synthetic.
Every time that you make corrections in time, seismic, and other
parameters (such as stretch and squeeze, and bulk shift), the correlation
panel is updated.
Trace section
There are three options to select the number of traces to calculate the
correlation: Match seismic traces, User defined, or Single trace.
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which correspond to eight seismic traces plus the one that is related to
the well position. Each trace displayed in the correlation track is a
cross-correlation between the trace in the seismic track and the
synthetic.
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User defined
By selecting this option, you specify the range of traces to be used to
generate the correlation (Figure 17).
If Start trace is 0, the first seismic trace to be used in the cross¬
correlation is the first one defined in the Seismic track. Following the
previous example, this trace is 377.
X X X X X
X X X
X X X X X
In this figure,
• ® represents the Well trajectory at time i
• X represents the traces around the Well trajectory.
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Phase mistie
The previous correlation options consider the time shifts to be applied
in the synthetic to improve the synthetic/seismic tie. This functionality
calculates the correlation between the synthetic/seismic while
considering the phase of the wavelet. See Figure 21.
A scan is performed at 360 degrees with a one-degree step. This scan
generates the correlation between the synthetic and the seismic for
each of the 360 samples. The output of this process is a suggested
phase rotation value. You can apply this value at the active wavelet to
improve the tie between seismic and the synthetic.
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Input | Output | Time shift | Correlation ~[ Track manager | Style
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Figure 21 Compute phase mistie on the Correlation tab
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3
Procedure — Use interactive bulk shift
1. On the Seismic Interpretation tab, in the Seismic-well
calibration group, click Well tie editing to open the Tool
Palette
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m Procedure — Use Continuous alignment
The basic alignment workflow steps (time domain) are:
1. On the Seismic Interpretation tab, in the Seismic-well
calibration group, click Well tie editing to open the Tool
Palette.
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NOTE: The continuous alignment in the depth domain works
the same for the Tool Palette, except that the tool to add new
alignment points is not available. The alignment points are tied
0
to an existing well top in the Well Tops folder selected in the
study. The depth for the markers are considered real, so the
drag-and-drop functionality must be performed only in the
seismic tracks.
Font size 8
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Figure 23 Seismic well tie Tool Palette
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Figure 24 Interval velocity manipulation in the velocity track.
The sampling of the interval velocity can be set on the Output tab of
the Seismic well tie dialog box in the Time/depth relationship
(TDR) section (Figure 25).
Remember that the interval velocity is an attribute of the checkshot.
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Q.
This process helps you better understand how these coefficients can
impact the synthetic response and allows you to filter problematic areas
3
from your synthetic.
Figure 27 shows buttons available for Reflection Coefficient (RC)
modeling on the Seismic well tie Tool Palette.
B Tool Palette 33
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▼ Seismic wen tie
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1 Partial Synthetic (represents the final synthetic from your
selected RC values).
2 Positive Synthetic (positive component of your selected RC
values).
3 Negative Synthetic (negative component of your selected RC
values).
4 RC track
Q.
2. When the Activate RC modeling ® tool is switched on, go
to your RC series track and select/clear areas of your log to
3
see the impact on your Synthetic. Click to select the positive
reflectivity.
You see a component in the positive track and the resulting
synthetic (that is, in the partial synthetic track). You can select
multiple areas (positive reflectivity as well as negative
reflectivity) in the RC series track for your synthetic.
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Q.
You access the Track manager tab in the Seismic well tie dialog
box (Figure 30).
3
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The tracks can be hidden/posted by selecting the check box. The Well
section window template controls the positioning of each track.
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Figure 34 Seismogram and seismic data together in the time domain (TWT) in a
3D window
Exercise workflow
1. Generate a synthetic seismogram using a predefined wavelet.
2. Apply interactive bulk shift or continuous alignments to adjust
the time shifts between synthetic and seismic.
3. Set synthetic seismogram display settings.
4. Display the synthetic seismogram in an Interpretation
window.
1
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RC calculation method
Sonic or velocity:
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2. Click Edit mode SI and then Add bulk shift line ISin
the Seismic well tie Tool Palette.
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6. The interactive bulk shift synchronizes with the Time shift tab
in the study; any change made graphically updates the bulk
shift box on the fly.
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a
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|✓ Apply ~| | V OK A Cancel
8. Click Delete bulk shift <1 in the Tool Palette, This resets
all the values.
Now you will perform continuous alignment in the following
steps.
In the seismic to well tie process, sometimes small
496 •Synthetic seismogram generation Petrel Geophysics
1
adjustments must be made to match the synthetics with the
seismic after the bulk shift is implemented. To perform these
adjustments, we use the alignment functionality and this
process is interactive.
< [¿5j >
9. Make sure Edit mode is switched on in the Tool Palette
and click on the position where the alignment point needs to
be added (in the seismic track or the synthetic track).
NOTE: You can add as many alignment points as required.
Q. [¿5l
The default for Edit mode LÿJ is to add new alignment points.
To perform any edits on the alignment points, the Edit mode
a ¿51
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The edited synthetic trace now can be found in the Input pane
in the Global well logs, (Study ...) Diamond-14 Synthetic
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generation folder.
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In this module, you learned about:
< • using the synthetic generation process and input data >
• calculating the reflectivity coefficient
• interactive bulk shift or continuous alignments to adjust the
time shifts
• using correlation tools and track
• modeling the reflection coefficient (RC)
Learning objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
m
• use the Wavelet toolbox
• use the Analytical, Statistical, Deterministic, and Wavelet
averaging methods
• Multi-well extended white wavelet extraction (MWEW)
• Time varying wavelet
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linearly tapered until point 4.
4 High cut frequency, where any frequencies higher than this one
are filtered out and not used.
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Figure 16 Time Depth Relationship (TDR) from an active study WSW can be
used in a wavelet tool box to extract a deterministic wavelet
On the General tab (Figure 17), the extraction position can be set at
different locations. The number of inlines and crosslines around the
center location is specified for 3D seismic data.
For 2D seismic data, the center trace and the number of traces on each
side define the position. A vertical or deviated well can incorporate this
position into the wavelet extraction algorithm.
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< Advanced settings >
Gardner's parameters
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Constant: |023 imperial
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Filtering options
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To position the well to a new location, away from the actual wellhead,
click Set extract position to the deviated well ® . You also can
interpolate seismic data to follow the trajectory or click Set extract
position to well head .
Inline radius: 1
The default size of the taper is half of the length of xcor, but it can be
changed easily by selecting User defined.
The percentage of white noise (used to the prevent instability in the
calculation of the coherence function) that is added in the wavelet
extraction algorithm also can be defined on this tab.
Start: 1204 ms
End: 1244 ms
Taper
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Max_lag =
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In this equation:
• n is the number of input samples in the window
• k has been set from experience to be (n* SR / 100), where SR
is the sample rate of the data in milliseconds.
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Low: High:
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Stopband: 0 Hz 125 Hz
A
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You can use this feature to evaluate if a wavelet extracted in a deep
interval is still applicable in a shallow interval. This feature allows you
to filter back the lower frequencies and observe the well seismic tie at
<
a shallower interval. >
You also can use the filter facility to help determine optimal low cut
filter parameters to be applied to the seismic data in a later filtering
operation.
Q Additional insight into phase behavior is possible because selective
filtering allows band-constrained phase behavior to become visible in
the wavelet display. Allowing this behavior to become visible is
important particularly when working with data acquired with an
impulse source (minimum phase). This type of data has the potential for
residual minimum phase in lower frequencies after processing.
Scale factor
This Scale factor feature (Figure 29) scales the amplitude of the
wavelet. For the analytical and statistical normalized method of wavelet
extraction in Petrel, the amplitude range varies from -1 to 1. Normally
this range does not match the seismic volume's amplitude range.
Operations
Phase manipulation Time shift Hanning filter | Scale factor
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extraction (MWEW)
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When the Time varying wavelet option is selected, the Open time
varying wavelet tool button is activated. To launch the Time
varying wavelet dialog box, click this button.
In the Time varying wavelet dialog box (Figure 33), you specify time
ranges or time intervals over which a series of wavelets can be used to
generate the synthetic. You can create as many as ten time ranges
represented in a dynamic table.
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Wavelet Status Wavelet length (ms) Start time (ms) End time (ms)
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✓ 128 1300 1750
• A wavelet that you insert from the Input pane. When the
wavelet is dropped in, the Ul displays its length. The wavelet can
be Deterministic, Statistical, or Analytical.
If the wavelet is modified, the system displays a warning icon to
indicate that the selected wavelet was modified.
Q
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• Start/end times (in ms) for each individual gate (time ranges) over
which individual wavelets generate the synthetic. The minimum
time interval is 4 ms. Gaps between time ranges are not allowed.
• A taper. The supported taper types are
• Trapezoidal
• Cosine
• Cosine squared
• Hanning
• Hamming
• Blackmann
• Papoulis
• Minimum energy moment
• Minimum amplitude moment
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Exercise workflow
1 . Create a statistical wavelet.
2. Extract a wavelet.
3. Generate synthetic seismograms and compare wavelets.
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Exercise 3 — Extract a wavelet and generate a synthetic
seismogram
0
1. With the Wavelet toolbox open, create a new wavelet using
the Deterministic method.
2. Name the new wavelet Deterministic Wavelet
Diamond-14.
3. Select Diamond-14 from the Well list or insert “v* .
4. Select the mig [Realized] 1 seismic cube from the
corresponding field.
5. By default, the extraction position is set automatically to the
well location. Because the well has a deviated trajectory, click
Set extraction position to the deviated well .
This button sets the reference center point at the inline/
crossline location where the TWT of the trajectory matches the
Petrel Geophysics Wavelet generation •549
I
TWT at the midpoint of the extraction window.
6. Specify (in the number of inlines and crosslines) an area
around the defined position where it is possible to perform
<
wavelet extraction. >
The predictability between the seismic trace and the RC series
will be calculated.
7. For the RC calculation method, choose the Acoustic impedance
named Al that you created in previous exercises. It is stored in
Q the (Study ...) Diamond-14 Synthetic generation folder in
the Global well logs folder.
8. On the Extract tab, set a start time and window length to
define the area of extraction for the wavelet.
The interval of interest should be the reservoir interval. You can
keep the default value (it uses the whole interval with data).
Consider a synthetic to be a valid representation only within
the interval from which the wavelet was extracted.
After you have configured all of the necessary settings for the
extraction to take place, the wavelet is created virtually. The
Extracted wavelet display and Predictability display
windows are populated.
The Predictability display window is divided into five parts:
• Maximum predictability (top view): Color-coded
display of the maximum predictability in the various inline
and crossline positions.
• Maximum predictability (side view): Based on the
selected inline position in the maximum Predictability
display, predictability is color-coded as a function of
crossline position and time lag (between seismic and RC
series).
• Time of maximum predictability: Color-coded display of
the lag time for maximum predictability in the various
inline and crossline positions.
• Phase of maximum wavelet: Color-coded display of the
wavelet phase for maximum predictability in the various
inline and crossline positions
• Predictability information: Values for the current
selected extraction position.
< >
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16. Create three synthetic seismograms using the three wavelets
and compare the results. Refer to the Synthetic generation
lesson exercises.
17. Use the Auto save option in the Wavelet toolbox to see
changes in the output synthetic seismogram quickly.
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Summary
In this module, you learned about:
• using the Wavelet toolbox
• creating different types of wavelets by usinq Analytical,