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Index
INTRODUCTION
1. And gates
2. Or gates
3. Not gates
4. Nand gates
5. Nor gates
6. Xnor gates
7. Exor gates
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
INTRODUCTION
MOORE`S LAW
RESULT
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
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LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
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LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
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LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Logic Gates
INTRODUCTION
A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. It
makes “logical decisions” based on the different combinations of
digital signals present on its inputs. Digital logic gates may have
more than one input but generally only have one digital output. Most
logic gates have two inputs and one output.
Knowledge Cloud
A gate is a digital circuit that is designed for performance a
particular logical operation. As it works according to some logical
relationship between input and output voltages, so it is generally
known as “LOGIC GATES”
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LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
1. AND gate:
The AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that implements logical
conjunction - it behaves according to the truth table. A HIGH
output (1) results only if both the inputs to the AND gate are
HIGH (1). If neither or only one input to the AND gate is HIGH, a
LOW output results. In another sense, the function of AND
effectively finds the minimum between two binary digits, just as
the OR function finds the maximum. Therefore, the output is
always 0 except when all the inputs are 1.
We will start with a 2 input AND gate. The symbol for a 2 input
AND gate is as follows.
A
Q
B
The truth table for the 2 input AND gate is shown below.
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
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Q A.B
LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
2. OR gate:
The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical
disjunction - it behaves according to the truth table. A HIGH
output (1) results if one or both the inputs to the gate are
HIGH (1). If neither input is high, a LOW output (0) results. In
another sense, the function of OR effectively finds the
maximum between two binary digits, just as the complementary
AND function finds the minimum. We will start with a 2 input
OR gate. The symbol for a 2 input OR gate is as follows.
A
Q
B
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Q = A+B
A Q
The truth table for a NOT gate is the simplest of all Truth Tables
and is shown below.
Input Output
A Q
0 1
1 0
QA
4. NAND gate:
In digital electronics, a NAND gate (negative-AND) is a logic
gate which produces an output that is false only if all its inputs
are true; thus its output is complement to that of the AND
gate. A LOW (0) output results only if both the inputs to the
gate are HIGH (1); if one or both inputs are LOW (0), a HIGH
(1) output results. It is made using transistors. By De Morgan's
theorem, AB=A+B, a NAND gate is equivalent to inverters
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followed by an OR gate. The NAND gate is significant because
any Boolean function can be implemented by using a
LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
A
Q
B
The truth table for the 2 input NAND gate is shown below.
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Q A.B
5. NOR gate:
The NOR gate is a digital logic gatewhich behaves according to
11 the truth table. A HIGH output (1) results if both the inputs
to the gate are LOW (0); if one or both input is HIGH (1), a
LOW output (0) results. NOR is the result of the negation of
LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
We will start with a 2 input NOR gate. The symbol for a 2 input NOR
gate is asfollows.(Next page)
A
Q
B
The truth table for the 2 input NOR gate is shown below.
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
12 Q = A+B
LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
6. XNOR gate:
The XNOR gate has 2 inputs and is the inverted form of the EXOR
gate. The XNOR gate (sometimes spelled "exnor" or "enor" and
rarely written NXOR) is a digital logic gate whose function is
the logical complement of the exclusive OR (XOR) gate. A
HIGH output (1) results if both of the inputs to the gate are
the same. If one but not both inputs are HIGH (1), a LOW
output (0) results. The symbol for a 2 input XNOR gate is as
follows.
A
Q
B
The truth table for the 2 input XNOR gate is shown below.
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Q A B
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alternativ ely Q A.B A.B
LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
7. EXOR gate.
The EXOR gate has 2 inputs and is a specialised version of the
OR gate. The XOR gate (sometimes EOR gate, or EXOR gate
and pronounced as Exclusive OR gate) is a digital logic gate that
implements an exclusive or; that is, a true output (1/HIGH)
results if one, and only one, of the inputs to the gate is true. If
both inputs are false (0/LOW) or both are true, a false output
results. XOR represents the inequality function, i.e., the output
is true if the inputs are not alike otherwise the output is false.
A way to remember XOR is "one or the other but not both".
The symbol for a 2 input EXOR gate is as follows.
A
Q
B
The truth table for the 2 input EXOR gate is shown below.
Inputs Output
B A Q
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Q A B
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
15 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
The following table gives a list of the common logic functions and
their equivalent Boolean notation.
AND A.B
OR A+B
NOT A
NAND A .B
NOR A+B
EX-NOR (A.B) + or A B
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Integrated Circuits
INTRODUCTION
An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip,
isa semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny
resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can
function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter,
computer memory, or microprocessor.
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Integrated Circuits or IC’s as they are more commonly called, can be
grouped together into families according to the number of
transistors or “gates” that they contain. For example, a
LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
While the “ultra large scale” ULSI classification is less well used,
another level of integration which represents the complexity of the
Integrated Circuit is known as the System-on-Chip or (SOC) for
short. Here the individual components such as the microprocessor,
memory, peripherals, I/O logic etc., are all produced on a single
piece of silicon and which represents a whole electronic system
within one single chip, literally putting the word “integrated” into
integrated circuit.
These complete integrated chips which can contain up to 100 million
individual silicon-CMOS transistor gates within one single package
are generally used in mobile phones, digital cameras, micro-
controllers, PIC’s and robotic type applications.
IC's are of Linear, digital and mixed types. Linear IC's also known as
analog Integrated circuits are used in:
1. Power amplifiers
2. Small-signal amplifiers
3. Operational amplifiers
4. Microwave amplifiers
5. RF and IF amplifiers
6. Voltage comparators
7. Multipliers
8. Radio receivers
9. Voltage regulators
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Moore’s Law
LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
The world’s first microprocessor in 1971 was the Intel 4004 that
had a 4-bit data bus and contained about 2,300 transistors on a
single chip, operating at about 600 kHz. Today, the Intel
Corporation have placed a staggering 1.2 Billion individual transistor
gates onto its new Quad-core i7-2700K Sandy Bridge 64-bit
microprocessor chip operating at nearly 4GHz, and the on-chip
transistor count is still rising, as newer faster microprocessors and
micro-controllers are developed. The number of transistors per chip
has risen exponentially and each year computers are becoming more
powerful, yet cheaper than the year before.
Knowledge Cloud
The explosive growth in the semiconductor industry and computer
technology is best expressed by a famous quote from Gordon
Moore: “If the auto industry advanced as rapidly as the
semiconductor industry, a Rolls Royce would get half a million
miles per gallon, and it would be cheaper to throw it away than
23 to park it”.
LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Result
We had mainly discussed about the design, property and operation
of various logic gates
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LOGIC GATES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Bibliography
1. Comprehensive Physics Practical
A textbook for Physics practical’s ISBN 978-81-318-0384-4
2. Wikipedia.com
The Online Encyclopedia indexing world’s best articles with genuine
references
3. TCYonline.com
An online video tutorial and educational Centre
4. Meritnation.com
The leading educational site in India
5. http://projects.icbse.com/forums
Online help for CBSE projects
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