LINEAR MOTION NOTES

LESSON 1 – Extra notes
LINEAR MOTON
1 uniform = constant = same=unchanged
LINEAR MOTION 2 increasing velocity = acceleration
3 decreasing velocity (slow down) =deceleration
Distance ,d and Displacement, s 4 zero velocity = the object is stationary (at rest)
Distance ,d is how far a body travels during a motion 5 negative velocity = the object moves in opposite
without considering any particular direction or the length direction
of the path of an object. 6 uniform velocity = zero acceleration
Distance is a scalar quantity and the value always positive. 7 negative acceleration = deceleration (retardation)
The unit of distance is metre (m) Example 1
Displacement, s is distance traveled in a particular
direction. A boy walks finish the following path PQ.
Displacement, s = final position – initial position
Displacement is a vector quantity and the value can be
positive and negative depend on their directions.
The unit of displacement is metre (m)
Diagram below shows the difference between distance and
displacement.
Find
(a) total distance traveled (b)
displacement
Distance = Length of the road Solution

Displacement = Length of the line AB
If the motion in a straight line and in one direction , the
magnitude of distance is same as the magnitude of
displacement .
Speed and Velocity ,v Example 2

Speed is the rate of change of distance.
Speed = distance travelled
time taken
Average speed = total distance traveled
total time taken
Speed is a scalar quantity and the value always positive.
The unit of speed is metre per second (m s-1)
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
Velocity = displacement Figure above shows runner runs 500 m towards east
time taken in 2 minutes and 1200m towards north in 4 minutes.
v=s Calculate his
t (a) average speed (b) average velocity
Average velocity = total displacement
total time taken Solution
Velocity is a vector quantity and the value can be positive
and negative depend on their directions.
The unit of velocity is metre per second (m s-1)
Acceleration, a and Deceleration (Retardation)
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Using a ticker timer to analysing the motion
Acceleration = change in velocity
time taken A ticker timer is connected to an alternating
Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity electricity supply (a.c.) and uses the mains electricity
time taken frequency of 50 Hz to make 50 ticks or vibrations
a = v - u every second.
t 1 tick is the time interval between one dot and the
Negative acceleration is called as deceleration (retardation) next dot on the tape.
Acceleration is a vector quantity 50 ticks = 1 s
The unit of acceleration or deceleration is metre per second 1 tick = 0.02s
per second (ms-2)
1
Example 4 (b)
Based on the ticker tape above calculate

(a) time taken (b) average velocity
The type of motion is
Solution
velocity acceleration
(c)
Example 5
Based on the figure above, calculate the acceleration . The type of motion is
Solution
Example 6 (d)
The figure above shows a ticker tape contains 5

ticks for every interval AB.BC.CD and DE .Calculate The type of motion is
the acceleration.
Solution
(e)
The type of motion based on ticker tape or tape chart
(a)

2
Using a stroboscopic photograph to analysing the
motion
Stroboscopic photograph is the taking of very short –

exposure pictures of moving objects using a camera
and a stroboscope.
A stroboscope is a device for making a moving body
intermittently visible in order to make appear
stationary.
The moving object appear ‘freeze’ when the
stroboscope frequency at the same frequency of
moving object.
There are two types of stroboscopes:
Example 8
(i) Mechanical stroboscope
The following figure a stroboscopic photograph shows a
trolley down an inclined plane. The photograph is taken by
using a camera and an electronic stroboscope produces 20
flashes per second.
Stroboscopic photograph = number of slits x

frequency stroboscope
frequency
or f = np
(ii) Electronic stroboscope ( multiflash stroboscope

)
(a) State the type of motion of the trolley.
(b) What is the stroboscopic photograph frequency
(c) What is the time intervals between one image
and the next.
(d) Calculate
(i) the initial velocity
(ii) the final velocity
Stroboscopic photograph frequency = (iii) the acceleration
light flashes frequency Solution
Example 7
The following figure a stroboscopic photograph

shows a metal ball moves along a horizontal plane.
The photograph is taken by using a camera and a
mechanical stroboscope has 8 slits and rotates with
frequency 5 Hz.
(a) State the type of motion of the metal ball.

(b) What is the stroboscopic photograph frequency
(c) What is the time intervals between one image
and the next.
(d) What is the number of images in 30 seconds.
(e) Calculate the average velocity of the metal ball
Solution
3
Using Equations of Linear Motion with Uniform Example 12
Acceleration
A construction worker accidentally knocks a brick from a
The various equations of linear motions of an object with building so that it falls in 4 s to the ground. Calculate
uniform acceleration are given as follows: (a) the velocity of the brick as it hits the ground
(b) the distance fallen of the brick
v = u + at ……………………….(1)
Solution
s= u+v t ………………………..(2)
2
s = ut + ½ at 2………………………..(3)
v2 = u2 + 2as ………………………..(4)
Where
s :…………………….
u :………………………..
v :…………………….
a :………………………..
t :……………………
Extra notes:
moves from rest/take-off…………………
finally it stops/brakes:…………………….
released from a height / fall freely from

rest / take off …………………….
thrown vertically upwards:……………..
at maximum height :…………………….
Example 10
A car accelerates from rest to 25 m s-1 in 4 s.

Find the acceleration of the car.
Solution
Example 11
A bus accelerates uniformly along a straight line from a

velocity 20 ms-1 until 30 ms-1 in 5 s. Calculate,
(a) the acceleration(b) the total displacement travelled by
the bus
Solution
4
6 Diagram shows a track for 200m event. An athlete
TUTORIAL 1 has finished the race in 25 s.
1 A car moves with a constant velocity. The

acceleration of the car is
A increased B decreased
C zero D uniformly
2 Deceleration means the velocity of an object is What is the velocity of the athlete ?
A negative B positive A 350 B 200

C increased D decreased 25 25
3 Diagram shows the journey of a bus from city A to C 150 D 50

reach city D. 25 25
7 The frequency of a ticker timer is 50 Hz. The time

interval between 16 consecutive dots is
A 0.60 s B 0.44 s
C 0.32 s D 0.30 s
8 Based on diagram , calculate the average velocity.
What is the displacement of the bus?
A 60 km B 100 km
C 128 km D 220 km
A 0.2 ms-1 B 0.3 ms-1
C 0.4 ms-1 D 0.5 ms-1
4 The diagram shows a path of a moving object.
9 The diagram shows a ticker tape to show the motions

of a trolley.
If AB = 5m , BC = 5m and CD = 7m ,find the total

displacement of the object if it moves from A to D.
What is the acceleration of the trolley?
A 3m B 7m
C 13 m D 17 m A -5 ms-2 B - 50 ms-2
C - 500 ms-2 D 50 ms-2
5 Ali rides a motorcycle with a constant speed 30 km h-1 .
Bakar runs at a distance 100 m in 15 s. Chan rides a
bicycle at distance 240 km in 10 hours.
10 The following figure shows a tape chart.
Which comparison is true?
A Speed of Ali = speed of Bakar

B Speed of Ali = speed of Bakar = speed of
Chan
C Speed of Ali =speed of Chan > speed of Bakar
D Speed of Bakar = Speed of Chan < speed of
Ali
Based on figure , which of the following is true?
5
14 The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph shows
At the beginning o motion At the end of an ice cube moves along a horizontal plane. The
motion photograph is taken by using a camera and a
mechanical stroboscope has 2 slits and rotates with
A the velocity unchanged the acceleration frequency 25 Hz.
increases
B the velocity increases the acceleration
increases
C the velocity increases the acceleration
unchanged
D the velocity unchanged the acceleration
unchanged What is the velocity of the ice cube?
11 Which of the following shows an object moving A 5 cms-1 B 25 cms-1
with decreasing acceleration C 100 cms-1 D 250 cms-1
15 The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph

shows a ball moves along a horizontal plane. The
photograph is taken by using a camera and an
electronic stroboscope produces 50 flashes per
second.
12 Diagram shows the pattern of oil dripping at a What is the average velocity of the ball.
constant rate from a moving car.
A 0. 5 ms-1 B 1.0 ms-1
C 1.5 ms-1 D 2.0 ms-1
16 The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph

shows a boy down an inclined plane. The
photograph is taken by using a camera and an
electronic stroboscope produces 4 flashes per
second.
Which of the following describes the motion of the car?
A Acceleration followed by constant velocity
B Deceleration followed by constant velocity
C Constant velocity followed by acceleration
D Constant velocity followed by deceleration
13 The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph of a

ball moves on a smooth table. The acceleration of the boy is
A 6 ms-2 B 12 ms-2
C 24 ms-2 D 32 ms-2
17 A cyclist riding at a velocity 8 ms-1 and is

accelerating with 4 ms-2 . What is the velocity of the
Which of the following is true? cyclist after 5 s .
A The acceleration is constant A 16 ms-1 B 20ms-1

B The velocity is increasing C 24 ms-1 D 28 ms-1
C The acceleration is zero
D The velocity is zero 18 A rocket starts at velocity 2500 ms-1 and accelerates
uniformly upwards at 20 ms-2 . What is the velocity
of the rocket after 4 minutes.
A 4800 ms-1 B 5000 ms-1

C 6800 ms-1 D 7300 ms-1
6
26 Diagram 26 shows a boy as he jogs from P to R and
19 A trolley starts from rest and is uniformly accelerated back to Q.
to speed of 12 cms-1 in 5 . What is the distance
travelled by the trolley?
A 16 cm B 24 cm
C 28 cm D 30 cm
20 An aero plane accelerates at 40 ms-2 in 10 s to take

off. What is the minimum length of the runway on the Diagram 26
airfield ?
(a) Name one physical quantity relating to the boy’s
A 1000 m B 2000 m position as he jogs?
C 3000 m D 4000 m ................................................................................
(b) What is the type of the physical quantity that you
21 Diagram shows a girl standing on the platform of a state in (a)?
train station watching a train. The train starts from Tick the correct answer in the box provided.
rest and moves with an acceleration of 0.2 m s–2. The
girl observes that the train takes 24 s to move past Scalar quantity
her.
Vector quantity
What is the length of the train?

(c) If he took 30 s to complete the motion, calculate
A 48.0 m B 57.6 m his average velocity?
C 115.2 m D 120.0 m
22 A car travels with a velocity 15 ms-1 . It then

accelerates uniformly and travels a distance of 12.5 27
m. If the velocity reached is 10 ms-1 find the
acceleration of the car.
A –5.0 ms-2 B –2.5 ms-2

C 2.5 ms-2 D 5.0 ms-2
23 A stone fall freely from rest through a height of 5 m.

What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the Diagram 27
ground.
Ahmad walks 300 m to the north from P to Q. He then
A 5 ms-1 B 10 ms-1 walks east to R as shown in Diagram 27. The distance
C 15 ms-1 D 20ms-1 travelled from P to R is 700 m and the displacement is
500 m.
24 A metal sphere falls 125m vertically to the ground.
What is the time the metal sphere takes to reach the (a) What is displacement?
ground? .....................................................................................
(b) What type of physical quantity is displacement?
A 2s B 4s ............................................................................
C 5s D 8s (c) Show on Diagram 27 Ahmad’s displacement.
25 A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the ground
with a velocity of 20 ms-1. Calculate the maximum
height reached.
(d) If Ahmad takes 500 s to walk from P to R,
A 60 m B 40 m determine Ahmad’s velocity.
C 30 m D 20 m ...........................................................................
7
28 Diagram 28.1 shows an experimental set-up where a (i) Explain the motion of the air puck
ticker timer is used to study the type of motion for a …………………………………………
trolley moving down a friction-compensated runway. ………………………………………….
The frequency of the ticker timer is 50 Hz. (ii) How many images will be produced in 2
s?
(b) Diagram 30.2 shows the photo picture of a

moving ping pong ball taken by a mechanical
stroboscope which has two slits and rotate with
5 rotation per second
Diagram 28.1
(a) State the type of current used by the ticker timer.

………………………………………..……………… Diagram 30.2
(b) Figure 28.2 shows a strip of ticker tape obtained from (i) What is the time interval between two
the motion of the trolley. adjacent images?
…………………………………………
(ii) Find the average speed for the motion
(iii) If the number of slit of the stroboscope is

increase, what will happen to the distance
Diagram 28.2 between the images
…………………………………………...
(i) What is the time interval between two ………………………………………......
consecutive dots? 31 Each diagram below show two positions of a student
………………………………………………… on a swing. The initial position in each figure is
(ii) State the type of motion of the trolley. different.
…………………………………………………
(iii) Calculate the velocity of the trolley.
29 The following equation shows the equations of linear

motion of an object with uniform acceleration.
v = u + at Observe the positions of each of the swing in each
(a) (i) What is meant by the symbol of ‘a’ diagram and the appearance of the student when she
………………………………………….. swings.
(ii) Give the definition of the symbol of ‘a’ Based on the observations:
............................................................ (a) State one suitable inference that can be made.
(b) (i) What is the information can you get (b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
from the term of ‘at’ investigation.
……………………………………....... (c) With the use of apparatus such as trolley, ticker
(ii) What is the S.I. units for the term of ‘at’ timer and other apparatus , describe an
………………………………………….. experimental framework to test your
(c) The above equation can also be used for an hypothesis.
object in state of free-fall. A stone fall freely to In your description , state clearly the following:
the ground from rest in 4 s. (i) Aim of the experiment
(i) What is meant by ‘fall freely’? (ii) Variables in the experiment
………………………………………….. (iii) List of apparatus and materials
(ii) Calculate the velocity of the stone when it (iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
hits the ground. (v) The procedure of the experiment
which
30 (a) Diagram 30.1 shows a photo picture of a include the method of controlling the
stroboscope for a motion of an air puck. The manipulated variable and the method of
stroboscope is set to give 20 flashes per second. measuring the responding variable.
(vi) Way you would tabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the data
Diagram 30.1
8
Velocity – Time graphs
LESSON 2 – GRAPH OF
MOTON
Using Displacement – time graph and Distance – time

graph
Example 2
The following is the velocity-time graph of a car.
Example 1
The following figure shows displacement – time graph of

an object.
Based on the graph,

(a) Calculate the acceleration of the car between
(i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM
(iv) MN
Based on the graph (b) State the type of motion of the car between
(a) calculate the velocity of the object between (i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM
(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD (iv) MN
(b) what type of motion of the object between
(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD (c) Calculate the total displacement travelled of the car
during
Solution (i) the first 10 s of motion
(ii) the car moves with uniform velocity
(iii) the last 10 s of motion
(d) Calculate
(i) the total displacement for the whole journey.
(ii) the total distance for the whole journey.
(e) Calculate
(i) the average velocity
(ii) the average speed
Solution
9
TUTORIAL 2 4 The graph displacement –time shows the motion of a
toy car .
1 An object moves with an acceleration.

With of the following shows the motion of the object.
2 Which of the following graph displacement- time Which section of the graph shows the toy car in
represents the motion of an object with uniform stationary.
velocity?
A OP B PQ
C QR D RS
5 The graph displacement –time shows the motion of a

car .
3 Which graph represents an object experiences

deceleration?
Which section of the graph shows the toy car in

accelerating?
A AB B BC
C CD D DE
6 The graph displacement –time shows the motion of a

bicycle.
10
9 Diagram shows the velocity-time graph to show the
motion of an object.
Which statements is true?

A The acceleration is increased
Which of the following is true regarding to the B The acceleration is decreased
motion of the bicycle? C The acceleration is zero
WX XY 10 Diagram shows the velocity-time graph to show the

7 A Uniform velocity Zero velocity motion of a car at position O, A, B, C
B Increasing velocity Zero velocity
C Uniform velocity Decreasing velocity
D Increasing velocity Decreasing velocity
The graph shows how the speed of a cat varies
with time..
Which section of the graph shows the car accelerates?
A OA
Which of the following represents the distance travel B AB
during interval OR? C BC
A Area OPQR B Length PQ 11 Diagram shows the velocity,v against time.t .

C Length (QR – PO) D Ratio QR/PO
8 Which of the following graph speed-time shows an

object at rest?
Which section of the graph shows the car experiences

decreasing acceleration?
A PQ B QR
C RS D ST
12 Diagram shows a metal ball is released from rest at

point P to Q on a frictionless curved rail.
11
14 The graph displacement- time shows the
motion of an object
Which of the following graph velocity,v against

time,t to show the motion of the ball.
Which of the following graph velocity-
time shows the motion of the object.
13 The graph shows how the displacement, s of an

object changes with time, t.
15 The graph velocity- time shows the motion of an

object
Which of the following graphs is its corresponding

velocity, v against time , t graph?
Which of the following graph acceleration-time

shows the motion of the object.
12
16 The graph velocity- time shows the motion of an
object
Which of the following graph acceleration-time

shows the motion of the object. 18 Diagram shows the graph velocity-time to show the
What is the deceleration of the object?
A 5.0 ms-2 B 2.5 ms-2

C 2.0 ms-2 D 1.25 ms-2
19 Diagram shows the graph velocity-time to show the

17 The graph acceleration- time shows the motion of an

object
What is the total displacement?
A 0m B 5m
C 10 m D 20 m
Which of the following graph velocity-time shows

the motion of the object.

13
What is the distance of the car during the first 80
seconds?
A 550 m B 640 m
C 700 m D 900 m
Calculate the total displacement of the object.
A 4 km B 31 km motion of a lorry
C 35 km D 39 km
21 Diagram shows the graph velocity,v against time,t to

show the motion of an object.
What is the average velocity of the lorry?
A 10 ms-1 B 9 ms-1
C 6 ms-1 D 4 ms-1
What is the time taken of the object after travels at a
distance 260 m?
motion of a car.
A 5s B 10 s
C 15 s D 20 s
22 Diagram shows the graph velocity,v against time,t to

show the motion of a bus.
What is the average velocity of the car?
A 3.0 ms-1 B 4.6 ms-1

C 5.8 ms-1 D 6.2 ms-1

motion of a car.
How far does the bus moves before it achieve

uniform velocity
A 10 m B 20 m
C 100 m D 200 m
motion of a car.
What is value of v ,when the average velocity of the
car is 15 ms-1 .
14
A 10 B 15
C 20 D 30

motion of an object. Diagram 29.1
Diagram .29.2
Which section of the graph shows the average
velocity is maximum ?
(a) Based on the graph in Diagram 29.2 describe
the motion of the car from
28 Diagram 28 shows a velocity against time graph for a
motion.
(i) P to Q
…………………………………………
(ii) Q to R
………………………………………
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the car from R
to S.
(c) Calculate the distance travelled by the car from

R to S
30 Diagram 30 shows the graph of velocity against

time for the motion of a car.
Diagram 28
(a) Velocity can be defined as…………………
Tick () the correct answer in the box below.
Rate of change of distance
Rate of change of displacement
(b) Based on Diagram 28, Diagram 30

(i) What type of motion during the first 10 (a) State the physical quantity represented
seconds. by
…………………………………………... (i) the gradient of the graph.
(ii) Mark with P, a region of deceleration …………………………………………..
(ii) the area under the graph.
(c) State other physical quantity that can be …………………………………………..
derived from the graph. (b) Complete the table below.
…………………………………………………
29 Diagram 29.1 shows the car moving along a road Section of Type of motion of the car
PQRS. Diagram 9.2 shows how the speed of the car the graph
varies with time as the car moves from P to S. OA
AB
15
31 Diagram 31 shows the velocity-time graph of a lorry (a) (i) What is meant by acceleration?
for the first 150 seconds of its journey. …………..……………………………….
. (ii) On the graph in Diagram 32, mark the
point X where the acceleration of the car
begins to decrease.
(b) Calculate the distance travelled by the car from

t = 3 s to t = 5 s.
(c) Sketch in Diagram 32, the graph that will be

obtained if the car is tested again without any
passengers.
33 Diagram 33 shows the graph of the motion of the car.

While traveling along the road at 20 ms-1 , a car
driver suddenly sees the road ahead blocked at the
Diagram 31
distance 62 m from the car. He applies the brakes as
fast as he can.
(a) Complete the statement below by ticking ( √ )
Once the brakes are applied , the car still moves
the correct box.
faster. He applies the brakes again more strongly until
Velocity is a
it stops before the road block.
scalar quantity.
vector quantity.
(b) Based on Diagram 31, describe the motion of

the lorry after 100 seconds in terms of the
following physical quantities.
(i) Velocity
…………………………………………...
(ii) Acceleration
…………………………………………...
(c) What is meant by a velocity of 50 m s -1 ?
………………………………………………… Diagram 33
32 Diagram 32 shows the graph of velocity against (a) How long the driver takes the time during he
time from the test drive of a new car carrying four starts see the road block until the brakes are
passengers. effective.
(b) Calculate the distance between the car and the

road block when the car stop.
(c) Based on the graph velocity- time above , sketch

the graph acceleration- time.
Diagram 32
16
LESSON 3 – INERTIA Other examples of inertia in daily life
1. If some ketchup is stuck in a bottle, it can be dislodged
by turning the bottle upside down , thrusting it
The meaning of inertia downwards and stopping suddenly.
Inertia is the property of an object which resists a change 2. A tanker has to stop its engine 5 km
in its motion. from port.
If it is at rest it tends to remain at rest , if it is moving it
tends to continue moving. 3. An aero plane need a long runway for landing and
Or take-off
Inertia is the reluctance of an object to move once it is at
rest or the reluctance of an object to stop once it is in 4. The aero plane has a greater mass and also has so
uniform velocity. much inertia.
Explanation of inertia by Newton’s First Law of Reducing the negative side effects of inertia.
Motion
(i) The seat belts are designed to protect the
Newton’s First Law of Motion states that “an object will passengers .
remain at rest or continue with a constant speed in a If the car is involved in a collision , it will
straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force or if suddenly be brought to a stop. But because of
the external force acting on the object is zero” its inertia, their body will continue traveling at
a certain velocity until it hits an obstruction ,
Relationship between mass and inertia usually the car’s windscreen. Without a seat-
belt , the passengers can be seriously injury.
The mass of a body is a measure of its inertia. If a body has The belts exerts a force on the passenger’s
a small mass, it will have a small inertia; if its mass is large, bodies bringing it to stop without hitting the
then so is its inertia. windscreen or the steering wheel.
Some examples of situations involving inertia
Example 1 (ii) Head restraints are designed to reduce neck

injury. There are particularly effective in rear-
impact accidents. As the car is shunted
forwards , the back of your seat pushes your
body towards. If you do not have a head
restraint, the inertia of your head means that it
stays behind , while your body moves forward.
This can cause ‘whiplash’ injuries.
Observation: The coin drops vertically into the glass . (iii) Timbers carried by a lorry normally are tied up
together by a strong iron chain. When the lorry
Explanation : starts to move suddenly , the timbers are more
……………………………………………………………… difficult to fall off due to their inertia because
……………………………………………………………… their combined mass has increased.
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… The positive effects of inertia
Example 2
(i) The motion of a spacecraft in deep space is in a
straight line with a constant speed ; since there
is no air in space
(the external force acting on the object is zero”)
to slow its motion. For this reason, there is no
need to make a space probe aerodynamic in
shape .
(ii) A sumo wrestler who has a greater mass also

Explanation : has a greater inertia. He is harder to toppled
……………………………………………………………… and normally he is likely to win a
……………………………………………………………… championship tournament.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
17
Inertial balance
The procedure of the experiment which include the
method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
method of measuring the responding variable.
The mass of the plasticine is measured by a balance,
m= 30.0g
The jigsaw blade is clamped at one end and a
plasticine ball is fixed at the other
The jigsaw blade is displaced horizontally to one side and
then released so that it oscillates.
An inertial balance is used to compare masses or to The time for 20 oscillations ,t is taken by a stop watch. The
measure the mass of an object. experiment is repeated 5 times by using plasticine balls
When the mass of the metal cylinder is increased by adding with different masses.
a second metal cylinder , the period of vibration become Tabulate the data:
longer.
The square of the period of vibration ,T2 of a inertial Mass/g 30 40 50 60 70 80
balance is directly proportional to the mass, m of the metal Time/t
cylinder. Analysis the data:
T2  m Plot the graph time, t against mass, m
Example 1
In an inertial balance experiment , the period of

oscillations for loads 0.5 kg is 4.0 s. What is the
mass of the load if the period of the oscillations is
9.0 s
Solution
Experiment to investigate the relationship between the

inertia and the mass
Hypothesis:
As the mass increases as the inertia increases
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the mass and the
inertia
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: the mass
Responding variable: the inertia
Fixed variable: number of oscillation , the length of the
jigsaw blade.
List of apparatus and materials:
Jigsaw blade , plasticine , G-clamp , stop watch , balance.
Arrangement of the apparatus:
18
TUTORIAL 3 5 Diagram shows a coin is placed on a cardboard
1 Inertia of an object is
A the friction force exerts to the object

B the friction force exerts to the object
C the force against the motion of the object
D the property of the object which resists a
change in its motion.
What happens to the coin when the cardboard is
2 Which phenomenon cannot be explained by the
jerked to the left?
principle of inertia?
A The coin is momentarily pushed up from the
A In a game of carom , the striker can strike a
cardboard.
stake of carom pieces but only dislodge the
B The coin remains at rest on the cardboard
bottom piece
C The coin drops down into the glass
B When the lowest coin is struck with a steel
D The coin drops outside the glass
ruler, the rest of the stack of coins do not
collapse
6 Diagram shows a chilly sauce is dislodged from a
C A boy on a bicycle does not immediately come
bottle by turning the bottle upside down , thrusting it
to stop although he stops pedaling
downwards and stopping suddenly
D The bubbles formed by a fish expand as they
float towards the surface
3 Diagram shows a motorcyclist falls when his

motorbike hits an obstacle.
Which property of the motorcyclist is responsible for This observation can be explained by using
his fall?
A Concept of inertia
A Inertia B Principle of conservation of momentum
B Principle of conservation of energy C Concept of forces in equilibrium
C Principle of conservation of momentum D Principle of conservation of energy
4 Diagram shows a hammer. 7 Diagram shows a watermelon that is placed at P on a

lorry. When the lorry starts to move, the watermelon
rolls from position P to Q. When the lorry suddenly
stops, the watermelon rolls from position Q to P.
The head of the hammer can be tightened onto the

handle by
A pushing the head of the hammer

B rotating the handle of the hammer The movement of the watermelon is due to
C applying a knock on the handle of the hammer
A Momentum B Friction
C Impuls D Inertia
19
8 Diagram shows the position of a plate before and after The difficulty to change the direction of the vehicle
the table cloth is snatched away can be explained by
A the concept of inertia.
B the concept of equilibrium of forces.
C the principle of conservation of energy.
D the principle of conservation of momentum.
11 How difficult is it to start a heavy lorry moving and

to stop it moving ?
to start to stop
The plate remains stationary due to A difficult difficult
B difficult easy
A inertia B impulse C easy difficult
C momentum D linear motion D easy easy
9 Diagram shows two identical wooden blocks R and S 12 Which object has the largest inertia?
placed on trolleys P and Q respectively.
13 Diagram shows a moving lorry carrying sacks of

rice.
What happen to the wooden blocks R and S when trolley

P collides with the stationary trolley Q
R S
A Pushed to the right Pushed to the right
B Pushed to the right Pushed to the left
C Pushed to the left Pushed to the left
D Pushed to the left Pushed to the right The inertia of the lorry will decrease when
9 Inertia of an object depends A the lorry stops
B the lorry accelerates
A its acceleration C the lorry slows down
B its velocity D some sacks of rice fall off the lorry
C its weight
D its mass 14 Diagram shows an astronaut walking on the moon.
10 Diagram shows a heavy steam roller.
What can you say about his inertia

A decreases
B increases
C unchanged
20
15 When a boy is chased by a cow, which of the 20 The period of oscillations of an inertial balance
following is the best path to depends on
A The acceleration due to gravity

B The amplitude of the oscillations
C The mass of the metal cylinder
D The force to push the balance
21 In an inertial balance experiment , the period of

oscillations for loads 100 g is 4.8 s. What is the
mass of the load if the period of the oscillations is
6.8 s.
A 100 g
B 150 g
C 200 g
D 250 g
22 Diagram 22.1 and Diagram 22.2 show two pieces

of plasticine are attached to two similar hacksaw
blades of the same length.
The two plasticine then are set to oscillate. The
frequency of oscillations for both plasticine is
determine as shown in Diagram 22.1 and Diagram
16 The following figure shows a small stone is tied to a 22.2.
piece of string and then swung round and round above
the head.
If the string is suddenly released , which path in

figure above will the stone follow.
Period = 1.2 s
17 When a bus moves left then the passengers appear to
Diagram 22.1
move right, and vice versa. This phenomenon is
caused by
A the inertia of the bus

B the reaction of the bus
C the inertia of the passengers
D the reaction of the passengers
18 An inertial balance can be used to compare
A the acceleration of an object

B the momentum of an object
C the weight of an object
D the mass of an object
Period = 2.2 s
Diagram 22.2
21
(a) What is the meaning of period?
……………………………………………
(b) Based on Diagram 22.1 and Diagram 22.2;
(i) Compare the mass of the plasticines.
…………………………………….
(ii) Compare the period of oscillation of the
plasticines.
………………………………………….
(iii) Relate the mass and the period of
Diagram 24
oscillation of the two plasticines
…………………………………………. A metal block is hung from a ceiling. The metal
block is connected using two threads P and Q
………………………………………….
(c) Name a physics concept involved in these
(a) (i) What happen to the threads if the
situations.
………………………………………………… thread Q is pulled slowly
…………………….........................
(d) What happen to the period of oscillations
(i) when the length of the hacksaw blade (ii) Give one reason for your
answer in (a)(i)
clamped is shorter?
………………………………………
(ii) when the experiment is conducted at the
surface of the moon. ………………………………........
…………………………………………. ……………………………………
(b) (i) What happen to the threads if the
23 (a) Diagram 23.1 and 23.2 show a child and an thread Q is pulled faster.
adult each sits on similar swings respectively. ……………………........................
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in
(a)(i)
………………………………........
………………………………........
25 Diagram 25 shows an inertial balance.
By using the inertial balance ,the mass ,m of the
metal cylinder and the period of oscillations, T is
Diagram 23.1 Diagram 23.2 taken and the readings are recorded as shown in the
Table 25.
When they are given a push, which one of them
is more difficult
(i) to be moved?
…………………………………...............
(ii) to stop?
……………………………………...........
(iii) Give reason to your answers in (a)
…………………………………………...
(b) Diagram 23.3 and Diagram 23.4 show tankers
with the same capacity but built differently.
Diagram 25
Mass Period T/ s T2 / s2 m
m/kg
T2
(1 d.p)
Diagram 23.3 Diagram 23.4
1.0 0.82 0.6724 1.5
(i) Which tanker is safer to be used? 1.5 1.00
……………………………... 2.0 1.15
(ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i). 2.5 1.29
………………………………………….. 3.0 1.41
(c) Give one example of inertia in the daily life.
………………………………………………… Table 25
24 Diagram 24 shows a metal block is hung from a

ceiling. The metal block is connected using two (a) Complete Table 25
threads P and Q
22
m 27 The diagram shows a man pushes a shopping trolley
(b) What the unit s of 2
in two situations. The man experience the empty
T trolley is easy to start and stop but the fully trolley is
............................................................................ hard to start and to stop.
(c) State the relationship between m and T
............................................................................
(d) When an apple is placed on the rack , the
period of the oscillations is 2.8 s. What is the
mass of the apple.
Based on the observations:

26 Diagram 26.1 shows the driver and the car decorations
when the car moves forwards from rest. (a) State one suitable inference that can be made.
Diagram 26.2 shows the driver and the decorations (b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
when the car moves backwards from rest. investigation.
(c) With the use of apparatus such as , jigsaw blade
,plasticine ,clamp and other apparatus , describe an
experimental framework to test your hypothesis.
In your description , state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment which
Diagram 26.1 Diagram 26. 2 include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
(a) Using Diagram 26.1 and 26.2, compare the measuring the responding variable.
direction of motion of the driver , the direction of (vi) Way you would tabulate the data
motion of the decoration and the direction of the car. (vii) Way you would analysis the data
Relate
(i) the direction of the motion of the driver

and the motion of the car.
(ii) the direction of the motion of the

decoration and the motion of the car.
(b) Name the physics concept involved in (a)
23
The Principle of conservation of momentum states that
“ The total momentum of a system is always fixed if there
LESSON 4 - MOMENTUM is no external force acting on the system”
or “ In any collision or interaction between two or more
objects in an isolated system , the total momentum of the
system will remain constant ; that is the total momentum
Momentum and the Principle of the conservation of before collision will be equal to the total momentum after
momentum the collision”
The definition and S.I. unit of momentum

Types of collision
Phenomenon The Value of
momentum There are two types of collision , that is
A bullet travels at very high velocity Large (i) Inelastic collision
A lorry which has a large mass Large (ii) Elastic collision
Conclusion : Momentum of an object is defined Inelastic collision

as the product of its
In inelastic collision , after two objects moving with their
.……………….and……………… respective velocities do collide, they stick together and
move with a common velocity.
or momentum = mass x velocity
p =mv
The S.I . units of momentum is kgms-1 or Ns
Momentum is a vector quantity.
Example 1
A bullet of mass 0.01k g moves with a velocity

200 m s-1. What is the momentum of the bullet? Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of
Momentum,
Solution
The total momentum = The total momentum
before collision after collision
Example 2
=
A trolley of mass 1.5 kg moves with a velocity 4 ms-1 hits
a wall and rebounds along the initial direction with a
=
velocity
3 ms-1 .Calculate
(a) The initial momentum Example 3
(b) The final momentum
(c) The change of momentum A trolley of mass 1 kg and moving with a velocity of
6 ms-1 collides with a stationary trolley with a mass 3 kg .
Solution
After collision they stick together with a common velocity.
What is their common velocity?
Solution
Example 4
The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum
A trolley of mass trolley M kg and moving with a velocity
4 ms-1 and collides with a trolley of mass 1 kg and
24
moving in opposite direction with a velocity 2 ms-1 . Solution
After collision they stick together with a common velocity
2 ms-1. What is the value of M?
Solution
Elastic collision
Explosion
In elastic collision , after two objects moving with their
respective velocities do collide, those two objects will In explosion, two objects are initially at rest and after
separate and move with different velocities. explosion those two objects will separate and move in
opposite directions.
Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of

Momentum, Momentum,
The total momentum = The total momentum

The total momentum = The total momentum before explosion after explosion
before collision after collision
=
=
=
Example 5
A trolley of mass trolley 2 kg and moving with a velocity Example 7

0.6 ms-1 and collides with a stationary trolley with a
mass 1kg . After collision the trolley of mass 2kg and A bullet of mass 0.05 kg is shot out from a gun of mass
moving with a velocity 0.2 ms-1. What is the velocity of the 1.5 kg.If the recoil velocity of the gun is 2 ms-1,what is the
trolley of mass 1 kg after collision? velocity of the bullet ?
Solution Solution
Example 8
Example 6
A boy of mass 60 kg and a girl of mass 40 kg stand facing
each other on a skating rink. The girl pushes the boy and he
moves backwards at 2 ms-1 . What is the girl’s velocity?
Solution
Similarities and Differences between Inelastic Collision

and Elastic Collision
Based on the figure above, what is the Similarities
(a) value of x Total momentum is conserved
(b) direction of motion of the ball with a mass 2 kg after Total energy is conserved
collision Total mass is conserved
25
Differences
Inelastic collision Elastic collision A jet engine uses the same principle of momentum
Both objects stick Both objects don’t stick conservation as the rocket engine except that it takes in air
together after collision together after collision and to burn the fuel. So a jet engine will only work in the
and move with a common move with different atmosphere.
velocity velocities In the jet engine, air is sucked into the jet engine to be
Total amount of kinetic Total amount of kinetic compressed and is heated up in the compressor. The
energy is not conserved energy is conserved compressed air is then mixed with fuel which is sprayed so
that it starts to burn. The exhaust chamber emits exhaust
The Applications of the Principle of Conservation of gases with a high velocity. This results in a momentum of
Momentum in rockets or jet engines . equal magnitude but of opposite direction which moves the
aero plane forward.
Rocket Engine
A rocket engine carries its fuel with it and can work in

space as well as in atmosphere.
Two fuels, such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen burn
together explosively and force the gases produced out of
the rocket nozzle in high speed and hence produces
downwards momentum.
Following the principle of Conservation of Momentum, the
rocket will propel upwards with a momentum that is equal
to its previous momentum because momentum is
conserved.
Jet Engine
26
velocity of 2.0 ms-1 What is the mass of the block of
wood.
TUTORIAL 4
1 Which of the following is the units of momentum?

A 860 g B 990 g
A Ns B kg ms-2 C 1000 g D 1020 g
C kg s-2 D kg-1s-2
7 Two trolleys of masses 2 kg and 3 kg respectively
2 A car of mass 800 kg is moving at a velocity of 50 moving towards each other. Both of the trolleys are
ms-1 The momentum of the car is moving at same velocity of2ms-1. After collision they
stick together with a common velocity. What is the
A 0.625 kg ms-1 B 4 kg ms-1 common velocity of the trolleys ?
C 16 kg ms-1 D 40000 kg ms-1
A 2 ms-1 in the original direction of the trolley of
3 A ball of mass 0.5 kg hits the wall with a velocity of mass 2kg
4 ms-1 and bounces back with a velocity of 3 ms-1. B 2 ms-1 in the original direction of the trolley of
What is the magnitude of the change of momentum? mass 3kg
C 0.4 ms-1 in the opposite direction of the trolley
A 2.0 Ns B 1.5 Ns 2 kg
C 0.5 Ns D 3.5 Ns D 0.4 ms-1 in the opposite direction of the trolley
3 kg
4 The diagram shows two objects A and B of masses 3
kg and 2 kg respectively moving towards each other.
8 Diagram shows two trolleys P and Q of masses 1 kg
respectively.
After collision they stick together with a common

Which of the following is not true? velocity , V . What is the magnitude of V.
[ The positive sign if moves to the right and negative
sign if moves to the left ] A 2.5 ms-1 B 5.0 ms-1
C 7.5 ms-1 D 15.0 ms-1
A The total of momentum before collision
+ 3 kg ms-1 9 Diagram shows trolley P of mass 1.1 kg moves to
B The total of momentum after collision the right with velocity 15 m s-1 collide with trolley Q
+ 3 kg ms-1 of mass 1.0 kg at rest. After collision both trolley
C The momentum of object A before collision is move together.
+ 15 kg ms-1
D The momentum of object B before collision
is + 12 kg ms-1
5 A man of mass 60 kg runs and suddenly jumps to a

trolley of mass 30 kg moves with a velocity of 3 ms-
1
in the same direction. After collision the man and
the trolley move together with a common velocity of
7 ms-1 . What is the velocity of the man before
collision?
What is the velocity of the trolleys after collision.
-1 -1
A 3 ms B 5 ms
A 4.12 m s-1 B 5.93 m s-1
C 7 ms-1 D 9 ms-1
C 6.14 m s-1 D 7.86 m s-1
6 A bullet of mass 10 g is shot horizontally wit a
10 Diagram shows two trolleys A and B of masses 1 kg
velocity of 200 ms-1 so that it hits an initially
respectively. Trolley A moves with velocity 6 m s-1
stationary block of wood. The bullet enters the block
and trolley B moves with velocity 4 m s-1. After
of wood and they move together with a common
collision both trolley move together.
27
A v=u B v> u
C v=½u D v = 2u
14 Diagram shows a ticker tape produced from an

experiment of pushing trolley A of mass 2kg to
trolley B in stationary. After collision both trolley
What is the velocity of the trolleys after collision. move together.
A 1.0 m s-1 B 2.0 m s-1

C 5.0 m s-1 D 10.0 m s-1
11 Diagram shows two balls moves in opposite

direction. After collision the balls move together. What is the mass of trolley B?
.
A 0.5 kg B 1.0 kg
C 1.5 kg D 2.0 kg
15 Diagram shows two balls before and after colliision..
Which statement is true regarding to the balls after

collision?
A Both of the balls move to the right with

velocity 0.33 ms-1
B Both of the balls move to the left with velocity
0.33 ms-1
C Both of the balls move to the right with
velocity 2.33 ms-1
D Both of the balls move to the left with velocity
2.33 ms-1 What is the value of v ?
12 Diagram shows two trolleys of equal mass , m . A 2.0 ms-1 B 2.5 ms-1
C 3.0 ms-1 D 3.5 ms-1
16 The diagram shows two objects P and Q of

masses 0.8 kg and 0.6 kg respectively moving
towards each other. After collision object P bounces
back with a velocity of 1.6 ms-1.
If after collision they stick together, what is the
common velocity of the trolleys?
v v
A B
4 2
C v D 2v What is the velocity and the direction of motion of

object Q after collision ?
A 0.8 ms-1 moves to left

13 Diagram shows two trolleys M and N has the same
B 0.8 ms-1 moves to right
mass before and after collision. C 2.2 ms-1 moves to left
D 2.2 ms-1 moves to right
17 Two objects M and N of masses 4 kg and 2 kg

respectively. Both the objects travel towards each
other with velocities of 6 ms-1 and 1 ms-1
respectively. After collision object N moves in the
opposite direction as its original direction with the
velocity of 5 ms-1. What is the velocity and the
Which of the following is true? direction of motion of object M after collision ?
28
A 3 ms-1 is the same direction as the object M 21 Diagram shows a trolley with an electric fan.
B 3 ms-1 is the opposite direction as the object M
C 6 ms-1is same direction as the object M
D 6 ms-1 is the opposite direction as the object M
18 Diagram shows two trolleys with the same mass

move in opposite direction with the same speed.
The collision involved is an elastic collision.
What happens to the trolley when the electric fan is

switched on?
A Moves to the right

B Moves to the left
C Remains stationary
D Moves to the right and to the left
What happens to the trolleys after collision?
22 A bullet of mass 10 g is fired from a rifle of mass 2
A Both trolleys stop kg. The recoil velocity of the rifle is 1.25 ms-1,what
B Both trolleys move together is the velocity of the bullet ?
C Both trolleys do move together in opposite
direction. A 100 ms-1 B 150 ms-1
C 200 ms-1 D 250 ms-1
19 Diagram shows the movement of a balloon when the
air in it is being released 23 The total mass of a bullet and a cannon is 300 kg. If
the bullet of mass 10 kg is fired from the cannon ,
the recoil velocity of the cannon is 1.5 ms-1 .
Calculate the velocity of the bullet when the bullet is
fired.
A 43.5 ms-1 B 45.0 ms-1

The movement of the balloon can be explained by C 50.0 ms-1 D 65.0 ms-1
A the concept of inertia 24 A man of mass 50 kg stands on a stationary boat of

B the concept of equilibrium of forces mass 25 kg. When he jumps out of the boat onto a
C principle of conservation of energy jetty at a velocity 4 ms-1, calculate the velocity of
D principle of conservation of momentum the boat as the man jumps.
20 Diagram shows a squid that executes an emergency A 2 ms-1 B 4 ms-1

escape by ejecting a black fluid towards its enermy. C 6 ms-1 D 8ms-1
25 The diagram shows the trolleys A and B of masses

2 kg and 4 kg respectively are placed together with
the plunger of trolley B pressed and in contact with
trolley A initially .
When the plunger is released by hitting the pin by a
hammer ,the two trolleys move apart in opposite
directions and collide with the blocks of wood at the
same time.
Which of the following principle explained the
emergency escape of the squid ?
A Priciple of conservation of momentum

What is the value of d ?
B Priciple of conservation of energy
C Principle of forces in equlibrium
A 2.0 m B 3.0 m
C 4.0 m D 6.0 m
29
26 In an inelastic collision , which of the following is 31 Diagram shows trolley A and B of same masses.
not conserved?
A Total amount of mass

B Total amount of energy
C Total amount of momentum
D Total amount of mass kinetic energy
27 An object A of mass 4 kg and moving with a Which comparisons are true for the momentum of
velocity of 20 ms-1 collides with a stationary object B trolleys A and B after collision?
with a mass 6 kg . After collision they stick together
with a common velocity. What of the following is Trolley A Trolley B
true ?
A Increase Increase
A The velocity of object B after collision is B Increase Decrease
10 ms-1 C Decrease Increase
B The total of momentum after collision is D Unchanged Unchanged
80 kg ms-1
C The total of kinetic energy before collision is 32 Diagram shows two trolleys, P and Q on a frictionless
equal to the total of kinetic energy after plane. Trolley P moves and collides with the
collision stationary trolley Q.
28 The diagram shows two trolleys A and B moving
towards each other.
Which of the following is true.

Which of the following statement about the total
A An elastic collision will occur momentum and the total kinetic energy of both trolleys
B The total momentum of the system is conserved after collision is true?
C The total kinetic energy of the system is
conserved Total of Total of kinetic
D After collision the two trolleys will separate momentum energy
and move with different velocities. A Deccrease Decrrease
B Deccrease Unchanged
29 Which of the following is not obeys the principle of C Unchanged Unchanged
conservation of momentum ? D Unchanged Deccrease
A The inelastic collision 34 Which of the following collision? , the total of kinetic
B The elastic collision energy is conserved?
C The explosion
D The linear motion
30 Which of the following is true?
A The launching of a rocket can be explained by

the Newton’s second law of motion
B The fuel normally used in rocket engine is
liquid hydrogen
C The air from atmosphere is sucked into the
rocket engine
D The total weight of the rocket is constant
30
35 Diagram shows block L moves towards block M. 40 Which of the following differences between rocket
After collision the blocks move together. engine and jet engine is true?
Rocket engine Jet engine
A Carries oxygen tank Does not carries oxygen

Which physical quantity is conserved after collision? tank
B Use hydrogen liquid as a Used kerosene as a fuel
A total velocity fuel
B total momentum C Can flies in atmosphere Cannot flies in atmosphere
C total kinetic energy D Moves with low velocity Moves with high velocity
41 When a rocket is moves vertically upwards , which of

36 The principle of conservation of momentum is not the physical quantity is increased?
obeyed in
A The rocket acceleration
A Inelastic collision B The gravitational force
B Elastic collision C Air resistance
C Linear motion
D Explosion 42 Diagram 42.1 shows a cheetah chasing a deer in a wild
world. Given that the mass and velocity of the cheetah
37 A rocket and can work in space as well as in and the deer are 60 kg , 20 m s-1 and 70 kg , 15 m s-1
atmosphere because respectively.
Diagram 42.2 shows the cheetah successfully landed
A the mass of the rocket is less t’s jaws on the deer and both of them are moving with
B the velocity of the rocket is high a same velocity of v m s-1.
C the rocket carries oxygen tank with it
38 Diagram shows a rocket during launching.
(a) Name a physics quantity that relates the mass and

velocity.
……………………………………………………
(b) State the type of energy that is possessed by the
running cheetah.
……………………………………………….....
(c) Calculate the final velocity of the cheetah and the
deer.
Which of the following concept is used in launching
the rocket ?
A The concept of momentum (d) (i) Name the Physics principle that is
B The concept of pressure involved in the above hunting.
C The concept of inertia …………………………………………………
D The concept of energy (ii) Define the Physics principle that you mention
in (d)(i).
39 Which of the following is true? ………………………………………………….
A The working principle of a rocket is based on
the Newton’s second law of motion
B Rocket used the paraffin liquid as a fuel
C Rocket can moves in atmosphere
D The weight of the rocket is unchanged
31
43 Diagram 43.1 shows a ball of mass 1.5 kg and another (d) Name one application of the physics principle
ball of mass 2.5 kg before collision. stated in (a) in an exploration of outer space.
Diagram 43.2 shows the balls after collision. …………………………………………………
45 Diagram 45.1 shows a boy of mass 60 kg standing
on a stationary boat . Mass of the boat is 50 kg.
Diagram 45.2 the boat moves away from the jetty
with velocity 6 m s-1 as he jumps onto the boat with
the velocity 5 m s-1.
(a) What is the meaning of momentum

……………………………………………...
(b) State the type of collision involved.
Rajah 45.1
……………………………………………...
(c) Calculate
(i) total momentum before collision
(ii) total momentum after collision Rajah 45.2

(a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum?
(d) Relate your answer in (c)(i) and (c)(ii) and state
the physics principle involved. (ii) By using Diagram 46.1 , what is the total
……………………………………………....... momentum of the boy and the boat.
……………………………………………....... By using Diagram 46.2 , calculate the
……………………………………………....... momentum of the boy , the momentum of
……………………………………………....... the boat.
(e) State two physical quantities are conserved in the Hence compare the total momentum in
collision. Diagram 46.1 and Diagram 46.2 /
……………………………………………………... Name the physics principle involved.
…………………………………………………….. .
…………………………………………………….. (b) Describe, in terms of momentum, the
……………………………………………………... propulsion of a rocket engine.
44 Diagram 4 shows a man standing on a stationary (c) Diagram 45.3 shows a the structure of a jet
boat. He then jumps out of the boat onto the jetty . engine for a small jet plane.
The boat moves away from the jetty as he jumps.
Diagram 44
(a) State the physics principle that is involved in
the movement of the boat as the man jumps
onto the jetty.
…………………………………………
(b) Explain why the boat moves away from the Diagram 45.3
jetty when the man jumps. You are required to give some suggestions to
improve the design of the jet engine so that it can be
………………………………………………… used on a larger jet plane that travels at a higher
speed.
………………………………………………… Using the knowledge on forces and motion and the
(c) The mass of the man is 50 kg and he jumps at a properties of materials, explain the suggestions
velocity of 2 m s-1 . The mass of the boat is 20 based on the following
kg. Calculate the velocity of the boat as the - blade
man jumps. - fuel injector
- nozzle
- combustion chamber
32
kF
LESSON 5 – THE EFFECTS OF FORCE
a 
Definition of force m
Force is defined as anything that changes the state of rest F = kma
or motion of an object moving in a straight line.
In S.I. units , the definition of a force of 1 N is given as
Force is a vector quantity which has both direction and the amount of force which is applied on a mass of 1 kg and
magnitude which causes it to experience an acceleration of 1 ms -2
Thus,
The S.I. unit for force is N or kg m s-2 1 N = k ( 1 kg ) ( 1 ms-2 )
Thus k=1
Force is measured by using a Spring Balance
Therefore F = ma
Where F = net force
The effects of a force m = mass
a = acceleration
A force can
 move a stationary object
 stop a moving object
 accelerate a moving object
 decelerate a moving object
 change the direction of a moving object
 alters the size of the object
 alters the shape of the object
Newton ‘s laws of motion
Newton’s First Law : An object will remain

at rest or continue with a Example 1
constant speed in a straight
line unless acted on by an
unbalanced force. (inertia)
Newton’s Second Law : The acceleration of a

body ,a, is directly Two forces act horizontally to a block of wood of mass 4
proportional to the net force kg as shown in figure above. What is the acceleration and
acting on it, F , and inversely the direction of motion of the block.
proportional to its mass, m.
Solution
Newton’s Third Law : For every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction.
The relationship between the acceleration ,a ,the net

force ,F and the mass , m.
Based on the Newton’s Second Law of motion,
a  F
Example 2
1
a  An object of mass 2 kg is pulled on the floor by a force of
m 5 N and having a constant velocity.
(a) What is the frictional force between the object and
F the floor.
We obtain a  (b) Calculate the acceleration of the object if the object is
m pulled by a 17 N force?
33
Solution

Example 3 force and acceleration
A bus of mass 2 000 kg travels with a uniform velocity 40 Hypothesis:

ms-1 for a distance 2500 m before it comes to rest. Calculate When the force increased, the acceleration will be
(a) the average deceleration of the bus increased
(b) the average force applied by the brakes to bring the Aim of the experiment :
bus to a standstill To investigate the relationship between the acceleration and
the force.
Solution Manipulated variable: Force
Responding variable: Acceleration
Fixed variable: Mass
A Trolley, ticker timer, ticker tape, 6 elastic cords, a
wooden runway, 12 V a.c power supply.
The procedure of the experiment which include the

method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
method of measuring the responding variable.
Use an elastic cord to present one unit of force = F
The ticker-timer is switched on and a trolley is pulled using
a rubber band. The extension of the rubber band is ensured
to be of the same length
Acceleration of the trolley is calculated using the ticker-
tape.
Example 4 a = v-u
t
A car has to overcome a drag force due to air resistance of The experiment is repeated 5 times by increasing the
900 N. If the car has a mass of 1000 kg, determine the number of the elastic cords.
average force that the motor needs to apply if it is to
Tabulate the data:
accelerate at 5.0 ms-2.
F
a
Solution
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph a against F
34
TUTORIAL 5
1 1 N is equivalent to
A 1 kg ms-1 B 1 kg ms-2
C 1 ms kg-1 D 1 kg s m-1 6 Diagram shows a wooden block experiences an
acceleration when it is pulled by a force F. The
2 Which of following is not effects of a constant frictional force is 10 N.
force?
A Change the direction of motion

B Change the shape of an object
C Change the velocity of a moving object
D Change the acceleration of a moving object
The force , F is
3 The figure shows the graph of motion for two
objects M and N is acted on by a same force. A equal to 10 N
B larger than 10 N
C smaller than10 N
7 Diagram shows a box is pushed by constant force F .

The force F is gretaer than the frictional force
between the box and the floor.
Which comparison is correct about the mass of M
and N?
A Mass of M = Mass of N
B Mass of M < Mass of N
C Mass of M > Mass of N What is the state of the motion of the box?
4 Which of the following graph is true to show the A Stationary

relationship between the acceleration a , the mass , m B Moves with constant velocity
and the force ,F C Moves with constant acceleration
D Moves with increasing acceleration
8 Diagram shows three forces P,Q and R act on to

three objects to produce different accelerations.
Which of the correct arrangement of the forces in

ascending order?
A P, Q, R B P, R, Q
C Q, R, P D R, Q, P
5 Which of the following objects acted on by a pair of 9 Which of the following situation in an acceleration?
forces will accelerate?
35
A 4 9
B 9 4
C 4 7
D 7 14
13 Diagram(a) shows two blocks of same masses are

attached together move with acceleration
4 m s-2 when a force F is applied,
Diagram(a) Diagram(b)
What is acceleration in Diagram(b) when one of the
box is removed but the same force is applied?
10 Which object moves with the largest acceleration?
A 4 m s-2 C 8 m s-2
B 6 m s-2 D 10 m s-2
14 An object of mass 0.2 kg is pulled on a smooth floor

by a force of 8 N. What is the acceleration of the
object ?
A 20 ms-2 B 40 ms-2
11 The figure shows forces , F1 and F2 , exerted on a
wooden block placed on a table surface. The friction C 60 ms-2 D 80 ms-2
between the block and the table surface is 2 N.
15 Figure shows an object of mass 2 kg is pulled on a
floor by a force of 15 N. The frictional force between
the object and the floor is 3 N.
Which pair of forces F1 and F2 causes the wooden What is the acceleration of the object?
block to move with an acceleration?
A 2 ms-2 B 5 ms-2
F1 / N F2/ N
C 6 ms-2 D 8 ms-2
A 5 7
B 3 5 16 A box with a mass 3 kg is pushed along a rough
C 3 2 surface with a force 10 N. If the acceleration of the
D 4 1 box is 3 ms-2 ,what is the frictional force between the
box and the rough surface?
12 The figure shows forces , F1 and F2 , exerted on a
wooden block placed on a table surface. The friction A 0.5 N B 1.0N
between the block and the table surface is C 1.5 N D 2.0 N
5 N.
17 Diagram shows a boy on a skating board applied a
force 95 N and a frictional force 12 N acts in
opposite direction. The total mass of the boy and the
skating board is 56 kg. sebanyak 95N. Jumlah jisim
budak tersebut dengan papan luncurnya adalah 56kg
Which pair of forces F1 and F2 causes the wooden

block to move with a deceleration?
F1/N F2/N
36
21 A particle of mass 0.02 kg is moving with a velocity
10 ms-1 on a smooth surface . A force 5 N acts on the
particle such that its velocity increases to 15 m s -1.
For how long will the force act on the particle?
A 0.01 s B 0.02 s
C 0.1 s D 0.2 s
22 Diagram 22.1 a trolley is pulled with a constant force

F N.
Diagram 22.2 shows another trolley is placed on the
first trolley and is pulled with the same force F N
The acceleration of the boy is
A 1.69 ms-2
B 1.48 ms-2
C 0.16 ms-2
18 Diagram shows a car of mass 1 200 kg moves with

acceleration 2.5 m s-2. The engine thrust is 3 800 N.
Diagram 22.3 shows the motion graph of the 1

trolley and the 2 trolleys.
What is the frictional force exerted on the car?
A 9 500 N B 3 800 N
C 3 000 N D 800 N
19 Diagram shows three forces act on a moving car .
Diagram 22.3
(a) What is meant by velocity ?

Which combination of the forces caused the car ……..…………………………………………..
moves with constant velocity. (b) Using Diagram 22.1 and Diagram 22.2
compare the mass of the arrangement of the
trolleys.
Air Frictional Engine …………………………………………………..
resistance force thrust (c) Using diagram 22.3 ,
A 200 N 1000 N 800 N (i) compare the gradient of the graph P and
B 800 N 1000 N 200 N Q
C 800 N 200 N 1000 N .………………………………………
D 1000 N 200 N 800 N (ii) name the physical quantity is represented
by the gradient of the graph.
……………………………………………
20 A car of mass 1 200 kg travelling at 20 ms-1 is (iii) state the unit of the gradient of the graph
brought to rest over a distance 40 m. Find the ……………………………………........
average braking force. (d) Based on your answer in (b) and (c) , state the
relationship between the mass and the physical
A 5N B 240 N quantity in (c)(ii).
C 2 400 N D 6 000 N ………………………………………………..
(e) Suggest two methods how the gradient of the
37
graphs can be increased? Diagram 23.2
………………………………………………… (i) What is the friction force between the wooden
………………………………………………… blocks and the rough surface?
(ii) What is the force is needed to move the

wooden blocks with an acceleration is same as
the acceleration in (c)(i).
23 Diagram 23.1 shows a spring balance which is 24 Each figure below shows a motorcycle and a lorry
pulling a wooden block A with a force of magnitude in two situations at a traffic light.
10 N on a rough surface. The block is moving with a Observe the situations of the motorcycle and the
uniform velocity of 2 ms-1. lorry of each diagram.
Diagram 23.1
(a) What is the friction force between the wooden
block A and the rough surface. The motorcycle and the lorry stop
Figure (a)
(b) (i) What is observed on the reading of

the spring balance if a smaller surface
area of the wooden block A to touch the
rough surface. The motorcycle and the lorry accelerate
………………………………………….. Figure (b)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b)(i).
………………………………………….
(a) State one suitable inference that can be made.
…………………………………………. (b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
investigation.
(c) If the wooden block is pulled by a 18 N (c) With the use of apparatus such as trolley, ticker
force ,calculate timer and other apparatus , describe an experimental
(i) the acceleration of the wooden block? framework to test your hypothesis.
(ii) the velocity of the wooden block after 4 s. (ii) Variables in the experiment
(d) Two identical wooden blocks B and C is placed (v) The procedure of the experiment which
on the wooden block A as shown in Diagram include the method of controlling the manipulated
23.2 variable and the method of measuring the
responding variable.
38
Solution
Example 2
Figure shows a trolley of mass 1.5 kg hits the wall with a

velocity 5 ms-1 and bounces back with a velocity of 4 ms-1.
LESSON 6- Impulse , Impulsive

force and Safety features In Vehicles
Definition and S.I. unit for Impulse Calculate the magnitude of the impulse during collision.
Impulse is defined as the change in momentum Solution
Impulse = m(v-u)
m = mass
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
Unit of impulse = kg ms -1 or N s magnitude of the

impulse Example 3
Impulse is a vector quantity.
A box of mass 2 kg is pulled with a force of 40 N for 5s.
From Newton’s second law of motion, How much is the impulse upon the object.
F= m(v–u)
t Solution
Ft = m( v – u ) = change in momentum
Impulse is also defined as the product between impulsive

force, F with the time impact, t.
Impulse = Ft
F = Impulsive force
t = time impact
Definition and S.I. unit for Impulsive Force
The impulsive force is a large force which acts over a very

short time interval.
Impulsive force is defined as the rate of change of

momentum .
Impulse = area under graph F - t Impulsive force , F = Change of momentum

Time
Example 1 F=m(v–u)
t
An object of mass 5 kg falls from a building. Its velocity is m = mass
6 ms-1 before it touches the ground. How much is the v = final velocity
impulse on the object once it hits the ground. u = initial velocity
t = time impact
Unit of impulsive force = kg ms -2 or N
Impulse force is a vector quantity.
39
Impulsive force also defined as the rate of impulse
Impulsive force , F = Impulse

Time
Impulsive force = gradient of the graph Impulse -

Time
Example 4
Effect of time interval of impact on size of impulsive
force
A tennis ball of mass 100 g is moving at a velocity of 40
ms-1.A player hits the ball and moves in the opposite From the formula for impulsive force,
direction with a velocity of 10 ms -1. How much is the
impulsive force experienced by the ball if the time of F=m(v–u)
collision is 20 m s. t
we can see that when the stopping time ,t , is small, F is big
Solution ; and when t is big , F is small.
The impulsive force is inversely proportional to the time of
impact.
Reducing impulsive forces
1. A gymnast bends her knees as he lands, the

momentum change occurs over a longer period of
time, and so the impulsive force will be lower and to
avoid breaks her leg.
2. In games like baseball, cricket and softball, the

catcher always pulls his hand backward when
catching the ball to lengthen the collision time and
hence reduces the impact of the impulsive force.
3. Thick mattresses with a soft surface are used in

Example 5 events such as the high jump so that the time interval
of impact on landing is increased, thus reducing the
A boy of mass 50 kg falls a high place to the ground. The impulsive force.
velocity of the boy when he just touches the ground is 4
ms-1. 4. Items that are fragile, such as eggs, glass and
What is the impulsive force acting on the boy if electrical appliances must be packed in materials that
(a) he bends his knees upon landing on the ground and are stiff but compressible. These materials are able to
takes 0.5 s to stop absorb and reduce impulsive forces by extending the
(b) he lands on the ground with stiff legs and takes 0.02 time interval of the change in momentum during an
s to stop impact.
Solution When impulsive forces are beneficial
1. Hammer and nail are made of metal. When a hammer

hits at a nail , the collision time is small and hence
the impulsive force is great. So the nail penetrates a
wooden material easily.
2. In the field of construction, a heavy metal pile falls

on an iron post. When the metal pile hits the iron post
, the high rate of change of momentum will cause the
big impulsive force to force the iron post into the
ground.
40
7. Seatbelt
3. A pounder and a mortar made from hard stone are An inertial reel seatbelt is taut but allows enough free
used to crush the foodstuffs such as chilli and pepper movement during normal traveling. When an
into small pieces by a big impulsive force. accident occurs, as the car exceeds a certain
deceleration value, a locking mechanism will engage
4. An exponent of karate has the capability to split a and stop the driver from crashing forward. The driver
thick wooden sleb by bringing his hand down hard is not brought to a stop immediately and this helps
onto the surface of the wood. The momentary contact reduce the force acting on a driver.
produces a great impulsive force which splits the
wooden slab. 8. Tyre design
The tyre of a car should be broad and with friction
grooves so as to control better the stability and
change of momentum of the car.
Safety features in vehicles 9. Safety helmets

Safety helmets are compulsory for motor cyclists.
1. Crumple zones . There is a growing amount of evidence to suggest
In a crash, the bonnet and boot of the car is designed that many injuries to pedal cyclists would also be
to crumple, making the collision last a slightly longer much less serious if they wore safety helmets too.
time. The chassis contains parts that have grooves or The purpose of a safety helmet is to protect the
beads cast into them. In a collision, these beads act as wearer’s head from large forces in an accident. It
weak points in the members, causing them to crumple works on exactly the same principle as the seat belt
in a concertina shape. The force exerted on the car and crumple zone. Inside the helmet there is a layer
(and on its passengers ) is then smaller. of expanded from or other similar padding. In a crash
, if the motor cyclist’s head hits another vehicle or
2. Strong steel struts or framework of the car the road, the webbing and the padding inside the
The strong steel struts prevents the collapse of the helmet allow the head to move a short distance
front and back of the car into the passenger before distance. The time allowed for the cyclist’s
compartment. Also gives good protection from a moving head to slow down and stop is longer. So the
side-on collision. average force on the head is smaller.
10. Accident avoidance systems.

New vehicle safety technologies now concentrate on
3. Padded dashboard , seat and headrest. . preventing accidents rather than reducing their
To reduce the risk of injury , the interior of the car effects. These include:
must be made to absorb the impact. The car can have  Antilock brake systems (ABS) –
padded dashboards. The seat is padded and the Usage of the ABS which will not
headrest reduces the risk of the passenger’s neck immediately stop the car once the
being damaged in near-end collision. brakes are applied. The car will be
momentarily brought to rest so that
4. Collapsible steering wheels the impulsive force is smaller.
Steering wheel of a car is made of material soft  Variable-ratio response steering
enough to lighten the collision time and to cushion systems
the momentum impact of the driver’s head during an  Intelligent sped adaptation systems
accident.  Reverse collision warning systems
5. Shatterproof windscreen glass . 11. Protecting the pedestrian
Usage of shatterproof windscreen to prevent the Vehicles are designed to protect pedestrians also.
passengers from being injured by glass pieces during  Vehicles are designed with a low,
accident because the glass pieces will not scattered energy-absorbing bumper to reduce
easily . knee and hip damage to pedestrians.
 Bumper bars are placed below waist
6. Automatic air bag . level to reduce the like hood of the
An air bag in a car is designed to inflate only when pedestrian being run over.
the vehicle experiences a 20 km h-1 or greater impact.
 Bonnet of a car can reduce casualty in
The car’s computer control make a decision in few
car accidents. When the car hits a
milliseconds to detonate the gas cylinders that inflate
pedestrian, the bonnet of the car will
the air bag. As the driver lunges forward into the air
automatically spring upwards . This
bag, allowing the driver to slow in a longer time.
will prolong the collision time and
Injury is thus minimized. The air bag also spreads the
hence reduces the impulsive force
impact force over a larger area of the body.
acting on the pedestrian.
41
 Driver warning functions :Two
different types of driver warning
functions will be provided.
Lateral Drift Warning Function ;This
Functionality will help drivers avoid
inadvertent drift-off that may result in
striking another vehicle, roll-over or What is the function of the mattress?
impact with a fixed object.
Curve Speed Warning Function ; A To reduce the collision time between the athlete
This feature would warn drivers to and the mattress
slow down for an upcoming curve B To reduce the change of momentum of the
so as not to lose control and athlete when he hits the mattress
depart the road. C To reduce the impulsive force acting on the
TUTORIAL 6 athlete when he hits the mattress
7 A softball player moves his hand backwards while

1 Which one of the following physical quantities has catching a fast-moving ball.
the same unit as the unit of impulse?
A Force B Momentum
C Energy D Power
2 A trolley of mass 0.4 kg hits a stone wall with a

velocity 4 ms-1 and bounces back with a velocity of 3
ms-1. What is the magnitude of the impulse during
collision.
A 4.0 kg ms-1 B 0.4 kg ms-1 This movement of hand is to

C 1.6 kg ms-1 D 2.8 kg ms-1
A increase the impulsive force
3 An acrobat weighing 40 kg jumps from a height B control the ball to stop it falling
place . Before his feet land on the ground , his C increase the stopping time of the ball
velocity is 5 m s-1. What is the impulse on his legs
when he lands on the ground? 8 Which one of the following is not true regarding the
impulsive force?
A - 200 Ns B - 1 Ns
C 1 Ns D 200 N s A Kicking a football
B Force a hammer on a nail
4 Figure shows a graph force against time for the C A hockey stick striking a hockey ball
motion of a car during collision. D A man riding his bicycle down the slope of a
hill
9 The following graph shows the impulse – time graph

for a tennis ball is hit by a racket.
What is the impulse of the graph.
A 100 Ns B 200 Ns
C 500 Ns D 1000 Ns
What is the impulsive force experienced by the ball?
5 An object of mass 0.4 kg is pulled with a force of 20
N for 10 s . How much is the impulse upon the A 100 N B 250 N
object?
C 500 N D 750 N
A 8 Ns B 80 Ns
10 Diagram shows a boy kicks a stationary ball of mass
C 200 Ns D 250 Ns 0.15 kg. The ball moves forward at a velocity of 60
ms-1 and the time interval of contact of the boy’s
6 The diagram shows an athlete performing the high foot on the ball is 5 ms.
jump.
42
A avoid the tyres stop rotates immediately once
the brakes are applied
B prevent the collapse of the front and back of
the car
C reduce impulsive force while the car brought to
rest
16 Which one the following safety features in cars is not

true regarding the impulsive force?
What is the impulse force of the ball? A Seatbelt

C Headrest
A 300 N B 600 N D Shatter-proof windscreen
C 1800 N D 6000 N 17 A car of mass 800 kg moving at 20 ms-1 collides
11 Diagram shows a baseball of mass 0.015 kg moves with a truck of mass 1200 kg which is traveling in the
with a velocity of 45 ms-1 is hit and it rebounds with a same direction at 10 ms-1 . After the collision , the
velocity of 50 ms-1 .The time of collision 0.004 s. two vehicles become interlocked and move together
and the time collision is 0.4 s
(a) Calculate the velocity of both vehicles

immediately after collision.
(b) Calculate
(i) the force exerted on the car by the
truck.
What is the impulsive force is acted on the ball?
(ii) the force exerted on the truck by the
A 18.75 N B 34.50 N car.
C 54.00 N D 60.00 N (c) Compare the answer in b(i) and b(ii) and state
the law involved.
12 The advantage of using the bumpers fitted with shock …………………………………………………
absorbers in a car is …………………………………………………
(d) Explain why the collision causes serious
A to ensure that the car will decelerate in an damage to the car compare to the truck..
accident …………………………………………………
B to minimised the impulsive force during an …………………………………………………
accident …………………………………………………
C to ensure that the car is not smashed in an 18 Diagram 18.1 shows a boy kicks an inflated ball and
accident the ball stops at A.
Diagram 18.2 shows the boy kicks a deflated ball
13 Which of the following is not a safety feature with the same speed and the ball stops at B.
installed in a vehicle ?
A Engine capacity
B Automatic air bag
C Collapsible steering wheels
D Shatterproof windscreen glass
14 The use of seat belt in a car is to
A reduce the time of collision Diagram 18.1

B reduce the impulsive force
C reduce speed during collision
15 The use of antilock brake systems (ABS) is to
43
………………………………………….
(iii) Compare the change in momentum of the
eggs in both situations. ...............
…………………………………
(iv) State the relationship between the force
produced in a collision and the time of
impact.
……………………………………..........
(v) Suggest a suitable material for surface A
Diagram 18.2 .....................……………………………
(a) What is meant by speed? (c) Diagram 19.3 shows a pile hammer used in
…………………………………………… driving a pile into the ground at a
(b) Using Diagram 18.1 and 18.2, compare construction site.
(i) the distances OA and OB traveled
by the ball.
……………………………………
……………………........................
(ii) the time of impact between the foot
and the ball.
…………………………………….
(c) (i) Name the type of force that acts on
the ball while it is being kick
………………..……………...........
(ii) Based on your answer in (b)(i) state
the relationship between the time of
impact and the force stated in (c)(i). Diagram 19.3
.........................................................
......................................................... Explain how a large force is produced by the
(iii) Suggest one way to increase the pile hammer in driving the pile into the ground.
distance OB in Diagram 18.2 …………………………………………………
……………………………………. …………………………………………………
(d) Explain why is a soft mattress ………………………………………………...
placed on the landing area in the 20 Diagram 20.1 shows two identical plasticine
high jump event? spherical balls before being released from the
……………………………………. same height.
……………………………............. Diagram 20.2 shows the state of the plasticine
balls when the hit the wood and the sponge. It
was observed that the plasticine stopped more
19 Diagram 19.1 and Diagram 19.2 show two eggs
quickly when it hit the wood.
released from the same height and drop on to Surface
A and Surface B respectively.
Diagram 20.1
Diagram 20.2
(a) (i) What does the word momentum mean?
(a) What is meant by impulse?
(ii) Observe Figure(a) and Figure(b). Compare the
…………………………………………...........
shape of the plasticine balls, the surface of the
(b) With reference to Diagram 19.1 and Diagram
wood, the surface of the sponge before and
19.2;
when the plasticine balls hit the surfaces.
(i) Compare the force on the eggs that
strike Surface A and Surface B.
Relate the changes in shapes of the plasticine
…………………………….....................
balls and the surfaces to deduce a relevant
(ii) Compare the time of impact of the eggs
physics concept.
on surface A and surface B.
44
(b) Explain the changes in energy that occur from So, the acceleration due to gravity , g , is equal
the moment the plasticine ball is released until 9.8 ms-2 for Earth.
it reaches the position in Figure(b). All objects on the Earth fall with the same acceleration due
to gravity regardless of their size or mass.
(c)An earth-monitoring satellite falls into the
earth’s atmosphere at a high velocity and Free fall
reaches a high temperature. This is caused by
the earth’s gravitational force and air resistance. An object falls with an acceleration due to gravity, g is said
Using the appropriate physics concepts, suggest to be free falling.
and explain suitable designs or ways to protect This happen when the object falls without encountering any
the satellite and its equipment: resistance.
(i) from extreme heat, The following graph shows he graph velocity against time
LESSON (ii)
7- Understanding
from breakinggravity
up on landing of any free-falling object :
Gravitational Force
Sir Isaac Newton said that every mass in universe attracts

every other mass with a gravitational force. The magnitude
of the force is big if one of the object is massive and the The gradient of the graph is 9.8 ms-2
distance between them is small. Both objects pulls on each
other with the same gravitational force even one of the From the equation s = ut + ½ at2 ,
objects is tiny and the other massive, like and apple and the
earth. u=o , a=g
According to Newton , all objects are pulled by this force
which causes them to fall to the surface of earth. Thus s = ½ gt2
This force which originates from the centre of the Earth
2s
pulls all objects towards the ground. t
g
Gravitational Field
These means that the time for free fall will depend upon
Gravitational field is a region in which an on objects (i) height from where the object is let go off
experiences a force due to gravity. (ii) the value of the acceleration due gravity
The earth’s gravitational field extends out into space , in all
directions. This field gets weaker the father you go out The free fall time does not depend on
from the centre of the Earth. (i) the mass of the object
(ii) the shape of the path (straight line or parabola)
Gravitational field strength , g
Example 1
The gravitational field strength , g is defined as force per
unit m. A man release a stone into a well. If the distance between
g = F the top of the well and the water surface is 30 m , what is
m the time taken for the stone to reach the surface of the
The unit of the gravitational field strength , g water.
is N kg-1
The gravitational field strength , g of the Earth is Solution
9.8 N kg-1 .
The gravitational field strength , g of the Moon is only 1.6
N kg-1 because the mass of the Moon is about one-eightieth
that of the Earth’s.
Example 2
Acceleration due to gravity, g
From the definition of the gravitational field strength,

g = F …………………(1)
m
According to Newton’s second law of motion,
F = ma ………………….(2)
Substituting for F ,
A trolley moving with a uniform velocity of 5 ms-1 on a
a = g = 9.8 ms-2
table . The height of the table is 1.25 m.
Calculate
45
(a) time taken to reach the floor
(b) the value of x
Solution
Weight, (W)
The weight , W of an object is the gravitational force

exerted on it .
From F = ma , a=g
Hence W = mg
The S.I. units of weight is Newton (N)

Example 3
An astronaut who landed on the moon brought back a

stone. On the Moon’s surface, the stone had a weight of 8.0
N . On weighing the stone on Earth , a weight of 50 N is
recorded.
( acceleration due to gravity for Earth is 9.81 ms-2)
Calculate ,
(a) the mass of the stone on Earth
(b) acceleration due to gravity for Moon
Solution:
The difference between mass and weigh
Mass Weight
Is the quantity of Is the gravitational
matter in an object force
The S.I units is The S.I. units is
Kilogram Newton
A base quantity A derived quantity
A scalar quantity A vector quantity
Measured with an Measured with a spring
inertial balance or a balance
chemical balance
Is fixed at all places Varies from place to
place
46
D The coin and the marble reach the base earlier
than the dried leaf
4 A ball falls freely near the surface of the Earth.

Which quantity remains constant?
A Speed
B Velocity
C Acceleration
TUTORIAL 7
1 An object falls freely . Which velocity- time graph 5 Diagram shows a durian falling from a tree.
shows how the object’s velocity varies?
What is the physical quantity that is constant when

the durian falls?
A Velocity B Momentum
2 Which diagram shows the graph velocity-time for C Acceleration D Kinetic Energy
rocks fall freely on the Earth and on the Moon?
6 Diagram shows two identical balls are released from
a 20 m tower at the same time. One falls from the
top, the other from half way up.
Which quantity is the same for both balls?
A Final speed
B Acceleration
3 The diagram shows a coin, marble and dried leaf C Time of travel
being released at the same time in a vacuum cylinder.
7 Which property of a body is affected by change in
gravitational field?
A Mass B Weight
C Volume D Temperature
8 The time taken for an object to fall from a height of h

m from the earth’s surface is t s.
Which observation is correct? If the gravitational acceleration on the Moon is 1.6
ms-2 , compare the time taken for the object to fall
A All three objects float in the cylinder from the same height on the Moon.
B All the three objects reach the base at the
same time A Same as t s
C The marble reaches the base earlier than coin B Less than t s
47
C Longer than t s 14 Figure shows a ball of mass 200 g is moving on a
smooth table of height 5 m with a uniform velocity
9 Which of the following statement is true of 2 ms-1 from A to B at distance 3 m.
A Weight is a scalar quantity

B Weight is measured in kilogram
C Weight is the quantity of matter in an object
D Weight depends on the acceleration due to
gravity
(a) What is
10 An astronaut’s boots weight 100 N on Earth where (i) The weight of the ball?
the acceleration of the free fall is 10 ms-2.
How much will they weight on Mars where the (ii) The acceleration of the ball along the
acceleration of free fall is 4 ms-2 ? surface of the table.
A 25 N B 40 N
C 100 N D 200 N (iii) The time taken to move from A to B
11 A steel ball falls from a high building and it takes 4.0

s to reach the ground. Calculate the height of the
building. (b) After B , the ball falls and reaches the floor at
C. Calculate
A 40 m B 80 m (i) the time taken to reach the floor.
C 120 m D 160 m
12 An object is dropped from a height 50 m. Calculate

the time taken to reach the ground. (ii) the horizontal distance on the floor
reaches by the ball.
A 1.0 s B 2.2 s
C 3.2 s D 5.0 s
(c) If the ball of mass 200g is replaced with a ball
13 An iron ball is dropped from a height of 10 m above of mass 100 g, what happens to
the surface of the Moon. Calculate the time taken for
the iron ball to reach the surface of the Moon. [ Moon (i) the time taken to reach the floor.
1 …………………………………………
gravitational acceleration = of Earth
6 (ii) the horizontal distance on the floor
gravitational acceleration ] reaches by the ball.
A 0.6 s B 1.4 s …………………………………………

C 1.7 s D 3.5 s 15 Diagram 15 shows a stone experiencing free fall after
being dropped from a stationary hot air balloon at a
13 Figure shows a ball is released from a building of a height of 20 m above the ground..
building of a height 12.0 m with a horizontal
velocity 12 ms-1 .
What is the horizontal distance travelled by the ball?
A 12 m B 24m
C 28 m D 32 m
48
(c) Compare the mass of the feather and the
Diagram 15 apple.
..………………………………………
(a) What is meant by free fall ?
.............................................................................. (d) Based on your answer in (b)(ii) and (c),
............................................................................... make a conclusion to relate mass and the
(b) Calculate the time taken by the stone to reach the type of motion of the objects involved.
ground. ..……………………………………………
………………………………………………
(c) Calculate the velocity of the stone just before it

touches the ground. (e) The apple in Diagram 16 takes 0.4 s to touch
surface of a table after it is released.
Calculate the velocity of the apple when the
16 Diagram 16 is a stroboscopic photograph shows a apple touch the surface of the table..
feather and an apple in a state of free-
fall. Both balls are dropped simultaneously from the
same height.
Diagram 16
(a) What is the meaning of free-fall?
………………………………………………
(b) (i) Using Diagram 16 , state two

similarities between the distance of
two successive
images of the feather and the apple.
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
(ii) Based on your answer in (b) (i) state
the type of motion for the feather and
the apple.
………………………………………
……………………………………
49
(e)
LESSON 8- Types of forces , Forces in

Equilibrium , Resultant Force and
Resolution of forces
(a) Type of forces
Example 2
Example 1
Name the forces exerted on the car when the car moves on
Name the forces exerted in the following diagram when the a level road and with constant velocity.
systems at rest.
(a)
(b)
Example 3
Name the forces exerted on the aeroplane when the

aeroplane moves with a constant height and uniform
velocity.
(c)
(d)
(b) The principle of the forces in equilibrium
The principle of the forces in equilibrium states,

“An object is said to be in a state of equilibrium when the
resultant force (net force) is zero (F=0)
When the equilibrium is reached, then the object is in two
states, that is
(i) remains stationary (if the object is stationary)
or
50
(ii) moves at a constant velocity ( if the object is moving) When the object in unbalanced , then the object is in two
states, that is
Example 4 (i) accelerated
(ii) decelerated
Diagram shows a man and a boy push a stationary box with
a same force 800 N.
What happens to the motion of the box.
Solution: Example 7
Example 5
Diagram shows an aeroplane moves with a uniform
Diagram shows a car moves with a uniform velocity 200 velocity 850 km h-1 and are exerted by dragging force and
km h-1 and are exerted by two forces 12000 N respectively. engine thrust of 30000 N respectively.
What happens to the motion of the aeroplane when the

What happens to the motion of the car. engine thrust is
(a) 32000 N
Solution: (b) 25000 N.
Solution:
Example 6
Figure shows a stationary wooden block of mass 2 kg

resting on a table. Example 8
Diagram shows a man of mass 60 kg rides a bicycle of

mass 25 kg
Calculate
(a) the weight of the wooden block
(b) the normal reaction
Solution
Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle.
Solution
(d) Three non-parallel Forces in Equilibrium

(c) The principle of the resultant force // net force //
unbalanced force
The principle of the unbalanced for stares states,

“ An object is said to be in unbalanced when the resultant
force (net force) is not zero (F0)
51
P + Q + R=0
When three non-parallel forces in equilibrium the closed (c)
triangle of forces in one direction (in order) is occurred.
Example 9
State which of the following diagram of forces in

equilibrium state,
(a)
Solution:
(b)
52
(b)
(c)
(e)
Example 10
The following diagram shows the systems in equilibrium

state.
Name and label the forces involved and hence draw the
triangle of forces,
:
(a)
53
Solution
Example 11 (e) Resultant force
Diagram shows a steel sphere of mass Force is a vector quantity and hence it has magnitude and
12 kg suspended from a length of rope which is pulled to direction.
the side by a horizontal force of M. The tension of another Two or more forces which act on an object can be
rope is N. The system in equilibrium state. combined into a single force called the resultant force.
If two forces are in same line, vector addition is easy. We

simply add the forces if both pull or push together;
subtract them if one is in the opposite direction.
If they are at an angle, the resultant force can be determined

by the triangle method and the parallelogram method.
Parallelogram method :
In this method the tail of the first vector is joined to the tail
of second vector and then draw a parallelogram.
(a) Draw a triangle of forces.
The diagonal represents the resultant force.
(b) Calculate the value of
(i) M
(ii) N
Solution
54
Example 13
The figure shows a trolley is pulled by two forces
What is the magnitude and the direction of the resultant

force acting on the trolley.
Triangle method:
In this method the tip of the first vector is joined to the tail
of second vector and then draw a line to complete the
triangle.
Solution
The third side represents the resultant force.
Example 12 Example 14
Find the resultant force for the following figure:- Figure shows a boat is pulled by two forces.
Solution:
Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the

trolley.
Solution:
55
  is an angle between the force F to the
horizontal line
 the sign of the force depend on the quadrant
where the force , F is placed
(ii) For an object on a inclined plane, the weight ,W of

the object can be resolved into two components ;
(a) parallel to inclined plane, A
(b) perpendicular to inclined plane, B
(f) Resolution of forces
(i) A force can be resolved into two components, that is,

(a) the horizontal component, Fx and
(b) the vertical component , Fy
Example 15
Find the values of Px and Py for the following figures.
56
1 When the equilibrium is reached an object
A remains stationary
B moves at a constant velocity
C remains stationary or moves at a
constant velocity
2 Which of the following phenomenon relates to the

forces in equilibrium concept ?
A A rocket accelerates upwards

B A durian fall from a tree
C A ship floats in a sea
D A car moves downward a hill with increasing
velocity
3 The diagram shows an acrobat walking on a wire at a

height high up from the ground.
Solution:
The ability for the acrobat to do so can be explained

by
A the concept of inertia

Example 16 B the concept of equilibrium of forces
C principle of conservation of momentum
D principle of conservation of energy
4 Diagram shows a racing car at rest.
Figure shows a stationary wooden block of mass 50 g

which is placed on a inclined plane that is at an angle of 40 o
to the horizontal.
What is the magnitude of the weight parallel to the inclined
plane.
The car does not move because
Solution
A there is no force acting on it.
B the net force acting on it is zero.
C the engine thrust equals with the drag.
D the gravitational force is higher than normal
reaction.
TUTORIAL 8
57
5 Diagram shows a boy sitting on a chair. The weight of
the boy, W acts vertically downward.
Name the force, R that balanced the weight, W. Which of the following is true?
A Frictional force A W < U+R

B Air Resistance B W > U+R
C Normal Reaction C W = U+R
D Impulsive force
6 Diagram shows a tug of war match between team A 9 Diagram shows a car is moving with a constant
and team B. velocity.
What is the resultant force acting on the rope? Which relationship of the forces is correct?
A 150 N acting towards the team A A FT > F D

B 150 N acting towards the team B B FT < F D
C 350 N acting towards the team A C FT = F D
D 350 N acting towards the team B
7 Diagram shows the horizontal forces acting on the 10 Diagram shows an aeroplane flying horizontally with
motorcycle when it is accelerating. increasing velocity.
Which of the following statement is true? Which of the following statement is correct?
A A resultant force is equal to zero A Weight > Lift

B A resultant force is not equal to zero B Lift > Weight
C Engine thrust is equal to the sum of air resistance and C Drag = Engine thrust
frictional force D Engine thrust > Drag
D Engine thrust is less than to the sum of air
resistance and frictional force
8 Diagram shows a ball falls with a constant velocity. 11 Diagram shows three forces P, Q and R acting on an
object O. The object is in equilibrium state.
58
Which diagram shows the forces in equlibrium?
Which vector diagram shows the correct triangle of

forces?
14 Diagram shows two men are lifting a full of water pail

with forces F1 and F2 respectively.
12 Which diagram shows the forces in equlibrium?
Which of the following represents the forces in

equilibrium acting on the pail ?
13 Diagram shows three forces F1, F2 and F3 is exerted to

a point .
15 Diagram 2 shows a wooden block being pulled by a

horizontal force, F and tension, T.
59
Which of the following diagram shows the forces W ,
F and T in equilibrium.
17 Diagram shows two forces P and Q acting on an

object Y
A force F is applied to hold the object Y in
equilibrium.
Which triangle of forces shows the correct

relation between the forces P, Q and F?
16 Diagram shows a weight, W supported by two

strings.
Which vector diagram represents the forces T1, T2

and W that acts on the weight?
60
18 Diagram shows an object hanging by two ropes. The 21 The figure shows three identical pictures are hang
tension of both ropes is 5 N. differently on a wall .
Which comparison is true about the tension of each

strings in the arrangement of P ,Q and R?
If one of the ropes have been cut, what is the tension A Tension in P > Tension in Q > Tension in R
of the other rope? B Tension in Q > Tension in P > Tension in R
A 4.33 N B 5.00 N C Tension in P > Tension in R > Tension in Q
C 7.50 N D 8.66 N D Tension in R > Tension in Q > Tension in P
19 Diagram shows the forces 10 N, P and Q acting at a 22 Diagram shows four difference ropes is used to hang
point in equilibrium. a lamp.
What is the magnitude of the force, P ?

Which of the following is the maximum tension of
A 5.0 N B 6.4 N the rope?
C 8.7 N D 10.0 N
A T1 B T2
20 Diagram shows a monkey hang in a rope suspension C T3 D T4
system.
23 The worker is trying maintaining the bucket to be
stationary by putting the force F in the given
direction as shown in diagram 2. The weight of the
bucket is 12 kg.
If the tension of each strings is 150 N, what is the

mass of the monkey?
A 5 kg B 10 kg
C 15 kg D 20 kg
Find the tension in the string T?
A 60.0 N B 84.9 N
C 80.0 N D 138.6 N
61
24 Which of the following produced the largest resultant
force?
28 Figure shows two forces 9 N and 12 N act at a point

O.
25 Diagram shows a method to determine the resultant
force of the two forces, OP and OR .
Which of the following figures show the resultant of

two forces.
Which of the followings represents the magnitude of

the resultant force for the forces OP and OR?
A OP B OQ
C OR D PR
26 Which diagram is true shows the resultant force for

forces 6N and 8N .
29 Figure shows two forces 3 N and 4 N which are
perpendicular each other.
What is the angle between the resultant force to the

force of 4 N?
A 53.1o B 48.8o
C 42.0o D 36.9o
30 Diagram shows two forces 4,0 N and 5.0 N are acted

27 on an object at point B with an angle 45o
Based on the figure above , which of the following What is the magnitude of the resultance force.
figures show the resultant of two forces
62
A 6.3 N B 7.6 N
C 8.3 N D 9.1 N
31 Diagram shows two lengths of cables, PQ and RQ are

used to hold a flagpole upright. Each cable has a
tension 1 000 N and makes and angle 60o to the
surface of the ground.
What is the force pushing the lawnmower forward ?
A 50 N B 125 N
C 250 N D 500 N
What is the magnitude of the resultant force acting

on the ground?
35 A student is pulling a trolley with an iron chain which
A 217 N B 433 N makes an angle of 60° with the horizontal.
C 866 N D 1732 N
32 Which of the following figures give the largest

resultant force of three forces.
If the horizontal force is 2000 N, what is the tension of

the iron chain?
A 1 000 N B 2 000 N
C 2 500 N D 4 000 N.
36 Diagram shows a box being pulled by a man.
33 Diagram shows four forces 3 N, 8 N, 8 N and 20 N

acting at a point.
What is the resultant force acting on the box.
A 34.3 N B 38.3 N
C 48.0 N D 50.0 N
A 5N B 8N
C 10 N D 13 N
37 The diagram shows a boy pulling a box.

34 Figure shows a gardener pushes a lawnmower with a
force 500 N at an angle 60o to the surface of the field.
63
What is the acceleration of the box?
A 2.50 m s – 2 B 3.75 m s - 2 Which relationship is correct?

C 5.00 m s – 2 D 8.75 m s – 2
A R = W cos  B R = W sin 
38 Figure shows a trolley being pushed by a 15 N force C F = W cos  D F = W tan 
on a floor.
42 Figure shows a toy car of mass 0.8 kg which is
released from rest and is now moving down a smooth
inclined plane. The inclined plane makes an angle of
50o with the horizontal plane.
What is the vertical component of the force?
A 27.5 N B 12. 5 N
C 9.5 N D 7.5 N
What is the acceleration of the toy car?
39 Figure shows a small carton of weight 50 N is placed
on a inclined plane makes an angle 30o to the A 5.14 ms-2 B 6.13 ms-2
horizontal . C 6.42 ms-2 D 7.66 ms-2
43 Diagram 43.1 shows a situation in tug of war contest.

The rope remains stationary at central line although
the rope is pulled at opposite ends by both of teams.
F1 and F2 are the forces acting at the rope.
What is the value of F ?
A 50 N B 25 N
C 20 N D 10 N Diagram 43.1
Diagram 43.2 shows a car is moving at an uniform
40 Diagram shows a box weighing W=10 N resting on velocity 20 ms-1 along a straight road.
an inclined surface. The forces acting on the box are F3 and F4 are the forces acting at the car.
in equilibrium.
Diagram 43.2
(a) Name the force
The value of F2 is (i) F1 …………………………………….
(ii) F4 …………………………………….
A 10 N B (10 sin 300)
C (10 cos 300) N D (10 sin 300 - F3) N (b) What is the magnitude of resultant force
between
(i) F1 and F2 ……………………………...
(ii) F3 and F4 ……………………………...
41 Diagram shows an object at rest on a rough inclined
plane.
64
(c) Based on your answers in (b)(i) and (b)(ii) also is hung on the ceiling.
the information in Diagram 43.1 and Diagram
43.2 , relate the situations to deduce a relevant
physics concept and hence name the concept.
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
(d) (i) What will happen to the motion of the
car if F3 is 8 000N ?
…………………………………………...
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in (d)(i).
………………………………….............
………………………………….............
Diagram 45.1
44 Diagram 44 shows a cyclist is riding along a road at a
constant velocity. The total of downward force acting
(a) In the Diagram 45.1, mark the direction and
on the bicycle and the cyclist is 650 N. The normal
label the forces acting on the thread and the
reaction of the front tyre is 300 N and forward thrust is
pendulum bob with label P and Q.
200 N.
(b) The thread is pulled sideway by a force F , so
that the thread makes an angle of 300 with
the vertical line as shown in Diagram 45.2
Diagram 44
(a) (i) Name force Q

………………………………………………..
(ii) What is the magnitude of Q.
…………………………………………..
(iii) Give one reason for your answer in (a) (ii)
…………………………………… Diagram 45.2
(b) Calculate the normal reaction ,P acting on the
rear tyre . (i) In the space below, draw the triangle of
forces to show the three forces P , Q and
F are in equilibrium.
(c) The forward thrust is increased to become

250 N.
(i) What happens to the motion of the
bicycle ?
……………………………………………
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in (d)
(i).
……………………………………………
…………………………………………… (ii) Calculate the force F
45 Diagram 45.1 shows a pendulum bob of mass 0.6 kg
65
46 Diagram 46.1 shows a hanging mirror with a weight 47 Diagram 47.1and Diagram 47.2 show a
of 20.0 N hanging freely by a string PQR of a length weightlifter is making trial to determine the suitable
of 50 cm. method to lift a load of mass 60 kg for longer time.
Diagram 46.1
(a) (i) What is meant by resultant force?

…………………………………………... Diagram 47.1
(ii) State a condition where forces are in Diagram 47.2
equilibrium.
………………………………………… (a) What is meant by equilibrium ?
(b) (i) Based on Diagram 46.1, find the value ………………………………………………
of angle θ. (b) What is the weight of the load?
…………………………………………
(c) In the space below, draw the scale drawing
of the triangle of forces to determine the
(ii) The picture in diagram 46.2 is in value of T1.
equilibrium. What is the tension of the
string? (d) Calculate the tension T2 in Diagram 47.2
(c) Diagram 46.2, 46.3 and 46.4 shows three ways

of hanging the mirror.
(e) Based on the answer in (c ) and (d), state the
suitable way to lift the load for a long time.
Give one reason for your answer
...................................................................
...................................................................
(f) If the weightlifter let go the load, calculate the

Diagram 46.2 Diagram 46.3 Diagram.46.4 final velocity of the load before it touches the
surface of the ground.
(i) In which diagram, the tension of the
string is maximum? Explain why.
………………………………………….
………………………………………….
(ii) In which diagram, the tension of the
string is minimum? Explain why. 48 Diagram 48 shows a mother pushing a baby stroller
…………………………………………... of mass 8 kg with a constant force 20 N.
…………………………………………...
(iii) Which of the diagram do you think is
suitable to hang a heavy picture?
…………………………………………
Diagram 48
(a) What is meant by force?
66
………………………………………………… Calculate the resultant force for the vertical
(b) Based on Diagram 48, component of the trolley
(i) Tick () the direction of component force
F, that causes the baby stroller to move
forward.
Direction of force (f) Based on the answer in (d) and (e) , which is
easier to move the trolley at the beach. State
one reason for the answer
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
(ii) The force acting on the stroller is 40o 50 Diagram 50 shows a bag of cement of mass 35 kg on
from the horizontal surface. a ramp with 15o slope to horizontal. Frictional force
Calculate the value of the force ,F in (b) exerted between the bag and the ramp is 90.6 N.
(ii)
(c) Complete the following sentence by

underlining the correct word.
When the object moves on the rough surface,

the net force acting on the acting on the object
(increases .decreases ,remains unchanged )
49 Diagram 49.1 shows a student push a trolley at the Diagram 50

beach on sand . The force applied is 50 N and the (a) What is meant by frictional force?
mass of the trolley is 80 kg. ....................................................................
(b) Calculate the resultant force parallel to the
ramp.
(c) Based on your answer in (b), explain what

happens to the motion of the bag of cement?
………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………
51 Diagram 51 shows a traffic light is hung by two
Diagram 49.1
cables.
(a) (i) What is meant by force?
………………………………………
(ii) On the Diagram 49.1 , mark and label the
force that acted to the trolley
(b) State the horizontal and vertical component of

force 50 N .
(i) horizontal component
……………………………………....
(ii) vertical component
……………………………………
(c) Calculate the resultant force for the vertical
component of the trolley when it pushed
(d) Then the student, pulled the trolley with same Diagram 51
force as shown in Diagram 49.2
As an engineer you are asked to investigate the type
of cable and the arrangement of the cables to hang a
heavy traffic light. Table 51 shows the characteristics
of cables and the arrangement of the cables which
could be used to hang the heavy traffic light.
Diagram 49.2
67
(a) What is meant by weight?
(b) (i) Using Diagram 52.1 and Diagram52.2,
compare the weight of the cements, angle
of the ramps to the horizontal, and
parallel component of force acted to the
bags of the cement. Relate the parallel
component of force and the angle of the
inclined plane to the horizontal to deduce
a physics concept.
(ii) Name the physics concept involved in
(b)(i).
.
Table 51 (c) Explain why the bag of cement in
(i) Diagram 52.1 is sliding downwards,
(a) What is meant by weight ? (ii) Diagram 52.2 is stationary.
(b) The tension of each cable is T , the weight (d) Based on the physics concept above, you are
of the traffic light is W. required to design a ramp.
Based on Diagram 51 , Using appropriate physics concept, explain the
(i) draw a vector diagram to show the action design of the ramp so that can be used o move
of the forces up any heavy objects easily and efficiently.
(ii) write an equation to relate T , W and x Your answer should include the following
aspects:
(c) Based on Table 51 Explain the suitability of (i) Slope angle of incline plane of the ramp,
each characteristics in the table and hence, (ii) Surface of the incline plane of the
determine which company is most suitable to ramp,
do the work. (iii) Extra equipment to overcome friction
Justify your choice. problem,
(iv) Safety and strength,
(v) Applied force.
52 Diagram 52.1 shows a bag of cement of mass 35 kg
moving downwards on a ramp with 25o slope to 53 Diagram 53 shows a cargo ship is being towed by
horizontal. two towing boats using the same force 1200N each.
Diagram 52.2 shows an identical bag of cement The resultant force from the two boats cause the
stationary on a ramp with 15o slope to horizontal. cargo ship to move forward.
Force acted parallel o the surface of the ramps caused
by weight of the cement and the frictional force
exerted between the bag and the ramp for the both
situation is 90.6 N.
Diagram 53
(a) What is the meaning of resultant for

(b) Based on Diagram 53
(i) Sketch the resolution of force 1200N for

towing boat 1 to its components .
(ii) Calculate the horizontal component of
Diagram 52.1 force acting on towing boat 1.
(iii) Calculate the resultant force acting on the
cargo ship
(c) Explain why a cargo ship has to switch off her
engine a few kilometer from the harbour and
has to be towed to the harbour
(d) Table 53 shows four methods of towing a cargo
ship to a Harbour.
You are required to determine the most suitable
Diagram 52.2 methods and the characteristics of the cable rope to
tow the ship effectively.
68
LESSON 9
Problems Involving the application of the
formula F = ma and W = mg in Pulley System
and Lift
Example 1
Figure shows an object of mass is placed on a table.
Calculate
(a) the weight of the object
(b) the normal reaction which is acting upwards
from the table to the
Solution
Pulley System
Example 2
Figure shows a force ,P pulls a load of mass 4 kg by means

a smooth pulley.
Table 53
Study the specification of the four arrangement based

on the following aspects:
(i) the angle of the two towing boats.

(ii) the shape of the towing boats
(iii) type of cable rope used.
(iv) the elasticity of cable used.
Explain the suitability of each aspect and then Determine the value of P if the load moves with
determine the most suitable arrangement. (a) an uniform velocity
Give a reason for your choice.
(b) an acceleration of 2 ms-2.
Solution
69
Example 3
Lift
Figure shows two weights of mass 2 kg and 6 kg are joined Situation Equation Conclusion
by a length of rope passes over a smooth pulley.
At rest
Moving up with uniform

If the system is released from rest, what is the velocity
(a) tension of the rope
(b) acceleration of the weights?
Solution
Moving up with
acceleration
Moving up with
deceleration
Example 4
Figure shows a trolley of mass 2 kg is placed on the surface

of a table.
Moving down with uniform

velocity
What is the acceleration of the trolley and the tension of the Moving down with
rope when the 3- kg weight is released if the surface of the acceleration
table is
(a) smooth
(b) rough and has the frictional force 4 N.
Solution
Moving down with
deceleration
Cable of lift breaks causing

the lift to free fall
70
TUTORIAL 9
Example 5
1 Figure shows a weight of mass 6 kg which is hung
A student of mass 50 kg stands on a weighing scale in a lift. with five fine thread P,Q,R,S and T.
What is the reading of the weighing scale if the lift
(a) at rest
(b) moving up with an uniform velocity 20 ms-1
(c) moving up with an acceleration 4 ms-2
(d) moving up with a deceleration 2 ms-2
(e) moving down with an uniform velocity 30 ms-1
(f) moving down an acceleration 5 ms-2
(g) moving down with a deceleration 3 ms-2
(h) is free falling What is the tension of thread S ?
Solution A 5N B 10 N
C 20 N D 30 N
2 Figure shows three loads are hung with three fine

threads X,Y and Z.
What is the tension of thread Y ?
A 30 N B 40 N
C 60 N D 100 N
3 Figure shows a force ,P pulls two loads of mass 2 kg

and 6 kg by means a smooth pulley.
What is the value of P if the loads move with

an uniform velocity
A 20 N B 40 N
C 60 N D 80 N
4 Figure shows a force 100 N pulls a load of mass

2 kg by means a smooth pulley.
What is the acceleration of the load.

A 20 ms-2 B 40 ms-2
C 50 ms-2 D 80 ms-2
71
5 Figure shows two weights of mass 2 kg and 3 kg are 9 A man in moving lift feels that his weight has
joined by a length of rope passes over a smooth become lighter. Which of the following is true?
pulley.
A The lift is decelerating downwards
B The lift is accelerating downwards
C The lift is accelerating upwards
10 Weight of a girl in a lift moves upwards with an

uniform velocity 20 ms-1
If the system is released from rest, what is the A increases

tension of the rope B decreases
C remains unchanged
A 6N B 12 N
C 18 N D 24 N 11 A boy of mass 60 kg standing in a weighing machine
in a lift. What will happen to the reading of the
6 Figure shows two weights of mass 1 kg and 3 kg are weighing machine if the cable of the lift breaks?
joined by a length of rope passes over a smooth
pulley. A 0N B 60 N
C 600 N D 1200 N
12 Which of the following is not true to the passengers

of a lift if the cable of the lift breaks?
A The mass of the passengers is zero

B The acceleration of the passengers is g
C The passengers in “weightless” situation
If the system is released from rest, what is the D The normal reaction between the passengers
acceleration of the loads. and floor of lift is zero
A 2.5 ms-2 B 5 ms-2 13 A fish of mass 2 kg is suspended from a weighing

C 10 ms-2 D 15ms-2 scale hanging from the ceiling of a lift. What is the
reading on the scale if the lift moves upward at an
7 Figure shows a trolley of mass 2 kg is placed on the acceleration of 5 ms-2?
smooth surface of a table
A 10 N B 20 N
C 30 N D 40 N
14 A basket of mass 2.0 kg is suspended from a

weighing scale hanging from the ceiling of a lift.
What is the reading of the scale if the lift moves
downward at a deceleration of 4 ms-2 ?
What is the tension of the rope when the weight of
mass 3 kg is released?
A 16 N B 20 N
C 24 N D 28 N
A 20 N B 16 N
C 14 N D 12 N
15 Diagram 15 shows a student of mass 50 kg standing
on a weighing machine and at same time holds at the
8 Figure shows a trolley of mass 2 kg is placed on the
end of a string which has been put trough a smooth
smooth surface of a table
pulley. A load of mass 15 kg hung at the other end of
the string
What is the acceleration of the system when the

weight 0f mass 4 kg is released?
A 4 ms-2 B 8 ms-2
C 10 ms-2 D 16 ms-2 Diagram 15
72
(a) (i) On the figure above label the 6 A student studies the effect of the movement of a lift
tension of the string ,T on the readings of a weighing scale. The mass of the
(ii) What is the weight of the student? student is 50 kg.
In this study, the student stands on a weighing scale
in a lift as show in Diagram 16.
(iii) What is the reading of the machine if the

student at rest.
(b) (i) If the student pulls the string

causing the load moves with an
acceleration 3 ms-2 , what is the new
Diagram 16
reading of the machine?
He records the readings of the weighing scale when
the lift is at rest, moving up with acceleration,
moving up with uniform velocity, moving down with
uniform velocity and moving down with deceleration.
The readings of the weighing scale in the study are
shown in the following table.
Movement of the lift Reading of

the
weighing
scale/ kg
At rest 50
(ii) Compare the answers in (a)(iii) and b(i)?
and explain why? Moving up with acceleration 60
………………………………………… Moving up with uniform 50
………………………………………… velocity
………………………………………… Moving down with uniform 50
………………………………………… velocity
The same weighing machine is placed in a lift and Moving down with deceleration 60
then the student standing on the weighing machine .
(c) What is the reading of the machine if the lift
(i) at rest (a) The mass of the student is 50 kg.
What is the weight of the student in newtons?
(ii) moving down with an acceleration ………………………………. N

5 ms-2 (b) State two types of movement of the lift when
the reading on the weighing scale is equal to
the mass of the student.
1.……………………………………….
2………………………………………..
F is the resultant force that acts on the student.
R is the normal reaction of the weighing scale on the
(d) While the lift moving down the cable of the lift student
is breaking. m is the mass of the student
(i) What will happen to the reading of the g is gravitational acceleration
machine.
…………………………………………... (c) Write a general equation to show the
(ii) What will happen to the water in a relationship between F, R, m and g.
inverting glass if the student holds the ………………………………………….
glass while he in the lift.
…………………………………………..
…………………………………………..
(d) When the lift moves up with acceleration , the

normal reaction is greater than his weight.
73
Explain why ?
…………………………………………..
…………………………………………..
…………………………………………..
(e) (i) What is observed on the reading of

the weighing scale when the lift
moves down with an acceleration?
…………………………………….
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in

(e)(i).
…………………………………….
…………………………………….
…………………………………….
LESSON 10 -Understanding work, energy,

power and efficiency.
Work(W), Energy (E) and Power (P) and Efficiency
The Definition and S.I. unit of Work
Work is defined as the product of the applied force ,F on

the object and its displacement, s in the direction of the net
force.
W = Fs where W = Work, F = force

and s = displacement
The S.I. unit for Work is Joule(J)

IJ = 1Nm
Work is a scalar quantity.
74
Energy is the capacity or ability of a system to do work.
Without energy the work cannot done.
When work is done , energy is transferred to the object or
change into a different form.
Energy can exist in various form ; potential
energy(Gravitational Potential Energy, Elastic Potential
Energy, Electrical Potential Energy , Atomic Potential
Energy ) kinetic energy, mechanical energy, heat energy,
sound energy, electrical energy and nuclear energy.
Work done also can get from the graph The S.I. of energy is Joule (J).
force-displacement. Energy is scalar quantity.
Example 4
A student lifts a brick of mass 0.8 kg from the floor to the

table top of height 1.2 m. Determine
(a) work done on the brick
(b) energy is used to lift the brick.
Example 1
Solution
A horse pulls a carriage with a total force 40 N for 50m .
Calculate the work done on the carriage by the horse.
Solution
Example 2
Figure shows an ice cube is pulled at a distance 0.4 m by a Kinetic Energy ( Ek )
force 20N at an angle of 60o to the surface of the smooth Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving object.
surface.
Ek = ½ mv2 m = mass ,
v = velocity
Example 5
Calculate the done on the ice cube? A bullet of mass 0.02 kg moves at a velocity 150 ms-1
What is the kinetic energy of the bullet ?
Solution
Solution
Example 6
Example 3
A moving lorry of mass 800 kg has an energy of
Figure shows a graph force-displacement of spring which 160 k J. What is the velocity of the lorry.
is compressed by a force increases from 0 N to 100 N for
0.15 m. Solution
Calculate the work done on the spring.
Solution Gravitational Potential Energy ( Eg)
The Gravitational potential energy of any object is the

energy stored in the object because of its height above the
The Definition and S.I. unit of Energy(E) earth’s surface
75
Eg = m g h
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity Example 11
h = height
Example 7 Figure shows a trolley is released from a rest at
point X through a frictionless inclined plane.
A ball of mass 0.2 kg is thrown to a height 15 m. How
much gravitational potential energy does the ball gain?
Solution
Example 8
A boy of mass 50 kg sitting on the top end of an inclined

sliding board has an energy of 2 kJ. What is the height the
inclined sliding board from the ground?
What is the velocity of the trolley at point Y.
Solution
Solution
Principle of Conservation of Energy

Example 12
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy can be transformed from one kind to another,
Figure shows a ball moves on a frictionless curve track
but the total energy in a system stays the same or is
with a velocity 6 ms-1 at point A.
conserved .
Example 9
A stone is thrown with a velocity 20 ms-1.

What is the maximum height can be reached by the stone?
Solution
What is the velocity of the ball when it reaches at point B?
Solution
Example 10 The Definition and S.I. unit of Power (P)
Figure shows a ball of mass 0.5 kg slides from rest at point Power is the rate at which work is done or
A through a frictionless rail height 0.8 m down . Power is the rate at which energy is changed or transferred.
@ P= W or P = Fs = F v
t t
@ P= E
t
P = Power , W = Work, E = Energy , t = time v = velocity

The S.I. unit of power is Watt(W)
1 W = 1 Js-1
What is the velocity of the ball at the bottom of the rail. Example 13
Solution A monkey of mass 20 kg climbs a coconut tree of height

15 m in 2.5 s. What is the power of the monkey?
76
Solution deforestation ,oil spills and radioactive wastes to reduce the
emission of air pollutants and greenhouse gases from power
stations to reduce the energy bills
The Definition of Efficiency The following are several ways of increasing the efficiency
of machines and devices:
Efficiency = useful energy transferred x 100% Machines:
total energy supplied Moving surfaces are made as smooth as possible.
Lubricants such as oil and silicone are used to separate
= useful energy output x 100% surfaces.
energy input Rollers and ball bearings are used to separate rotating axles
from their mountings.
Example 14 Cushions of air are used as elastic lubricant.
Machines which move through fluids are made streamlined
A man pulls a box of mass 8 kg with a total force in shape to reduce the frictional drag.
100 N. After pulled for 5 m ,the box is moving at a speed of Heat engines:
6 ms-1. Calculate the efficiency with which the man is using Heat engine must be designed with capability to do a
his energy to pull the box. greater amount of mechanical work while discharging
waste heat at a lower temperature.
Solution Electrical devices:
(i) Lamp:
A fluorescent lamp is more efficient than a filament
light bulb.
Example 15 Use a lamp with a reflector so that the illumination
can directed to specific area.
A crane lifts a load of 400 kg to a height of 100 m in 20 s. A lighting of a room should depend on the size of
If the power input is 25 000 W, calculate the room.
(a) the useful energy output (ii) Water heater
(b) the energy input When having a shower during a hot weather,
(c) the efficiency of the crane. a lower temperature is needed
(iii) Refrigerator
Solution The doors of the refrigerator must always
be shut tight.
Thermostat should be used in refrigerator
to control the temperature
Appreciating the importance of maximising the The power of refrigerator needed depend
efficiency of devices. on the size of the family.
Another ways:
Energy conservation demands that the total energy output Recycling also conserves energy resources. Recycling
of a machine or device must equal its energy input. saves energy because we do not have to make new bottles,
However , when we measure the energy output as work papers e.t.c.
done on the load by a machine or device, we find it is less
than the energy input.
It is because the machine or device also does work against
frictional forces and sometimes does work in moving itself.
The work done against friction converts input energy into
wasted heat energy and a little noise energy. TUTORIAL 10
So the energy equation now looks like this:
1 Which of the following is true ?
Energy = useful energy + wasted energy
Input output output A Work is a vector quantity
B Work and energy has the same unit
Maximising the efficiency of machine or device makes the C Work is the product of force and distance
best use of the input energy and reduces wasted energy
output. 2 1 J is equivalent to
Maximising the efficiency of machine and device A 1 kg m B 1Ns

can helps to conserve resources since fossil fuels such as C 1 kg s D 1Nm
coal, petroleum and natural gas are non-renewable
resourcesto protect the environment from 3 Choose the figure which shows the student doing the
maximum work.
77
Which physical quantity increases while the student is
running up the staircase?
A Inertia of the student

B Momentum of the student
C Kinetic energy of the student
D Gravitational potential energy of the student
9 A boy of weight of 500 N walking up a staircase

consisting of 20 steps. Each step is 40 cm height.
How much gravitational potential does he gain?
4 An object of mass 0.4 kg is pulled by a force of 20
N over a distance of 1.5 m on horizontal surface. A 40 J B 400 J
The angle between the force to the horizontal surface C 4000 J D 40000 J
is 60o to the horizontal . What is the work done on
the object. 10 Which of the following is true regarding the
Principle of Conservation of Energy
A 26 J B 20 J
C 15 J D 10 J A Energy can be created or destroyed
B Total energy in a system stays the same
5 Figure shows an object of mass 1.5 kg lifted to the C Energy cannot be transformed from one
top of a rough rail with a force of 80 N. kind to another
11 Figure shows a pendulum oscillating between

positions P and S.
What is the work done by the object to the top the

rough rail.
What is the position of the bob possess both of
A 40 J B 240 J kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy?
C 320 J D 400 J
A P B Q
C R D S
12 Figure shows a pendulum oscillating between

positions X and Z.
6 An object of mass 4 kg moves at a velocity

2.5 ms-1. What is the kinetic energy of the object.
A 5.0 J B 10.0 J
C 12.5 J D 25.0 J
Which one of the following graphs is true regarding the
7 A moving car of mass 800 kg has an energy of
oscillation of the pendulum?
250 k J. What is the velocity of the car.
A 2 ms-1 B 10 ms-1
C 20 ms-1 D 25 ms-1
8 The figure shows a student running up a staircase at a

constant speed.
78
What is the velocity of the trolley when it reaches the
bottom of the track?
A 5 ms-1 B 7 ms-1
C 8 ms-1 D 9 ms-1
13 A moving lorry has kinetic energy. When the lorry
stops ,its kinetic energy is zero. This is because the kinetic 17 Figure shows a simple pendulum has a 150-g bob at
energy the end of a string is released from a state of rest at
point A.
A is destroyed
B is used to stop the lorry
C converted to gravitational potential energy
D converted to heat energy as result of
friction
14 The figure shows the path of a ball rolling down a

smooth slope. Determine the velocity of the bob at the lowest
point B.
A 2 ms-1 B 3 ms-1
C 2 ms-1 D 3 ms-1
18 A tennis ball of mass 20.0 g is thrown vertically with

a velocity of 20 ms-1. What is the maximum height
reaches by the ball?
A 5.0 m B 10.0 m
The ball has the greatest change in gravitational
C 20.0 m D 40.0 m
potential energy between
19 Figure shows of a ball of mass 0.05 kg moves on a
A P and Q B Q and R
rough track with a velocity 6 ms-1. At height of h the
C P and S D R and T
velocity of the ball is 2 ms-1.
15 Figure shows a ball is released from a rest at point A
of a frictionless track.
What is the value of h?
A 1.0 m B 1.2 m
Which of the following is true? C 1.4 m D 1.6 m
A The total of energy at all the points is same 20 Figure shows a trolley moves on a curve track with a
B The velocity of the ball at point A is same as the velocity 8 ms-1 at point A . It reaches of a height of
velocity of the ball at point 1.95 m.
C The kinetic energy of the ball at point B is same as
the kinetic energy of the ball at point C
D The gravitational potential energy of the ball at point
A is same as the gravitational potential energy of the
ball at point E
16 Figure shows a trolley is released from a rest at

the top end of a frictionless curve track.
79
What is the velocity of the trolley at point B?
A 5.0 ms-1 B 5.6 ms-1

C 6.4 ms-1 D 8.0 ms-1
21 A lift in a hotel can raise 8 people through a height

of 20 m in 5 seconds. The total mass of the lift and
the passengers is 800 kg. What is the power of the
lift motor?
Diagram 26
A 40 W B 8 000 W (a) Determine the weight of the load.
C 40 000 W D 32 000 W
(b) What is the work to lift the load by the motor?
22 The figure shows a motor lifting a load of mass 8.0
kg. The motor takes 4.0 s to lift the load to a height (c) How much gravitational energy does the load
0.5 m. gain?
(d) Compare your answer in (b) and give the

reason.(c)
....................................................................
....................................................................
(e) What is the power of the motor.
27 Diagram 27 shows an athlete of mass 60 kg in a pole

What is the power of the motor?
vaulting event. J, K,L,M,N,O,P and Q are the
positions taken by the athlete. The height of the bar
A 4W B 10 W
from ground is 5 m. The highest height reaches by
C 16 W D 40W
the athlete from the bar is 0.2 m.
23 A motor can raise a mass of 10 kg with a uniform
velocity 20 ms-1 in 4 s. What is the power of the
motor?
A 500 W B 2 000 W
C 4 000 W D 8 000 W
24 Figure shows a worker pulling a borrow up a ramp.
Diagram 27
(a) Explain why at the position K , the athlete
accelerates at a specific speed before he starts
to jump.
………………………………………………..
………………………………………………..
What is the efficiency of the ramp? (b) Why is the pole is bent at the position L?.
………………………………………………..
A 25 % B 40 % ………………………………………………..
C 50 % D 75 % (c) Calculate the maximum gravitational potential
25 A pump lifts 200 kg water per minute through a energy of the athlete.
vertical height of 15 m. Calculate the power input (d) What is the acceleration of the athlete at the
rating of the pump if it is 65% efficient? position P?
…………………………………………………
A 480 W B 500 W (e) Why is the thick mattress with a soft surface is
C 640 W D 770 W used in this event.
…………………………………………………
26 Diagram 26 shows an electric motor on a building …………………………………………………
site lifts a load of mass 2 kg top of a house. The 28 Diagram 28.1 and Diagram 28.2 show a student
house is 15 m high and it takes 7.5 s to lift the load. throwing an iron ball in a shot put event using
different throwing techniques. The angle of the
80
projection and the force used by the student in both
techniques are the same.
Diagram 29
(a) (i) Name the type of energy the bag of
Diagram 28.1 cement has at P.
…………………………………………...
………………………………
…………...
(ii) Calculate the energy in (a) (i).
(b) State the type of motion of the bag of cement

along the track PQ.
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Diagram 28.2 (c) The bag of cement experiences an average
frictional force of 100 N along QR and stops at
(a) Observe Diagram 28.1 and Diagram 28.2. R.
(i) Compare the distance of the hand (i) Calculate the velocity of the bag of
movement to throw the iron ball. cement at Q.
…………………………………………
………………………………………… (ii) Calculate the distance QR.
(ii) Based on the answer in (a)(i), compare (iii) State the changes of energy when the
the work done by the student between the bag of cement moves from Q to R.
two throwing techniques. …………………………………….
………………………………………………… …………………………………….
(iii) If the force which acts on the iron ball is 30 Diagram 30 shows a crane lifts a load of 800 kg to a
20 N and the distance of hand movement height of 150 m in 20 s. The power input of the crane
is 0.5 m, calculate the work done by the is 75 kW.
student.
(b) (i) Based on the answer in 6(a)(i), state the

relationship between the energy gained by the
iron ball and the distance of projection.
……………………………………………
(ii) State the principle involved.
…………………………………………………
(c) (i) Using Diagram 28.1, what happens to the Diagram 30
falling time if an iron ball of a bigger mass is (a) Determine
used? (i) the useful energy output
…………………………………………………
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in (c)(i).
………………………………………………… (ii) the energy input
29 Diagram 29 shows smooth inclined track, PQ, and a
rough surface QR is used to transfer a bag of cement (iii) the efficiency of the crane
into a lorry .
The bag of cement of 50 kg mass is released from P (b) Compare your answer in (a)(i) and (a)(ii) and
at a height of 5 m and slides to Q and stops at R. give your reason for your answer.
………………………………………………
31 Diagram 31 shows three positions of a student on a
swing. Point K is the highest position and point M is
the lowest position..
81
the ball, the gravitational potential energy
of the ball, the velocity of the ball and the
kinetic energy of the ball at point P and
point Q.
Deduce the relationship between the
kinetic energy and the gravitational
potential energy of the rolling ball.
(ii) Name the physical principle involved in
(b)(i).
(c) Explain what happens to the velocity of the ball
when it reaches point R on the ground.
(d) Based on the physical principle above, you are
Diagram 31 required to design a roller skate track.
Using appropriate physics concept, explain the
(a) State the S.I. unit for energy. design of the roller skate track so that it can be
………………………………………………… used to oscillate skate board continuously.
(b) Based on Diagram 31, compare Your answer should include the following
(i) the gravitational potential energy aspects:
possesses by the student at point K and (i) Shape of the track
M. (ii) Slope of the track
…………………………………………... (iii) Surface of the track
(ii) the velocity of the student at point K and (iv) Safety.
M. 33 Each figure below shows two positions of a student
………………………………………… on a swing. The initial position in each figure is
(iii) the kinetic energy of the student at point different.
K and M.
…………………………………………
(c) (i) Based on your answer in (b) state the
relationship between the gravitational
potential energy and the kinetic energy at
any position of the student on the swing.
…………………………………………
(ii) State the physics principle involved in (c)
(i). Observe the positions of each of the swing in each
…………………………………………. diagram and the appearance of the student when she
(d) Based on the information given in Diagram 31, swings. Based on the observations:
calculate the velocity of the student at (a) State one suitable inference that can be made.
point L. (b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
investigation.
(c) With the use of apparatus such as trolley, ticker
32 Diagram 32 shows a ball placed onto smooth incline timer and other apparatus , describe an
plane at point P. The ball is rolling down over the experimental framework to test your
incline plane caused by gravitational potential energy. hypothesis.
Point Q and point R are at the middle of the incline In your description , state clearly the following:
plane and at the ground respectively. (i) Aim of the experiment
(v) The procedure of the experiment
which include the method of controlling
the manipulated variable and the method
of measuring the responding variable.
Diagram 32
(a) What is meant by gravitational potential
LESSON 11 - Understanding elasticity.
energy?
(b) (i) Using Diagram 32, compare the height of Meaning of Elasticity
82
Elasticity is the property of a substance which enables it to
return to original shape @ size @ length after an applied
external force( compressive force or stretching force) is
removed.
Why is a solid is elastic ?
Figure(a): The spring is unstretched , i.e at natural length

and exerts zero force on the trolley.
Figure(b): As the spring is stretched to the right, it exerts a
force to the left on the trolley. This is called a restoring
The property of elasticity is caused by the existence of two force.
forces between molecules or atoms in the solid material.
The two forces are force of repulsion and force of attraction
between molecules. Hooke’s Law
When a compressive force is applied to the solid, force of
repulsion between the molecules pushes the molecules back Hooke’s Law states that the extension of an elastic
to their equilibrium positions. substance is directly proportional to the stretching force
When a stretching force is applied to the solid force of acting on it provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded.
attraction between the molecules pulls the molecules back
to their equilibrium positions.
In the absence of an applied external force on the solid, the
force of attraction is balanced by the force of repulsion or
the resultant force is zero.
@ F  x
Graph of force between molecules , F against the F=kx
distance between molecules, x.
F = the acting force or the effort
X = extension
k = the spring constant
Spring constant , k
F = kx,
k=F
x
At distance X1 : is the equilibrium position where the
resultant force is zero. the unit of k is Nm-1
At distance X < X1 : the solid is compressed where force of
repulsion > force of attraction. spring constant , k = Gradient of the graph
At distance X1 < X<X2 : the solid is stretched where force
of attraction > force of repulsion until the force of A larger value of k or gradient indicates a stiffer spring.
attraction reaches a maximum value at X2.
At distance X > X2 : the force of attraction will decrease
and the molecular layer will begin to slip and solid will
permanently change its shape. The point where the solid
loses its elastic characteristics is call as the elastic limit.
After this limit , the solid will not return to its original
shape.
P: stiff spring
Restoring Force Q: soft spring
Graph of Stretching Force, F against Spring extension,
83
(3) Weighing apparatus: A weighing apparatus such as
spring balance , a spring is either extended or compressed
and it obeys the
Hooke ‘ law and it caused the apparatus has a linear scale.
(4) Vehicles spring support: It enables the
passengers in a vehicle to be seated in a comfortable
position when the vehicle goes on a bumpy road because
springs shock absorbers are mounted on the wheels of
vehicles to absorb impacts and damp vibrations resulting
from movement on the bumpy road or uneven road surface.
A : Elastic limit (5) In sports : The elastic strings of a tennis or a
OA : The graph is a straight line passing through the origin. badminton racket enable them to rebound the ball or
Thus the stretching force is directly proportional to the shuttle.
extension of the spring and Hooke’s law is obeyed. The ropes used by rock climbers have elastic
AB: The graph takes the form a curve, that is the stretching properties that can save lives during climbing accidents.
force is not vary directly with extension of the spring and The ropes are made of a continuous-drawn nylon fibre core
Hooke’s law is no applicable. and a protective textile covering . This reduces the stopping
force acting on a falling climber.
Why does the oscillation of a spring stops? A bow bends or elastic twine of the bow is stretched
to store the elastic potential energy used to propel the
If you leave a mass on a spring oscillating it eventually arrow.
slows down and stops. Air resistance slows the object
down. Energy is lost from the system in overcoming this Spring Systems
friction. This effect is called damping. There are two ways to arrange a spring, that is,
Series arrangement
In an ammeter or in a car’s suspension needs to stop the Parallel arrangement
oscillations as quickly as possible .So damping process
should be happen as quickly as possible.
Factors affecting the rate of extension or stiffness of a

spring.
Type of spring material: A spring made from a hard

material extending shorter than a spring made from a soft Series Parallel
material. For example a steel spring extending shorter than In series arrangement same load is applied to each spring
a copper spring. i.e W
Diameter of spring coil: A spring coil of a larger diameter In parallel arrangement the load is shared equally among
is easier to stretch ( the rate of extension is high) compared the springs . i.e W
to a spring coil of smaller diameter. 2
Diameter of the wire of the spring : A spring coil made
from a thicker wire is harder ( the rate of extension is low) Example 1
compared a spring made from a thinner wire. The original length of a spring is 5 cm. With a load of mass
Spring arrangement: Stretch of a spring in series is more 20 g, the length of the spring is extended to 7 cm.
easier than stretch of a spring in parallel. Determine
The original length of the spring: Stretch of a longer spring (a) the extension of the spring with a load 40 g
is more easier than stretch of a shorter spring . (b) the length of the spring with a load 60 g.
The spring constant , k : The spring which has a larger (c) the load required to extend the spring to 20 cm.
value of k is the spring which more stiff(the rate of
extension is low) Solution
Use of Elasticity in Everyday Life:

(1) Cushion / mattress: The spring in a cushion or
mattress undergo many cycles of compression during use
and each time the cushion is able to return to its original
shape. This is due to the elasticity of the springs.
(2) Electric meter : Electric meters such as ammeter,
voltmeter and galvanometer have spiral springs. The
springs are used to stop the pointer at a specific point on the
scale or to return the pointer to the zero mark on the scale
after a measurement has been taken
84
Example 2
Spring A extends by 2 cm when it hung with a 10 g

weight. Spring B extends by 4 cm when it hung with a 10g
weight. Find the total stretch in each of the spring systems
shown in the following figure.
The procedure of the experiment which include the method

of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable.
The original length of the spring is recorded , Lo
The mass of the slotted mass is recorded , m
The new length of the spring is recorded after the slotted
mass is hung , L
The extension of the spring is calculated , x = Lo – L
Solution The experiment is repeated 5 times by increasing the
number of the slotted mass
Tabulate the data:
m
x
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph v against x

extension and force
Hypothesis:
As the force increases , the extension increases
Aim of the experiment : Elastic Potential Energy ( Ee)
To investigate the relationship between the force and the
extension Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in a elastic
Variables in the experiment: matter when it is extended or compressed.
Manipulated variable: The force Thus,
Responding variable: The extension
Constant variable : Spring constant , diameter of the spring Ee = ½ F x = ½ kx2 = Area under the
List of apparatus and materials: graph F vs. x
Spring , metre ruler , slotted mass , retort stand.
F = Force
x = extension k = spring constant
Example 3
The original length of a spring is 12 cm. With a load of 20

g , the length of the spring is extended to 15 cm.
What is the elastic potential energy stored in the spring?
Solution
Example 4
85
Figure shows a graph of force, F against extension, x for a
spring.
What is the potential energy stored when the spring is

extended by 0.4 m?
Solution
Example 5 Experiment to investigate the relationship between the
elastic potential energy and energy
Figure shows a ball of mass 10 g pushed against one end of
a spring on a smooth surface. The original length of the Hypothesis:
spring is 14 cm and its spring constant is 200 N m-1. As the elastic potential energy increases ,the kinetic energy
increases
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the kinetic energy
and the elastic potential energy
Manipulated variable: The elastic potential energy
Responding variable: The kinetic energy
Fixed variable: The elastic cord , the mass of the trolley
Determine A Trolley, ticker timer, ticker tape, elastic cord,runway,
(a) the elastic potential energy stored in the spring. transformer,nails and metre ruler.
(b) the maximum velocity reached by the ball after the Arrangement of the apparatus:
compressive force on the spring is removed.
Solution
The procedure of the experiment which include the method

of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of
The trolley is hooked to the elastic cord and pulled to the
back for a distance.
The distance of the trolley moved is measured by using a
metre ruler, x
The trolley is released and the distance the last 10 ticks on
the ticker tape is measured , L.
L
The final velocity is calculated , v
0.02
The experiment is repeated 5 times by increasing the
distance of x.
Tabulate the data:
x
v
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph v against x
86
5 The figure shows a force- extension graph for a
spring.
TUTORIAL 11
1 Property of elasticity is caused by the existence of Which section of the graph Hooke’s law is obeyed?
A the force of repulsion between molecules A AO

B the force of attraction between molecules B AB
C the force of repulsion and attraction between C At point B
molecules D After point B
2 The relationship between stretching force, F, with the 6 A spring extends by 4 cm when it hung with a load
extension ,x , of a spring is given by the equation; of 8N. Find the weight of a load when hung from the
F = kx same spring, produces an extension of 5 cm.
where k is the spring constant.
What is the unit of k ? A 9N B 10 N
C 12 N D 14 N
A N m-1 B N m-2
C kg m-1 D kg m-2 7 The figure shows a spring of length 18 cm
compressed to a length of 10 cm by a load of P and
3 The spring constant ,k increases when compressed to a length of 8 cm by a load of 10 kg.
A the spring length increases

B the diameter of the sprig increases
C the diameter of the spring wire increases
4 The figure shows two springs with a different original

length . A piece of wood slowly moved towards the What is the value of P ?
wall with a force F so that the springs are
compressed together with a distance, x A 4 kg B 6 kg
C 8 kg D 9 kg
8 Figure shows (a) the pointer reading of a spring

without load. Figure (b) and (c) show the pointer
reading of the spring when it is loaded with a
different load.
Which one of the following graph is true?
87
What is the length of AB?
What is the value of M? A 21 cm B 23 cm
C 24 cm D 26 cm
A 100g B 180g
C 200 g D 240g 12 Figure(a) shows a spring of length 10 cm compressed
to a length of 8 cm by a load of 20 N. Figure (b)
9 Figure (a) and (b) show the two positions of a pin shows five identical springs are compressed by a load
when a spring is loaded with two different weights. of 60 N to a length of L.
What is the reading on the pin when 20 g of the load What is the value of L?
in Figure (b) is removed.
A 7 cm B 9 cm
A 5.00 cm B 10.00 cm C 13 cm D 15 cm
C 15.00 cm D 18.75 cm
13 Figure (a) shows two springs A and B having an
10 The figure shows a load M supported by the original length of 10 cm each are loaded with the
arrangements of springs, P, Q and R. All the springs mass of 100 g and 200 g respectively.
are identical. Figure (b) shows the springs A and B are
P Q R arranged in series and it is loaded with the mass
of 300g.
Which comparison is correct about the extension of

P,Q and R?
What is the length of P?
A P<Q<R B Q< R< P
C R< Q < P D Q< P< R A 50 cm B 70 cm
C 105 cm D 125 cm
11 The figure shows two springs K and L having and
original length 5 cm each are connected in series to a 14 Figure(a) shows a spring P extends by 5 cm when it
400 g weight . hung with a 0.5 kg weight. Figure (b) shows four
[ Spring K extends 2 cm when it is hung with a springs P are arranged in a system and it hung with a
200 g . 1.0 kg load.
Spring L extends 3 cm when it is hung with a
100 g ]
88
18 The figure shows a spring having an original
length of 20 cm. When the spring is compressed
by a steel ball of mass 0.1 kg, the length of the
spring becomes 14 cm. The steel ball moves up
at a height h when it is released.
What is the total extension of the spring system?
A 5.0 cm B 10.0 cm
C 15.0 cm D 20.0 cm What is the value of h ?
15 Figure(a) shows a spring J extends to a certain value A 6 cm B 3 cm

when it hung with a 40 g weight. The Figure (b) C 2 cm D 1 cm
shows three springs K,L and M are arranged in
parallel extends to same value as spring J when it 19 Figure (a) shows a metal sphere of mass of
hung with a weight P. 0.1 kg is placed atop a spring and it is found the
extension of the spring is x cm.
Figure (b) shows the graph F against x for the spring.
When the extension of the spring is 20 cm , the metal
sphere is released.
What is the value of P if the spring J,K,L and M are

identical springs.
A 60g B 80g
C 120g D 160g
What is the velocity of the metal sphere ?
16 Figure (a) and Figure (b) shows six identical springs A 1 ms –1 B 2 ms-1
E, F, G, H, I, and J whose original length is 12 cm C 3ms -1
D 4 ms-1
each.
20 Diagram 20.1 shows the arrangement of apparatus to
investigate the relationship between the extension, x,
of a spring and weight of load W. The relationship
between x and W is shown in the graph in Diagram
20.2.
What is the value of L?
A 28 cm B 30 cm
C 32 cm D 34 cm
17 A spring is compressed with a force of 300 N . If the

compression of the spring is 0.05 m, what is the Diagram 20.1 Diagram 20.2
potential energy stored in the spring? (a) State the S.I. unit for weight.
..............................................................
A 7.5 J B 15.0 J (b) Name the law that relates x and W.
C 3 000 J D 6000 J .............................................................
(c) State the relationship between x and W.
89
............................................................
(d) State the physical quantity which can be
represented by the area below the graph line.
............................................................
21 Diagram 21 shows a graph extension , x against

Force ,F for two springs A and B. The spring A and
B having an original length of 10 cm each.
Diagram 21
(a) Based on the graph , state the relationship Diagram 22
between the extension, x and the force, F.
………………………………………………… (a) (i) A law states that the extension of a spring
(b) State the law involved.
is directly proportional to the force
………………………………………………… applied if the elastic limit of the spring is
(c) What is the physical quantity is represented by
not exceeded.
the gradient of the graph? Name this law.
…………………………………………………
..................................................................
(d) Which of the spring is the most suitable to
measure the big force. Explain why?
(ii) On the graph in Diagram 22, mark ' X ' at
……………………………………………… the elastic limit for each spring..
………………………………………………
(b) The spring stores energy when it is extended.
(i) Name the energy stored in the spring
(e) State two factors why the extension of the when it is extended.
spring A is different from the extension of the
….............................................................
spring B? (ii) Calculate the energy stored in spring R
………………………………………………
when its extension is 8.0 cm.
………………………………………………
(f) Create an arrangement of the spring A and B to
get the extension of the spring system is 10 cm
when a load of 10 N is hung.
(c) The springs are to be used in a Newton balance
to measure a maximum load of mass 8 kg.
(i) What is the maximum weight of the
load?
...................................................................
(ii)Based on Diagram 2, choose two springs

which are suitable to be used in the
Newton balance specified above.
22 Diagram 22 shows the graph of force against
...................................................................
extension for three springs P, Q and R. ...................................................................
(iii) Which spring is the most suitable to be
used in the Newton balance? Explain
your answer.
…...............................................................
...................................................................
23 Diagram 23.1 shows two different steel balls are
hung to the spring P and spring Q .
90
Spring P and spring Q are of the same material, same (ii) State the relationship between the thickness of
coil diameter and same original length. the spring and the elastic potential energy of the
spring.
…………………………………………………
…..……………………………………………..
(d) Diagram 23.3 shows two identical steel balls
placed onto spring P and spring Q .
The springs are pushed down until the lengths
of spring P and Q are the same.
Diagram 23.1
Diagram 23.2 shows a force - extension graph of

spring P and spring Q.
Diagram 23.3
(i) Which spring pushes the steel ball the

highest distance upwards when the hands
are released.
……………………………………………
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in (d)(i)
…………………………………………...
24 Diagram 24 shows two catapults P and Q made from
same catapult rubber. Difference forces are applied
Diagram 23.2 on the catapults.
(a) What is meant by extension of the spring?

………………..………………………………..
…………………………………………………
(b) Using Diagram 23.1, compare the thickness of
the spring P and spring Q
………………………………………………..
P Q
……………………………………………….
Diagram 24
Base on the information and observation above:
(a) State one suitable inference.
(c) (i) The area under the graph of the force –
(b) State one suitable hypothesis.
extension graph represents the elastic
potential energy of the spring.
(c) With the use of apparatus such as spring,
retort stands and other apparatus,
Using Diagram 23.2, calculate the elastic
describe an experiment framework to
potential energy of the spring P and
investigate the hypothesis stated in (b).
spring Q
In your description, state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment.
Spring P
(ii) Variables in the experiment.
(iii) List of apparatus and materials.
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus.
(v) The procedure of the experiment which
Spring Q
include the method of controlling the
(vi) The way you would tabulate the data.
(vii) The way you would analyze the data.
91
25 Diagram 25.1 shows an archer shoots a target.
Diagram 25.2 the archer shoots the same target but at
different distance.
Diagram 25.1
Diagram 25.2
Observe the conditions of each bow and the distance

of the target from the archer.
(a) State one suitable inference that can be made.

(b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
investigation.
(c) With the use of apparatus such as trolley, ticker
timer and other apparatus , describe an
experimental framework to test your
hypothesis.
iii) List of apparatus and materials
iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
v) The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
92

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LESSON 1 – Extra notes

Distance = Length of the road Solution

Speed and Velocity ,v Example 2

Acceleration, a and Deceleration (Retardation)

Based on the ticker tape above calculate

The figure above shows a ticker tape contains 5

The type of motion is

Stroboscopic photograph is the taking of very short –

Stroboscopic photograph = number of slits x

(ii) Electronic stroboscope ( multiflash stroboscope

The following figure a stroboscopic photograph

(a) State the type of motion of the metal ball.

moves from rest/take-off…………………

released from a height / fall freely from

thrown vertically upwards:……………..

at maximum height :…………………….

A car accelerates from rest to 25 m s-1 in 4 s.

A bus accelerates uniformly along a straight line from a

1 A car moves with a constant velocity. The

A negative B positive A 350 B 200

3 Diagram shows the journey of a bus from city A to C 150 D 50

7 The frequency of a ticker timer is 50 Hz. The time

8 Based on diagram , calculate the average velocity.

What is the displacement of the bus?

9 The diagram shows a ticker tape to show the motions

If AB = 5m , BC = 5m and CD = 7m ,find the total

A Speed of Ali = speed of Bakar

15 The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph

16 The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph

13 The diagram shows a stroboscopic photograph of a

17 A cyclist riding at a velocity 8 ms-1 and is

A The acceleration is constant A 16 ms-1 B 20ms-1

A 4800 ms-1 B 5000 ms-1

20 An aero plane accelerates at 40 ms-2 in 10 s to take

What is the length of the train?

22 A car travels with a velocity 15 ms-1 . It then

A –5.0 ms-2 B –2.5 ms-2

23 A stone fall freely from rest through a height of 5 m.

(b) Diagram 30.2 shows the photo picture of a

(a) State the type of current used by the ticker timer.

(iii) If the number of slit of the stroboscope is

29 The following equation shows the equations of linear

Using Displacement – time graph and Distance – time

The following is the velocity-time graph of a car.

The following figure shows displacement – time graph of

Based on the graph,

1 An object moves with an acceleration.

5 The graph displacement –time shows the motion of a

3 Which graph represents an object experiences

Which section of the graph shows the toy car in

6 The graph displacement –time shows the motion of a

Which statements is true?

WX XY 10 Diagram shows the velocity-time graph to show the

Which section of the graph shows the car accelerates?

A Area OPQR B Length PQ 11 Diagram shows the velocity,v against time.t .

8 Which of the following graph speed-time shows an

Which section of the graph shows the car experiences

12 Diagram shows a metal ball is released from rest at

Which of the following graph velocity,v against

13 The graph shows how the displacement, s of an

15 The graph velocity- time shows the motion of an

Which of the following graphs is its corresponding