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Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet 
Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo
Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila Editors

Adsorption
Processes
for Water
Treatment and
Purification
Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment
and Purification

petriciolet@hotmail.com
Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet
Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo
Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila
Editors

Adsorption Processes
for Water Treatment
and Purification

petriciolet@hotmail.com
Editors
Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo
Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes, México Aguascalientes, México

Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila

Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes, México

ISBN 978-3-319-58135-4 ISBN 978-3-319-58136-1 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-58136-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017943969

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

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the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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Preface

Adsorption is a competitive technology for the treatment and purification of

wastewater, groundwater, and industrial effluents. This separation process may
offer a satisfactory cost-effectiveness tradeoff for water pollution control. Overall,
the adsorption process engineering implies several factors that should be analyzed,
studied, and optimized to develop economic and technically feasible water treat-
ment strategies. The complex physicochemical nature of real-life multicomponent
systems imposes new challenges for water pollution control using adsorption
systems. Therefore, the adsorption process intensification is fundamental to face
water pollution caused by anthropogenic and geogenic compounds.
This book contains eight chapters that cover the state of the art of relevant topics
of adsorption process and its application for water sanitation. In particular, this
book describes and discusses relevant themes involved in the modeling and design
of adsorption systems and the synthesis and application of alternative adsorbents for
water pollution control caused by different aquatic pollutants. These key aspects are
important to develop effective and low-cost water treatment technologies. This
book was motivated by the desire that we and our colleagues have had to present the
developments and applications in this area.
Editors are grateful to all authors and reviewers for their contribution to this
book. We also acknowledge the support of Susan Westendorf and the staff of
Springer Nature Editorial for their assistance during the preparation of this book.

Aguascalientes, México Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet

Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo
Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila

petriciolet@hotmail.com
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet, Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo,
and Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila
1.1 Adsorption: A Cost-Effective Technology
for Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Priority Pollutants in Water Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Heavy Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Pharmaceuticals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.4 Fluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.5 Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.6 Emerging Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Adsorption Process Intensification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 Synthesis of Tailored Adsorbents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Optimization and Design of Adsorption Systems . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 Modeling of Adsorption Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.4 Regeneration and Final Disposal
of Exhausted Adsorbents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.5 Life Cycle Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Scope and Outline of Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Adsorption Isotherms in Liquid Phase: Experimental,
Modeling, and Interpretations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Jeferson Steffanello Piccin, Tito Roberto Sant’Anna Cadaval Jr.,
Luiz Antonio Almeida de Pinto, and Guilherme Luiz Dotto
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2 Experimental Procedures to Obtain Equilibrium Curves . . . . . . . . 25
2.3 Classification of the Equilibrium Isotherms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.1 Subclasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

vii

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2.4 Adsorption Isotherm Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

2.4.1 Henry’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.2 Monolayer Adsorption and the Langmuir Isotherm . . . . . . 30
2.4.3 Multilayer Adsorption and the BET Isotherm . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4.4 Other Isotherm Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4.5 Statistical Physics Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.6 Typical Values of Isotherm Parameters for Different
Adsorbate–Adsorbent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5 Regression Methods and Error Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.5.1 Model Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.5.2 Comparison Between Linear and Nonlinear
Regression Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.6 Adsorption Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.7 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3 Adsorption Kinetics in Liquid Phase: Modeling
for Discontinuous and Continuous Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Guilherme Luiz Dotto, Nina Paula Gonçalves Salau,
Jeferson Steffanello Piccin, Tito Roberto Sant’Anna Cadaval Jr.,
and Luiz Antonio Almeida de Pinto
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2 Adsorption Kinetics in Discontinuous Batch Systems . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.1 Diffusional Mass Transfer Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.2 Adsorption Reaction Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3 Fixed-Bed Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.1 Mass Balance and Modeling of the Breakthrough
Curves Based on Mass Transfer Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.2 Empirical Models for Breakthrough Curves . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3.3 Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4 Numerical Methods and Parameters Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.4.1 Solving Diffusional Mass Transfer Models . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.4.2 Solving Adsorption Reaction Models
and Empirical Models for Breakthrough Curves . . . . . . . . 72
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4 Hydrothermal Carbonisation: An Eco-Friendly Method
for the Production of Carbon Adsorbents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Carlos Javier Durán-Valle, Almudena B. Botet-Jiménez,
and Delia Omenat-Morán
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.2 Hydrothermal Carbon Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.1 Precursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.2 Hydrothermal Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

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Contents ix

4.2.3 Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2.4 Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.5 Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.6 Functionalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2.7 Hydrothermal Versus Pyrolytic Carbonisation . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3 Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3.1 Dye Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3.2 Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.3.3 Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.3.4 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.3.5 Metal Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.3.6 Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.3.7 Phenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3.8 Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3.9 Reusability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5 Removal of Heavy Metals, Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc,
Using Adsorption Processes by Cost-Effective Adsorbents . . . . . . . . 109
Meng Xu and Gordon McKay
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.2 Adsorption Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.2.1 Equilibrium Adsorption Isotherm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.2.2 Kinetic Studies and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3 Low-Cost Adsorbent Materials
and Metal Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.3.1 Agricultural Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.3.2 Industrial By-Products and Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3.3 Marine Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.3.4 Zeolite and Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6 Removal of Antibiotics from Water by Adsorption/Biosorption
on Adsorbents from Different Raw Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
José Rivera-Utrilla, Manuel Sánchez-Polo,
and Raúl Ocampo-Pérez
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.2 Adsorbent Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.2.1 Commercial Activated Carbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.2.2 Sludge-Derived Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.2.3 Activated Carbons from Petroleum Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

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6.3 Kinetic Study of the Adsorption of Tetracyclines

and Nitroimidazoles on Sludge-Derived Materials
and Activated Carbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.3.1 Tetracyclines and Nitroimidazoles Characterization . . . . . . 157
6.3.2 Kinetic and Diffusional Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.3.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.4 Adsorption/Biosorption Equilibrium Isotherms
of Tetracyclines and Nitroimidazoles on Sludge-Derived
Materials and Activated Carbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.4.1 Nitroimidazole Adsorption Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.4.2 Tetracyclines Adsorption Isotherms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.4.3 Influence of Operational Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.5 Adsorption of Tetracyclines and Nitroimidazoles
on Sludge-Derived Materials and Activated Carbons
in Dynamic Regime. Determination of the Breakthrough
Curves and Characteristics of the Adsorbent Columns . . . . . . . . . 193
6.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7 Biosorption of Copper by Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
From Biomass Characterization to Process Development . . . . . . . . . 205
Pietro Altimari, Fabrizio Di Caprio, and Francesca Pagnanelli
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.2 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.2.1 Yeast Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.2.2 Potentiometric Titration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.2.3 Immobilization into Calcium Alginate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.2.4 Batch Biosorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.2.5 Fixed-Bed Biosorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.3.1 Identification of the Biomass Active Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.3.2 Biosorption by Calcium Alginate Beads
Under Batch Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.3.3 Biosorption Under Fixed-Bed Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
7.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8 Transition Metal-Substituted Magnetite as an Innovative
Adsorbent and Heterogeneous Catalyst for Wastewater
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Shima Rahim Pouran, Mohammad Saleh Shafeeyan,
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud,
and Abolfazl Bayrami
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
8.2 Transition Metal-Substituted Magnetite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

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8.3 Physicochemical Changes in Modified Magnetite . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

8.4 Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
8.5 Oxidation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
8.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

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Contributors

Pietro Altimari Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,

Italy
Abolfazl Bayrami Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University
of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Aguasca-
lientes, México
Almudena B. Botet-Jiménez Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica,
Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
Tito Roberto Sant’Anna Cadaval Jr. Industrial Technology Laboratory, School
of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
Fabrizio Di Caprio Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome,
Rome, Italy
Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Guilherme Luiz Dotto Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of
Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
Carlos Javier Durán-Valle Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica,
Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y
Sostenibilidad, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
Gordon McKay Division of Sustainability, College of Science and Engineering,
Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes,
Aguascalientes, México

xiii

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 xiv Contributors

Raúl Ocampo-Pérez Center of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Faculty of

Chemical Science, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosı́, San Luis Potosı́,
SLP, Mexico
Delia Omenat-Morán Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica,
Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
Francesca Pagnanelli Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome,
Rome, Italy
Jeferson Steffanello Piccin Food Engineering Department, Passo Fundo Univer-
sity, UPF, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
Luiz Antonio Almeida de Pinto Industrial Technology Laboratory, School of
Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
Shima Rahim Pouran Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engi-
neering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes,
Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz,
Tabriz, Iran
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Aguas-
calientes, México
José Rivera-Utrilla Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Granada,
Granada, Spain
Manuel Sánchez-Polo Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Granada,
Granada, Spain
Nina Paula Gonçalves Salau Chemical Engineering Department, Federal
University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
Mohammad Saleh Shafeeyan School of Chemical Engineering, College of
Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Meng Xu Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong

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