VALVES

4.1.1 Process Valve Types And Applications

Valves are used in both domestic and industrial situations to control the flow of liquids,
solids and gases.

The most common and familiar valves are the taps used in the home to control the hot
and cold water. In the oil industry, valves are a major element in the control of
operations. In general, valves are used for one or more of three main purposes:

1. To control the rate of flow (throttle);

2. To shut off/permit flow (ON/OFF function);

3. To isolate systems and protect products.

There are a wide variety of valve types and designs available from many suppliers in a
wide range of materials; the main types and their uses are

Gate Valve: Used for shut off - ON/OFF function.

Ball/Plug Valves: Used for shut off - ON/OFF function

Globe Valves: Used for control of flow and shut off.

Butterfly Valves: Used for control of flow and shut off.

Relief Valves: Spring loaded to open at a given pressure, and used to protect systems
from over-pressure.

Check Valves: To allow flow in one direction only.

Fusible Link Valves/Piston Operated Valves: Quick acting and used for emergency shut
off.

Twin Sea valves: Used when tight shut off required.

Semi-Needle Valves: Used in conjunction instruments to bleed off part of the flow.

Ball Check Valves: Used with gauge glasses as safety precaution.

There are other less commonly used types of valves.

The actual construction/design of gate valves, for example, may vary widely depending
on its application,the materials used, or the manufacturer’s own special features. The
basic principle, however, will be the same.

Valves can be specially made to work at high or low temperatures (cryogenic), or to very
high standards for use in explosive atmospheres, or when no leakage is permissible.

4.1.2 Design Features

4.1.2.1 Internal Sealing Systems And Materials
All valves are prone to leakage as it is difficult to obtain a perfect seal, although the use
of special seal materials and designs can have very good result If high security is
required, use can be made of two valves in series, one to act as the main valve and the
second as a back-up should the first fail.

Some valves have bleed holes installed to detect leakage across the seal. If two valves are
used together, a bleed hole may be fitted in the pipe between them, which can be opened
when the valves are closed to drain any leakage. (Block and Bleed valves)

4.1.2.2 Body/Housing Materials

A wide range of materials is used in valve manufacture, the particular material depending
largely on the fluids to be handled. Iron and steel are mainly used for oil/petroleum
applications with most valves being made of mild or alloy steel. Brass valves are used for
water (as well as cast iron, steel and other alloys).

Stainless steel is used for acids and other corrosive liquids. Bronze is also a commonly
used material which can cope with most liquids.

4.1.2.3 External Sealing Systems And Materials

As well as the main seal between valve and disc, wedge, etc. there are other seals
required to prevent external leaks. Gaskets or ‘0’ rings are used between surfaces such as
flanges, where no relative movement takes place. The main problems occur around the
valve stem, which both rotates and, in some cases, moves vertically as well.

Special glands or packings are used which can be compressed by gland nuts to increase
sealing. Special materials have to be used in corrosive applications, but an asbestos based
fibre is a commonly used packing material with PTFE/Teflon being increasingly
common. ‘O’ rings can also be used as shaft seals and are generally made of rubber.

4.1.2.4 Actuation of Valves

Many smaller valves are hand operated if they are accessible. Larger valves require
power actuators and inaccessible valves of all types require some form of mechanical or
electrical actuator. Pneumatic (compressed air) and hydraulic cylinders and mechanisms
are widely used in larger applications. Smaller valves can be operated with solenoids, but
larger valves require more complex motors and mechanisms for electrical power
operation.

4.1.2.5 Standards of Manufacture

There are many standards to which valves can be made:

• Metric/Imperial dimensions;

• British Standards BS;

• German Standards DIN;

-
• US Standards ANSI (previously ASA);
-
• American Petroleum Institution API.
-
Care must be taken that valves, flanges, etc. and other equipment are compatible, or
leakage may occur.

API flanges and other equipment are commonly used in the oil industry. The standards
lay down performance requirements as well as dimensions and material. Valves are rated
according to the maximum pressure and temperature at which they can safely be used.

4.1.2.6 Quick Closing Valves

Quick closing valves can be installed in pipelines and systems to isolate sections in case
of fire, leakage or other emergencies.

A spring is usually used to operate the valve and can be released by a number of
methods:

• Fire melts fusible link;

• Remote manual cable;

• Air operated actuating cylinder;

• Electrical solenoid, etc.

If the valve can be installed so that the line pressure will help to close it, this will increase
the sealing capability. Swinging check valves are often used as the basis of a quick
closing valve, although ball valves, plug valves and butterfly valves are also suitable.

4.1.3 Specific Types

4.1.3.1 Gate Valves

Purpose: gate valves are used when a tight shut-off is required. They must not be used for
throttling (i.e. must be fully off or fully on) as a restricted flow through a gate valve will
erode the seat of the wedge disc.

REFER THIS ALSO!!

The wedge-shaped disc is moved up to open the valve by turning the wheel anti-
clockwise. To shut off the flow, the wheel is turned fully clockwise until the disc is
properly seated and covers the opening.

One common type is the rising stem type. In other designs, the wheel is fixed to the stem
and rises with it.

The position of the stem/stem and hand wheel indicates whether the valve is open or shut.
If the stem is raised, the valve is open.

4.1.3.2 Ball/Plug Valves

Purpose: Ball and plug valves are used to provide a quick, simple shut-off. They are
operated by turning the ball or plug through 90º. Ball and plug valves should not be used
for throttling, as a restriction in the flow will lead to erosion of the valve.

Operation: Refer to Figure

The ball or plug has an opening through the centre. When this opening is in line with the
inlet and outlet ports, flow will be allowed. When the ball or plug is turned through 90;
no flow can take place. Good sealing can be obtained, particularly when special sealing
rings made of PTFE/Teflon are used.
Some ball and plug valves are lubricated to provide a seal and prevent wear, and should
be regularly lubricated with the proper lubricant.

4.1.3.3 Globe Valves

Purpose Globe valves are used to control flow as they can operate quite safely at part
openings. A good shutoff can also be achieved if required

Operation: Refer to Figure

When the hand wheel is turned clockwise, the disc is against a seat, stopping the flow.
Turning the hand wheel anti-clockwise lifts the disc from its seat and allows flow to
continue.

The high pressure is usually on the bottom of the plug, so that the stem, seal, etc. are not
under continuous pressure. Applications are widespread, including domestic water taps.
.
.
4.1.3.4 Butterfly Valves
Purpose: Butterfly valves are used for controlling flow and can act as a shutuoff ~va1ve,
if the sealing arrangement is designed accordingly.

Operation: Refer to Figure

The disc or wafer rotates about a vertical axis and can be turned through 90º. The disc
seals against the opening to cut off flow and can be positioned at a point between fully
closed and fully open as required.

Some butterfly valves have a direct acting lever, others are operated through gearboxes
when finer control is required. In most cases, a clockwise movement will close the valve.

4.1.3.5 Relief Valves

Purpose: Relief valves are used to protect systems from over-pressure or to control
processes by allowing flow to commence when a certain pressure has been reached.

Operation: Refer to Figure

A spring holds the valve disc in place against the seat. The valve, therefore, will not open
until the force exerted on the valve disc by the fluid pressure exceeds the force exerted by
the spring. When this occurs, flow can take place through the outlet port until the fluid
pressure is reduced to below the valve operating
pressure. The spring force will then release the valve.

Relief valves operate automatically and are usually pre-set to a specified relief setting by
the manufacturers or adjusted when in use, if required. Re-calibration is then required.

4.1.3.6 Check Valves

Purpose: Check valves allow flow in one direction only. One common application is in
the discharge line of a centrifugal pump to prevent reverse suction.

Refer to Figure

Operation:
The two designs operate on the same principle: flow through the valve holds the plug or
disc in an open position. If flow ceases or falls to below the backpressure ahead of the
valve, then gravity or the back pressure will tend to return the plug to its seat.

Check valves are automatic in action.

4.1.3.7 Twin-Seal Valves

Purpose: Twin-seal valves may be used when an extra tight shut-off is required. They are
basically plug valves, but have an additional action which forces sealing segments against
the inlet and outlet ports providing a positive seal.

Refer to Figure
Operation:

The opening action consists of two stages:

1. Unsealing the sealing segments.

2. Rotating the plug.

The first stage breaks the seal and retracts the segments from the ports; the second stage
allows proper flow to begin. Usually 1 to 2 1/2 turns are required to withdraw the
segments and a further 1/4 turn to rotate the plug.(Up to 2 ¾ turns to open the valve.)

4.1.3.8 Semi-Needle Valves

Purpose: Semi-needle valves are used to control instruments and can stand high pressures
of up to 2,000 psi.

Operation: Refer to Figure

When used with an instrument, the valve should only be opened enough to permit flow
and allow the instrument to register correctly. One or two turns should be sufficient The
valve works by pushing a “needle” or small rod into a slightly tapered seat When the
needle is fully home, then flow is shut off. The
rate of flow can be adjusted as required by raising the needle.

4.1.3.9 Ball-Check Gauge Glass Valves

Purpose: These valves are used to prevent loss of liquid and consequent damage or
injury, in case of breakage of gauge glasses.

Operation: Refer to Figure

When a reading is required, both valves should be opened slowly 1 to 1 1/2 turns to allow
the fluid to find its level. The tip of the valve stem prevents the ball from seating at this
point As soon as flow stops and the level stabilises, the valves must be opened fully so
that the ball can be pushed into the outer seat by the escaping fluid if the glass should
break. To close or reset the valve, the handle should be turned clockwise until the valve
top is firmly against the inner seat, and then re-opened slowly after the gauge glass has
been replaced, if necessary.

4.1.4 Operating Points

When using valves, the following points should be observed:

Direction of Flow: Direction of flow is usually marked with an arrow in the case of check
valves and globe valves.

Direction of Opening/Closing: Hand wheels and levers - clockwise to close, anti-

clockwise to open.

Levers - usually lever in line with pipe - open, lever at 90º to pipe - closed.

Open and close valves slowly.

Valves should always be opened and closed slowly, except in emergencies. Too rapid
closing can cause pressure waves to build up and travel back through the system, possibly
causing severe damage, burst or injuries. This phenomenon is known as “water hammer”
in domestic water systems and a loud knocking noise can be heard in the pipe.

Gate and Ball/Plug Valves: Gate and ball valves must only be used in the fully open or
closed positions.

Intermediate setting can cause turbulence, which can wear away the valve very quickly
and cause internal leakage. Gauge Glass Valves: Gauge or sight glass valves must be
fully opened as soon as the fluid has reached its level or there will be no protection if the
glass breaks.

Interlock/Keys: Some valves are not fitted with hand wheels or levers and can only be
operated by special keys or spanners. This is because the setting of the valve is critical
and must not be altered except by an authorised person.

Similarly, some valves are sealed with wire; locks or other means and must not be
tampered with or altered as serious damage could result.

Do not Open/Close too far or use unnecessary force.

If gate and globe valves are jammed too far open, they may seize or be damaged. This is
called “backseating” and puts unnecessary strain on the disc, which may break off. It is
best to re-close gate and globe valves by 1/2 to 1 full turn after they are fully opened.

Similarly, over-tightening the valve when closing it may damage the disc and seat leading
to seizure or leakage.

If valves prove stubborn to open, mechanical assistance such as a valve wrench or

spanner can be used. The minimum amount of force should be used and before applying
the “persuader”, check that the valve is not already open. Do not use persuaders on twin
seal valves or on very small valves, which may break off.