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1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This practice covers the design, material grouping 3.1 Definitions — The definitions of terms relating to
classification, and manufacture of hole-type image quality gamma and x-radiology in Terminology E 1316, Section
indicators (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic D, shall apply to the terms used in this practice.
images.
4. Hole-Type IQI Requirements
1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma- 4.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) used to determine
ray radiology. radiologic-image quality levels shall conform to the follow-
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be ing requirements.
regarded as standard. 4.1.1 Standard Hole-Type IQIs:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of 4.1.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be
the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is fabricated from materials or alloys identified or listed in
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish accordance with 7.3. Other materials may be used in accor-
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the dance with 7.4.
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.1.1.2 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall
dimensionally conform to the requirements of Fig. 1.
4.1.1.3 Both the rectangular and the circular IQI
2. Referenced Documents
shall be identified with number(s) made of lead or a mate-
2.1 ASTM Standards: rial of similar radiation opacity. The number shall be
B 139 Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, and bonded to the rectangular IQIs and shall be placed adjacent
Shapes to circular IQIs to provide identification of the IQI on
the image. The identification numbers shall indicate the
B 150 Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar, and
thickness of the IQI in thousandths of an inch, that is, a
Shapes
number 10 IQI is 0.010 in. thick, a number 100 IQI is
B 161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube 0.100 in. thick, etc. Additional identification requirements
are provided in 7.2.
B 164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar,
and Wire 4.1.1.4 Alloy-group identification shall be in
accordance with Fig. 2. Rectangular IQIs shall be notched.
B 166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be vibrotooled or
(UNS N06600, N06601, and N06690) and Nickel-Chro- etched as specified.
mium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617) Rod,
4.1.2 Modified Hole-Type IQI:
Bar, and Wire
4.1.2.1 The rectangular IQI may be modified in
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations length and width as necessary for special applications,
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ARTICLE 22, SE-1025 2007 SECTION V
1
1-1T ⁄100 (1%) of Specimen Thickness 1T 0.7
1-2T 2T 1
1
4-2T ⁄25 (4%) of Specimen Thickness 2T 4
A
For Level 2-2T Radiologic — The 2T hole in an IQI, 1⁄50 (2%) of
the specimen thickness, is visible.
B
Equivalent IQI sensitivity is that thickness of the IQI, expressed as
a percentage of the part thickness, in which the 2T hole would be vis-
ible under the same conditions.
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state the proper two-part expression and clearly indicate FIG. 3 CIRCULAR IQI IDENTIFICATION
the thickness of the metal to which the level refers. In
place of a designated two-part expression, the IQI number
and minimum discernible hole size shall be specified.
6.4 Appendix X1 of this practive provides methods for
determining equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) in
percent. Under certain conditions (as described within the
purcahaser-supplier agreement), EPS may be useful in
relating a discerning hole size of the IQI thickness with the
section thickness radiographed for establishing an overall
technical image quality equivalency. This is not an altena-
tive IQI provision for the originally specified IQI require- 7.1.3 The heavy metal groups, steel, copper base,
ment of this practice, but may be a useful tool for nickel base, and kindred alloys, are identified 1 through 5.
establishing technical image equivalency on a case basis The materials increase in radiation absorption with increas-
need with specific customer approvals. ing numerical designation.
6.5 Practice E 747 contains provisions for wire IQIs
NOTE 3 — These groups were established experimentally at 180 kV
that use varying length and diameter wire to affect image on 3⁄4-in. (19-mm) thick specimens. They apply from 125 kV to the
quality requirements. The requirements of Practice E 747 multivolt range.
are different from this standard; however, Practice E 747
7.1.4 Common trade names or alloy designations
(see Table 4) contains provisions whereby wire sizes equiv-
have been used for clarification of the pertinent materials.
alent to corresponding 1T, 2T, and 4T holes for various
plaque thicknesses are provided. Appendix X1 of Practice 7.1.5 The materials from which the IQI for the group
E 747 also provides methods for determining equivalencies are to be made are designated in each case, and these IQIs
between wire and hole type IQIs. This is not an alternative are applicable for all materials listed in that group. In
IQI provision for the originally specified IQI requirements addition, any group IQI may be used for any material with
of this practice, but may be useful for establishing technical a higher group number, provided the applicable quality
image equivalency on a case basis need with specific cus- level is maintained.
tomer approvals. 7.2 Identification System:
6.6 Test Methods E 746 and E 1735 provide additional 7.2.1 A notching system has been designated for the
tools for determining relative image quality response of eight groups of IQIs and is shown in Fig. 2.
industrial radiographic film systems when exposed to 7.2.2 For circular IQIs, a group designation shall be
energy levels described within those test methods. Both vibrotooled or chemically etched on the IQI to identify it
of these test methods use the “equivalent penetrameter by using the letter “G” followed by the group number, that
sensitivity” (EPS) concept to provide statistical image qual- is, G4 for a Group 4 IQI. For identification of the group
ity information that allows the film system of other expo- on the image, corresponding lead characters shall be placed
sure components to be assessed on a relative basis. These adjacent to the circular IQI, just as is done with the lead
test methods are not alternative IQI provisions for the numbers identifying the thickness. The identification is
orginally specified IQI requirements of this practice, but shown in Fig. 3.
may be useful on a case basis with specific customer
approvals, for establishing technical image equivalency of 7.3 Materials Groups:
certain aspects of the radiographic imaging process. 7.3.1 Materials Group 03:
7.3.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be
7. Material Groups made of magnesium or magnesium shall be the predomi-
7.1 General: nant alloying constituent.
7.1.1 Materials have been designated in eight groups 7.3.1.2 Use on all alloys of which magnesium is
based on their radiation absorption characteristics: Groups the predominant alloying constituent.
03, 02, and 01 for light metals and Groups 1 through 5
for heavy metals. 7.3.2 Materials Group 02:
7.1.2 The light metal groups, magnesium (Mg), alu- 7.3.2.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be
minum (A1), and titanium (Ti), are identified 03, 02, and made of aluminum or aluminum shall be the predominant
01 respectively for their predominant alloying constituent. alloying constituent.
The materials are listed in order of increasing radiation 7.3.2.2 Use on all alloys of which aluminum is
absorption. the predominant alloying constituent.
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7.3.3 Materials Group 01: For the purpose of making this practice as useful as possible, these
materials are listed and categorized, by group, as follows:
7.3.3.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be (1) Group 2 — Haynes Alloy IN-100.
made of titanium or titanium shall be the predominant (2) Group 3 — Haynes Alloy No. 713C, Hastelloy D, G.E. Alloy SEL,
alloying constituent. Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 21, GMR-235 Alloy, Haynes Alloy No. 93,
Inconel X, Inconel 718, and Haynes Stellite Alloy No. S-816.
7.3.3.2 Use on all alloys of which titanium is the (3) Group 4 — Hastelloy Alloy F, Hastelloy Alloy X, and Multimeter
predominant alloying constituent. Alloy Rene 41.
(4) Group 5 — Alloys in order of increasing attenuation: Hastelloy
7.3.4 Materials Group 1: Alloy B, Hastelloy Alloy C, Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 31, Thetaloy,
7.3.4.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be Haynes Stellite No. 3, Haynes Alloy No. 25. IQIs of any of these materials
are considered applicable for the materials that follow it.
made of carbon steel or Type 300 series stainless steel.
7.3.4.2 Use on all carbon steel, all low-alloy steels, NOTE 5 — The committee formulating these recommendations recom-
all stainless steels, manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze mended other materials may be added to the materials groups listed as
the need arises or as more information is gained, or that additional materi-
(Superston).
als groups may be added.
7.3.5 Materials Group 2:
7.4 Radiographic Method for Other Materials:
7.3.5.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be
made of aluminum bronze (Alloy No. 623, of Specification 7.4.1 For materials not herein covered, IQIs of the
B 150) or equivalent, or nickel-aluminum bronze (Alloy same materials, or any other material, may be used if
No. 630 of Specification B 150) or equivalent. the following requirements are met. Two blocks of equal
thickness, one of the material to be examined (production
7.3.5.2 Use on all aluminum bronzes and all material) and one of the IQI material, shall be radiographed
nickel-aluminum bronzes. on one film by one exposure at the lowest energy level to
7.3.6 Materials Group 3: be used for production. Transmission densitometer read-
ings for both materials shall be read from the film and
7.3.6.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be
shall be between 2.0 and 4.0 (radiographic) density for
made of nickel-chromium-iron alloy (UNS No. N06600)
both materials. If the radiographic image density of the
(Inconel). (See Specification B 166.)
material from which the IQIs are to be fabricated is within
7.3.6.2 Use on nickel-chromium-iron alloy and +15 to −0% of the radiographic image density of the pro-
18% nickel-maraging steel. duction material, the IQI material may be used to fabricate
IQIs for examination of the production material. The per-
7.3.7 Materials Group 4:
centage figure is based on the radiographic density of the
7.3.7.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be IQI material.
made of 70 to 30 nickel-copper alloy (Monel) (Class A or
B of Specification B 164) or equivalent, or 70 to 30 copper- 7.4.2 It shall always be permissible to use IQIs of
nickel alloy (Alloy G of Specification B 161) or equivalent. similar composition as the material being examined.
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APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
100 ⴛ 0.0625
冪
100 TH 100H
␣p , Bp p p 12.5%
X 2 X 0.5
Example:
Given:
X p 0.5 in.
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