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BASIC ANTHROPOMETRY

Dr. Iskandar, ST. M.Eng. Sc


Unsyiah
Anthropometry
 Measurement of the human body
 Anthropometric information describes the dimensions
of the human body, usually through the use of bony
landmarks to which height, breadths, depths,
distances, circumferences and curvatures are
measured.
Anthropometry and its used
 Body size and proportion vary greatly between
different population and racial groups- which
designers must never lose sight of when designing for
an international market.
 Secular change in a population would also drive new
data collection activities
 The importance of anthropometric considerations in
design as follows:
 Ifa piece of equipment was designed to fit 90% of the
male U.S. population, it would fit roughly 90% of
Germans, 80% of Frenchmen, 65% of Italians, 45% of
Japanese, 25% of Thais and 10% of Vietnamese.
Secular changes in japan
Secular changes in Netherlands and
USA
 It is usually impracticable and expensive to design
products individually to suit the requirements of every
user.
 Most products are Mass-produced and designed to fit
a wide range of users
 the custom tailor, dressmaker, and cobbler are
perhaps the only remaining examples of truly user-
oriented designers.
Selection Vs Modification
 Assume a heavy box is to be moved from point A to
point B.
 Realizing that people are vary, there are probably
two basic strategy:

- One alternative is to use selection, that is, from


the population of workers select a strong persons.
- This can be label as fit the person to the job
 Another alternative is job modification – that is
almost everyone can do it.

 This can be labeled as fit the job to the person or


fitting the job to you.

 Given the decision to modify the job, one question is


“ how much modification is necessary?”
Anthropometrics Design motto:

 Let the small person reach

 Let the large person fit


 The motto implies: ????
 The anthropometric motto implies that
reach distances should be designed for
the small , 5 th percentile individual,
whereas clearance dimensions should be
designed for the large, 95th percentile
individual .
Example of measurements used in car design
Some product dimensions which are determined using
anthropometric considerations
Static (Structural) Anthropometry

 Static (structural) anthropometry:


 Skeletal dimensions - measures distance of bones
between joint centers includes some soft tissue
measures in contour dimensions (includes the wobbly
stuff that covers our bodies - muscle, fat, skin, bulk).
 Doesn't include clothing or packages.
 Measures refer to a naked person (with some
adjustments)
Dynamic (Functional) Anthropometry

 Dynamic (functional) anthropometry:


 distances are measured when the body is in motion
or engaged in a physical activity.
 Includes:
 reach (e.g. could be arm plus extended torso)
 clearance (e.g. two people through a doorway)
 volumetric data (kinetosphere)
Functional Anthropometric Data

 Data that describes the movement of a body part with respect to a fixed
reference point.
 Area swept out by movement of hand – “workspace envelopes”
 Fewer functional than structural anthropometric data are available even though functional
measures are more representative of actual human activity.
 Existing functional anthropometric data are useful for designing workspace and
positioning object within them.

The figure shows the shapes of the reach envelopes and the allowable (a) and preferred (p) zones
for the placement of controls in a workspace
Principles in the Application of Anthropometric
Data- Design for Extreme

 In some circumstances a specific design dimension or


feature is a limiting factor that might restrict the use
of the facility for some people.
 That limiting factor can be dictate either a
maximum or minimum value of the population
variable or characteristics.
 Example ????
Principles in the Application of Anthropometric
Data- Designing for Adjustable Range

 Certain features of equipment or facilities can be


designed so they can be adjusted to the individuals
who use them, e.g. automobile seat, office chair,
desk height etc.
 This method of design is a preferred method, of
course it is not always possible. Cost? Design?
Production? Environment? User?
Principles in the Application of Anthropometric
Data- Designing for Average
 There is no average individual. A person may be
average on one or two body dimensions but it is
impossible to find anyone who is average in many
dimensions.
 Often designers design for the average as a cop-out to
avoid complexity of anthropometric data.
 Easy to design
 Lower cost
 Easy to manufacture
 Non-critical, limited human interaction, limited
dimension, simple- types of product
 Examples????
Designing to Fit the Body
 Results of anthropometrics surveys are described in
statistical terms,
 Most body data appear in normal distribution:
 Mean,
 Standard deviation,
 Range.
Distributions
 Distribution of Measurements - Any distribution (set
of measurements) can be represented by three
statistics:
 mean (the average)
 median (midpoint at which 50% >, 50%< than
value)
 mode (most frequently occurring number).
Normal Distribution
 Normal distribution
 - in a normal distribution all three statistics, the mean,
median, and mode are the same. 68% of values in a
normal distribution are within a standard deviation (SD)
of either side of the mean (SD = √Σ(X-Mean)2/n-1).
 95% are within two SD, and 99% are within 3 SD.
 Example: Mean = 60", SD =4", ±1 SD = 56-64“ -
covers 68% of sample
 ±2 SD's = 52-68" - covers 95% of sample
 ±3 SD's = 42-72" -covers 99% of sample
Why Percentiles Important ?
 To establish the portion of a user population that
will be included in (or excluded) from a specific
design solution,
 Percentiles are easily used to select subjects for fit
tests, example 5th or 60th percentile values in the
critical dimensions can be employed for use test,
 Any body dimension, design issue or score of a
subject can be exactly located,
 Helps in selection of persons to use a given product.
Example select cockpit crews whose body measures
are 5 – 95th percentile
The normal distribution

Ninety percent of the measurements made on different people will fall


in a range whose width is 1.64 standard deviations above and below
the mean.
Percentiles
Two ways to determine percentile values:
 To take distribution of data and determine from the graph
critical percentile values,
 Calculate percentile value by multiplying standard deviation
SD by a factor z then add the product to the mean m:

p  50th , z  ve
p  m  z  SD
p  50th , z  ve
Calculating Percentiles
 Z scores (standard scores)
 Z = (Value – Mean)/SD
For any %ile: Xp = mean + (SDxZ)
 e.g. for US adults:
 mean stature = 1755mm
 SD = 71mm
 Z (for 90th%ile) = 1.28
 90%ile stature = 1755 + (71 x 1.28) = 1755+90.88
 90%ile stature = 1845.88 mm (~72.6”)
Coefficient of Variation
 Coefficient of variation (CV) - useful index of variability of
a dimension
 (CV = sd/mean). A low value means that the data are
normally distributed (<10). A high value indicates increasing
skewness of data.
 Typical values are: US Stature 3-4%
 Body heights (sitting height etc.) 3-5%
 Body breadths 5-9%
 Dynamic reach 4-11%
 Weight 10-21%
 Joint ranges 7-28%
 Muscle strength (static) 13-85%
Availability of Anthropometric Data
 Anthropometry of military populations is usually well documented and is
used in the design of everything from cockpits to ranges and sizes of boots
and clothing.

 Data are available for U.S., British, and other European groups, as well as
Japanese citizens.

 Pheasant (1986) provides a useful and well -illustrated collection of


anthropometric data and a method of estimating unknown anthropometric
dimensions from data on stature.

 Problems with much of the anthropometric data from the United States and
Europe are the age of the data and the lack of standardization across
surveys.
Anthropometric Measured Data of Japanese Adults
Anthropometric Measured Data of East German Adults
Anthropometric Measured Data of British Adults
UM Database (105 dimensions) male
standing
50th SD 5th 95th
acromial height A6 us3 135.3962 4.86273 129.02 143.9
acromion-radial length A23 us5 30.70762 5.255943 26.84 34.02
axilla height A7 us7 125.8895 5.611234 118.3 135.36
bispinious breadth A31 us15 24.0381 3.21037 19.8 28.2
buttock height A12 us26 83.44762 6.881275 76.9 91.64
calf height A17 us30 33.53619 2.667436 29.7 37.16
cervical A4 us31 145.3676 5.308438 137.16 154.68
chest breadth A29 us33 28.42667 3.944867 24.16 34.04
chest height A8 us38 118.12 4.844414 112.12 127.44
crotch height, standing A13 us39 76.11442 6.830563 68.96 87.12
forearm-hand length A27 us55 45.55905 2.377244 43.04 49.1
hip breadth A32 us66 31.53905 3.145922 27.6 35.52
iliocristale height A10 us68 97.7381 5.84925 90.7 107.16
knee height, midpatella A16 us73 46.2381 2.961106 42 51.1

lateral femoral epicondyle height A15 us75 55.35385 4.91291 48.4 62.18
lateral malleolus height A18 us76 8.145714 8.736 6 8.1
neck height, lateral A5 us83 141.439 5.146349 134.92 151.5
radiale-stylion length A25 us88 26.02857 5.27756 22.5 29.24
shoulder-elbow length A26 us92 33.97524 2.988947 30.2 37.38
sleeve outseam A24 us98 49.99619 6.116968 40.82 56.98
span A19 us99 172.1505 8.967056 162.22 183.4
stature A3 us100 167.1238 5.720552 158.22 177.08
tenth rib height A9 us103 106.76 4.542314 100.2 115.06
thumbtip reach A20 us107 76.95524 5.47791 70.6 83.32
trohanterion height A14 us108 87.69519 4.903899 80.615 95.155
waist breadth A30 us113 26.99333 4.029036 20.92 35.1
waist height, omphalion A11 us120 99.09143 5.627339 89.52 106.96
weight A1 us125 69.43524 20.19956 50.2 94.4
wrist-wall length A22 us132 63.0419 4.279688 56.04 69.7
wrist-wall length, extended A21 us133 69.78381 4.66033 62.32 77.04
UM Database (105 dimensions) male
sitting
50th SD 5th 95th
abdominal extension depth, sitting B14 us2 21.7419 15.98945 14.58 27.44
acromion height, sitting B4 us4 55.01238 3.151181 49.84 59.62
ball of foot length B23 us10 17.21048 1.713853 14.9 19.7
biacromial breadth B10 us11 37.25048 2.799317 32.58 41.68
bideltoid breadth B9 us13 42.77905 2.885997 38.32 48.06
bimalleolaar breadth B25 us14 6.992381 0.517519 6.2 7.7
buttock knee length B12 us27 54.00095 4.328628 48.98 59.48
buttock popliteal length B13 us28 44.2219 3.276929 39.62 49.48
eye height, sitting B2 us50 74.78476 3.576198 68.14 80.08
foot breadth, Horizontal B24 us51 9.867619 0.753389 8.62 11
foot length B22 us52 25.16286 1.252556 23.3 27.74
hand breadth B19 us58 8.248571 0.627283 7.3 9.18
hand length B16 us60 18.78476 1.025331 17.1 20.08
heel breadth B26 us65 5.667619 0.784648 4.2 6.78
hip breadth, sitting B15 us67 33.48381 4.085272 27.56 39.38
interscye 1 B11 us70 30.43714 4.534043 24.32 38.12
knee height sitting B7 us74 55.91524 12.34828 48.86 93.76
midshoulder height, sitting B3 us79 60.74476 3.153142 56.06 66.24
popliteal height B8 us87 44.72095 12.40934 38.44 83.52
Sitting height B1 us94 87.29048 3.836077 80.48 92.78
thigh clearance B6 us105 16.34857 12.12608 11.1 52.18
thumb breadth B20 us106 2.182857 1.960939 1.8 2.2
waist height, sitting, omphalion B5 us122 23.07524 1.953142 20.12 26.08
wrist center of grip length B21 us126 6.802857 0.832565 5.6 8.3
wrist index finger length B17 us130 17.09619 2.220357 11.56 19.36
wrist-thumbtip length B18 us131 9.826667 1.233839 8.1 11.86
Comparison of anthropometry measurement
for standing posture with other databases
MAS KOR JPN MAS KOR JPN
50th 50th 50th SD SD SD
acromial height us3 135.3962 137.9 137.03 4.86273 5 4.96
acromion-radial length us5 30.70762 30.76 33.42 5.255943 1.55 1.72
axilla height us7 125.8895 127.2 126.05 5.611234 4.9 4.8
bispinious breadth us15 24.0381 23.45 22.51 3.21037 2.01 1.98
buttock height us26 83.44762 81.31 81.91 6.881275 4.32 3.77
calf height us30 33.53619 33.3 32.15 2.667436 1.9 1.83
cervical us31 145.3676 144.2 143.38 5.308438 5.1 5.04
chest breadth us33 28.42667 30.59 30.13 3.944867 2.43 1.83
chest height us38 118.12 122.84 121.35 4.844414 5.4 4.59
crotch height, standing us39 76.11442 75 75.07 6.830563 3.8 3.74
forearm-hand length us55 45.55905 44.4 48.4 2.377244 2.1 2.33
hip breadth us66 31.53905 32.4 32.03 3.145922 1.5 1.44
iliocristale height us68 97.7381 92.4 95.02 5.84925 4.2 4.09
knee height, midpatella us73 46.2381 45.86 44.78 2.961106 2.51 2.14

lateral femoral epicondyle height us75 55.35385 45.95 45.44 4.91291 2.41 1.94
lateral malleolus height us76 8.145714 6.7 7.54 8.736 0.5 0.52
neck height, lateral us83 141.439 143.9 142.42 5.146349 5.87 6.16
radiale-stylion length us88 26.02857 24.1 24.04 5.27756 1.4 1.37
shoulder-elbow length us92 33.97524 33.3 36 2.988947 1.6 1.77
sleeve outseam us98 49.99619 54.5 57.89 6.116968 2.6 3.07
span us99 172.1505 169.2 177.14 8.967056 6.3 8.19
stature us100 167.1238 170.2 168.83 5.720552 5.7 5.45
tenth rib height us103 106.76 104.99 105.07 4.542314 4.8 5.13
thumbtip reach us107 76.95524 73.3 78.5 5.47791 3.59 3
trohanterion height us108 87.69519 83.7 83.42 4.903899 4.2 3.79
waist breadth us113 26.99333 28.4 28.85 4.029036 2.2 1.8
waist height, omphalion us120 99.09143 96.13 98.57 5.627339 4.62 4.1
weight us125 69.43524 68.2 66.07 20.19956 8.6 8.08
wrist-wall length us132 63.0419 61.26 66.5 4.279688 3.13 3.04
wrist-wall length, extended us133 69.78381 68.56 65.94 4.66033 3.42 3.41
DESIGN EXAMPLE
Design a computer workstation for a clerk in an
office work environment

 The procedure for anthropometric design is presented below:


1- characterize the user population. What anthropometric data
are available?
2- Determine the percentile range to be accommodated in the
workstation design.
3- Let the small person reach and let the large person fit.
4- Find the anthropometric measures that correspond to the
workstation measures.
5- Design validation ???
Missing Data

Ratio scaling
 Estimating data from known dimensions assumption – Though people vary
greatly in size. They are likely to be similar in proportions.
 Use only pairings of data that are related to each other with a coefficient
of correlation of least 0.7 (0.72 = 0.49 ~ 50% variability of derived info
determined by at least 50% variability of predictor),
 Ratio scaling must be done with great caution, not justified with hard proof
purely for expediency
 Not reliable when used with circumferential measurements

 If value of dimension in sample x (dx) and values of a reference dimension


D in both sample x and y (Dx and Dy)

dx dx dy
E  E  dy  E  Dy
Dx Dx Dy
Example
STEPS IN DESIGN FOR FITTING CLOTHING, TOOLS, WORKSTATIONS, AND EQUIPMENT TO THE
BODY
(Kraemer, Kraemer, Kraemer-Elbert 1994)

 Step 1: Select those anthropometric measures that directly relate to defined design
dimensions. Examples are: hand length related to handle size; shoulder and hip
breadth related to escape-hatch diameter;
 Step 2: For each of these pairings, determine whether the design must fit only one
given percentile (minimal or maximal) of the body dimension. or a range along that
body dimension. Examples are: the escape hatch must be big enough to
accommodate the largest extreme value of shoulder breadth and hip breadth.
 Step 3: Combine all selected design values in a careful drawing, mock-up, or computer
model to ascertain that they are compatible. For example, the required leg-room
clearance height needed for sitting persons with long lower legs may be very close
to the height of the working surface determined from elbow height.
 Step 4: Determine whether one design will fit all users. If not, several sizes or
adjustment must be provided to fit all users. Examples are one extra-large bed size
fits all sleepers; gloves and shoes must come in different sizes; seat heights are
adjustable.
Table 9.3 Guidelines for the Conversion of Standard Measuring Postures to Real Work
Conditions

Slumped standing or sitting: deduct 5-10% from appropriate height measurements


Relaxed trunk: add 5-10% to trunk circumferences and depths
Wearing shoes: add approximately 25 men to standing and
sitting heights; more for "high heels"
Wearing light clothing: add about" 5% to appropriate dimensions
Wearing heavy clothing: add 15% or more to appropriate dimensions
(Note that mobility may be strongly reduced
by heavy clothing.)
Extended reaches: add 100/0 or more for strong motions of the trunk
Use of hand tools: Center of handle is at about 40% hand length.
measured from the wrist
Forward bent head (and neck) posture: ear-eye line close to horizontal
Comfortable seat height: add or subtract up to 10% to or from standard
seat height
Adapted from Kroemer. Kroemer. and Kroemer-EIben (1997).
DESIGNING FOR MOTION IS DONE IN THESE STEPS:

 Step 1: Select the major body joints involved.


 Step 2: Adjust body dimensions reported for standardized
postures (e.g., Tables 9.4 through 9.9) to accommodate the real
work conditions. Use Table 9.3 for guidance.
 Step 3: Select appropriate motion ranges in the body joints. The
range can be depicted as the area between two positions, such
as knee angles ranging between 60 and 105 degrees; or as a
motion envelope, such as circumscribed by combined hand-and-
arm movements, or by the clearance envelope under (through,
within, beyond) which body parts must fit. Use Table 9.12 for
guidance.
Dynamic Anthropometrics
 Reach – dynamic reach envelope (kinetosphere)
influenced by:
 Posture (sitting < standing).
 Footbase (increased reach with increased footbase).
 Weight in hands (heavy weight decreases reach).
 Type of grip (pinch > power).
 Proximity to obstacles (wall/obstacle behind person
decreases reach).
 Reach envelopes are highly specific to situations.
Zones of Convenient Reach
 Measuring Zone of Convenient Reach (ZCR)
 Measure:
 a = shoulder (acromion) – grip (center of hand)
length.
 d = horizontal distance from shoulder to surface.
 r = √(a2-d2)
 r = radius of ZCR.
 ZCR defines the maximum working area
History in Anthropometric
measurements
 Standardized method for measuring human body
 1906- congress of anthropologist 1st international
meeting on standardization
 1914- 1st text book on anthropometry
 1996 ISO 7250 Basic human body measurement
for technological design- international standard for
anthropometrics measurements
Nasa Standards for Anthropometry
 http://msis.jsc.nasa.gov/sections/section03.htm
Design Aids -

a. Data tables - have anthropometric data but may be difficult to find and use.
b. Humanscale - a series of templates are used by a computer to change relevant
attributes as populations change. Values are printed. Unfortunately, it's still
necessary to draw the figures from the data values.
c. Mannequins - a two-dimensional drawing or figure which articulates like ADAM
(Anthropometric Data Applications Mannequin) with plastic parts snap together like
clear moveable paper dolls or overlay transparencies.
d. Models - three-dimensional models like "George" can be useful as examples of
anthropometric data. Models have often been used by clothing manufacturers.
e. Computer generated models - three-dimensional models of a user at a specified
percentile in certain respects. Can see elevation, plan, or perspective. An example is
"SAMMIE", System for Aiding Man-Machine Interaction and Evaluation. Image can
be changed to simulate motion but we don't have good data for most biomechanics.
Safework/Catia Human

HEAD
ARM
BODY &
AND
TORSO FOR
HAND
STANDING
AND
SITTING

LEG

FOOT
Malaysian Male Human Model
Malaysian Female Human Model

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