NewSM9 5.1–5.

3 CB-Ch07 Page 208 Tuesday, June 15, 2004 10:47 AM

7
Measurement Ah, the excitment of it all. Perimeter area, surface
area, volume... it's all here!

Chapter Contents
7:01 Perimeter
Challenge: Staggered starts
MS5·1·1, MS5·2·1 7:04 Surface area of composite solids
Investigation: Truncated cubes
MS5·2·2
TR
TR
home
Investigation: Skirting board and perimeter 7:05 Volume of prisms, cylinders and home
7:02 Review of area MS4·1, MS5·1·1, MS5·2·1 composite solids MS4·2, MS5·2·2 home
Fun Spot: Why is it so noisy at tennis? Investigation: Perimeter, area and volume
Investigation: Covering floors 7:06 Practical applications of
7:03 Surface area of prisms and measurement MS5·2·2
cylinders MS4·2, MS5·2·2 Investigation: Wallpapering rooms
Fun Spot: How did the boy know that Maths Terms, Diagnostic Test, Revision Assignment,
he had an affinity with the sea? Working Mathematically

Learning Outcomes
MS4·1 Uses formulae and Pythagoras’ theorem in calculating perimeter and area of circles
and figures composed of rectangles and triangles.
MS4·2 Calculates surface area of rectangular and triangular prisms and volume of right
prisms and cylinders.
MS5·1·1 Uses formulae to calculate the area of quadrilaterals and finds areas and perimeters
of simple composite figures.
MS5·2·1 Finds areas and perimeters of composite figures.
MS5·2·2 Applies formulae to find the surface area of right cylinders and volume of right
pyramids, cones and spheres and calculates the surface area and volume of
composite solids.
Working Mathematically Stages 5·3·1–5.
1 Questioning, 2 Applying Strategies, 3 Communicating, 4 Reasoning, 5 Reflecting.

208
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7:01 | Perimeter Outcomes MS5·1·1, MS5·2·1

The perimeter of a plane figure is the length of its boundary.

To calculate the perimeter:

• find the lengths of all the sides
• add the lengths together. TR
TR
home
The geometrical properties of some figures allow the perimeter to be calculated using a
home
home
simple formula.

Square Rectangle
L
s
B
Remember! The
perimeter of a
P = 4s P = 2L + 2B circle is called the
‘circumference’.
Rhombus
Parallelogram
s
A

B
P = 2A + 2B P = 4s

Circle

d
C = πd or 2πr

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 209

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• To find the arc length of a sector, l, first find what fraction

the sector is of the circle by dividing the sector angle θ by 360°. Gee, I feel like a
Then find this fraction of the circumference. sector of pizza.

l
θ
l = ----------- × 2π r
360° r
θ
r

• Composite figures are formed by putting simple figures together or by

removing parts of a figure. The calculation of the perimeter of composite
figures is shown in the examples below.

worked examples
1 Find the perimeter of the ‘arrow’ made 2 A 16·6 m B
from joining two identical parallelograms.
20 cm 8·4 m
G D
8 cm H C 14·4 m
5·2 m 5·2 m

F E

3 Find the perimeter of the figure 4 A rectangle has two of its corners removed
formed from three semicircles. to form a hexagon. Find its perimeter. TR
TR
home
3 cm 5 cm 3 cm home
home
5 cm 4 cm 4 cm
5 cm
3 cm 3 cm

11 cm
Solutions
1 Perimeter = (2 × 20) + (4 × 8) 2 A 16·6 B 5·2 + FE + 5·2 = 16·6
FE = 6·2
= 72 cm
8·4 8·4
8·4 + GF = 14·4
G D
H 5·2 5·2 C
∴ GF = 6
6 6 BC = 8·4
Remember
1 Copy diagram. DE = 6
F E
2 Work out the 6·2
lengths of all Perimeter = sum of horizontal sides
missing sides. + sum of vertical sides
3 When adding up Sum of horizontal sides = 16·6 + 5·2 + 5·2 + 6·2
sides, be careful.
Don't miss out
= 33·2
any sides. Sum of vertical sides = 8·4 + 6 + 8·4 + 6
= 28·8
∴ Perimeter = 33·2 + 28·8
= 62 m

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3 Arc length of πD 4 3 cm 5 cm 3 cm
= -------
large semicircle 2
x cm x cm
π × 10 4 cm 4 cm
= ---------------
2
= 5π 3 cm 3 cm

11 cm
Arc length of π × 5
= ------------
small semicircle 2 x2 = 32 + 42 (Pythagoras’ theorem)
= 2·5π = 25
∴ Perimeter = 5π + 2 × 2·5π x = 25
= 10π =5
= 31·4 cm (correct to ∴ Perimeter = (11) + (2 × 3) + (2 × 5) + (5)
1 decimal place) = 32 cm

Exercise 7:01 Foundation Worksheet 7:01

Perimeter MS5·1·1, MS5·2·1
1 Find the perimeter of:
a b
1 Identical parallelograms like
the one shown have been joined 25 cm 5 cm 3m

to make the shapes below. 2 Find the perimeter of:

15 cm a b
Calculate the perimeter of 5m 6m
each shape. 9m
a b 3 x
4m

home
TR
TR
8 home
15 home
a Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find x.
c b Find the perimeter of the figure.

2 Tiles like the one shown were used to make the shapes below. 4 cm
Find the perimeter of each shape.
5 cm 5 cm
a b c
9 cm

3 a A hexagon is made by joining four isosceles 12 cm

triangles as shown in the diagram. What is the
perimeter of the hexagon?

8 cm

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b Five squares and four isosceles triangles are used

to make the figure shown. What is the perimeter
of the figure?

8 cm

5.6 cm
4 Calculate the perimeter of the following figures. All angles are right angles and all
measurements are in metres unless indicated otherwise.
a 11.7 b c 6.4
3.5
3.7 4.5
3.7 3.7 7.1
8.9 5.2
6.2 5.4
5.2 6.7
4.1
6.5 9.6
d e f
2·161 360 mm
4·6 cm 283 mm
3·1 305 305
4·304 mm mm
9·1 cm 689 mm

2·064 3·1
5·5
cm TR
TR
home
4·6 cm 360 mm home
1·93 home
12·7 cm

Remember: Work out the lengths of all missing sides first.

When finding the perimeter

θ
5 Use the formula l = ----------- × 2πr to find the arc length of each sector. of a sector, don’t forget
360° to add the radius lengths
Answer correct to 1 decimal place. to your answer.
a b c
100° 10 cm
135°
5 cm 270°
6 cm

6 Find the perimeter of the sectors in question 5.

7 Calculate the perimeter of the following composite figures.
a b 26 m c
4·8 m

4·8 m 10·2 m 4·8 m

12 cm 14 m

18 cm

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d e f
5 cm

32 mm 3m 5m 3m 11·6 cm
7·8 m
5 cm

5 cm 11·6 cm 5 cm

8 a Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the value of 15 cm 15 cm

the pronumerals.
b Calculate the perimeter of the pentagon. 8 cm x 8 cm

8 cm y 8 cm

6 cm 18 cm 6 cm

9 A rectangle has four of its corners cut off to form an 9 22 9

irregular octagon. What is the perimeter of the octagon?
(Measurements are in centimetres.) 12 12

9 9

9 9
12 16 12 TR
TR
home
home
10 Find the perimeter of the pentagons below. home
a b c
cm
15 cm 15 9 cm
15 cm

20 cm 20 cm 8 cm 20 cm
15 cm 20 cm 15 cm

40 cm

11 Find the perimeter of the following figures. All angles are right angles and all measurements
are in metres.
a b 4·8 5·6 4·1 c
4·6
9·3
1·9
4·2 6·5
9·3 7·6 7·2
1·96 8·5
9·5 5·8
3·68 2.2 2.15 4·9
21·9
6·8

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12 a A square has diagonals that are 10 cm long. What is its perimeter?

b A rhombus has diagonals that are 14·4 cm and 19·2 cm long. What is its perimeter?
c A rectangle has diagonals 10 cm long. The diagonals intersect at an angle of 60°.
What is the perimeter of the rectangle?
d A regular hexagon has squares and triangles added to its sides
as shown to form a dodecagon. What is the perimeter of the
dodecagon if the side length of the hexagon is 8 cm?

13 Find the perimeter of the figures below. Measurements are in centimetres.

(Answer correct to 1 decimal place.)
a b

135° 45°

10 cm 16 cm
5 16 5
14 Find the perimeter of the figures below. Measurements are in centimetres.
(Answer correct to 1 decimal place.)
a b
10

10

10 cm
TR
TR
home
10 20 10 home
home
10 cm 20 cm 10 cm

allenge
ch

Challenge 7:01 | Staggered starts

When athletes run around a track with circular ends, they have a ‘staggered start’, since the
7:01 perimeter of the outer lanes is greater.
If the width of a lane is 1 metre, how much start should a runner in lane 1 give to the runner
in lane 2, if the runner in lane 1 is to complete exactly one lap of the field?

?
Try different values for d. Assume the athletes run
Does it make any difference along the inside edge of
to the answer? their lanes.
d d+2

Can you find out how much start the inside runner appears to give the outside runner on an
official Olympic track for a 400 m event?

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investiga

tion
Investigation 7:01 | Skirting board and perimeter
3200 600 1800 1600 700 7:01

1800

Doors

FLOOR PLAN
(RUMPUS ROOM) 4200

Scale 1:100 (1 cm to 1 m)

400

Door 900
Door
300

400 900 6600

TR
TR
home
• The diagram is a scale drawing of a rumpus room in a house. All measurements are in home
millimetres. Rob Young, a local builder, has been asked to fit skirting board to the room. home
(Skirting board is used to cover the gap between the wall and the floor of a building.)
• The skirting board is to be placed around the perimeter of the room except for the doorways.
It can be ordered in lengths from 300 mm to 6·6 m at increments of 300 mm (ie 300 mm,
600 mm, 900 mm, 1·2 m and so on, up to 6·6m).
Exercises
1 Rob has been asked to do the job without any joins (except at corners). Is this possible?
Give reasons for your answer.
2 What is the total length of skirting board required?
3 Rob has nine 3·3 m lengths of skirting left from earlier jobs. Show how he could use these to
do the job. What is the smallest number of joins he could have?
4 If Rob has no skirting board, what would he need to order to complete the job with the
smallest number of joins and the smallest amount of waste?

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7:02 | Review of Area Outcomes MS4·1, MS5·1·1, MS5·2·1

Measurement of area
• The area of a plane figure is the amount of space it occupies.
• Area is measured by calculating how many squares it would take to cover the figure.
Small squares are used to measure small areas and large squares are used to measure large
areas. It should not be surprising then that the units for measuring area are called square units.
• 1 cm2 is the area within a square with 1 cm sides.
My square is 1 m2.
1 m2 is the area within a square with 1 m sides.
1 ha is the area within a square with 100 m sides.
1 km2 is the area within a square with 1 km sides. 1m

• Area is calculated using a formula.

one
square
1m metre
(1 m2)
Area formulae
Square Rectangle Triangle

s B h

TR
TR
home
L b home
A = s2 A = LB home
bh
A = 1--- bh or A = ------
2 2
Trapezium Parallelogram Rhombus and kite
a
y
h y x
h x

b
b

A = 1--- h(a + b) A = bh A = 1--- xy

2 2

Circle Quadrilateral
There is no formula. The area is found
r by joining opposite corners to form
two triangles.
The area of each triangle is calculated
and the two areas added to give the
area of the quadrilateral.
A = πr2

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• To find the area of a sector, first find what fraction the sector is of the circle by dividing the
sector angle θ by 360°. Then find this fraction of the area of the circle.

θ
Area = -------- × πr 2
360 θ
r

• The area of composite figures can be calculated by either of the two methods.

Method I (by addition of parts)

We imagine that smaller figures have been
joined to form the figure, as in Figures 1 and 2.
1 Copy the figure.
2 Divide the figure up into simpler parts. Each part
is a shape whose area can be calculated directly,
eg square or rectangle.
3 Calculate the area of the parts separately.
Figure 1 Figure 2
4 Add the area of the parts to give the area of the figure.

Method II (by subtraction)

We imagine the figure is formed by cutting away simple shapes
from a larger complete figure, as shown.
1 Copy the figure and mark in the original larger figure from
which it has been cut. TR
TR
home
2 Calculate the area of the larger original figure. home
3 Calculate the area of the parts that have been removed. home
4 Area of figure = (area of original figure) − (area of parts that have been removed).

Some questions can

be done either way.
■ Think carefully before deciding which method to use.

1 ADDITION or 2 SUBTRACTION

1 1
--- × 10·6 × 4·8 Evaluate: Complete the following: prep qu
2
iz

5 LB if L = 4 and B = 5 9 1 m = . . . cm
3·4 × 1·2
2 ----------------------- 6 1--- bh if b = 5 and h = 8 10 1 cm = . . . mm
2 2
7:02
bh
3 × 4·6 × (10·7 + 3·5)
1
--- 7 ------ if b = 5 and h = 8
2 2
4 Simplify L × B
8 ab2 if a = 3 and b = 4

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 217

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worked examples
Calculate the area of each figure. In 3, calculate the shaded area.
1 8m 2 3 10·5 m
5m
11 m 5 cm 4·6 m 7·5 m

8 cm 6·7 m
4m

4 60°

5 cm

10 cm

Solutions
1 8m 2 3 10·5 m
I
5m 4 cm
I
11 m 5 cm 4·6 m 7·5 m
II
6 m II
8 cm 6·7 m
4m

Area of rectangle I = 8 × 5 Area of rectangle = 10·5 × 7·5

= 40 m2
Area of semicircle I
= 1--- πr2 = 78·75 m2
TR
TR
home
home
Area of rectangle II = 6 × 4 2
home
= 1
× π × 16 4·6 × 6·7
= 24 m2 ---
2 Area of triangle = -----------------------
2
∴ Area of figure = 40 + 24 = 25·12 cm2
= 64 m2 = 15·41 m2
Area of rectangle II
=8×5 ∴ Shaded area = 78·75 − 15·41
= 40 cm2 = 63·34 m2
∴ Area of figure
= 40 + 25·12
= 65·12 cm2
(correct to 2 decimal places.)

4 60°

I 5 cm II III In (4) the calc's

are all done in
10 cm one go.
Area of figure = area of + area of + area of
sector I rectangle II quadrant III
=  --------- × π × 5 2 + (5 × 10) +  --- × π × 5 2
60 1
 360  4 
= 82·7 m (correct to 1 decimal place)
2

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Exercise 7:02 Foundation Worksheet 7:02

Area MS4·1, MS5·1·1
1 Find the area of:
1 a Find the area of a square with side 1 m. a b

(Answer in m2.) 5 cm
3m
b Find the area of a square with side 100 cm.
2 Find the area of:
(Answer in cm2.) a b
c Are the squares in parts a and b the same size? 8
d From your answers to parts a, b and c 5 8 3
complete the following: 1 m2 = . . . cm2. 12 12

2 a A square of side 100 m has an area of 100 m

1 hectare (ha). How many square
metres does it take to make 1 ha?
1 ha 100 m
b A rectangle has a length of 700 m
and a width of 300 m. What is the
area of this rectangle in hectares?
c A rectangle is 750 m long and 420 m wide. Find its area in hectares.
d The length and width of a rectangle are 220 m and 75 m respectively.
Calculate the area of this rectangle in square metres and hectares.
3 a What is the value of x? 1 cm
b Calculate the area of the square in cm2.
c Calculate the area of the square in mm2.
x mm 1 cm
d Complete the conversion below.
1 cm2 = . . . mm2
x mm
TR
TR
home
4 Complete the following. home
a 1 km2 = . . . m2 home
1000 m
b 1 km2 = . . . ha
1 km2 = 1 000 000 m2 1000 m
■ 1 km2 = 1000 × 1000 m2 = 100 ha

1 ha

5 Calculate the area of each of the following figures.

a b 7·6 m c

5·8 cm 14·7 cm
6·5 m

12 cm 21·6 cm
12 m

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 219

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d e L f 6·2 cm
M
T
4 cm
6 cm
R
N
11·4 cm
12 cm
P
MP = 16·8 m
LR = 7·4 m
TN = 2·3 m

θ
6 Use the formula A = --------- × πr 2 to find the area of the sectors.
360
a b c
240°
200°
135° O 8.6 cm
5.2 cm
O O
7.8 cm

7 Calculate the area of the following composite figures. All angles are right angles and all
measurements are in metres.
a 10·6 b 6·3 5·2 c 3·6

5·4
3·3 4·4 11·4
8·4
2·4
5·1 TR
TR
home
2·5 5·2
home
3·6
2·8 home
5·7 4·6 2·1 6·9
10·7
5·3

8 Calculate the shaded area of the following figures. All measurements are in metres.
a 10·6 b 15·6 c 12
7·4
1·8 1
8·2 4·2 10·5 2 2 10
7·4 4
7·1 1·8
2

9 Calculate the area of each figure. All measurements are in metres.

a b c 12
1·6 1·4 5
13
3·6 7·6
3·4 1·4
13
7·4 5 12

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10 Find the area of each of the following composite figures.

a 1 cm b c 4m 9·4 m 4m
1 cm 4·6 cm 1 cm 1·5 m

4·6 cm
2·4 m
1·5 m 1·5 m 6·1 m
2·4 m
1 cm 1·5 m

11 Calculate the area of the following figures. All measurements are in metres.
a b 3·6 3·6 c
4 6 4

3·6
17·3 21·7 19·2 25·7
12·6 20·5
8 15 7·3 7·8
8·5
15·6

12 Calculate the area of each of the following figures. All measurements are in centimetres.
Give answers correct to 2 decimal places.
a 8·5 b c
6 4

7 8·5 6·6

4 TR
TR
home
12 home
home
13 Find the area of these figures correct to the nearest cm2.
a b c

40° 40° O
7 cm 7 cm O 6 cm

14 Calculate the area of the following figures. All measurements are in metres. In b and c, all arcs
form semicircles. Give answers correct to 1 decimal place where necessary.
a 20 b c 22
9·2
O 19·8
16·2 A B
42
AO
OB
3 6·2
13·5 C AC
3 40

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 221

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15 Calculate the shaded area in each of the following. All measurements are in centimetres.
Give answers correct to 1 decimal place.
a A b A c
B
120°
A
5·5 O

B C E D
O

B
O is the centre of the AB is a diameter of the O is the centre. OA = 10,
circle, radius OA. Give circle. AB = 26, and and OB = 20.
the answer correct to CD = 22.
2 significant figures.

spo
un t
f

Fun Spot 7:02 | Why is it so noisy at tennis?

Answer each equation and put the letter for that question in the box above the correct answer.
7:02 A (0·1)2 A 6 − 1·2 A 0·4 ÷ 0·1 A 120% of 10
A --- + ---
1 1
A --- × 9
2
B 7 ÷ ---
1
C 3+7×2
2 4 3 2
C 16 − 5 + 4 C 24 ÷ (6 ÷ 2) E (10 − 3) 2 E 1--- − 0·5
2
E 6a + 2a E 7a − 2a E 8a − a E 3 × 4a
H a × 32 I 12a ÷ 2 TR
TR
home
K Evaluate 4x − 5 if x = 3. L Evaluate a2 if a = −3. home
P Simplify 5(2a − 4) + 20. R Simplify 6a + 3b − 5a + 3b.
home
R Simplify a(a + 8) − 3(a − 2). R Simplify a(a + 8) − a(a − 8).
8 a
S Simplify --- × --- . S Simplify 3 − 2(a − 8).
a 8
3a 2a
S Simplify a(a − 1) − a2. T Simplify ------ + -----
-.
5 5
Of 15 people, 9 wore sandshoes, 8 wore shorts and 3 wore neither sandshoes nor shorts.
U How many people wore both sandshoes and shorts?
Y How many people wore shorts but not sandshoes?
14
12a
17
12
5
1
5a
8a
0·01
15
9a
10a
9
4·8
3
7a
16a
a + 6b

6a
19 − 2a
0
−a
6
a2 + 5a + 6
4
8
7
49
a
3
---
4

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investiga

tion
Investigation 7:02 | Covering floors
When covering a floor with tiles or carpet it is not just a matter of calculating the area of the
floor. Other practical considerations alter the problem. 7:02

The following examples illustrate some of the factors that need to be considered.
Laying tiles
When laying tiles, an exact number may not cover an area, or a whole number may not lie
along each edge. Look at this diagram.
If the tiles are 10 cm by 10 cm, we can
45 cm
see that 15 tiles are needed, presuming

28 cm
that the pieces of tile cut off are not
good enough to be used elsewhere.
(This is true even though the area is
28 cm × 45 cm, ie 1260 cm2. Divide this
by 100 cm2 (the tile area) and this would
suggest that only 12·6 or 13 tiles might
be needed.)
1 How many tiles 10 cm × 10 cm would
be needed to cover an area 3·25 m I think
I’ve found an
by 2·17 m? easy way to
2 How many tiles 300 mm by 300 mm do these!
would be needed to cover an area
2·5 m by 3·8 m? TR
TR
home
home
Laying carpet home
Carpet comes in rolls, approximately 3·6 m wide. So when we buy a ‘metre of carpet’ we are
getting a rectangular piece 3·6 m wide by 1 m long. The diagram represents a room 2·9 m wide
and 4·25 m long.
When laying carpet, a carpetlayer can ‘run’ it along the room or
across the room. The aim is to avoid joins in the carpet and 4·25 m
reduce waste. The way the carpet is run will determine how many
2·9 m

‘metres of carpet’ must be bought.

1 How many metres of carpet must be bought if it is run lengthways?
How much waste would there be? Would there be any joins?
2 Repeat question 1 for the carpet if it is run across the room.

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7:03 | Surface Area of Prisms Outcomes MS4·2, MS5·2·2

and Cylinders
quiz 1 2 3
ep 9 cm
x cm
pr

5 cm
4 cm 6 cm
3 cm
7:03
15 cm 4 cm
Area = . . . Area = . . . x=...
4 What is the circumference of a
6 cm
circle of radius 6 cm?
8 cm
5 How many faces does a pentagonal
7 cm
prism have? 9 cm
6 Draw the net of a rectangular
prism. 7 Radius = . . . 9 Radius = . . .
8 Height = . . . 10 Height = . . .

If we look at solid shapes such as those pictured below, we can see that the faces of these solids are
plane shapes.

TR
TR
home
home
home
The surface area of a solid is the sum of the areas of its faces.

To calculate the surface area, you must know the number of faces and the shapes of the faces of
the solid.
In all of the solids encountered so far, the faces have been plane figures, such as squares, rectangles,
triangles and trapeziums.
With the cylinder, this is no longer the case. The cylinder’s surface area is made up of a curved
surface and two circles.

Cylinders are like

‘circular prisms’.

To calculate the area of the curved surface, imagine that the cylinder is hollow. If we cut the curved
surface along the dotted line and flattened it out, it would form a rectangle.

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The area of this rectangle would be the same as the area of the curved surface.
2πr
r

2πr h h

From the series of diagrams above, we see that the curved surface area is equivalent to a rectangle
that has a length equal to the circumference of the circle and a width equal to the height of the
cylinder. Using the formula for the area of a rectangle, we obtain:
Net of a
cylinder? Or
Curved surface area = 2πh
a division
sign?
To find the surface area of the cylinder we add
the area of the two circular ends.

Surface area = curved surface area + area of circles

= 2πrh + 2πr2

worked examples
Find the surface area of each of the following solids.
1 8 cm 2 TR
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5 cm 8 cm home
6 cm home
7 cm
4 cm 7 cm
9 cm
16·8 cm

Solutions
1 8 cm 2
5 cm 8 cm
7 cm 6 cm
4 cm
9 cm 7 cm
x cm
16·8 cm
Area of trapezoidal faces First calculate x.
= 2 × 1--- h(a + b) Now x2 = 62 + 82 (Pythagoras’ theorem)
2
= 2 × × 4 × (16·8 + 8)
1
--- = 100
2
= 99·2 cm2 ∴ x = 10
Area of rectangular faces Surface area = area of triangular faces +
= (7 + 8 + 5 + 16·8) × 9 area of rectangular faces
= 331·2 cm2 = 2 × 1--- × 6 × 8 + (6 + 8 + 10) × 7
2
∴ Surface area = 331·2 + 99·2cm2 = 216 cm2
= 430·4 cm2

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 225

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worked examples
1 Find the surface area of a cylinder that has a radius of 8 cm and a height of 9·5 cm.
Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places. 8·7 m
2 For cylinder A, find:
a the curved surface area
b the area of the circular ends 6·8 m
c the surface area A
Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.
3 Find the curved surface area of cylinder B,
correct to 1 decimal place. 25.2 cm
B
Solutions
1 Surface area = 2πr2 + 2πrh 10·6 cm
= 2 × π × 82 + 2 × π × 8 × 9·5
= 879·65 cm2 (correct to 2 decimal places)
2 a Curved surface area b Area of circular ends c Surface area
= 2πrh = 2πr2 = 59·16π + 37·845π
= 2π × 4·35 × 6·8 = 2π × (4·35)2 = 305 m2 (correct to
= 59·16π = 37·845π 3 significant figures)
= 186 m (correct to
2 = 119 m2 (correct to
3 significant figures) 3 significant figures)
3 Curved surface area
= 2πrh
= 2 × π × 10·6 × 25·2 TR
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= 1678·4 cm2 (correct to 1 decimal place) home
home

Exercise 7:03 Foundation Worksheet 7:03

Surface area of prisms MS4·2
1 a Match each solid to its net.
B
b Find the area of the net
1 A cube has six square faces. Use this fact to find of the prism. C 8
the surface area of a cube with a side length of: 2 Complete the table
F E
shown for the
a 5 cm A
rectangular prism 12
b 12·6 cm shown. 16
D
c 0·84 m a Face A B C D E F
Area
2 Copy and complete the following for the 3 Find the surface area of each triangular prism.
rectangular prism on the right.
Area of top and bottom = . . . . . .
Area of sides = . . . . . . 2·8 m

Area of front and back = . . . . . . 4·5 m

Total surface area = . . . . . . 15·6 m

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3 Find the surface area of each of the following prisms.

a 7 cm b c 12 m
8·5 cm 5m
3 cm
6 cm 4m 15 m
5 cm
10 cm 15 m
6 cm

4 For each of the following cylinders find:

i the curved surface area ■ Give answers correct to 2 decimal places.
ii the area of the circular ends
iii the total surface area
a b c

24 cm 11·7 m

8·4 cm
16·1 cm
22 cm 2·4 m

d e f
2.2 m
3.2 cm 12.6 cm
5.6 m
1.8 m

6.84 m TR
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5 Find the surface area of the following cylinders, giving your answers correct to 1 decimal place. home
a radius = 6 cm, height = 9 cm b radius = 4·8 m, height = 1·8 m
c radius = 2·1 m, height = 10·1 m d diameter = 10 m, height = 11·4 m
e diameter = 14·6 cm, height = 21·5 cm f diameter = 1·6 m, height = 4·2 m
g radius = 50 cm, height = 1·5 m h diameter = 2·4 m, height = 750 mm

■ Remember: All measurements must be in the same units.

6 In each of the following questions, use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate the unknown length,
x, correct to 2 decimal places, and then calculate the surface area.
a b

x cm 8 cm
3 cm
x cm
7 cm 15 cm
4 cm 5 cm 5 cm
c d 40 m
16 cm 4 cm
x cm 2·4 m
11 cm 1m
21 cm 16 m
xm

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 227

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7 Find the surface area of the following prisms. All measurements are in centimetres.
a 19 b c 3 3 3
10 10
3
10
10 3
8 6.5
10 10 3
20
25
32

d e 7 f E
15·4
20 A
12
15·4
F
40 12.5
10 D
B
32 AC = 4.8
12.5
30 G BD = 3·6
25 AE = 5·2
C

8 The following solids have been formed from a cylinder. Calculate the surface area of each,
correct to 3 significant figures.
a 12 cm
b c 2 cm 2 cm
cm
5·
6

m 8 cm
cm

0c O 7 O
A
2
B
A
2 cm
B
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A B home
AB is a diameter. AOB is a quadrant. O is the centre of both
semicircles.
9 Investigate prisms or other solids that have a uniform cross-sectional area. How is the surface
area of the solid related to the cross-sectional area? Can you write a formula to express the
relationship?
10 Calculate the surface area of each of these solids.
a b
C

A B D E
C
cm

cm
50
10

L M P Q A 50 cm B

AB = BC = CD = DE = 5 cm Arc AC is drawn from B.

LM = PQ = 5 cm Arc BC is drawn from A.

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fun spo

t
Fun Spot 7:03 | How did the boy know that he had an affinity with the sea?
Answer each question and put the letter for that question in the box above the correct answer.
7:03
A 72 + 62 E 5 2 + 12 2
H 92 − 42 T 13 2 – 5 2

Complete the following.

W 3·5 m = . . . cm A 20 000 m2 = . . . ha
E 0·7 cm = . . . mm H 8700 kg = . . . t
N 0·07 L = . . . mL T 0·5 min = . . . s
C 1 t = . . . mg D 1 g = . . . mg
I 1 cm2 = . . . mm2 E 2 cm3 = . . . mm3

Write the basic numeral for:

A 1·6 × 102 E 1·6 × 10−2 Calculate the area of each pentagon.
H 7 × 10−3 W 7 × 103

Figures A, B and C have been formed by cutting rectangular

pieces from a rectangle which is 30 cm long and 18 cm wide. I
H
Find the perimeter of: Find the area of: 2
4

O Figure A E Figure A

T Figure B S Figure B
3
3
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4
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W Figure C V Figure C home
3

8 M
10 8 5 5
8
N
B 2
8
A 7
12 C 22 6 2
7
10 8
7 6

2
A
2 2
106
8·7
13
18
16
7
392
85
350
12
65
390

4
96

0·016
2
70
15
30
7000
12
334
2000

160
120
0·007

10
109

103

102

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 229

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7:04 | Surface Area of Outcome MS5·2·2

Composite Solids
The surface area of composite solids is calculated in much the same way as for prisms and cylinders.
Examine the shape and:
• check the number and type of the surfaces
• calculate the area of each surface
• develop a system for checking that all surfaces have been counted, especially the ones that
cannot be seen in the diagram

worked examples
Calculate the surface area of the following solids.
1 . 2 20 cm
18m

1.2 m

2.5 m 1m
30 cm
80 cm
3m 15 cm

5m 40 cm

I K
H
B
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J home
Solutions D
G
1 The solid consists of two rectangular prisms. F
It has 11 surfaces, (A to K) as shown. C
All are rectangles except for F. A
E (bottom)

Surface A B C D E F G H I J K
Area (m2) 5 5 3 3 15 10·5 3 3 2·16 2·16 4·5

Note: Area of F = (5 × 3) − (2·5 × 1·8)

= 10·5
∴ Surface area = sum of areas of all surfaces A to K
= 56·32 m2 J
(curved
2 The solid consists of half a cylinder on a surface) I (back semicircle)
rectangular prism. It has 10 surfaces, B (back)
(A to J) as shown.
F
D H
(side)
E
C
A
G (bottom)

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Area of A = 40 × 15 Area of G = 40 × 80
= 600 cm2 = 3200 cm2
Area of B = 600 cm2 Area of H = πr2 ÷ 2
Area of C = 80 × 15 = π × 202 ÷ 2
= 1200 cm2 = 200π cm2
Area of D = 1200 cm2 Area of I = 200π cm2
Area of E = 40 × 30 Area of J = 2πrh ÷ 2
= 1200 cm2 = 2 × π × 20 × 20 ÷ 2
Area of F = 40 × 30 = 400π cm2
= 1200 cm2
∴ surface area = sum of areas of all surfaces A to J
= (2 × 600) + (4 × 1200) + 3200 + 800π
= 11 713 cm2 (to the nearest cm2)

Exercise 7:04 Foundation Worksheet 7:04

Surface area of composite solids MS5·2·2
1 Find the surface area of these solids which have been
Each of the following solids has been built built from 1 cm cubes.
1
a
from 1 cm cubes. What is the surface area
of each solid?
a b 2 Cubes with sides of either 1 cm or 2 cm have been used
to build these solids. Find the surface area of each solid.
a
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2 Find the surface area of the following composite solids.
a 10
c d
6
4
3
4
3

2 The following solids have been built from a 2 cm cube and 1 cm cubes. Calculate the surface
area of each solid?
a b c

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 231

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3 Calculate the surface area of the following solids. (All measurements are in centimetres.)
a 5
b c 8
50
4 18 5
5 5 20
10
10 30 30
20 25
20
10 3
14

4 Calculate the surface area of the following solids. (All measurements are in centimetres.)
a b c
6 4 45 9.4
3
6 34
9
10 30 11 15
15 12.5
16 18.5
5 10
4 30 20
10

5 Calculate the surface area of the following solids. Give the answer correct to 1 decimal place.
(Measurements are in metres.)
a . b 0.6
c .
15 12
1.2
1.6
1 3
0.8
3 0.8
3.2
2.8 TR
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2.4 home
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6 Calculate the surface area of the following solids. Give the answer correct to 1 decimal place.
(Measurements are in metres.)
a b c
3 3
0.6 2 3
0.2
2 5
0.3
1.2 2.8 2.4
3
1.8

stigation
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Investigation 7:04 | Truncated cubes

A truncated cube is one that has had its corners removed.
7:04 The truncated cube shown in the diagram was formed
from a cube of side 3 units. Points were marked on the
edges of the cube 1 unit from each vertex and these were
joined to form the triangular faces shown.
Discuss the mathematical problems that would need to be
solved to calculate the surface area of this truncated cube.

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7:05 | Volume of Prisms, Outcomes MS4·2, MS5·2·2

Cylinders and Composite Solids

The prism shown has been made prep qu

iz
from layers of cubes. Each cube
has a volume of 1 cm3. 3
1 How many cubes are there in each layer? 7:05
2 How many layers are there?
3 Calculate the volume of the prism by 3
counting cubes. 5
4 How could the answers to 1 and 2,
be used to calculate the volume?
5 The cross-sectional area, A, has been
This loaf of bread is like a
shaded. What is the value of A? prism. It can be thought of
6 What is the height, h, of the prism? as a series of identical
7 What is the value of Ah? layers of equal volume.
8 Are the answers to questions 1 and 5
the same?
9 Are the answers to questions 2 and 6
the same?
10 Are the answers to questions 3 and 7
the same?
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The Prep Quiz should have reminded you that for solids with a uniform cross-section, such as
prisms and cylinders, the following relationships are true.
• The number of cubic units in each layer is the same as the cross-sectional area, A.
• The number of layers is the same as the height of the prism, h.
• The volume of the prism obtained by counting the cubic units is the same as the product Ah.
The exercise above suggests two ways in which the volume could be calculated.
Volume = (number of cubic units in each layer) × (number of layers)
or
Volume = (area of cross-section, A) × (height of prism, h)
It is the second of these methods that is the most widely applicable.

The volume of all prisms, cylinders and

prism-like solids is given by the formula A
V = Ah
where:
V = volume h
A = cross-sectional area
h = height of the prism.

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 233

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For a cylinder, the cross-section is a circle and A = πr2. r

The formula is then rewritten as
V = πr2h
h

worked examples
Find the volumes of the following solids.
1 2 3
8 cm
2 cm 4 cm

m
4·6 cm

6 cm 3 cm

4c
3 cm 8 cm
3 cm
2·8 cm 3·2 cm 2 cm 1 cm
8·5 cm 4 cm 10 cm
12 cm

Solutions
1 V = Ah 2 The solid consists of 3 The solid consists of a rect.
three cylinders, two of prism which has had two rect.
A = area of – area of which are identical. prisms removed. The removal
rectangle triangle
Volume of top of one of these prisms has
2·8 × 3
= ( 8·5 × 4·6 ) –  ----------------- formed a hole.
TR
 2  cylinder, V1
= 39·1 − 4·2 = πr2h Volume of rect. hole, V1 TR
home
home
= π × 62 × 2 =A×h home
= 34·9 cm2
= 72π = (3 × 4) × 4
h = 3·2 cm = 48 cm3
Volume of middle
∴ V = 34·9 × 3·2
cylinder, V2 Volume of other removed rect.
= 111·68 cm3 = πr2h prism, V2
= π × 42 × 6 =A×h
= 96π = (4 × 10) × 1
∴ Volume of solid = 40 cm3
= 2V1 + V2 Volume of original rect.
= 2 × 72π + 96π prism, V
= 240π =A×h
In questions that involve π, = 754 cm3 = (12 × 10) × 4
it’s best to leave your (to nearest cm3) = 480 cm3
answer in terms of π.
∴ Volume of solid
= V − V1 − V2
= 480 − 48 − 40
= 392 cm3

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Exercise 7:05 Foundation Worksheet 7:05

Volume MS4·2
1 Find the volume of:
1 Calculate the volume of the following prisms. a
3
b
8
(All measurements are in centimetres.) 9 7
6
a 16 b 10 8

2 Find the volume of:

10
12 14 a b
5 8
20 16
20 20 10
4

c d e

6 6
10
8 6
8 9
12 11 5
5
15 10
12

2 Calculate the volume of the following cylinders or parts of cylinders. (Give answers correct to
the nearest cubic centimetre.)
a b 16·8 cm c
8 cm

12·3 cm 12
·2
cm
6 cm TR
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22·6 cm

3 Calculate the volume of the following prisms. (All measurements are in cm.)
a 3 3 3 b 4·2 4·2 2·1 4·2
c 1·5
3 8·3
4·2 1·5 5·2 1·5
3 4·2 1·5
6·5
3
4·8
5·2

4 Calculate the volume of the following prisms. All measurements are in cm. Give answers
correct to 1 decimal place.
a b c 11·3
4·1 8·1
20·7 6·5 5·6
12·3 7·9 14·6 1·8 7·7
5·4
25·6 5·6 8·5
8·3 16·3 11·3
24

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 235

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5 Calculate the volume of the following solids, correct to 3 significant figures.

a 6·46 m
b 45 cm cm
· 5
2·56 m 14 25·5 cm

4·15 m
Both holes have a diameter of 8·6 cm.
3·80 m
c
6m

800 mm 600 mm

Make sure all

measurements are in
the same units.

6 Find the volume of the following composite solids.

a b 2·9 m c 0·5 m
16·1 cm 1·5 m
1·5 m 0·5 m
9·3 cm 1·8 m 0·5 m
4·2 cm 1·5 m 0·9 m
12·5 cm
16·7 cm 2·4 m 2·1 m
22·3 cm 3·6 m
2·5 m
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7 Calculate the volume of the following composite solids. All measurements are in centimetres. home
Give all answers correct to 1 decimal place.
a b c 8·6 5·4
35·5 3·5 5·4
5·4
4·6 5·4
25·1 2
2 2·6
10·4 6 7·6
15·3 1·2
12·5 5·5
8·4
7·5

8 Calculate the volume of the following solids. All measurements are in centimetres and answers
are to be given correct to 1 decimal place.
a b
15·3
11·4 9·5 5·2
6·8 8·3
9·5 5·2
4·6 31·5
35·7
Note: Both circular holes Note: Both circular holes
have a diameter of 8·5 cm. have a diameter of 10·2 cm.

7:05 Greatest volume

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investiga

tion
Investigation 7:05 | Perimeter, area and volume
1 A piece of wire 60 cm long is bent to form a rectangle.
a Give the dimensions of four rectangles that could be formed. 7:05
b Use the dimensions for the rectangles in a to complete this table.
Length (L) Breadth (B) Area (A) L−B
Rectangle 1
Rectangle 2
Rectangle 3
Rectangle 4

c What happens to A as L − B becomes smaller?

d Predict the largest area that could be obtained.
e What is the area of the largest rectangle that can be formed from a piece of wire 100 m long?
2 A rectangular piece of cardboard 60 cm long and 20 cm wide is bent to form a hollow
rectangular prism with a height of 20 cm.

20 cm 20 cm

60 cm
a From the results of question 1, predict the maximum volume of a rectangular prism
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formed from this piece of cardboard. home
b If the piece of cardboard were bent to form a cylinder, what would be the volume of the
cylinder? Will the volume of the cylinder be greater than the maximum volume obtained
in part a?

• Composite solids
of many types are
present in these
buildings.
How would you
describe them?

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7:06 | Practical Applications Outcome MS5·2·2

of Measurement
A knowledge of perimeter, area and volume is extremely
useful in dealing with many everyday activities.
Many tradesmen require a knowledge of area and volume Every
cubic metre
to carry out their work, but it is also useful for everyday is 1000 L.
people who do their own painting, concreting or tiling.
Measurement is clearly the basis of all building activities.
When calculating the capacity of a container the
following relationship is used.
1m3
1kL

1000 L
The amount of liquid needed to occupy a volume
of 1 cm3 is 1 mL. Hence:
1 cm3 = 1 mL
This converts to:
1 m3 = 1 kL

Exercise 7:06
1 How many cubic metres of concrete would be needed to lay a slab 4000 mm by 3000 mm and
TR
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100 mm thick?
home
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2 A room is rectangular in shape. It is 4·52 m long, 2·96 m wide and 2·41 m high. Find the area
of the four walls. If windows and doors take up 6·8 m2 of this area, find the cost of painting the
walls at $25 per m2.
3 A cylindrical water tank (with a top) has a radius of 2·1 m and a height of 3·2 m. The tank is to
be painted inside and outside with a rust-preventive paint. Find:
a the total area that is to be painted (correct to 1 decimal place)
b the cost of the painting if it costs $10.25 per m2.
4 1·6 m
2·1 m
The steps and patio are to be covered with
20 cm pebblecrete. Find:
20 cm 30 cm a the area to be covered
30 cm b the cost of pebblecreting, if it costs $15 per m2
20 cm

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5 A bricklayer is asked to build a wall 10·5 m long and 1·6 m high. The wall is rectangular
in shape.
a Find the area of the wall.
b If it is known that there are approximately 40 bricks per square metre, how many bricks are
there in the wall?
c Find how much the bricks will cost if they are priced at $250 per thousand.

6 The diagram shows four garden beds, each 3·4 m long

and 1·8 m wide, surrounded by paving bricks. Find:
a the area of the garden beds
10 m
b the paved area
c the number of bricks needed to pave the area
(rounding up to the next hundred) if a brick is
5m
225 mm by 112 mm

7 Find the cost of concreting the paths in the diagram if 8·8

concreting costs $50 per m2. All paths are 0·9 m wide paths
and all measurements are in metres.

paths
5·6

paths
9·6
paths
4·6

paths
paths
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8 The diagram represents a lounge room in a house. 5·1 m
The walls and ceiling are to be painted. Find: 6·8 m
a the area of the walls 4·4 m
2·4 m
b the area of the ceiling
c the number of 4 L cans of paint needed to
paint the walls and ceiling twice if 1 L of 2·4 m
paint covers 16 m2 1·5 m

3·6 m

9 A swimming pool is 25 m long, 10 m wide and 1·8 m high. Assuming that the pool is a
rectangular prism, find:
a the surface area of the pool and the cost of tiling it at $30 per m2
b the capacity of the pool in litres if it is filled to a depth of 1·5 m (1 m3 = 1000 L)
c the number of special edging tiles needed to go around the perimeter of the pool if the tiles
are 25 cm long

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10 A roller is cylindrical in shape. It has a diameter

of 0·6 m and a width of 1·2 m.
a Find the area covered by the roller when it
m
makes one revolution. (Give your answer 1·2
correct to 1 decimal place.)
b Find the volume of the roller correct to
3 decimal places.
c Find the mass of the roller to the nearest 0·6 m
kilogram, if 1 m3 weighs 1200 kg.
(The handle weighs 25 kg.)
1·5 m

11 a Calculate the volume of metal in the pipe

shown, correct to 1 decimal place. 2·5 cm 2·3 cm
b Calculate the weight of the pipe if 1 cm3 of
metal weighs 5·8 g. Answer correct to
1 decimal place.
3·2 cm
3·6 cm
12 The solid pictured is formed by filling a mould
with molten metal. Calculate the mass of this 4·2 cm
object if 1 cm3 of metal weighs 11·4 g. Give the
answer correct to 2 significant figures. 7·5 cm

12 cm

13 A swimming pool has the shape of a trapezoidal

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prism as shown in the diagram. Find:
home
50 m home
a the cost of tiling the pool at $45 per m2 15 m 1m
b the volume of the pool in cubic metres
c how far the water level will be from the
3·1 m
top of the pool if it is three-quarters full.
(Answer to the nearest centimetre.) 50·3 m

14 Calculate the area of shade cloth

needed for the greenhouse.

1·2 m

1·2 m
10.8 m

2.4 m

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15 A marquee is in the shape of a

pentagonal prism. Use the dimensions
shown to calculate the surface area.
(There is no floor.)

3m
2.4 m
11 m
16 m

16 A barn is made from aluminium.

Calculate the area of metal used
in its construction. (Assume it has
a total window area of 8·8 m2 and
a length of 7.2 m.)
1.73 m

0.32 m 0.32 m
1m 1m

.
2.4 m 2 4 m
6m
2.4 m 2.4 m TR
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End view of barn

17 When rainwater falls on the roof of a garage it is 5·5

drained by the gutter into a tank. Only one side 10·5 m m
2·4 m
of the roof is drained.
a If 100 mm of rain falls, find how many litres
of water are drained into the tank. 1·8 m
3·3 m
b By how much would the water level in the
tank rise when the water from a was added?
c How many millimetres of rain would need
to fall on the roof to fill the tank? ■ A rainfall of 100 mm means the rain
would cover the horizontal area on
which it fell to a depth of 100 mm.

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 241

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stigation
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Investigation 7:06 | Wallpapering rooms 3·6 m

Figure 1 shows a wall that is 3·6 m long and
7:06 2·4 m high. It is to be covered with wallpaper

Drop 1
Drop 2
2·4 m
that comes in rolls 52 cm wide and 15 m long. Figure 1
To calculate the number of rolls needed,
follow the steps below.
Step 1 Work out the number of drops needed. 52 cm

Length of room
Number of drops = ------------------------------------------------
Width of wallpaper
Note: Drops can be full or partial.
Partial drops occur when a wall contains
If the wallpaper
a door or window. is patterned
we would need
more wallpaper
to allow for pattern
matching.
Step 2 Calculate the length of wallpaper needed.
Number of Length of a
Length of wallpaper =  × + length of partial drops
 full drops full drop 

Step 3 Determine the number of rolls by comparing the length of a roll to the length of
wallpaper required. TR
TR
home
home
Length of wallpaper home
Number of rolls = -------------------------------------------------
Length of a roll

m
1·2 3·2 m
0·8 m
m
2·8 2·6 m
2·0 m

0·3 m
m
1·2 m
0·8

Figure 2
0·4 m
1·2 m

2·0 m
2·4 m

East
North m
0·9 m Sourth 1·0
West
m
5·8 m 1·0

242 NEW SIGNPOST MATHEMATICS 9 STAGE 5.1–5.3

NewSM9 5.1–5.3 CB-Ch07 Page 243 Tuesday, June 15, 2004 10:47 AM

Use the room shown in Figure 2 to answer these questions.

1 How many rolls, correct to 1 decimal place, would be used to wallpaper:
a the western wall? b the southern wall? c the northern wall?
2 How many rolls, correct to 1 decimal place, would be used to wallpaper the three walls on
the eastern side?
3 Using your answers from above, how many rolls are needed to paper the whole room?
How many rolls would you need to buy?
4 a Calculate the perimeter of the room.
b Ignoring windows and doors, use the perimeter to calculate the number of drops of
wallpaper needed for the whole room.
c Use your answer to b to estimate the number of rolls needed. Compare this with your
answer to question 3.

maths t

erm
Maths terms 7

s
area cross-section
• The amount of space inside a • The shape on the face 7
two-dimensional shape. where a solid has been
• Units of area: sliced.
square millimetre (mm2)
square centimetre (cm2) cylinder cross-section
square metre (m2) • A prism-like solid with
hectare (ha) a circular cross-section. TR
TR
home
square kilometre (km2) • It has two circular ends and a curved home
• Formulae are used to calculate the area of surface. home
the common plane figures. hectare
circumference C • An area of 10 000 m2.
• The length of a circle’s • A square with a side of 100 m.
boundary.
perimeter
• The circumference is
• The length of a plane figure’s boundary.
ce
c ir

calculated using either cu

m fe r e n
the formula: prism
C = πD or C = 2πr • A solid with two identical ends
composite figure joined by rectangular faces.
• A figure that is formed by joining simple
sector
figures.
• A part of a circle bounded
trapezium semicircle by two radii and an arc. O

surface area
• The sum of the areas of the faces
rectangle
rectangle (or surfaces) of a three-dimensional
figure (or solid).
composite solid
• A solid that is formed volume
by joining simple • The amount of space (cubic units) inside
solids. a three-dimensional shape.

Maths terms 7
CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 243
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tes
stic t
diagno

Diagnostic Test 7: | Measurement

• Each part of this test has similar items that test a certain question type.
7 • Errors made will indicate areas of weakness.
• Each weakness should be treated by going back to the section listed.
These questions can be used to assess all or parts of outcomes MS4·1, MS4·2, MS5·1·1, MS5·2·1,
MS5·2·2.

  Section
1 Find the circumference of each of the following circles. Give your 7:01
answer correct to 3 significant figures.
a diameter = 14 m b diameter = 7·6 cm
c radius = 25 mm d radius = 1·45 m
2 Find the perimeter of each of the following figures. 7:01
Lengths are in metres.
a 5·1 b 2·3 2·3 2·3 c 41·6

4·5 15·6
13·8
4·4
3·2 17·9
1·8
9·3 14

3 Find the perimeter of the following figures. 7:01

a b 6m c 12 cm TR
TR
home
home
5 cm home
6m
12 cm 9 cm
14 m

4 Find the perimeter of each of the following figures 7:01

(correct to 2 decimal places).
a b c
240°
O
25 cm O
O 0·8 m
4·3 cm

5 Find the perimeter of each of the following composite figures. 7:01

(Where it is necessary, answer correct to 2 decimal places.)
a 2m b c 5m

2m
8m
2m 10 cm 4m

8m

244 NEW SIGNPOST MATHEMATICS 9 STAGE 5.1–5.3

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  Section
6 Calculate the area of the following figures. 7:02
a 10 cm b c

4·
6·1 cm

2
5 cm

cm
cm
3
12·
12·6 cm
14 cm

7 Calculate the area of the sectors in question 4 (correct to 7:02

2 decimal places).
8 Calculate the area of the composite figures in question 5 (correct to 7:02
2 decimal places).
9 Calculate the surface area of the following prisms. 7:03
a b c 15 m
2·1 m
5 cm 10 m
4·6 m
7·3 m
4 cm 8m
7m
2 cm 21 m
3 cm
10 Calculate the surface areas of these cylinders. 7:03
a b c 1·2 m TR
TR
home
home
5·5 m
1·8 m
home
m
7·5 3·6 m
15 m

11 Calculate the surface area of these solids. 7:04

a 4 cm b c 2 cm
5 cm 8 cm
5 cm 3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
7 cm 8 cm 11 cm 9 cm

12 cm 11 cm
11 cm

12 Calculate the volumes of the prisms in question 9. 7:05

13 Calculate the volumes of the cylinders in question 10 to the nearest m3. 7:05
14 Calculate the volumes of the solids in question 11. 7:05

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 245

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men
gn t
Chapter 7 | Revision Assignment
assi

1 A floor is as shown in 5 10 cm
7A the diagram. Find the 3·6 m
area of this floor and 7·1 m 120° 120°
5·3 m
the cost of covering it 16 cm
with cork tiles if the cost 5 cm 5 cm
4·5 m
of the tiles is $40 per m2. a Calculate the perimeter of the figure
2 A pentagon is made by correct to 1 decimal place.
placing an equilateral b Calculate the area of the figure correct
triangle on top of a to 1 decimal place.
rectangle. What is the 6 a Calculate the 0·2 0·2
area of the pentagon? 6 cm surface area
10 cm
of the solid.
Measurements
3 A tent has the shape of a triangular prism are in metres. 0·6 1·2
with dimensions as shown in the diagram. b Calculate the
volume of the 0·8
solid.
7
1·4

1·2 m 6·5
m

2· 5 m
1·6 m TR
TR
home
a Find the area of material needed to
9·4 home
home
make this tent. (Include the floor area.) x
2·2
b If the material comes in rolls which are 5·4 7·3
3·7 m wide, what length of material
must be purchased so that the tent can a Find the value of x correct to
be made without any joins except those 1 decimal place.
at the edges? (Hint: Consider the net of b Calculate the area of the cross-section
the solid.) of the prism.
c If special joining tape is needed to c Calculate the surface area of the
strengthen each join, what length of pentagonal prism.
tape will be needed? d Calculate the volume of the prism.

4 The inside and 2m

8
8·3
outside of this 3m
12
container are painted. 16
Calculate the area that
6·5 6·5
has to be painted. 10·5 20
25
a Calculate the volume of the solid.
b Calculate the surface area of the solid.
1 Perimeter
2 Area of sectors and composite figures
3 Surface area
4 Volume
246 NEW SIGNPOST MATHEMATICS 9 STAGE 5.1–5.3
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assignm
Chapter 7 | Working Mathematically

ent
1 Use ID Card 6 on page xxi to give the 2 Heather is 7 years younger than Rachel.
correct mathematical term for: Ester is six times as old as Heather. Kuan is 7B
a 13 b 14 c 15 d 16 e 18 7 years older than Ester. If Kuan is 43, how
f 19 g 20 h 9 i 10 j 11 old is Rachel?
3 Four different playing cards are dealt into two piles: left first, then right, then left, and then
right. The left pile is then placed on top of the right pile. How many times must this process
be repeated before the cards return to their original positions? How many times would the
process need to be repeated if there had been eight cards?

4 Every male bee has only one parent, a 5 If 3! = 3 × 2 × 1 (pronounced 3 factorial),

female. Every female bee has two parents, a 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 and
10! = 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1,
male and a female. In the 8th generation
back, how many ancestors has a male bee? how many zeros are there on the end of 20!? TR
TR
home
(Assume that no ancestor occurs more
home
home
than once.)
6 George Junkiewicz has prepared the timeline below to show when his employees will take
their holidays. He has designed it so that no more than two employees are on holidays at the
same time. The dots at the end of each line are explained below.
‘Fine Flooring’ holidays for employees
Hall
Raine

Harris

Conway Browning
Bagnell
Scully
Robson McKellar

8 15 22 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28
Feb. March April May June
Included in holiday Not included in holiday
a What is the first day of Conway’s holiday? b On what day does Conway return to work?
c Which two employees are on holidays in the week starting on the 8th of March?
d Which two employees are also on holidays during McKellar’s holiday?
e George has to take four weeks of holidays. He is prepared to fit in wherever he can. When
must he take his holidays?

CHAPTER 7 MEASUREMENT 247