Pakistan Affairs [Dr. Asad Naeem (Ph.

d)]

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT (1919-1923)

Introduction

 World war-I necessitated the start of khilafat movement

 World war-I…..
 28 July 1914- 11 Nove 1918
 Allied Powers…British Empire, France, Uk , Austria, Canada, Newzealand, SOUTH
Africa, British India
 Central Power….Germany, Bulgaria, Turkey,,,,,
 Britishers asked Indians for help.
 Indian Muslims conditionalized the help subject to keeping the Ottoman Empire intact
irrespective of the results of war.
 Qaid and Tilak withheld cooperation until the British allowed the Indian Soldiers to be
commissioned in army
 Gandhi je frustrated them by offering the viceroy Lord Chelmsford, unconditional support
but when war ended, Gandhi joined the Muslim cause.
 Breach of treaty.
 After winning of the war…..Treaty of Severs was signed

 Post-World War- I pact between the victorious Allied powers and representatives of the
government of Ottoman Turkey. The treaty abolished the Ottoman Empire and obliged
Turkey to renounce all rights over Arab Asia and North Africa.
 Hakeem Ajmal and M.A Ansari Put the basis of KM on 24th , November 1918

Khilafat Conference

 First Caliphat committee was formed on July, 1919 at Bombay. It held meetings with the
viceroy, under the leadership of M.A Ansari, regarding the breach of promise by the British.
The Viceroy accepted the Muslim reservation and directed them to take the matter to the
British government in England.

 Khilafat conference held its first session in Dec. 1919 in which it was decided to send a
delegation to England to discuss the matter with British Crown.

 Delegation was headed by Maulana Muhammad Ali went to England in March 1920. They
held talks with British officials and addressed British people regarding the importance of
Ottoman Empire.
 Khilafat conference held its first session in Dec. 1919 in which it was decided to send a
delegation to England to discuss the matter with British Crown.

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 Pakistan Affairs [Dr. Asad Naeem (Ph.d)]

 Delegation was headed by Maulana Muhammad Ali went to England in March 1920. They
held talks with British officials and addressed British people regarding the importance of
Ottoman Empire.

 The British government did not pay serious attention to the Muslim demands.

 The delegation came back empty handed in October 1920 and meanwhile treaty of Severs
was signed in which it was decided that the fate of Ottoman Empire will be same as that of
Germany.

 Events of the Khalifat Movement

1. Rowlett Act-1919
“To the law, the Government got authority to persecute any Indian and the
arrested had no facility of legal assistance and right to appeal.”

2. JaliannwalaBagh incidence-1919
Gen. Dayar opened fire on the people gathered in JalianwalaBagh at Amritsar
which resulted in 379 causalities.
One child,,,, survived…..Ram Muhammad Singh Azad..

3. Decision of non-cooperation movement-1920

Khilafat conference decided in its session of Kolkatta in Feb-March, 1920 to
launch non-cooperation movement (this idea was given by Gandhi in 1919).
It was further confirmed in Allabad address in 1920. Meanwhile Gandhi was able
to convince Congress to extend their cooperation towards Muslims but his real
objective was “self rule for Hindus”

4. Arrest of Ali bothers-1920

Treaty of Severes hurt the Muslim sentiments in India and Ali brothers after
coming back from England delivered a strong ant-British speech at Karachi after
which they were arrested and imprisoned.

5. Nagpur session of Congress-Dec. 1920

Congress in its session of Nagpur-1920 recommended following practical steps :
(i) surrender of all British titles
(ii) Refusal to attend any government function
(iii) Withdrawal of all students from colleges and universities
(iv) Boycott of British law courts
(v) No participation in coming elections
(vi) No service in British army by any Indian in Mesopotamia (old name of
Iraq).

6. Withdrawal of Mr. Jinnah from Congress-1920

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 Pakistan Affairs [Dr. Asad Naeem (Ph.d)]

7. Gandhi as leader of non-cooperation Movement-1920

After the arrest of the Ali brothers political atmosphere of the country became
worse. In a joint session of M.L. and Congress the leadership was given to M.K
Gandhi, who put forward following recommendations:
(i) Resignation from government jobs
(ii) Resignation from Police and Military services
(iii) Boycott of courts and educational institutes
(iv) Refusal to pay taxes
(v) Return of titles

8. Fatwa of Dar-ul-Harb (Hijrat Movement)

It was given by Abu-ul-Kalam Azad, while presiding the meeting of Khilafat conference
at Kolkatta in 1920. This idea was also supported by Maulana Abdul Bari.
This resulted in the Hijrat movement in which more than 18000 Muslims of the India
migrated towards Afghanistan.

9. Moplah’s uprising-1921
Muslims along the Malabar coast of India, in the province of Madras were poverty
stricken. They were anti-British as well as anti-Hindus. In their protest they killed a British
soldier and in return 10,000 Moplahs were massacred by the British army

10. ChauraChori Incident-1922

ChauraChora is small town in Farakhabad (U.P) where Gandhi was leading a procession
in which they were denying to pay the taxes to the government.
Suddenly the masses attacked the local police station where 22 policemen were burnt
alive.
Gandhi was shocked by this event and decided to quit the non-cooperation movement
and he himself was arrested as well.

11. Abolition of Khilafatby Kamal Ata Turk-1924

In 1922 Ata Turk emerged as a national leader and restricted the powers of Sultan. He
banished Sultan Abdul Majeed from Turkey and abolished the Khilafat Movement.

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 Pakistan Affairs [Dr. Asad Naeem (Ph.d)]

Causes of Failure of Khilafat Movement

Communal violence and riots.
Arrest of Ali brothers.
Role of Gandhi.
Abolition of Khilafat by Ata Turk.
Fatwa of “Dar-ul-Harb”.

Results of the Movement

Religion proved to be the mobilizing force.

Trained the Muslims for political actions (political consciousness).
Hindu-Muslim unity proved short lived.
Hijrat movement caused huge losses both in men and money.
Continuation of Pan-Islamic sentiments.

Attachment of Indian Muslims with Caliphat

Hazrat UMAR (R.A)-----Trade relations

Ummayads----Sindh was captured under Caliphat
Abu JafarMansoor----Name on Indian coins
Sultan MehmudGhazanvi---strong state in central Asia but was attached to Khilafat----title Yamin-
ud-Daula
Iltutmish got investiture from Caliphat
Tughlaq---- placed at head the investiture letter and entered the palace
Zia uddBarni -----Names of Caliph and Sultan on coins ---khutba
Mughal rule---Names of Ottoman Caliphat in Khutba

 WW-I
 Breach of promise by British
 Muslims Protested---Viceroy, British Crown
 No fruitful results…. Treaty of Severes was signed.
 Ali bothers protested and were imprisoned.
 Rowlet Act.
 JalianwalaBagh incidence
 Decision of non-cooperation….INC….
 Nagpur session of INC…NCM…practically execute..

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 Pakistan Affairs [Dr. Asad Naeem (Ph.d)]

 Jinnah’s withdral from INC..1920

 Gandhi as leader of KM
 Fatwa of Darulharb
 Moplah’s uprising 1921
 ChauraChauri incidence….1922..
 Gandhi was arrested and it was decided to quit he NCM
 Abolition of Khilafat by KAMAL ATTA TURK
 Causes of failure..
 Why Muslims started it as a religious obligation..

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