Summary 303 For inmates in yan tions are very import inmate cl lant in sever -espeet ale class and closer custody sn oral specs, Imposing more stringent monitoring Violent will sorve toprotans eons ho are considered most oggressive and lower one’s classification inne ‘ious and nonviolent inmates. Beyond this, the boards consider one's rrewey eae” more tho trust accordad that inmate Parole while at that particutes sant evel Of custody and sehother ono has behaved wel be confined al the lowost nu lovel: Again. its in prisoner's best interests to tions of offenders that aa ea evel possible. Therefore, por recass live moon nae ‘0 downgrade their present levels of custody are pos- it uence one’s parole chan dingly. 1 itsolf playe a ceased nee ces accordingly. The prison system crucial role in determining wheth le will be granted. relevant factors are the seri ie tee ae Ot S are the seriousness of the conviction offense, longth of th nal sentence, and the amount of ti to that sontonce length, Fe jag gg Amount oF time served in relation to that sontonce longth ton an am ils and prisons aze playing increasingly important roles in proba- ion and parole decision making, Jails are devising more sophisticated classifi- cation procedures commensurate with those used in most prison systems. These cla ystems i classification systems are helpful in separating offenders acvording to soveral criteria that optimize their safety and needs. s jails bocome more Tike prisons by establishing 2 broader array of inmate programs of an educational and vocs- tional nature, inmates themselves will be able to do more to influence their chances of more favorable treatment (Levenson and Farrant, 2002). They can take affirmative steps to ensure their involvement in community correctional programs where fewer restrictions exist. SUMMARY Jails were originally conceived as short-term facilities to house offenders charged with minor offenses, pretrial detainees, and those serving relatively short sen- tences. The American Jail Association considers a facility a jail if it houses inmates for periods of 72 hours or longer. Those facilities holding persons overnight are either lockups or holding tanks. In 2001, there were between 3,300 and 3,400 jails in the United States. In recent decades, jails have inadvertently assumed additional functions and responsibilities, including housing juvenile offenders for short periods, holding federal and state prisoner overflows on a contractual basis with various government agencies, housing witnesses, and providing a temporary haven for those sulfering from psychological or mental problems. Jails also house probation and parole violators. Jails have little or no control over the types of inmates housed. About half of all jail inmates are un- convicted offenders, including drunks and vagrants. Shock probationors are also accommodated for short periods as a part of their split sentences. Most jails in the United States are old, many having been constructed prior to 1950. Prisons are long-term facilities designed to hold more serious offenders. Early US. prisons wore constructed in the late 1700s in Connecticut and Penn: vlvania Auburn (New York) State Penitentiary introduced several impor ‘ant iene vane American corrections in the early 1800s, including thats , system. solitary eon Boront and the congregate S350. Spee a a ian, nish Auburn Penitentiary, Prisons are dosignac! to provide soi Warn Tt TT offenders, rehabilitate offanclors, and assist in thelr eventia\ Ot ‘gra son systems. Prisons classify ty. Inmate classification is an important feature of prise saa Reet inmates into diffaront security levels, sucl as mininunh WT t ae vol increases. Security, Inmate housing costs rise «s their custody lovel k itt nti Scanned by CamScanner. Summary 303, re enmates in various state an tions are in nd foder ery important in sevecgjnndLeterl prison systoms, inmate clessifica: posing more stringent monitoring Considered most aggressive and violent inmates, Beyond this, the ication le} Dat c level, the more the trust accorded that inmate. Parole respects. Im violent will serve to Soren Who are oun! of time served in relation to that sentence length, In sum, jails and » Jim's and prisons are playing increasi 7 tion and parole decision making, jile are dove se nophinionted spot chances of more favorable treatment (Levenson and Farrant, 2002). They can take affirmative steps to ensure their involvement in community correctional programs where fewer restrictions exist. SUMMARY Jails were originally conceived as short-term facilities to house offenders charged with minor offenses, protrial dotainces, and those serving relatively short sen- tences. The American Jail Association considers a facility a jail if it houses ty a ji inmates for periods of 72 hours or longer. Those facilities holding persons overnight are either lockups or holding tanks. In 2001, there were between 3,300 and 3,400 jails in the United States. In recent decades, jails have inadvertently assumed additional functions and responsibilities, including housing juvenile offenders for short periods, holding federal and state prisoner overflows on a contractual basis with various government agencies, housing witnesses, and providing a temporary haven for those suffering from psychological or mental probloms, Jails also house probation and parole violators. Jails have little or no Control over the types of inmates housed. About half of alll inmates are un- i : so convicted offenders, including drunks and vegrots, Shock probationers are also accommodated for short porods a8 a por of ther sltsentonos, Most i constructed prior to 1950. the United States are old, many having beer. Eee eos offenders, Early Pris long-term facilities designed to ho! eons are fong Connecticut and Pennsylvania, U.S. prisons were constructed in the late 1700s in Connecticut and Taney. Ht Auburn (New York) State Penitentiary introduced soveral important innit : : ing tho tier system, solitary con- American corrections in the early 1800s; including nn oored by finement, and the congregate system Striped ee tion, punish Auburn Ponitentiary. Prisons aro dosigned to Prov nation into sci offenders, rehabilitate offenders, and assist in their oven| 7 aoe isons clastfy Ay. Innate classification is an important en cnet cdi, and maximum i . 1 such as mi 5 inmates into different security levels, suc a ody evel increases. Security, Inmate housing costs rise as their cu Scanned by CamScanner304 Chapter? Jails and Prisons ractoristics of prisons iri any of the charac! s 88 fhe is are cesuiing many of the charetorsties of prisons, oy gp, ee ce areing jail population consisting of fo sn i sraoteainive sooo oor amenities. and prin ret ng cnr ae loc etn oms, includ oreo uate nd arspreaty pages, isn a all rerio a is most institutional administrators. Many otler p et yp Gls avo dirty or indiecly influenced by overcrowding Er yt sats aro dretly o nel fnfuonced by overeoveding, Er gut i rwaiig have included innovations in building design and ay ovorcrowding have iachudod in arrangements that permil more toctuyy elfective utilization of space and promot r dire ‘ision jails and prisons arg Tapig | officer efficiency. Podular cree t nae management strategy. The ily Tee ae neo ail and prison management and operations, ey,” is gradually moving into ji re ae vation Lon the reducing inmate maintenance costs. though more peta be, stricted to juvenile facilities and aftercare, a hough more privately ga adult facilitios are being established in different localities. eo. Prisons and jails also influence probationers and parolees by provi, courts and parole boards with feedback about inmate conduct While cont Especially in prisons, an inmate's level of custody can be changed, citer, vwardly ot downwardly, depending on their bad or good conduct. Faveatit haviorel reports encourage jucges and parole boards to grant probationers, ees greater benefits and freedoms. pe Soveral issues affecting jails and prisons have been highlighted, [is y: prisons are chronically overcrowded. Overcrowding occurs because there sins: ficiont space to accommodate all persons who should be incarcerated and tm are inadequate resources for new jail and prison construction. Jail and prison org. crowding contribute to and cause various problems for administrators and oy inmates. One problem is increasing prison violence and inmate rioting for vin, aaron erarts have been made to reduce the amount of inmate violence ji . Changes in the architectural design and struct: ssened the incidence of violence in certain just ons. Furthermore, tho addition of helpful programs and servines te Weoce have assisted many inmates to i it i : programs, and courses ing to anger cianienment and improvement in social shite and interporsosal © privatizati ils ond P i only a small fraction of te US pal yee US 8nd prisons is occuring als! land prison i ‘ y is une le interests. Finall Pp Inmate population today QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 1. What ay 8 801 #9 Some importa i 2 What some eH Ge ootatkn Of isin tho United Sta of prisons? MN tactions of jg ils? ag Wh Malls? How clo those contrast with theft hat wore ye Wore some of the inn | Any Of these ing at ponite™™ ations stil in roe by the Auburn State Peat! “once in modern-day prisons? Scanned by CamScannerInternet Connections How do jails differ from lockups and drunk tanks? What innoval religion 7a ations did tho Walnut Stroot Jil introduco? What was the influence of correctional reforms during the 1700s arid! 1800s in the United States? What is a dotainer warrant? Who is likely to be served with a detainor warrant? exe ie do prisons and jails influence probation and parole violators? at are some general factors considered important when classifying offenders for Placement in prisons? What are risk eloments? 9 Identify three major issues of relovanco to both prisons and jatls. Indicate ina bof Paragraph how these issues are important to prison and jail operations and man- agement, 10. What is a direct supervision jail? What are some of its characteristics for offender management? SUGGESTED READINGS Birzer, Michael and Dolores Craig-Morehead (2006). “Why Do Jails Charge Housing Fees?" American Jails 20:63-68. Etter, Sr., Gregg W. and Robet L.. Hinshaw (2006). “Managing High-Profile Inmates in a Teil Setting.” Corrections Today 68:28~31 McCampbell, Susan W. (2006). “Gender-Responsive Strategies for Women Offenders: ‘The Gender-Response Strategies Project: Jail Applications.” American Jails 20:15~22. Nelson, Signe and Lynn Olcott (2006). “Jail Time Is Learning Time.” Corrections Today 68:26-31, 41 ‘Wener, Richard (2006). “Direct Supervision: Evolution and Revolution.” American Jails 20:21-24. INTERNET CONNECTIONS American Correctional Chaplains Association ttp//www.correctionalchaplains.com/ ‘American Correctional Health Services Association http://wvew.corrections.com/achsa/ indexl htm! American Civil Liberties Union Attp://uww.aclu.org American Jail Association hitp://www.corrections.com/aja American Service Group, Inc. ttp://www.asgr.com/ Ammnosty International hitp://www.amnesty.org Caged Kittons httpd/www.cagedkittens.com Citizens for Effoctive Justice hulp: /www.okplus.com/fedup/ Citizens for Legal Responsibility Aittp://www.clr.org/ Connections: A Correctional Education Program Serving Offenders with Special Learning Needs http:/Avww.theconnectionsprogram.com/ MainPageText.htm Cook County Boot Camp http://www.cookcountysheriff.org/ bootcamp/ Correctional Medical Services http://vww.cmsstl.com Corrections resources http://www officer.com/correct CounterPunch hitp:/Avww.counterpunch.org CSS Spocial Supervision Services Aitp:l/www.csosa.gov! pecialsupervision. htm Death Row Speaks hutp://www.deathrowspeaks.net/ Scanned by CamScanner