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UDC

NATIONAL STANDARD
OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

P GB 50051-2013

Code for Design of Chimneys


烟囱设计规范

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Issued on: December 25, 2012 Implemented on: May, 1, 2013

Jointly Issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development


(MHURD) and the General Administration of Quality
Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) of the
People's Republic of China
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国国家标准

Code for Design of Chimneys


烟囱设计规范

GB 50051-2013

Chief Development Department: China Metallurgical Construction Association


Approving Department: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural
Development of the People's Republic of China
Implementation Date: May 1, 2013

China Planning Press


2013 Beijing

2
Foreword

According to the requirement of "Notice on Printing and Distributing 2010 Development


and Revision Plan of National Engineering Construction Standards and Codes" (JIANBIAO
[2010] No. 43) issued by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, BERIS
Engineering and Research Corporation jointly with other participating organizations have
revised thoroughly the "Code for Design of Chimneys" (GB 50051 - 2002) (hereinafter
referred to as "the former code").
During the process of revision, the editorial group has carried out special investigation,
laboratorial and theoretical research, investigated and analyzed extensively; has carefully
summarized the recent experience in the field of chimneys design in China, and has
coordinated with relevant standards and codes; has compared and referenced some
international advanced standards and codes, and has finalized this code finally through
review.
This Code consists of 14 chapters and 3 appendixes, in which the main contents include:
General Provisions, Terms, Basic Requirement, Materials, Loads and Action, Brick Chimney,
Single Tube Reinforced Concrete Chimney, Tube-in-tube Chimney and Multi-flue Chimney,
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Chimney, Steel Chimney, Anticorrosion of Chimney,
Foundation, Flue, Warning Lamp and Symbols etc..
Main content revised this time are as follows:
1 Glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney was added in order to meet the requirements
of anticorrosion against wet smoke; Content of 13 chapters in the former Code was increased
to 14 chapters.
2 For reinforced concrete chimney with holes, the calculation formulas were modified.
Calculation formulas in the former Coder were limited to the condition that the angle of two
hole-centre lines at the same section is 180°; in this revision, the angle will not be limited, and
this is convenient for engineering application.
3 In order the meet the requirements of anticorrosion of chimney, the category of
smoke was divided and the grade of smoke corrosion was redefined. On the basis of an
abundance of practices and investigations, type selection and anticorrosion treatment of
chimney were specified more scientifically in allusion to smoke of different categories.
4 Local stability calculation of steel chimney was revised. The former calculation
formulas are incomplete, in which only the influence of elastic buckling upon chimney wall
was considered; this Code comprehensively considers the influence came from elastic
buckling and elastic-plastic buckling, and they were revised by referring to European
Standards.
5 Local wind pressure and across-wind sympathetic vibration were revised
correspondingly. Calculation formula for wind bending moment generated by local wind
pressure on ring section was added; calculation regulations for across-wind sympathetic
vibration were adjusted.
6 Contents of generality in the former Code were combined into the Chapter of Basic
Requirement.
7 Limiting value of horizontal displacement of chimney and arrangement of

I
monitoring system for smoke emission were added.
8 Design regulation for pile foundation was added.
9 The applicable height of reinforced concrete chimney specified in the former Code
was adjusted from 210m to 240m in order to adapt to the requirements of engineering
application and combine the experience of engineering practice.
10 In order to meet the practical design requirements, detailed provisions were made
against the calculation and structure of chimneys with steel tubes and brick tubes.
In this Code, the provision(s) printed in bold type is (are) compulsory one(s) and must be
enforced strictly.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development is in charge of the administration of
this standard and the explanation of the compulsory provisions while BERIS Engineering and
Research Corporation are responsible for the explanation of specific technical contents. In the
process of implementing this Code, the users are kindly required to send any suggestion or
comment to National Standard "Code for Design of Chimneys" Management Team of BERIS
Engineering and Research Corporation (address: Room 301, Building 5, Riverfront Harbor,
Longdong Roads, Pudong new district, Shanghai city; post code: 201203) for the convenience
of referring to in future revision.
Chief development organizations, participating development organizations, participating
organizations, chief drafting staffs and chief examiners of this Code:
Chief development organization: BERIS Engineering and Research Corporation
Participating development organizations:
Dalian University of Technology
East China Electric Power Design Institute
Northeast Electric Power Design Institute
Shanghai Fuchen Chemicals Co., Ltd.
Jizhou Zhongyi FRP Co., Ltd.
Central Research Institute of Building and
Construction of MCC Group Co., Ltd
Zhongye Changtian International Engineering Co.,
Ltd.
ACRE Coking & Refractory Engineering
Consulting Corporation, Mcc
Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology
Hengshui Hengxing Environmental Protection
Equipment Engineering Co., Ltd
Hebei Electric Power Exploration & Design
Institute
Suzhou Rainbow Group Co., Ltd.
Bejing CS Measuring Engineering Co., Ltd.
Participating organization: Chongqing Dazhong Antisepsis Co., Ltd.
Shanghai Dehao Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Hangzhou Zhonghao Technology Co., Ltd.
Ashland (China) Holding Co., Ltd.
Owens Corning (China) Investment Co., Ltd.

II
Contents
1 General Provisions .............................................................................................................. 1
2 Terms ................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Terms ........................................................................................................................ 2
3 Basic Requirements ............................................................................................................. 5
3.1 Design Principle ........................................................................................................ 5
3.2 Design Requirement ................................................................................................. 9
3.3 Allowable Value of Heated Temperature .................................................................11
3.4 Design Regulations of Reinforced Concrete Chimney Wall ................................... 12
3.5 Test System of Discharged Fume............................................................................ 13
3.6 Inspection and Maintenance of Chimney ............................................................... 13
4 Materials ............................................................................................................................ 14
4.1 Masonry .................................................................................................................. 14
4.2 Concrete .................................................................................................................. 14
4.3 Steel Bar and Steel Products ................................................................................... 16
4.4 Material Thermal Calculation Index ....................................................................... 20
5 Loads and Action ............................................................................................................... 22
5.1 Classification of Loads and Action ......................................................................... 22
5.2 Wind Load .............................................................................................................. 22
5.3 Platform Live Load and Dust Load ........................................................................ 24
5.4 Ice Load .................................................................................................................. 25
5.5 Earthquake Action................................................................................................... 25
5.6 Temperature Action................................................................................................. 27
5.7 Gas Pressure Calculation ........................................................................................ 33
6 Brick Chimney .................................................................................................................. 34
6.1 General Requirement .............................................................................................. 34
6.2 Calculation of Horizontal Section ........................................................................... 34
6.3 Calculation of Hoops .............................................................................................. 35
6.4 Calculation of Ring Ribs......................................................................................... 36
6.5 Calculation of Vertical Bar...................................................................................... 37
6.6 Structure Regulations .............................................................................................. 38
7 Single Tube Reinforced Concrete Chimney ...................................................................... 42
7.1 General Requirement .............................................................................................. 42
7.2 Additional Bending Moment .................................................................................. 42
7.3 Calculation of Chimney Shell Ultimate Limit State of Bearing Capacity .............. 47
7.4 Calculation of Chimney Wall Serviceability State of Bearing Capacity................. 51
7.5 Structure Regulation ............................................................................................... 62
8 Tube-in-tube Chimney and Multi-flue Chimney ............................................................... 65
8.1 General Requirement .............................................................................................. 65
8.2 Calculation Regulations .......................................................................................... 66
8.3 Self-supporting Steel Tube ...................................................................................... 66
8.4 Suspended Steel Inner Tube .................................................................................... 70
8.5 Brick Inner Tube ..................................................................................................... 71
8.6 Structure Regulations .............................................................................................. 72
9 Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Chimney ........................................................................... 76
9.1 General Requirement .............................................................................................. 76
9.2 Materials ................................................................................................................. 76
9.3 Calculation of Bearing Capacity of Chimney Wall................................................. 80
9.4 Detailing Requirements .......................................................................................... 83
9.5 Chimney Manufacture ............................................................................................ 84
9.6 Installation .............................................................................................................. 86
10 Steel Chimney ................................................................................................................. 88
10.1 General Requirement ............................................................................................ 88
10.2 Framed Steel Chimney .......................................................................................... 88
10.3 Self-supporting Steel Chimney ............................................................................. 90
10.4 Guyed Steel Chimney ........................................................................................... 94
11 Anticorrosion of Chimney ............................................................................................... 95
11.1 General Requirement ............................................................................................ 95
11.2 Selection of Chimney Structures and Types.......................................................... 95
11.3 Anticorrosion of Brick Chimney........................................................................... 97
11.4 Anticorrosion of Single Tube Reinforced Concrete Chimney .............................. 97
12 Chimney Foundation ..................................................................................................... 100
12.1 General Requirement .......................................................................................... 100
12.2 Calculation of Base ............................................................................................. 100
12.3 Calculation of Rigid Foundation ......................................................................... 101
12.4 Calculation of Plate Foundation.......................................................................... 102
12.5 Shell Foundation ................................................................................................. 108
12.6 Pile Foundation ....................................................................................................115
12.7 Foundation Structure ............................................................................................116
13 Flue .................................................................................................................................119
13.1 General Requirement ...........................................................................................119
13.2 Calculation and Structure of Flue ........................................................................119
14 Warning Lamp and Symbols ......................................................................................... 124
14.1 General Requirement .......................................................................................... 124
14.2 Distribution of Warning Lamp ............................................................................ 124
14.3 Design Requirements of Warning Lamp ............................................................. 125
Appendix A Formulation of Ring Section Geometric Properties ....................................... 126
Appendix B Stability Coefficient of Welded Cylinder Section under Axial Load ............. 127
Appendix C Calculation of Final Settlement and Incline of Ring and Round Foundation 129
Explanation of Wording in This Code ................................................................................... 139
List of Quoted Standards ....................................................................................................... 140

5
Code for Design of Chimneys
烟囱设计规范

1 General Provisions

1.0.1 This standard is formulated with a view to implementing the national technical and
economic policies in the design of chimney design and making the design to be of safety and
usability, economy and high quality.
1.0.2 This Code applies to the design of such single tube chimney with circular cross
section as brick chimney, reinforced concrete chimney, steel chimney and glass fiber
reinforced plastic chimney, and tube-in-tube chimney and multi-flue chimney with brick, steel
and glass fiber reinforced plastics tubes.
1.0.3 Besides complying with this Code, the design of chimney shall also comply with other
current national standards.

1
2 Terms

2.1 Terms

2.1.1 Chimney
High-rising structure used for discharging smoke or waste gas.
2.1.2 Shaft
The part above chimney foundation, including shell, insulation and lining etc.
2.1.3 Shell
The most outer structure of chimney body, and the supporting part of the whole shaft.
2.1.4 Insulation
Placed in between shell and lining, to prevent the temperature on shell from exceeding
the specified highest temperature
2.1.5 Lining
The self-supporting structure placed in sections on the brackets of shell or the poured
body directly attached to the shell by relying the anchor bar distributed on the shell, playing
protection action for the insulation or shell.
2.1.6 Steel chimney
Chimney whose shell is made of steel.
2.1.7 Reinforced concrete chimney
Chimney whose shell is made of reinforced concrete.
2.1.8 Brick chimney
Chimney whose shell is made of brick masonry.
2.1.9 Self-supporting chimney
The steel chimney whose shell and foundation form into a stable structure without any
additional bearing support.
2.1.10 Guyed chimney
The steel chimney whose shell and guy jointly form into a stable system.
2.1.11 Framed steel chimney
The steel chimney whose inner tube mainly bears the vertical load of itself while the
horizontal load is mainly borne by the steel frame.
2.1.12 Single tube chimney
The common chimney whose lining is supported in sections on bracket of shell.
2.1.13 Tube-in-tube chimney
The chimney with a smoke discharge tube placed inside the shell.
2.1.14 Multi-flue chimney
The chimney with two or more smoke discharge tubes sharing one shell or frame.
2.1.15 Flue
A part of smoke discharge system, used to guide the smoke into chimney.
2.1.16 Across-wind sympathetic vibration
Across-wind sympathetic vibration occurred when the vertical breaking-of frequency at
the leeward side of chimney is stable and equal to the structure self-vibration frequency.
2.1.17 Critical wind speed

2
The wind speed at which the structure has across-wind sympathetic vibration.
2.1.18 Lock in range
The range within which the wind vertical break-off frequency is equal to structure
self-vibration frequency.
2.1.19 Strake
Damping device to reduce the response of across-wind sympathetic vibration through
damaging the regular volution break-off.
2.1.20 Temperature action
The action caused when the structure or element is restrained by outer or inner condition
and con not expand freely due to the change of the environment temperature changes or
temperature difference.
2.1.21 Heat transfer coefficient
When the temperature difference is 1K between both sides of structure, the heat quantity
transferred through unit area of structure within unit time. Unit: W/(m2·K).
2.1.22 Thermal conductivity
A physical index about thermal conductivity of material. Equal to heat-flow density
divided by minus temperature gradient. Unit: W/(m·K).
2.1.23 Additional bending moment
Bending moment imposed on horizontal section of the structure under the action of
structure weight or vertical earthquake action due to the lateral deformation of structure.
2.1.24 Warning lamp
The lamp used to warn aviation aircraft by indicating the outer profile and height of
high-rising structure or building within a certain range of airport.
2.1.25 Glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney
A kind of chimney manufactured by the process of mechanically winding forming, made
of glass fiber and its product as the reinforcing material while synthetic resin as the matrix.
Hereinafter referred to as GFRP.
2.1.26 Reactive flame-retardant resin
The resin whose molecular main chain contains of such flame-retardant elements as
chlorine, bromine and phosphorus etc.; when without additional or a small amount of
additional auxiliary flame-retardant material, it may bring the solidified glass fiber reinforced
plastics material to be possessed of such performances as difficult to ignite and self extinguish
without fire.
2.1.27 Matrix
Resin part in glass fiber reinforced plastics material.
2.1.28 Epoxy vinyl ester resin
The heat convertible resin generated by curing reaction between the unsaturated active
group and thinner and cross-linking agent such as styrene etc. The unsaturated active group is
generated at the end of the molecular main chain due to the epoxy resin is of addition
polymerization reaction with unsaturated monocarboxylic acid.
2.1.29 Limited oxygen index (LOI)
The lowest oxygen concentration (volume percentage) required by maintaining balanced
combustion of sample in mixed gas of nitrogen and oxygen under specified conditions.
2.1.30 Flame-spread rating

3
3 Basic Requirements

3.1 Design Principle

3.1.1 Limit state design of chimney structure and its auxiliary elements shall include the
following contents:
1 The limit state of bearing capacity which is not suitable for continuous load bearing
due to strength damage, local or integral instability when the chimney structure or its
auxiliary elements arrive at the maximum bearing capacity and excessive deformation.
2 The service ability limit state of specified limiting value up to deformation, cracking
and the maximum heated temperature when the chimney structure or its auxiliary elements
meet the specified limit of normal operation.
3.1.2 For limit state of bearing capacity, fundamental combination and seismic combination
design shall be carried out according to different design conditions. For service ability limit
state, it shall be designed respectively according to the standard combination, frequent
combination and quasi-permanent combination of action effect.
3.1.3 The safety class of chimney shall be divided by the height and according to Table
3.1.3.
Table 3.1.3 Safety Class of Chimney
Safety class Chimney height (m)

I ≥200

II <200

Note: As for chimney in power plant whose height is 200m, its safety class shall be determined according to Grade Ⅰwhen
the unit capacity is greater than or equal to 300MW.

3.1.4 For durable design condition and temporary design condition, the design of limit state
of bearing capacity of chimney shall be determined according to the most unfavorable value
of the following formulae:
m n
γo( ∑
i=1
γGiSGik+γQ1γL1SQ1k+ ∑j= 2
γQjψcjγLjSQjk)≤Rd (3.1.4-1)

m n
γo( ∑
i=1
γGiSGik+ ∑
j=1
γQjψcjγLjSQik)≤Rd (3.1.4-2)

Where, γo- the importance coefficient of chimney, and it is adopted according to the
requirements of Article 3.1.5 in this Code;
γGi- the ith partial coefficient of permanent action, and it is adopted according to the
requirements of Article 3.1.6 in this Code;
γQ1- the partial coefficient of the first variable action (the dominant variable action), and
it is adopted according to the requirements of Article in this Code;
γQj- the jth partial coefficient of variable action, and it is adopted according to the
requirements of Article 3.1.6 in this Code;
SGik- the effect of the standard value of the ith permanent;
SQ1k- the effect of the standard value of the first variable action (dominant variable

5
value coefficient may be adopted for calculation.
3.1.10 The standard combination of load effect and temperature action effect shall meet the
requirements of Table 3.1.10, and shall be adopted with corresponding combination value
coefficient.
Table 3.1.10 The Standard Combination Value Coefficient of Load Effect and Temperature Action Effect
Combination value
Combination of load and temperature action effects
coefficient Remarks

Condition Permanent load The first variable load Other variable loads ψcW ψcMa

Used for calculating the


Ⅰ G T W+Ma 1 1
horizontal section

Used for calculating the


Ⅱ - T - - -
vertical section

3.2 Design Requirement

3.2.1 When designing chimney, whether brick chimney, reinforced concrete chimney or
steel chimney should be adopted shall be determined according to such factors as application
conditions, chimney height, material supply and construction conditions. Brick chimney shall
not be adopted under the following conditions:
1 Chimney whose height is greater than 60m.
2 The chimney located at the place where the earthquake fortification intensity is 9.
3 The chimney on site of Type Ⅲ and Ⅳ when the earthquake fortification intensity
is 8.
3.2.2 The arrangement of flue lining shall meet the following requirements:
1 Brick chimney shall meet the following requirements:
1) when the smoke temperature is greater than 400℃, the lining shall be arranged
along the total height of the shell;
2) when the smoke temperature is less than or equal to 400℃, the lining may be
arranged in partial at the underpart of shell, and the lowest setting height shall
exceed the top of flue hole, and the exceeding height should not be less than 1/2 of
the hole height.
2 Lining of single tube reinforced concrete chimney should be arranged along the total
height of shell.
3 When the shell temperature meets the temperature limiting value in Article 3.3.1 of
this Code and meet the anticorrosion requirements, steel chimney may not be arranged with
lining. When the shell temperature is much higher, scalding-proof measures shall be taken.
4 When the grade of smoke corrosion is weak and above, the arrangement of chimney
lining shall meet the requirements of Chapter 11 in this Code.
5 The lining thickness shall be determined by temperature calculation, but the
thickness of one block at the chimney entrance or the thickness of the inner foundation of
underground flue shall not be less than 200mm or one brick. The other blocks shall not be less
than 100mm or half bat. The overlapping length of other blocks of lining shall not be less than
300mm or a piece of block (Figure 3.2.2).
3.2.3 Construction of insulation shall meet the following requirements:
9
6 The chimney platform shall be arranged with safety guardrail whose height is no less
than 1.1m and foot baffle which is no less than 100mm in height.
3.2.8 Without special requirements, brick chimney may not be arranged with repair platform
and signal lamp platform.
3.2.9 The length of ladder stand and various member bars of external platform of chimney
should not exceed 2.5m, and bolt connection may be adopted between member bars.
3.2.10 Metal elements for ladder stand and platform etc. should adopt anticorrosion through
hot-dip galvanizing, the coating thickness shall meet the requirements in Table 3.2.10 and
shall meet the requirements of the current national standard "Metallic Coatings-Hot Dip
Galvanized Coatings on Fabricated Iron and Steel Articles-Specifications and Test Methods"
(GB/T 13912).
Table 3.2.10 The Minimum Thickness of Metallic Hot-dip Galvanizing
Coating thickness Thickness of steel element t (mm)

(µm) t<1.6 1.6≤t≤3.0 3.0≤t≤6.0 t>6

Average thickness 45 55 70 85

Local thickness 35 45 55 70

3.2.11 Connection of ladder stand, platform and shell shall meet the requirements on
strength and durability.
3.2.12 Lightning protection facilities shall be arranged for chimney shaft.
3.2.13 The chimney shaft shall be arranged with settlement observation points and
inclination observation points. Whether deashing devices shall be arranged or not shall be
determined according to actual smoke conditions.
3.2.14 Foundation of chimney should adopt ring or circular plate foundation. Where
conditions permit, shell foundation may be adopted. For brick chimney with lower height and
the flue entrance is on the ground, rubble masonry or rubble concrete rigid foundation also
may be adopted, and foundation material requirements shall comply with Chapter 4 in this
Code.
3.2.15 Calculation sectional position of shell shall meet the following requirements:
1 The horizontal section shall adopt the bottom section of each block of shell.
2 The vertical section may adopt the section of unit height of bottom in each block.
3.2.16 Under the action of standard combination effect of load, horizontal displacement of
reinforced concrete chimney, steel chimney and glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney at any
height shall not be greater than 1/100 of the height to the ground of this point while brick
chimney shall not be greater than 1/300.

3.3 Allowable Value of Heated Temperature

3.3.1 Heated temperature of shell and foundation of chimney shall meet the following
requirements:
1 The maximum heated temperature of shell made of common sintered clay brick shall
not be greater than 400℃.
2 The maximum heated temperature of reinforced concrete shell and foundation and
plain concrete foundation shall not be greater than 150℃.
3 The maximum heated temperature of shell of non-heat resistant steel chimney shall
11
4 Materials

4.1 Masonry

4.1.1 The shell of brick chimney shall be made of common sintered clay brick, the strength
grade shall not be less than MU 10, and the mortar strength grade shall not be less than M5.
4.1.2 The material used in the lining of chimney and flue shall comply with the following
requirements:
1 When the smoke temperature is below 400℃, MU10 common sintered clay brick
and M5 mixed mortar may be used.
2 When the smoke temperature is at 400℃-500℃, MU10 common sintered clay brick
and heat-resisting mortar may be used.
3 When the smoke temperature is higher than 500℃, clay firebrick and clayed cement
mortar or heat resisting concrete may be used.
4 When the grade of smoke corrosion is weak and above, the lining material shall meet
the requirements of Chapter 11 in this Code.
4.1.3 The material for rock-laid foundation shall be of non-weathered natural rock, and shall
comply with the following requirements according to the dampness of foundation soil:
1 When foundation soil is slightly wet, rock of the strength grade no less than MU 30
and cement mortar of the strength grade no less than M5 shall be used.
2 When foundation soil is very wet, rock of the strength grade no less than MU 30 and
cement mortar of the strength grade no less than M7.5 shall be used.
3 When foundation soil is saturated, rock of the strength grade no less than MU40 and
cement mortar of the strength grade no less than M10 shall be used.
4.1.4 The designed value of compressive strength and elastic modulus of brick masonry
under the temperature action may not consider the influence of temperature, and to be
determined according to national standard "Code for Design of Masonry Structures" (GB
50003).
4.1.5 Linear expansion coefficient am of brick masonry shall be adopted according to the
following requirements:
1 When the heated temperature of masonry T is 20℃ ~200℃ , αm may be 5×10-6/℃.
2 When the heated temperature of masonry T is larger than 200℃, and T is less than or
equal to 400℃, αm may be determined according to the following formula:
T − 200
αm=5×10-6+ ×10-6 (4.1.5)
200

4.2 Concrete

4.2.1 The concrete used in the shell of reinforced concrete chimney shall comply with the
following requirements:
1 He concrete shall be prepared by common Portland cement or Portland blast furnace
slag cement, and its strength grade shall be no less C25.
2 The w/c ratio of concrete shall not be more than 0.45, and the cement consumption

14
Construction Quality of Steel Structures".

w
3 Strength of bending and compressive zone of butt weld joint adopts f c , strength designed value of bending and

tensile zone adopts ftw .


4.3.6 Designed value of strength of Q235, Q345, Q390 and Q420 steel and their weld joint
under temperature action shall be calculated according to the following formulae:
ft=γsf (4.3.6-1)
fvt=γsfv (4.3.6-2)

f xtw = γs f xw (4.3.6-3)

T
γs=1.0+ (4.3.6-4)
T
767 × ln
1750
Where,
ft-the designed value of tensile strength, compressive and bending strength of steel under
temperature action (N/mm2);
fvt-the designed value of shear strength of steel under temperature action (N/mm2);

f xtw - the designed strength value of weld joint at each force status under temperature
action; subscript x presents letter c (compressive), t (tensile), v (shear) or f (fillet weld joint
strength);
γs- the reduction coefficient of designed strength value of steel and weld joint under
temperature action;
f-the designed value of tensile strength, compressive and bending strength of steel when
temperature is not greater than 100℃ (N/mm2);
fv-the designed value of shear strength of steel when temperature is not greater than
100℃ (N/mm2);

f xw - the designed strength value of weld joint at each kind of force status when the
temperature is greater than 100℃; the subscript x presents letter c (compressive), t (tensile), v
(shear) or f (fillet weld joint strength);
T- the temperature of steel or weld joint at at calculation section (℃).
4.3.7 The elastic modulus of steel bar under temperature action may not consider
temperature reduction, and shall be determined according to national standard "Code for
Design of Concrete Structures"(GB 50010). The elastic modulus of steel under temperature
action shall consider temperature reduction, and shall be calculated according to following
formula:
Et=βdE (4.3.7)
Where,
Et- the elastic modulus of steel under temperature action (N/mm2);
βd- the reduction coefficient of elastic modulus of steel under temperature action, and it
shall be adopted according to the requirements of Table 4.3.7;
E- the elastic modulus of steel (N/mm2) when acting temperature is less than or equal to

19
100℃, and shall be determined according to the current national standard "Code for Design
of Steel Structures" (GB 50017).
Table 4.3.7 Temperature Reduction Coefficient of Elastic Modulus of Steel
Reduction Acting temperature (℃)

coefficient ≤100 150 200 250 300 350 400

βd 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.88 0.83

Note: When the temperature is the middle value, it shall be calculated by the linear insert method.

4.3.8 Linear expansibility coefficient αs of steel bar and steel may adopt 1.2×10-5/℃.

4.4 Material Thermal Calculation Index

4.4.1 The thermal insulation material shall be of inorganic material, whose density under
dry state shall not be greater than 8kN/m3.
4.4.2 The thermal calculation index of material shall be determined according to test data.
When test data is not available, that of the commonly used materials under dry state may be
determined according to the requirements of Table 4.4.2. In determination of thermal
calculation index of material, the influence on the thermal conductivity of insulation material
by the following factors shall be considered:
1 For loose insulation material, the fact that thermal conductivity may be increased due
to transport, binding or stacking shall be considered;
2 When the temperature of smoke is less than 150℃, hydrophobic insulation material
shall be used. Other the influence on thermal conductivity by moisture shall be considered.

20
5 Loads and Action

5.1 Classification of Loads and Action

5.1.1 The load and action of chimney can be classified into the following requirements:
1 Structure deadweight, soil pressure and tensile force of guy shall be the permanent
action.
2 Wind load, smoke temperature action, atmospheric temperature action, installation
and check load, platform live load, ice load, earthquake action, smoke pressure and
foundation settlement etc shall be variable action.
3 Guy breaking shall be casual action.
5.1.2 Smoke temperature action and smoke pressure action generated by smoke shall be
determined according to the normal operation condition and abnormal operation condition.
Accident states caused by failure of desulphurization unit or waste heat boiler shall be
determined according to abnormal operation condition, and shall be designed according to the
temporary design condition.
5.1.3 Load and action not specified in this Code shall be determined according to the
current national standard "Load Code for the Design of Building Structures" (GB 50009) and
"Code for Seismic Design of Buildings" (GB 50011).

5.2 Wind Load

5.2.1 Basic wind pressure shall be the wind pressure of once in 50 years as specified in
national standard "Load Code for the Design of Building Structures" (GB 50009), but shall
not be less than 0.35 kN/m2. For the chimney whose safety grade is of grade I, the basic wind
pressure shall be determined according to 1.1 times of the basic pressure.
5.2.2 When wind load of framed steel chimney is calculated, the interactive influence of
frame and smoke discharge tube will not be considered, and the basic wind load of frame and
that of the smoke discharge tube can be calculated respectively.
5.2.3 When the framed steel chimney has two or more smoke discharge tubes, the figure
coefficient of wind load of smoke discharge tube shall be determined through air tunnel test.
5.2.4 For circular reinforced concrete chimney and self supporting structure chimney, when
its gradient is less than or equal to 2%, the across-wind sympathetic vibration shall be
calculated according to different conditions of Reynolds number; and shall meet the following
requirements:
1 Reynolds number Re, critical wind speed and chimney top wind speed used for the
calculation of across-wind sympathetic vibration shall be respectively calculated according to
the following formulae:
Re=69000υd (5.2.4-1)
d
υcr,j= (5.2.4-2)
S t × Tj

υH=40 µHω0 (5.2.4-3)


22
Where,
υcr,j- the critical wind speed of the jth vibration mode (m/s);
υH- the wind speed of point H on chimney top (m/s);
υ- the wind speed at the calculated height (m/s), when calculating the wind vibration of
chimney shaft, it may adopt that υ = υcr,j;
d- the outside diameter of ring member bar (m); when calculating the chimney shaft, the
outside diameter at 2/3 of chimney height may be taken;
St- the Strouhal number, the value range of circular cross-section structure or member
bar is 0.2 ~0.3; for noncircular section member, it may be 0.15;
Tj- the natural vibration period of the jth vibration mode of structure or member bar (s);
µH- the height variation coefficient of wind pressure at point H on chimney top;
ω0The basic wind pressure (kN/m2).
2 When Re<3×105, and υH>υcr,j, self-supporting steel chimney and reinforced concrete
chimney may not consider the subcritical across-wind sympathetic vibration load, but for
frame member bar of framed steel chimney, vibration-proof measures shall be taken
structurally or the critical wind speed of the control member bar shall not be less than 15m/s.
3 When Re≥3.5×106, and 1.2υH>υcr,j, the sympathetic vibration shall be calculated.
Response of across-wind sympathetic vibration shall be carried out with simplified
calculation according to the following formulae:
υcr,j
2
ϕ zj
ωczj=|λj| (5.2.4-4)
12800ζ j
λj=λj(H1/H)-λj(H2/H) (5.2.4-5)
⎛ υcr,j ⎞
H1=H ⎜ ⎟ (5.2.4-6)
⎝ 1.2υH ⎠
1
⎛ 1.3υcr,j ⎞ α
H2=H ⎜ ⎟ (5.2.4-7)
⎝ υH ⎠
Where,
ζj- the jth vibration mode structural damping ratio, for the first vibration mode, the
concrete chimney adopts 0.05; for steel chimney with lining, 0.01 while 0.02 for steel
chimney with lining; glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney adopts 0.035; for damping ratio of
high vibration mode, it may be adopted according to the first vibration mode where measuring
data is unavailable;
ωczj- the equivalent wind load of across-wind sympathetic vibration response (kN/m2);
H-the chimney height (m);
H1- the starting point height within the range of across-wind sympathetic vibration load
(m);
H2- the end point height within the range of across-wind sympathetic vibration load (m);
α- the coefficient of ground roughness, to be taken value according to the requirements
of the current national standard "Load Code for the Design of Building Structures" (GB
50009); for steel chimney, unfavorable value may be adopted according to the actual
situation;

23
when it is less than or equal to 20m2, the larger value shall be taken; when it is the middle,
linear insert value may be adopted.
3 For non-bearing overhaul platform, sampling platform and warning lamp platform,
the live load may adopt 3 kN/m2.
4 For the top platform of tube-in-tube reinforced concrete chimney or multi-tube
reinforced concrete chimney, the live load may adopt 7kN/m2.
5.3.2 For the inner wall of chimney tube, dust load with the thickness of 0~50mm shall be
considered according to the lining material characteristics and smoke conditions. The gravity
density of dry dust may adopt 10.4 kN/m3; gravity density of humid dust may adopt
11.7kN/m3; and the gravity density of wet dust may adopt 12.8 kN/m3.
5.3.3 Dust load of chimney dust platform shall be determined according to the actual
situation, and should not be less than 7 kN/m2.

5.4 Ice Load

5.4.1 If the guy of guyed steel chimney or frame of framed steel chimney comply with ice
climate condition, the ice load shall be considered. The ice load may be calculated according
to the relevant requirements of the current national standard Code for Design of High-rising
Structures (GB 50135).

5.5 Earthquake Action

5.5.1 Anti-seismic checking calculation of chimney shall meet the following requirements:
1 Contents without specification in this Code shall be implemented according to the
relevant requirements of the current national standard "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings"
(GB 50011).
2 During earthquake action calculation, the structural damping ratio of reinforced
concrete chimney and brick chimney may take 0.05; the steel chimney without lining may
take 0.01 while the steel chimney with lining may take 0.02 and glass fiber reinforced plastic
chimney may take 0.035.
3 When the earthquake fortification intensity is 6 and 7, the vertical earthquake action
may not be considered; when 8 and 9, the vertical earthquake action shall be calculated.
5.5.2 When the earthquake fortification intensity is 6, brick chimney in site of Category Ⅰ
and Ⅱ, hoop or hoop steel bar may be arranged only while brick chimneys at other seismic
protection areas shall be arranged with vertical rib according to the specification in 6.5 of this
Code.
5.5.3 The following chimneys may not be carried out with section seismic check calculation,
but shall meet the anti-seismic construction requirements:
1 The reinforced concrete chimney located at the site of Category Ⅰ or Ⅱ with the
earthquake fortification intensity is 7 and the basic wind pressure, ω0 is greater than or equal
to 0.5 kN/m2.
2 The brick chimney located at the site of Category Ⅰ or Ⅱ with the earthquake
fortification intensity is 7, and its height is not exceed 45m.
5.5.4 The horizontal earthquake action may be calculated by the mode-decomposition

25
response spectrum method specified in the current national standard "Code for Seismic
Design of Buildings" (GB 50011). When the height is not exceed 150m, the first three modal
combinations may be calculated; when the height exceeds 150m, the first 3~5 modal
combinations may be calculated; when the height is greater than 200m, the quantity of
calculated vibration mode shall not be less than5 .
5.5.5 The standard value of chimney under vertical earthquake action may be calculated
according to the following formula:
1 The vertical earthquake action of chimney root may be calculated according to
following formula:
FEv0=±0.75αvmaxGE (5.5.5-1)
2 The rest sections may be calculated according to the following formulae:
⎛ GiE2 ⎞
FEvik=±η ⎜ GiE − ⎟ (5.5.5-2)
⎝ GE ⎠

η=4(1+C) kv (5.5.5-3)

Where,
FEvik- the standard value of vertical earthquake action of the calculated section i (kN); for
chimney root section, when FEvik is less than FEv0, then FEvik=FEv0;
GiE- the representative gravity load value of chimney above the calculated section i.
Adopt the sum of the gravity load standard value above the section i and the live load
combination value of platform; live load combination value coefficient is adopted according
to the requirements of Table 3.1.8-2 in this Code; for tube-in-tube or multi-flue chimney,
when self-supporting chimney is adopted, GiE excludes the weight of chimney tube; when
platform bearing chimney tube is adopted, the platform and chimney tube weight is delivered
to the external bearing tube through the platform, and the weight of platform and chimney
tube is calculated in GiE;
GE- the representative total gravity load value of chimney above the top surface of
foundation. Adopt the sum of the total gravity load standard value and the live load
combination value of each floor of platform; live load combination value coefficient is
adopted according to the requirements of Table 3.1.8-2 in this Code; for tube-in-tube or
multi-flue chimney, when self-supporting chimney is adopted, GE excludes the weight of
chimney tube; when platform bearing chimney tube is adopted, the platform and chimney
tube weight is delivered to the external bearing tube through the platform, and the weight of
platform and chimney tube is calculated in GE;
C- the coefficient of elastic recovery of structural material. For brick chimney, adopt 0.6;
for reinforced concrete chimney and glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney, adopt 0.7; for
steel chimney, adopt 0.8;

kv - the vertical earthquake coefficient, it is adopted according to 65% of the ratio of

the designed basic earthquake acceleration and gravitational acceleration which are
specified in the current national standard "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings", when the
intensity is 7 it adopts 0.065 (0.1), when the intensity is 8, it adopts 0.13 (0.2); when the

intensity is 9, it adopts 0.26; kv =0.1 and kv =0.2 are respectively used the area with the
26
basic designed earthquake acceleration is 0.15g and 0.30g;
αvmax- the maximum value of vertical earthquake influence coefficient, and it shall take
65% of the maximum value of horizontal earthquake influence coefficient according to the
requirement of the current national standard "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings" (GB
50011).
5.5.6 In calculation of vertical earthquake force of suspended and sectional bearing chimney
tube, the suspended and bearing platforms may be regarded as the root of the chimney tube
and the free end of chimney tube may be regarded as the top, and the calculation shall be
carried out in accordance with 5.5.5 in this Code. And the calculation result may be multiplied
by the amplification coefficient of vertical earthquake effect according to the height of
suspended or bearing platform, while the amplification coefficient may be calculated
according to the following formulae:
β=ζβvi (5.5.6-1)

⎛ GiE ⎞
βvi=4(1+C) ⎜ 1 − ⎟ (5.5.6-2)
⎝ GE ⎠

1
ζ= (5.5.6-3)
G L3
1 + vE 2
47 EITvg
Where,
β- the amplification coefficient of vertical earthquake effect;
βvi- the amplification coefficient of vertical earthquake effect of the ith suspended or
bearing platform before correction;
ζ- the reduction coefficient of platform rigidity on the vertical earthquake effect;
GvE- the representative value of total gravity load borne by a stick of main beam of the
suspended (or bearing) platform (including the deadweight load of the main beam);
L-the span of main beam (m);
E-the elastic modulus of main beam material (kN/m2);
I—-the section inertia moment of main beam (m4);
Tvg- the characteristic period of vertical earthquake site (S), it may adopt 65% of the
characteristic period of the first group of horizontal earthquake.

5.6 Temperature Action

5.6.1 Smoke temperature inside chimney shall meet the following requirements:
1 The maximum temperature during the use of chimney shall be adopted for the
calculation of the maximum heated temperature of chimney and for the determination of
reduction coefficient of materials under temperature action.
2 The lower limit of smoke temperature variation range shall be adopted for the
determination of the dew point temperature of flue gas and anti-corrosion measures.
5.6.2 The ambient temperature outside chimney shall meet the following requirements:
1 The extreme maximum temperature shall be adopted for the calculation of the
maximum heated temperature of chimney and for the determination of reduction coefficient

27
c
Rtot - the total thermal resistance from the inner face of flue lining to the midpoint of

chimney shell (m2·K/W).


5.6.12 The horizontal displacement of self-supporting steel chimney or glass steel chimney
generated by the temperature difference of shell may be calculated according to the following
formula:

⎛ 1 ⎞ θ 1
ux=θ0HB ⎜ z + H B ⎟ + 0 [z- (1-e-v·z) ] (5.6.12-1)
⎝ 2 ⎠ V V
α z ∆Tm0
θ0=0.811× (5.6.12-2)
d
V=ζt/d (5.6.12-3)
Where,
ux - the horizontal displacement of shell section from the flue opening top z (m);
θ0 - the section angle displacement within the range of flue opening (rad);
HB - the height of shell flue opening (m);
αz - the longitudinal expansion coefficient of shell material;
d - the diameter of the circle where the shell thickness midpoint is located (m);
∆Tm0 – the calculated value ∆Tm when z=0
5.6.13 Where the horizontal restriction and gravity effect of supporting platform is omitted,
the horizontal displacement generated by shell temperature difference of suspended smoke
discharge tube may be calculated according to following formula:
θ0 1
ux= [z- (1-e-v·z] (5.6.13)
V V
5.6.14 The axial temperature stress of steel or glass fiber reinforced plastic inner tube shall
be determined according to the restriction conditions of supporting platforms on all storeys.
The inner tube may treated according to the calculation model of beam & column, and the
beam & column internal force shall be calculated according to the displacement of positions
of supporting platforms on all storeys and the displaced phase at the corresponding position
calculated according to those specified in Articles 5.6.12 or 5.6.13 of this code, this internal
force may be approximated as the calculated temperature stress of inner tube. The calculated
temperature stress of inner tube may also be calculated according to the following formulae:

σ Tm =0.4Ezcαz∆Tm (5.6.14-1)

T
σ sec =0.1Ezcαz∆Tg (5.6.14-2)

σ Tb =0.5Ezbαz∆Tw (5.6.14-3)

Where,

σ Tm - the flexure temperature stress of shaft (MPa);

T
σ sec - temperature secondary stress (MPa);

σ Tb - the temperature stress caused by internal and external temperature difference of

32
6 Brick Chimney

6.1 General Requirement

6.1.1 For the design of brick chimney shell, the following calculation and verification are
necessary:
1 Calculation of limit state of horizontal section bearing capacity and verification of
load deviation distance shall be carried out and shall meet the following requirements:
1) Under the designed value action of permanent load and wind load, the limit state of
bearing capacity shall be calculated according to 6.2.1 of this Code.
2) As for the brick chimneys in the areas with the seismic fortification intensity above
6 (category III and IV sites), vertical steel bar calculation shall be carried out according to the
relevant requirements 6.5 of this Code.
3) Under permanent action and the action of wind load, the crack resistance of
horizontal section shall be verified according to 6.2.2 of this Code;
2 Under temperature action, the hoop steel tie or ring rib shall be calculated according
to limit state of normal use. If the calculated section area of hoop or ring rib is less than the
structural value, it shall be arranged according to the structural value.

6.2 Calculation of Horizontal Section

6.2.1 Under the joint action of permanent load and wind load, the limit bearing capacity of
horizontal section of shell shall be calculated according to the following formulae:
N≤ψfA (6.2.1-1)
1
ψ= 2
(6.2.1-2)
⎛e ⎞
1+ ⎜ 0 + β α ⎟
⎝ i ⎠
β=hd/d (6.2.1-3)
Where,
N - Designed value (N) of axial pressure caused by permanent load;
f - the designed value of compressive strength of brick masonry, to be determined
according to national standard "Code for Design of Masonry Structures" (GB 50003);
A - the area (mm2) of calculated section;
ψ - the influence coefficient of length-width ratio (β) and axial force eccentricity (eo) on
bearing force;
β - the height-radius ratio of shell above calculated section;
hd - the height from calculated section to shell top (m);
d - the calculated section diameter (m) of chimney;
i - the turning radius (m) of calculated section;
e0 - the eccentricity from axial force to gravity center of section under the designed value
action of wind load (m):
α - the coefficient related to the strength grade of mortar, when mortar strength grade is

34
above M5, a=0.0015; when mortar strength grade is M2.5,α=0.0020.
6.2.2 The crack resistance of horizontal section of shell shall meet the requirements of the
following formulae:
ek≤rcom (6.2.2-1)
rcom=W/A (6.2.2-2)
Where,
ek - the eccentricity from axial force to gravity center of section under the standard value
action of wind load (m);
rcom - the kern distance of calculated section (m);
W - the minimum elastic resisting moment of calculated section (m3).
6.2.3 Under the designed value action of wind load, the eccentricity from axial force to
gravity center of section shall meet the requirements of the following formula:
e0≤0.6α (6.2.3)
Where,
α - the minimum distance from the gravity center of calculated section to shell outer edge
(m).
6.2.4 The shell section equipped with vertical steel bar may not be limited by 6.2.2 and
6.2.3 of this Code.

6.3 Calculation of Hoops

6.3.1 Under the action of temperature difference on shell, the section area of hoop needed
by each meter of shell (in height) may be calculated according to the following formulae:

r2 ⎛ tε ⎞
Ah=500 εmE′mtln ⎜1 + m ⎟ (6.3.1-1)
f at ⎝ r1ε t ⎠

γ t tα m ∆T
εt= (6.3.1-2)
r2 ln(r2 / r1 )

f at
εm=εt- ≥0 (6.3.1-3)
Esh

E
Esh= (6.3.1-4)
n
1+
6r2

Where,
Ah - The section area of hoop needed by each meter of shell (mm2);
r1 - inner radius of shell (mm);
r2 - the outer radius of shell (mm), whose unit shall be m when being used in formula
(6.3.1-4);
εm - the relative compression deformation value of shell inner face;
εt - the free relative extension value of shell external face under the action of temperature
difference;

35
value linear insert method.
6.4.2 When the relatively compression deformation value εm of shell inner face is less than 0,
ring ribs shall be provided according to the construction.

6.5 Calculation of Vertical Bar

6.5.1 The vertical reinforcement of brick chimney in seismic fortification region shall be
determined according to the following requirement:
1 The section area of vertical steel bar needed by each horizontal section may be
calculated according to the following formulae:
β M − (γ G Gk − γ Ev FEvk )rp
As = (6.5.1-1)
rp f yt
M=γEhMEk+ψcWEγwMWk (6.5.1-2)
θ
β= (6.5.1-3)
sin θ
sin θ
θ=π- (6.5.1-4)
ac
Where,
As - the total section area of vertical steel bar needed by calculated section (mm2);
β - the influence coefficient of bending moment (Figure 6.5.1);
MEk - the standard value of bending moment on calculated section caused by horizontal
earthquake action (N·m);
MWk - the standard value of bending moment on calculated section caused by wind load
(N·m);
Gk - the gravity standard value of calculated section (N);
FEvk - the standard value of axial force on calculated section caused by vertical
earthquake action (N);
γp - the mean radius of shell on calculated section (m);
fyt - the design value for reinforcement tensile strength under temperature action
(N/mm2);
γEh - the partial coefficient of the horizontal earthquake action γEh=1.3;
γw - the partial coefficient of wind load γw=1.4;
θ - the half angle of pressed area;;
γG - the partial coefficient of gravity load, γG=1.0;
γEv - the partial coefficient of the vertical earthquake action, to be determined according
to the requirements of Table 3.1.8-1 of this Code;
ψcWE - the combination coefficient of wind load under earthquake action, ψcWE=0.2.
2 Influence coefficient of bending moment β may be looked up in Figure 6.5.1
according to parameter ac,. ac may be calculated according to the following formula:
M
α c= (6.5.1-5)
ϕ0 rp Af − (γ G Gk − γ E v FEvk )rp

37
7 Single Tube Reinforced Concrete Chimney

7.1 General Requirement

7.1.1 This chapter applies to design of RC chimneys with height not larger than 210m.
7.1.2 For the design of reinforced concrete chimney shell, the following calculation or
verification is necessary:
1 The calculation of additional bending moment shall meet the following requirements:
1) The additional bending moment under ultimate limit state. The additional
bending moment under earthquake action shall also be calculated in seismic
protection regions.
2) The additional bending moment under serviceability limit state. The earthquake
action under this state shall not be calculated.
2 Calculation of ultimate limit state of bearing capacity of horizontal section.
3 As for calculation of stress under serviceability limit state, the concrete and steel bar
stress of horizontal section and vertical section shall be calculated respectively.
4 Verification for the crack width under serviceability limit state.

7.2 Additional Bending Moment

7.2.1 When calculating bearing capacity under ultimate limit state and serviceability limit
state, the additional bending moment Mai (Figure 7.2.1) on shell horizontal section caused by
the shaft gravity load may be calculated according to following formula:

qi (h − hi ) 2 ⎡ h + 2hi ⎛ 1 α c ∆T ⎞ ⎤
Mai= ⎢ ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ + tan θ ⎥ (7.2.1)
2 ⎣ 3 ⎝ ρc d ⎠ ⎦
Where,
qi – the converting line distributing gravity load at (h-hi) /3 to shell top may be calculated
according to Formula (7.2.3-1) of this Code;
h – the height of shaft (m);
hi – the height of calculated section i (m);
l/ρc - the bending and distortion curvature at representative section of shaft may be
calculated according to formulae (7.2.5-1), (7.2.5-2), (7.2.5-4) and (7.2.5-5) of this Code;
αc – the linear expansion coefficient of concrete;
∆ T - the temperature difference, which produced by sunlight, between front face and
back face of shaft shall adopt local measured data. In case of unavailable, consider as 200C.
d – the outside diameter (m) of shaft at the height of 0.4h;
θ - the foundation inclination angle, which shall adopt allowable inclining value
specified in the current national standard "Code for Design of Building Foundation" (GB
50007).

42
q1 - the average line distributing gravity load (kN/m) of the first segment of shaft top;
G and Gk - the deadweight load design value and standard value (kN) of shaft (lining,
isolation and shell) respectively;
G1 and G1k - the design value and standard value of the total deadweight load (kN) of the
first section of shaft top respectively;
h1 - the height (m) of the first segment of shaft top.
7.2.4 At the representative section of shaft, the relative eccentricity of axial force to shell
horizontal section center shall be calculated according to the following formulae:
1 The ultimate limit state of bearing capacity shall be calculated according to the
following formulae:
1) Where earthquake action is not considered:
e MW + Ma
= (7.2.4-1)
r N •r
2) Where earthquake action is considered:
eE M E + ψ cWE M W + M Ea
= (7.2.4-2)
r N ⋅r
2 The serviceability limit state shall be calculated according to the following formula:
ek M Wk + M ak
= (7.2.4-3)
r Nk • r
Where,
N - the design value of axial force at the representative section of shaft (kN);
Nk - the standard value of axial force at the representative section of shaft (kN);
Mw - the design value of wind bending moment at the representative section of shaft
(kN·m);
Mwk - the standard value of wind bending moment at the representative section of shaft
(kN·m);
Ma - the design value of additional bending moment at the representative section of shaft
under ultimate limit state of bearing capacity (kN·m);
Mak - the standard value of additional bending moment at the representative section of
shaft under serviceability limit state (kN·m);
ME - the design value of earthquake action bending moment at the representative section
of shaft (kN·m);
MEa - the design value of additional bending moment at the representative section of
shaft under earthquake action (kN·m);
e - the eccentricity of the design value of axial force calculated according to fundamental
combination for action effects to the circle center axis of concrete shell (m);
eE - the eccentricity (m) of the design value of axial force calculated according to
fundamental combination for load effect to the circle center axis of concrete shell;
ek - the eccentricity (m) of the standard value of axial force calculated according to
standard load effect combination to the circle center axis of concrete shell;
ψcWE - the load combination coefficient for the wind load in the basic earthquake
combination including earthquake action effect, ψcWE = 0.2;
r - the average radius (m) of shell at the representative section of shell.

44
7.2.5 The distortion curvature l/ρc and l/ρEc at the representative section of shaft may be
calculated according to the following formulae:
1 The ultimate limit state of bearing capacity may be calculated according to the
following formulae:
e
1) Where ≤0.5,
r
1 1.6( M W + M a )
= (7.2.5-1)
ρc 0.33Ect I
e
2) Where >0.5,
r
1 1.6( M W + M a )
= (7.2.5-2)
ρc 0.25Ect I
3) In calculation of earthquake action:
1 M E + ψ cWE M W + M Ea
= (7.2.5-3)
ρ Ec 0.25Ect I
2 The serviceability limit state may be calculated according to the following
formulae:
ek
1) When ≤0.5:
r
1 ( M Wk + M ak )
= (7.2.5-4)
ρc 0.65Ect I
ek
2) When >0.5:
r
1 ( M Wk + M ak )
= (7.2.5-5)
ρc 0.4 Ect I
Where,
Ect - the elasticity modulus (kN/m2) of shell concrete at the representative section of shaft
under temperature action;
I - the inertia moment (m4) at the representative section of shaft.
7.2.6 When calculating the distortion curvature l/ρc and l/ρEc at the representative section of
shaft, the initial value of the additional bending moment may be assumed first, in the
calculation of ultimate limit state of bearing capacity, it may be assumed that Ma=0.35Mw, and
MEa=0.35ME when earthquake action is considered; under serviceability limit state,
Mak=0.2Mw, substitute relevant formula and solve for additional bending moment value.
When the difference between the calculated additional bending moment value and assumed
value doesn't exceed 5%, stop calculation otherwise should carry out circular iteration till
fore-and-after twice additional bending moment doesn't exceed 5%.The final value shall be
the additional bending moment calculated, and the corresponding curvature value shall be the
final curvature of shaft distortion.

45
r
M+Ma≤ { (α1fctA+fytAs)[sin (απ-αθ+θ)-sinθ] +fytAssin[αt (π-θ) ]} (7.3.1-4)
π −θ
A=2 (π-θ)rt (7.3.1-5)
2) When there are two holes and α0=π [Figure 7.3.1 (c)]:
r
M+Ma≤ { (α1fctA+fytAs)[sin (πα-αθ1-αθ2+θ1)-sinθ1]+fytAs[sin (αtπ-αtθ1-αtθ2+θ2)-sin
π − θ1 − θ 2
θ2]} (7.3.1-6)
A=2 (π-θ1-θ2) rt (7.3.1-7)
3) When there are two holes and α0≤α (π-θ1-θ2)+θ1+θ2, it may be calculated
according to θ=θ1+θ2 single hole cross section;
4) When α (π-θ1-θ2)+θ1+θ2<α0≤π-θ2-αt (π-θ1-θ2), [Figure 7.3.1 (d)]:
r
M+Ma≤ { (α1fctA+fytAs)[sin (απ-αθ1-αθ2+θ1)-sinθ1]+fytAssin (αtπ-αtθ1-αtθ2)} (7.
π − θ1 − θ 2
3.1-8)
5) When α0>π-θ2-αt (π-θ1-θ2) [Figure 7.3.1 (e)]:

r f yt As
M+Ma≤ { (α1fctA+fytAs)[sin (απ-αθ1-αθ2+θ1) -sinθ1]+ [sin ( β 2′ ) +sinβ2-sin
π − θ1 − θ 2 2
(π-α0+θ2)+n (π-α0 一 θ2)]} (7.3.1-9)

⎛ m ⎞
β2=k-arcsin ⎜ − ⎟ (7.3.1-10)
⎝ 2 sin k ⎠

⎛ m ⎞
β 2′ =k+arcsin ⎜ − ⎟ (7.3.1-11)
⎝ 2 sin k ⎠
m=cos (π-α0-θ2) -cos (π-α0+θ2) (7.3.1-12)
k=αt (π-θ1-θ2) +θ2 (7.3.1-13)
A=2 (π-θ1-θ2)rt (7.3.1-14)
Where,
N - the axial force design value (kN) of calculated section;;
α - the ratio of concrete section area in compressive area to full concrete section area;
αt - the ratio of the sectional area of vertical steel bar in tension to that of all vertical steel
2
bars, αt=1-1.5α, when α≥ , αt=0;
3
A - the sectional area of shell on calculated section (m2);
fct - the design value for the compressive strength of concrete axis under temperature
action (kN/m2);
α1 - The ratio of the stress of the concrete rectangular stress diagram in compressive area
to the design value of concrete compression strength; when the concrete strength grade is C50
or lower, 1.0 is taken for α1; when it is C80, 0.94 is taken for α1, its space is determined
according to linear interpolation;
As – the total steel bar area of calculated section (m2);

48
M Wk + M ak
ek= (7.4.2-1)
Nk
Where,
Mwk - bending moment (kN·m), which is generated by wind standard value, of calculated
section;
Mak - the standard value of additional bending moment at the calculated section under
serviceability limit state;
Nk - the axial force standard value (kN) of calculated section.
2 Section core distance may be calculated according to the following formulae:
1) When the calculated section of shell has no holes:
rco=0.5r (7.4.2-2)
2) When the calculated section of shell has 1 hole (place hole in compressive
area):

π − θ − 0.5 sin 2θ − 2 sin θ


rco= r (7.4.2-3)
2( π − θ − sin θ )
3) When the calculated section of shell has 2 holes (α0=π, and place big hole in
compressive area):
π − θ1 − θ 2 − 0.5(sin 2θ1 + sin 2θ 2 ) + 2 cos θ 2 (sin θ 2 − sin θ1 )
rco= r (7.4.2-4)
2[sin θ 2 − sin θ1 + ( π − θ1 − θ 2 ) cos θ 2 ]
4) When the calculated section of shell has 2 holes (α0≠π, and place big hole in
compressive area), and α0≤π-θ2:
rco={[ (π-θ1-θ2)-0.5[sin2θ1-0.5sin2 (α0-θ2)+0.5sin2 (α0+θ2)]+sin (α0-θ2)-sin (α0+θ2)-2sinθ1]/[2
(π-θ1-θ2)+sin (α0-θ2)-sin (α0+θ2)-2sinθ1])r (7.4.2-5)
5) When the calculated section of shell has 2 holes (α0≠π, and place big hole in
compressive area), and α0>π-θ2:
rco={[ (π-θ1-θ2)-0.5[sin2θ1-0.5sin2 (α0-θ2)+0.5sin2 (α0+θ2)]-cos (α0+θ2)[sin (α0-θ2)-sin
(α0+θ2)-2sinθ1]/-2 (π-θ1-θ2) cos (α0+θ2)+sin (α0-θ2)-sin (α0+θ2)-2sinθ1]}r (7.4.2-6)
7.4.3 When ek>rco, Horizontal section concrete and steel bar stress of shell shall be
calculated according to the following formula:
1 The compressive stress σcw on leeward side shall be calculated according to the
following formula:
1) When the calculated section of shell has no holes:
Nk
σcw= Cc1 (7.4.3-1)
A0

π(1 + α Et ρ t )(1 − cos ϕ )


Cc1= (7.4.3-2)
sin ϕ − (ϕ + πα Et ρ t ) cos ϕ
2) When the calculated section of shell has one hole:
Nk
σcw= Cc2 (7.4.3-3)
A0
52
(1 + α Et ρ t )( π − θ )(cosθ − cos ϕ )
Cc2= (7.4.3-4)
sin ϕ − (1 + α Et ρ t ) sin θ − [ϕ − θ + ( π − θ )α Et ρ t ]cos ϕ
3) When the calculated section of shell has two holes (α0=π):
Nk
σcw= Cc3 (7.4.3-5)
A0

Bc3
Cc3= (7.4.3-6)
Dc3
Bc3= (π-θ1-θ2) (1+αEtρt) (cosθ1-cosφ) (7.4.3-7)
Dc3=sinφ- (1+αEtρt) sinθ1-[φ-θ1+αEtρt (π-θ1-θ2)] cosφ+αEtρtsinθ2 (7.4.3-8)
4) When the calculated section of shell has two holes (α0<π):
Nk
σcw= Cc4 (7.4.3-9)
A0

Bc4
Cc4= (7.4.3-10)
Dc4
Bc4= (π-θ1-θ2) (1+αEtρt) (cosθ1-cosφ) (7.4.3-11)
1
Dc4=sinφ- (1+αEtρt) sinθ1-[φ-θ1+αEtρt (π-θ1-θ2) ] cosφ+ αEtρt[sin (α0-θ2)-sin (α0+θ2)]
2
(7.4.3-12)
Where,
A0 - the equivalent area of calculated section of shell, which shall be calculated according
to Formula (7.4.5-1) in this Code;
αEt - the ratio of elastic module of steel bar and concrete under long-term action of
temperature and load, which shall be calculated according to Formula (7.4.5-2) this Code;
φ - the compressive area semi-angle calculating section of shell;
ρt - the total reinforcement ratio of vertical steel bar (including reinforcement on outer
side and inside of shell).
2 The tensile stress σsw on windward side shall be calculated according to the following
formula:
1) When the calculated section of shell has no holes:

σsw=αEt
Nk C (7.4.3-13)
s1
A0

1 + cos ϕ
Cs1= Cc1 (7.4.3-14)
1 − cos ϕ
2) When the calculated section of shell has one hole:

σsw=αEt
Nk C (7.4.3-15)
s2
A0

53
ek Bec2
= (7.4.3-28)
r Dec2
Bec2= (1+αEtρt) (φ-θ1-0.5sin2θ1+2cosφsinθ1)-0.5sin2φ+αEtρt [π-φ-θ2-0.25sin (2α0+2θ2)+0.25s
in (2α0-2θ2)+cosφsin (α0+θ2)-cosφsin (α0-θ2)] (7.4.3-29)
1
Dec2=2{sinφ- (1+αEtρt) sinθ1-[φ-θ1+αEtρt (π-θ1-θ2) ]cosφ+ αEtρt [sin (α0-θ2) -sin (α0+θ2)]}
2
(7.4.3-30)
7.4.4 When ek≤rco, Horizontal section concrete compressive stress of shell shall be
calculated according to the following formulae:
1 The compressive stress σcw on leeward side shall be calculated according to the
following formulae:
1) When the calculated section of shell has no holes:

σcw=
Nk C (7.4.4-1)
c5
A0
ek
Cc5=1+2 (7.4.4-2)
r
2) When the calculated section of shell has one hole:

σcw=
Nk C (7.4.4-3)
c6
A0

⎛ ek sin θ ⎞
2⎜ + ⎟[( π − θ ) cos θ + sin θ ]
⎝ r π −θ ⎠
Cc6=1+ (7.4.4-4)
sin 2 θ
π − θ − 0.5 sin 2θ − 2
π −θ
3) When the calculated section of shell has two holes (α0=π):

σcw=
Nk C (7.4.4-5)
c7
A0

⎛ ek sin θ1 − sin θ 2 ⎞
2⎜⎜ + ⎟[( π − θ1 − θ 2 ) cos θ1 − sin θ 2 + sin θ1 ]
⎝ r π − θ1 − θ 2 ⎟⎠
Cc7=1+ (7.4.4-6)
(sin θ 2 − sin θ1 ) 2
(π − θ1 − θ 2)− 0.5(sin 2θ1 + sin 2θ 2 ) − 2
π − θ1 − θ 2
4) When the calculated section of shell has 2 holes (α0≠π, and place big hole in
compressive area):

σcw=
Nk C (7.4.4-7)
c8
A0

55
⎛ ek sin θ1 + P1 ⎞
2⎜⎜ + ⎟[( π − θ1 − θ 2 ) cos θ1 + sin θ1 + P1 ]
⎝ r π − θ1 − θ 2 ⎟⎠
Cc8=1+ (7.4.4-8)
(sin θ 2 + P1 ) 2
(π − θ1 − θ 2)− 0.5(sin 2θ1 + P2 ) − 2
π − θ1 − θ 2
1
P1 = [sin (α0+θ2)-sin (α0-θ2)] (7.4.4-9)
2
1
P2 =
[sin2 (α0+θ2)-sin2 (α0-θ2)] (7.4.4-10)
2
2 Concrete compression stress σ ′ cw at windward side shall be calculated according to
the following formula:
1) When calculated section of shell has no holes:

σ ′ cw= N k Cc9 (7.4.4-11)


A0
ek
Cc9=1- 2 (7.4.4-12)
r
2) When the calculated section of shell has one hole:

σ ′ cw= N k Cc10 (7.4.4-13)


A0

⎛e sin θ ⎞
2⎜ k + ⎟( π − θ − sin θ )
⎝ r π −θ ⎠
Cc10=1- (7.4.4-14)
sin 2 θ
π − θ − 0.5 sin 2θ − 2
π −θ
3) When the calculated section of hole wall has two holes (α0=π):

σ ′ cw= N k Cc11 (7.4.4-15)


A0

⎛ e sin θ1 − sin θ 2 ⎞
2⎜⎜ k + ⎟[( π − θ1 − θ 2 ) cos θ 2 + sin θ 2 − sin θ1 ]
⎝ r π − θ1 − θ 2 ⎟⎠
Cc11=1- (7.4.4-16)
(sin θ 2 − sin θ1 ) 2
(π − θ1 − θ 2 ) − 0.5(sin 2θ1 + sin 2θ 2 ) − 2
π − θ1 − θ 2
4) When shell has two holes (α0≠π), and α0≤π-θ2:

σ ′ cw= N k Cc12 (7.4.4-17)


A0

⎛e sin θ1 + P1 ⎞
2⎜⎜ k + ⎟[( π − θ1 − θ 2 ) − sin θ1 − P1 ]
⎝ r π − θ1 − θ 2 ⎟⎠
Cc12=1- (7.4.4-18)
(sin θ1 + P1 ) 2
(π − θ1 − θ 2 ) − 0.5(sin 2θ1 + P2 ) − 2
π − θ1 − θ 2

56
5) When shell has two holes (α0≠π), and α0>π-θ2:

σ ′ cw= N k Cc13 (7.4.4-19)


A0

⎛e sin θ1 + P1 ⎞
2⎜⎜ k + ⎟⎟[− ( π − θ1 − θ 2 ) cos(α 0 + θ 2 ) − sin θ1 − P1 ]
π − θ − θ 2 ⎠
Cc13=1- ⎝
r 1
(7.4.4-20)
(sin θ1 + P1 ) 2
(π − θ1 − θ 2 ) − 0.5(sin 2θ1 + P2 ) − 2
π − θ1 − θ 2
7.4.5 The transformed section area A0 and αEt of shell horizontal section shall be calculated
according to the following formulae:
A0=2rt (π-θ1-θ2) (1+αEtρt) (7.4.5-1)
Es
αEt=2.5 (7.4.5-2)
Ect
Where,
Es - the elastic module (N/mm2) of steel bar;
Ect – the elastic modulus (N/mm2) of concrete under temperature action shall be adopted
according to the requirements in 4.2.6 of this Code.
II Stress calculation of horizontal section under combined action of load standard value and
temperature
7.4.6 Before calculating horizontal section stress of shell under combined action of load
standard value and temperature, strain coefficient shall be calculated according to the
following formulae:
1 The compression strain parameter Pc value shall be calculated according to the
following formula:
When ek>rco:
1.8σ cw
P c= (7.4.6-1)
ε t Ect
εt=1.25 (αcTc-αsTs) (7.4.6-2)
When ek≤rco:
2.5σ cw
P c= (7.4.6-3)
ε t Ect
2 Tensile strain parameter PS value (only for ek>rco) shall be calculated according to the
following formula:
0.7σ sw
Ps = (7.4.6-4)
ε t Es
Where,
εt - the relative free distortion value of internal surface to external steel bar of shell;
αc and αs - the linear expansion coefficient of concrete and rebar steel bar respectively,
which shall be adopted according to the requirements of 4.2.7 and 4.2.8 of this Code;

57
width is 1)
IV Calculation of the crack width of shell
7.4.10 The maximum horizontal and vertical crack width in the steel bar concrete shell shall
be calculated according to the following formulae:
1 The maximum horizontal crack width shall be calculated according to he following
formulae:

σ swt ⎛ d ⎞
wmax = kacrψ ⎜⎜1.9c + 0.08 eq ⎟⎟ (7.4.10-1)
Es ⎝ ρ te ⎠

f ttk
ψ = 1.1 − 0.65 (7.4.10-2)
ρ teσ st

∑ ni d i2
d eq = (7.4.10-3)
∑ ni v i d i
Where,
σswt - the tension stress (N/mm2) of the vertical reinforcement bar in the crack under the
combined action of load standard values and the temperature;
αcr – the bearing characteristic coefficient of the component, when αswt=σsw, αcr=2.4, in
other cases, αcr=2.1;
k – the working condition coefficient of the chimney, k=1.2;
ni – the number of the i-th kind of steel bar;
ρte – the tension steel bar ratio calculated by the effective section area of the concrete in
tension, when σswt=σsw, then ρte=ρ+ρ', in other cases, ρte=2ρ, when ρte<0.01, ρte=0.01;
di and deq – the diameters (mm) of the steel bar in tension and the equivalent steel bar of
the i-th kind;
c – the thickness (mm) of the concrete protective layer;
vi – the relative adhesive characteristic coefficient of the longitudinal tension
reinforcement bar, if the reinforcement bar is smooth and round, vi=0.7, if it has ribs, vi=1.0.
2 The maximum vertical crack width shall be calculated according to the formulae
(7.4.10-1) ~ (7.4.10-3), here σswt shall be replaced by σst, and σcr=2.1

7.5 Structure Regulation

7.5.1 The gradient segmental height and thickness of reinforced concrete chimney shell
shall meet the following requirements:
1 The gradient of shell should be 2% and several different gradients may be adopted in
high chimney.
2 Segmental height of shell shall be multiple of moving shuttering and should not
exceed 15m.
3 Minimum thickness of shell shall meet the requirements in Table 7.5.1 of this code.

62
Figure 8.1.3 The Arrangement of Tube-in-tube Chimney
8.1.5 Structure platform shall be arranged according to the structural characteristics of inner
smoke discharge tube and should be combined with horizontal flutter-control device
construction plan and operation condition.
8.1.6 Steel ladder should be arranged in internal part of reinforced-concrete outer tube.
Where the operating maintenance is required elevator may be arranged.
8.1.7 The following calculation or checking calculation shall be carried out for tube-in-tube
chimney and multi-flue chimney:
1 Calculation of horizontal section ultimate state of bearing capacity and checking
calculation of horizontal crack width shall be carried out for load-bearing outer tube.
2 The calculation of smoke discharge tube shall meet the following requirements:
1) For the brick inner tube support by segment the calculation of heated
temperature hoop or ring reinforcement shall be carried out.
2) For self-supporting brick inner tube in addition to the calculation of heated
temperature and hoop or ring reinforcement seismic capacity checking
calculation under earthquake action and calculation of longest horizontal
displacement on top shall also be carried out in seismic protection region.
3) Calculation of strength overall stability partial stability and opening reinforcing
shall be carried out for self-supporting steel inner tube.
4) Calculation of overall strength local strength and suspension node strength shall
be carried out for steel inner tube of suspension type.

8.2 Calculation Regulations

8.2.1 Under the wind load or earthquake action the calculation of outer tube may not be
counted in the effect of bending rigidity of inner tube.
8.2.2 In addition to the action of self-weight load and flue gas temperature the external
simple bearing wind load earthquake action additional bending moment horizontal thrust of
flue and installation shall be counted in the ultimate bearing capacity calculation of
self-supporting steel inner tube. The allowance of corrosion thickness shall not be counted
into the calculation of effective cross-section area.
8.2.3 The surface temperature of outer layer of inner tube shall not be more than 50℃.
8.2.4 During the calculation process of smoke discharge tube the combination value
coefficient of wind load in outer tube that corresponds to the working condition of abnormal
flue gas operation temperature shall be 0.2.
8.2.5 The wind pressure ripple coefficient and wind fluttering coefficient of steel inner tube
above the top platform may according to the parts above the top platform may be adopted
according to the elevation value on top of outer tube.
8.2.6 The relative deformation of steel inner tube on free segment above the bearing
position shall be less than 1/100 of its free segment. The influence of rigidity and strength of
corrosion allowance shall not be counted into the calculation of deformation and strength.

8.3 Self-supporting Steel Tube

66
8.3.1 Basic natural vibration period of steel inner tube and reinforced concrete outer tube
should meet the requirements of following formula:

(Tc − Ts
≥ 0 .2 (8.3.1)
Tc
WhereTc - basic natural vibration period (s) of reinforced-concrete outer tube;
Ts - basic natural vibration period (s)of steel inner tube.
8.3.2 Slenderness ratio of steel inner tube shall meet the requirements of following formula:

l0
≤80 (8.3.2)
i
Wherel0 - distance (m) between adjacent lateral bearing point of steel inner tube;
I - for circular ring section the gyration radius of section of steel inner tube shall take
0.707 times of the average radius (m) of ring section.
8.3.3 Basic natural vibration period of steel inner tube may be calculated according to
following formula:
4
G0 l max
Ts = at (8.3.3)
9.81EI
Where,
Ts - basic natural vibration period (s) of steel inner tube;
at - characteristic coefficient, where hinge joints on both end support, at=0.637;where
one end is fasten and the other is hinged, at=0.408;where both ends are fixed with bearing
at=0.281; where one end is fasten and the other is free, at=1.786;
I - section inertia moment (m4) is not counted into the effect of section opening during
calculation;
G0 - unit weight of steel inner tube including the self-weight (N/M) of all the structure as
thermal insulation protective layer etc..
Lmax - the maximum distance (m) between adjacent lateral bearing point of steel inner
tube;
E - elasticity modulus of steel (N/m2).
8.3.4 The internal force of steel inner tube may be calculated according to displacement of
flutter-control device and continuous bar.
8.3.5 The design strength of steel inner tube section shall be in accordance with following
specified values:
1 The allowable design value of compression strength of horizontal section of steel
inner tube shall be calculated according to the following formula:
fch=ηhζhft (8.3.5-1)
21600
ηh = (8.3.5-2)
18000 + (l 0i / i ) 2
Where,
fch - the design value for the compressive strength (N/mm2) of horizontal section of steel
inner tube;

67
a
Vmax=Fk(0.12+0.32 ) (8.3.6-2)
r
When a/r≤0.656:

Fk
N max = (8.3.6-3)
4
When a/r>0.656:

Nmax=Fk ⎛⎜ 0.04 + 0.32 ⎞⎟


a
(8.3.6-4)
⎝ r⎠
Where,
Mmax - the maximum bending moment (kN·m) of bearing ring;
Vmax - the maximum shear (kN) of bearing ring along radius direction;
Nmax - The maximum tension (kN) of bearing ring along circumferential direction;
Fk - For the outer tube of flutter-control device in k floor the maximum horizontal force
(kN) delivered to each inner tube may be obtained according to deformation compatibility;
r - Radius (m) of steel inner tube;
a - eccentric distance (m) of bearing point.
8.3.7 The sectional area and section inertia moment of hoop strengthening ring of steel inner
tube shall be calculated according to the following formulas:
1 Under normal operation condition:
2 β t lr
A≥ pg (8.3.7-1)
ft

2 β t lr 3
I≥ pg (8.3.7-2)
3E
2 Under abnormal operation condition:
1.5β t lr AT
A≥ pg (8.3.7-3)
ft

1.5β t lr 3 AT
I≥ pg (8.3.7-4)
3E
Where,
A - sectional area (m2) of hoop strengthening ring;
I - section inertia moment (m4) of hoop strengthening ring;
l - ribbed stiffener space (m) of steel inner tube;
βt - dynamic coefficient adopts 2.0;
pg - flue gas pressure under normal operation shall be calculated according to the
specification in Chapter 5 of this Code (kN/m2);

p gAT - flue gas pressure under abnormal operation shall be calculated according to the

temperature of abnormal flue gas and the specification in Chapter 5 of this Code (kN/m2).

69
Ni M i
+ ≤σt
Ani Wni (8.4.4-1)
σt=γt·β·ft (8.4.4-2)
Where,
Mi - design value (N·mm) of the maximum bending moment of horizontal calculation
cross-section i of steel inner tube;
Ni - design value of axial tensile force corresponding to Mi including self weight of inner
tube and vertical earthquake action (N);
Ani - net cross-section area (mm2) of the calculation cross-section;
Wni - resisting moment (mm2) of net cross-section of calculation cross-section;
ft - The design value (N/mm2) of steel tensile and compression strength under
temperature effect shall be calculated according to Article 4.3.6 in this Code;
- Efficiency coefficient of welding. The weld joint of first grade adopts 0.85; the weld
joint of second grade adopts 0.7;
γt - Adjustment coefficient of the design value for the tensile strength of steel inner tube
in suspension segment: for wind earthquake and load combination under normal operation γt
may adopt 1.0; for temperature difference load combination under abnormal operation
condition γt may adopt 1.1.

8.5 Brick Inner Tube

8.5.1 Integral self-supporting structure should be adopted for brick inner tube when the
condition of strength stability and deformation are met. Segmental bearing form shall be
adopted when the chimney height exceeds 60m or it is not uneconomic to adopt integral
self-supporting form.
8.5.2 The material selection and design of corrosion protection of brick inner tube shall
meet the relevant requirements of Chapter 11 of this Code.
8.5.3 The brick inner tube shall meet the following requirements:
1 Where the segmental bearing is adopted for brick inner tube the distance of bearing
platform shall be determined according to the composite factors of brick inner tube such as
strength and stability. The bearing platform of slanted strut type that consists of bearing ring
beam steel supporting column platform steel beam shear bracing and platform steel grating
plate may be adopted for tube-in-tube brick inner tube.
2 As for the lower part of the brick inner tube of segmental bearing reinforced concrete
structure may be adopted for ash deposition platform. Where the span of landing girder is
relatively largesupport column may be added in span.
3 Cover plate may be adopted for reinforced concrete outer tube and brick inner tube
of tube-in-tube brick inner tube on the top of chimney to seal. The connection of cover plate
and outer tube shall be safe and reliable and shall ensure the free-form deformation with the
temperature variation of inner tube. Hermeticzation platform on top shall be arranged for
multi-flue brick inner tube.
8.5.4 As for the brick inner tube adopted segmental bearing the overlap joint in bearing
platform shall meet the longitudinal and hoop temperature deformation requirements of brick

71
inner tube.
8.5.5 Overhaul and maintenance platform and vertical stairways shall be arranged between
the reinforced-concrete outer shell and inner tube of chimney according to the requirements of
overhaul and maintenance. Vertical ladder led to the tube top of chimney may be arranged
outside the upper part of reinforced concrete outer tube for tube-in-tube brick inner tube;
vertical ladder led to tube top of chimney shall be arranged inside the chimney of multi-flue
brick inner tube.
8.6 Structure Regulations

8.6.1 In addition to relevant regulations in 7.5 of this Code reinforced concrete outer tube
shall also meet the following requirements:
1 The upper part of reinforced concrete outer tube should be designed into the structure
of equal-diameter cylinder. The bottom of cylinder may step- slope as required.
2 The minimum thickness of outer tube should not be less than 250 mm. Bilateral
reinforcement shall be adopted for shell.
3 For the internal and external ring rib on shell top of outer tube area of steel bar shall
be double of the calculated value within the altitude range of 5m from top to bottom.
4 The bauk of bearing platform and hoisting platform shall be borne inside the shell.
The dimension of reserved hole in shell shall meet the installation requirements of bauk and
the shell thickness shall increase appropriately. The eccentricity generated by bauk to shell
should be reduced; the bearing point of bauk shall be provided with bearing plate and shall be
arranged with partial bearing steel meshes. After finishing construction the hole in shell shall
be sealed with concrete.
5 As for the outer shell with only 1~2 flue opening the arrangement of shell mouth and
reinforcement shall meet the specifications in Article 7.5.3 of this Code.
Where the flue openings were 3~4they shall not only meet Article 7.5.3 in this Code the
ring strengthening rib shall be provided with 50% steel bar to be arranged along the entire the
surrounding. In addition50% strengthening rib shall reach across the opening with double
length of steel bar anchorage.
6 Where the steel inner tube is adopted the mounting hole of hoisting steel inner tube
shall be reserved under the outer tube. When the construction plan of welding-into-tube in the
external of outer tube is selected the width of mounting hole shall be greater than the outside
diameter 0.5~1.0m of steel inner tube and the height of hole shall be determined according to
construction methods. After hoisting mounting hole shall be sealed with brick masonry and an
overhaul gate shall be opened in the hole.
7 4~8 air intakes shall be arranged for outer tube 1.5m above the platform of first story
in the bottom. The total area of air intake should be 5% of the horizontal area enclosed by
inner surface of outer tube and external surface of inner tube.4~8 air outlets shall be arranged
under the top platform and the area of air outlets should be less than that of air intakes.
8 The appurtenant facilities of outer tube should be anticorrosion with hot dipping
galvanizing the coating thickness shall meet the requirements of Article 3.2.10 in this Code
and the coat shall be fixed with galvanized self-anchorage bolts.
8.6.2 The construction of inner tube shall meet the following requirements:
1 In the intersection of the flue and inner tube the flue gas diversion platform shall be

72
9 Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Chimney

9.1 General Requirement

9.1.1 When glass fibre reinforced plastic chimney is selected the following requirements
shall be met:
1 Long-time operation temperature of flue gas shall not exceed 100℃. When flue gas
exceed operating condition cooling measure may be taken in front of chimney; the
performance of selected raw material and finished products may be determined after
experimental verification.
2 The temperature shall not exceed the glass transition temperature (Tg) of resin within
30 min when accident happen.
3 The minimum temperature of environment should be lower than -40℃.
9.1.2 The diameter and height of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney shall meet the
following requirements:
1 The height of self-supporting glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney should not
exceed 30m and its height-to-diameter ratio (H/D) should not be greater than 10;
2 The height of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney of cable-pulling type should not
exceed 45m and its height-to-diameter ratio (H/D) should not be greater than 20;
3 As for the glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney of tower typetube-in-tube typ and
multi-flue type its span ratio (L/D) should not be greater than 10.
Note: H is the chimney height (m); L is lateral bearing space (m) of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney; D is the diameter
(m) of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney.

9.1.3 As for the design of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney the influence of factors
such as operation flow rate temperature wear and chemical mediator corrosion of smoke shall
be counted. Where the flow rate of smoke exceeds 31 m/s the wear-proof filler shall be added
into the resin at the corner as well as in the mutation part or other technical measures shall be
taken.
9.1.4 The evaluating of live loads of platform and ash deposition load of shell shall meet the
relevant requirements of Chapter 5 in this Code.
9.1.5 During the calculation of structural strength and bearing capacity the thickness of
anti-corrosion inside liner of shell and external surface layer shall not be counted but the
weight effect of them shall be calculated.
9.1.6 The design service life of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney should not be less
than 30 years.
9.1.7 The inter-floor deflection of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney of tower type and
cable-pulling type shall not be greater than 1/120 of the corresponding distance of supporting
segment.
9.2 Materials

9.2.1 The shell of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney shall be consisted of anti-corrosion
inside liner structural layer and external surface layer and shall meet the following
requirements:

76
1 The anti-corrosion inside liner shall be consisted of resin rich layer and secondary
inside liner: the thickness of resin rich layer shall not be less than 0.25mm and shall adopt
glass fiber surfacing mat. Its resin content shall not be less than 85% (weight ratio) and fiber
materials of organic synthesis may be selected. The secondary inside liner should adopt glass
fiber chopped strand mat or spray up roving the thickness of which shall not be less than 2mm
and the resin content of which shall not be less than 70% (weight ratio).
When the inside liner needs anti-static treatment conductive carbon fiber mat or
conductive carbon padding may be adopted. The consecutive surface resistance of internal
surface shall not be greater than 1.0×106Ω; the resistance to ground of electrostatic discharge
device shall not be greater than 25 Ω.
2 Structural layers shall be formed by winding with glass fiber consecutive roving or
impregnated resin of fiber glass fabric. The resin content shall be 35%±5% (weight ratio) and
the thickness shall be determined by calculation.
3 The measure without air polymerization shall be taken for the resin of last layer of
external surface layer. Where the glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney expose in the open air
the ultraviolet absorber shall be added to the external surface layer. The thickness of external
surface layer shall not be less than 0.5mm.
9.2.2 The matrix of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney shall select the reaction type
flame-retardant epoxy vinyl ester resin. In addition that the technical index of its liquid resin
shall meet the requirements of the current national standard "Liquid Unsaturated Polyester
Resin for Fiber Reinforced Plastics" GB/T 8237other performance and technical requirements
shall also meet the following requirements:
1 The main performance resin casting shall be in accordance with the requirements in
Table 9.2.2;
Table 9.2.2 Main Performance of Resin Casting
Mechanical property Resin of anti-corrosion layer Resin of structural layer

Tensile strength (MPa) ≥60.0 ≥60.0

Tensile modulus (GPa) ≥3.0 ≥3.0

Extension at break (%) ≥3.0 ≥2.5

Heat distortion temperature HDT ≥100


(℃1.82MPa)

Alkali resistance (10%NaOH, 100℃) ≥100hWithout differences

2 The maximum design operating temperature (T) of smoke shall be less than or equal
to HDT-20℃.
3 The anti-corrosion inner-layer and structural layer shall select the resin of the same
type. When different types of resin are selected the interlamination shall not delaminating.
4 Flame-retardant performance shall meet the following requirements:
1) The limited oxygen index (LOI) of casting matrix of reaction type
flame-retardant epoxy vinyl ester resin shall not be less than 23;
2) When the content of reaction type flame-retardant epoxy vinyl ester resin is
35%±5% (weight ratio) and 0~3% flame-retardant synergistic agent(Sb2O3) is
added the limited oxygen index (LOI) of glass fiber reinforced plastics shall
not be less than 32;
3) The flame spread rating of glass fiber reinforced plastics shall not be greater
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than 45.
5 When there is guarantee of reliable experience and safety measures other types of
resin may be selected as the matrix of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney.
9.2.3 The reinforcing materials of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney shall meet the
following requirements:
1 Chemistry resistance type C-glass surfacing mat or organic synthesis materials as
well as C type alkali containing glass fiber surfacing mat should be selected for resin rich
layer; glass fiber chopped strand mat or spray up roving of E-CR type shall be selected for
secondary inner layer. When there are anti-static requirements conductive carbon fiber mat or
cloth may be selected. The quality of glass fiber chopped strand mat shall meet the
requirements of the current national standard "Glass Fiber Mats - Chopped Strand and
Continuous Filament Mats" GB/T 17470.
2 Glass fiber winding roving and one-way cloth of E- CR type shall be selected for
structural layer; glass fiber winding roving and one-way cloth of E type shall be selected
under the moisture smoke emission condition. The quality shall meet the requirements of the
current national standard "Glass Fiber Roving" GB/T 18369 and "Glass Fibre Woven Roving"
GB/T 18370.
3 The type of woven roving fabric hopped strand mat or one-way cloth used to connect
the shafts of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney shall be consistent with reinforcing
materials of shaft.
4 The coupling agent adopted for the surface treatment of glass fiber shall be consistent
with the selected resin.
9.2.4 The performance of glass fiber reinforced plastics material should be determined by
testing. Where the condition is not proper for conducting an experiment the performance shall
meet the following requirements:
1 Where the layer structure of hoop winding roving and axial one-way cloth are
adopted the performance of fiber winding glass fiber reinforced plastics material under
normal temperature should be in accordance with the requirements in Table 9.2.4-1.
Table 9.2.4-1 The Main Mechanical Property Indexes of Fiber Winding Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics
Under Normal Temperature
Item Value (MPa)

Standard value for hoop tensile strengthfθtk ≥220

Standard value for hoop bending strengthfθbk ≥330

Standard value for axial compression strength fzck ≥140

Axial tension elasticity modulus Ezt ≥16000

Axial bending elasticity modulus Ezb ≥8000

Axial contraction elasticity modulus Ezc ≥16000

Standard value for axial tensile strength fztk ≥190

Standard value for axial bending strength fzbk ≥140

Shear elasticity modulus Gk ≥7000

Hoop tension elasticity modulus Eθt ≥28000

Hoop bending elasticity modulus Eθb ≥18000

Hoop compression elasticity modulus Eθc ≥20000

2 Where the hand lay-up glass plate using chopped strand mat and woven roving to lay
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k = 1.0 − 0.9(1.0 − e − x ) (9.3.1-4)

1 r
x= (9.3.1-5)
16 t 0
Where,
Ani - net section area of structural layers in calculated section (mm2);
Wni - resisting moment of net section of structural layers in calculated section (mm3);
Mi - Maximum design value for bending moment of level calculated section i of glass
fiber reinforced plastic chimney (N·mm);
Ni - Design value (N) of axial pressure or axial tensile force corresponding to Mi;
fzc - Design value for the axial compressive strength of glass fiber reinforced plastics
(N/mm2);
fzb - Design value for the longitudinal bending tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced
plastics(N/mm2);
Ezb - Axial bending elasticity modulus of glass fiber reinforced plastics (N/mm2);
Eθc - Hoop compression elasticity modulus of glass fiber reinforced plastics (N/mm2);

σ crt
z
- Axial critical stress of shell (N/mm2);

t0 - Thickness of glass fiber reinforced plastics structural layer of chimney shell (mm);
r - Center radius of calculated section structural layer of shell (mm);

σ mT σ sec
T
σ bT - Bending temperature stress of shaft temperature secondary stress and
temperature stress caused by temperature difference between inside and outside (MPa) shall
be calculated according to the requirements of Chapter 5 in this Code;
γT - The partial coefficient of temperature action adopts γT=1.1.
9.3.2 The longitudinal tensile strength of inner tube of suspended glass fiber reinforced
plastics shall be calculated according to the following formulas under the action of bending
moment axial force and temperature:
Ni M i
σ zt = + + γ T (σ mT + σ sec
T
) ≤ f zts (9.3.2-1)
Ani Wni

Ni
σ zt = + γ T (σ mT + σ sec
T
) ≤ f ztl (9.3.2-2)
Ani

σ zb = γ T σ bT ≤ (9.3.2-3)

σ zt σ zb
+ ≤1 (9.3.2-4)
f zt f zb
Where,

f zts - the design value for axis tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced plastic (N/mm2)
resistance partial coefficient adopts 2.6;

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f ztl - the design value for axis tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced plastic
(N/mm2)resistance partial coefficient adopts 8.0.
9.3.3 Under the action of smoke negative pressure and circumferential bending moment of
wind loadthe strength of glass fiber reinforced plastics shell may be calculated according to
the following formulas:
pr
σθ = ≤ σ crt
θ
(9.3.3-1)
t0

M θin
σ θb = + σ θT ≤ f θb (9.3.3-2)

σ θ σ θb
θ
+ ≤1 (9.3.3-3)
σ crt f θb
1.5
θ r ⎛t ⎞ 1
σ crt = 0.765( Eθb ) 3/ 4
⋅ ( E zc ) 1/ 4
⋅ ⋅⎜ 0 ⎟ ⋅ (9.3.3-4)
Ls ⎝ r ⎠ γ θc
Where,
Mθin - hoop unit height wind bending moment (N·mm/mm) generated by partial wind
pressure shall be calculated according to Article 5.2.7 of this Code;
P-Smoke pressure (N/mm2);
Wθ - Cross-section resisting moment of shell thickness along hoop unit height
3
(mm /mm);
Eθb - Hoop bending elasticity modulus of glass fiber reinforced plastics (N/mm2);
Ezc - Axial compression elasticity modulus of glass fiber reinforced plastics (N/mm2);
Ls - Distance of shell reinforcement rib(mm);

σ θT - Hopp temperature stress of shell (N/mm2) shall be calculated according to the


requirements of Article 5 of this Code;
θ
σ crt - Hoop critical stress of shell (N/mm2).

9.3.4 For the inner tube of self-supporting glass fiber reinforced plastics with negative
pressure operation the shell strength shall be calculated according to the following formula:
2
σ zc ⎛ σ θ ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ θ ⎟ ≤1
⎟ (9.3.4)
σ crt
z
⎝ σ crt ⎠
9.3.5 The method of ribbed stiffener may be adopted for glass fiber reinforced plastic
chimney to improve its shell rigidity; the bending rigidity of cross-section influenced by
stiffening rib shall meet the requirements of following formula:

2 pLs r 3
Es I s ≥ (9.3.5)
1.15
Where: Es - Flexural modulus of ribbed stiffener along hoop(N/mm2);

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Is - The ribbed stiffener and the moment of inertia of cross-section effective width
influened by shell (mm4). The cross-section effective width influenced by shell may adopt

L=1.56 rt 0 and calculated influenced area shall not be larger than the cross-section of ribbed

stiffness.
9.3.6 Where flat end butt is adopted for the segment of glass fiber reinforced plastics
shelldouble-side stick and connection of internal and external should be adoptedand the
widththickness and layering of stick and connection shall be calculated according to the
following requirements:
1 The width of interface of stick and connection shall meet the requirements of
following formula:

⎛ N M ⎞ γ
W ≥ ⎜ i + 2i ⎟ ⋅ τ (9.3.6-1)
⎝ 2πr πr ⎠ fτ
Where,
NiMi - Design value (N) for total gravity load of upper shaft of connection cross-section
and the design value for the bending moment (N·mm) of connection cross-section;
fτ - The allowable shear strength (MPa) of interlamination of hand lay-up plate may be
adopted according to test data; when there is no test data to adop may take 20MPa;
γτ - The partial coefficient of Interlamination shear strength of hand lay-up plate adopts
γτ=10.
2 Thickness of stick and connection interface (thickness of corrosion resisting coat
shall not be calculated) shall meet the requirements of following formula:

⎛N M ⎞ γ
t ≥ ⎜ i + 2i ⎟ ⋅ zc (9.3.6-2)
⎝ 2πr πr ⎠ f zc
Where,
fzc - Axial compression strength (MPa) of hand lay-up plate when there is no test data it
may adopt 140 MPa;
γzc - Partial coefficient of axial compression strength of hand lay-up plate adoptsγzc=10.
9.3.7 The opening of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney should adopt circular and the
hole stress shall be in accordance with the requirements of formula (10.3.2-16) of this Code.

9.4 Detailing Requirements

9.4.1 The underflue interface of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney should be designed
into round shape.
9.4.2 The guy setting of guyed glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney shall meet the
following requirements:
1 Where the ratio of the chimney height to diameter is less than 15, one layer of guys
may be set, and the distance from the guy position to the chimney top shall be less than h/3.
2 Where the ratio of the chimney height to diameter is larger than 15, two layers of
guys may be set; the distance between the tying position of the upper layer of guys and the
chimney top should be less than h/3; the lower layer of guys should be set at position 1/2 of

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plastic lining shall be less than ±1.5°.
2 Shaft core (mould) used for manufacturing the glass reinforced plastic lining shall be
with uniform external surface, its diameter deviation (along length direction) shall be
controlled within ±0.25% of the design diameter.
3 The resin mixing equipment shall accurately meter, accelerant shall be added into
resin in proportion in advance and the resin shall be mixed uniformly; before conveying the
resin to the glass fiber dip tank, curing agent shall be added in proportion, and the resin shall
be stirred uniformly.
4 Where the glass fibre reinforcing material is used, the requirements for uniform,
continuous and repeatable conveying shall be met; during winding, clearance, gap or
structural impair shall not be generated.
9.5.3 Application of resin shall meet the following requirements:
1 Prior to manufacturing, the resin gelation time test shall be carried out.
2 The resin viscosity may be adjusted by adding fumed silica or styrene, and the
dosage shall not exceed 3% of the resin weight.
3 The resin in which accelerant and initiator have been added shall be use up before the
gelation of resin. The resin that has had gelation shall not be used.
4 Accelerant and curing agent must not be added into resin at the same time.
9.5.4 Prior to use, the glass fibre reinforcing material shall not be damaged, polluted or
wetted.
9.5.5 The glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney shall be manufactured in segments, the
length of each segment shall be matched with the manufacturing capacity, and also shall meet
the principle of the least total number of installation and seams.
9.5.6 Prior to use, the shaft core used for manufacturing glass reinforced plastic lining shall
meet the following requirements:
1 The surface shall be clean, smooth and defectless.
2 The surface shall be applied with polyester film or mould release agent.
9.5.7 Manufacturing of anticorrosive inner lining shall meet the following requirements:
1 For the resin rich layer, the prepared resin shall be uniformly coated onto the rotary
shaft core (mould), and then the glass fiber surface mat shall be wound onto the shaft core
(mould) and shall be completely soaked.
2 For the secondary inner lining, the glass fiber chopped strand mat and resin shall be
stuck onto the resin rich layer, and shall be sufficiently rolled to remove bubbles and be
completely soaked until reaching the thickness required in the design.
With reliable construction conditions, spraying process may also be adopted, and the
spray thickness shall be uniform.
3 The overlapping of glass fiber strand mats at the same layer shall not be less than
10mm.
4 After the heat release and hardening of anticorrosive inner lining is completed,
inspection shall be carried out on whether bubble, spot or unevenness exists, and proper repair
shall be carried out.
9.5.8 The interval time between the manufacturing of structural layer and anticorrosive
inner lining shall meet the following requirements:
1 After the hardening of anticorrosive inner lining is completed, the inner lining

85
surface shall be wiped with acetone till it is viscous, then the fabrication of structural layer
shall be started.
2 Over 24h after the anticorrosive inner lining is hardened, surface inspection shall be
carried out on whether contamination or moisture exists, the surface shall be wiped by
acetone, and further treatment shall be carried out according to the following requirements
based on the surface condition after being wiped:
1) If the surface is viscous after being wiped, the manufacturing of structural layer
may be started.
2) If the surface is nonviscous after being wiped or the surface is contaminated,
the surface shall be polished to remove surface gloss and shall be cleaned up,
then the manufacturing of structural layer shall be started.
3 The interval time between the manufacturing of structural layer and anticorrosive
inner lining should not exceed 72h.
9.5.9 Manufacturing of structural layer shall meet the following requirements:
1 The winding of structural layer shall be started after the hardening of anticorrosive
inner lining. Prior to winding, a layer of resin shall be uniformly coated on the inner lining
surface.
2 After impregnating resin by adopting glass fiber continuous yarn, the resin shall form
up continuously in the specified winding angle; the alternate forming method of
circumferential continuous winding and axial lining of unidirectional cloth may also be
adopted according to the design requirements.
3 Winding angle shall be with an allowable variation range of ± 1.5°.
4 Where the winding operation cannot be lasted till the final thickness or the
completion of winding is delayed due to equipment failure, the interval time to restart
winding operation and the surface treatment method shall comply with Article 9.5.8 of this
code.
9.5.10 Manufacturing of external surface layer shall meet the following requirements:
1 External surface of the inner lining of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney shall be
adopted with the resin cover without air inhibition.
2 Where glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney is used outdoors, its external surface
layer shall be added with ultraviolet absorbent.
9.5.11 The manufacturing error of the shaft of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney shall
meet the following requirements:
1 Diameter error of each segment of shaft shall be less than 1% of its diameter.
2 Height error of each segment of shaft shall not exceed ±0.5% of the height of this
segment and also shall not exceed 13mm.
3 The thickness error of each segment of shaft shall not exceed -10%~+20% of the
inner lining thickness, or its mass error shall be controlled within -5%~+10%.

9.6 Installation

9.6.1 During loading and unloading, storage and installation, adverse effect to glass
reinforced plastic shaft generated by the hoisting load and deformation shall be considered.
9.6.2 When handling in section of glass fiber reinforced plastic chimney, flexible lifting

86
Table 10.2.8 The Earthquake Adjustment Coefficient of Bearing Capacity of Frame Elements and
Connection Nodes
Frame element Frame post Web member Support slanting pole Node
Adjustment coefficient

γRE 0.85 0.80 0.90 1.00

10.2.9 The horizontal bending moment of framed steel chimney shall be calculated
according to the compatibility of deformation of chimney tube and frame.
10.2.10 The construction requirements of chimney tube shall be the same with the
self-supporting steel chimney.
10.3 Self-supporting Steel Chimney
10.3.1 The relation of the diameter d and the height h of the self-supporting steel chimney
shall be determined by calculation according to the requirements of strength and deformation,
and should meet the following requirements; where the following requirements can not be
met, the underpart diameter of the chimney should be enlarged or other shock absorption
measures should be taken:
h≤30d (10.3.1)
10.3.2 The self-supporting steel chimney shall be carried out with the following calculation:
1 Under the bending moment and axial force action, the strength of steel chimney shall
be calculated according to the following formula:
Ni M i
+ ≤ ft (10.3.2-1)
Ani Wni
Where,
Mi- the design value of the maximum moment (including the wind bending moment and
horizontal earthquake action) in the horizontal calculation section i in the steel chimney
(N·mm);
Ni- the design value of the axial compressive force or tensile force corresponding to the
Mi (including the dead load and vertical earthquake action) (N);
Ani- the net section area in the calculation section (mm2);
Wni- the resisting moment of net section in the calculation section (mm3);
ft- the design value of the tensile and compressive strength under temperature action
(N/mm2), and it is calculated according to the requirements of 4.3.6 in this Code.
2 Under the moment and axial force action, the local stability of steel chimney shall be
calculated according to the following formulae:
σN+σB≤σcrt (10.3.2-2)
Ni
σN = (10.3.2-3)
Ani

Mi
σB = (10.3.2-4)
Wni

90
Ni Mi
+ ≤ ft (10.3.2-12)
ϕAbi Wbi (1 − 0.8 N i / N Ex )

π 2 Et Abi
N Ex = (10.3.2-13)
λ2
Where,
Abi- the gross section area in the calculation section (mm2);
Wbi- the resisting moment of gross section in the calculation section (mm3);
NEx-the Euler critical force (N);
λ-the chimney slenderness ratio, to be calculated according to the cantilever member;
φ- the stability coefficient of axial compression member in welding cylinder section, to
be adopted according to Appendix B of this Code.
4 The maximum tension of anchor bolt may be calculated according to following
formula:
4M N
Pmax = − (10.3.2-14)
nd n
Where,
Pmax-the maximum tension of anchor bolt (kN);
M- the design value of maximum bending moment at the bottom of the chimney (kN·m);
N- the design value of axial pressure corresponding to the bending moment (kN);
d- the diameter of the circle located with the anchor bolt (m);
n-the quantity of anchor bolt.
5 Local compressive stress of steel chimney base foundation may be calculated
according to following formula:
G M
σ cbt = + ≤ wβ1 f ct (10.3.2-15)
At W
Where,
σcbt- the local compression stress produced at the position of concrete base under the
action of design value of loads in the steel chimney (including steel inner tube) steel inner
tube (N/mm2);
G-the gravity load design value of chimney bottom (kN);
At- the contact surface area between steel chimney and concrete foundation (mm2);
W- the contact surface section resisting moment between steel chimney and concrete
foundation (mm3);
w- the load distribution influence coefficient, and it may be 0.675;
β1-the strength improvement coefficient when the concrete is in local compression, and it
is calculated according to the relevant requirements of the current national standard "Code for
Design of Concrete Structures" (GB 50010);
fct-the design value for the axial compressive strength of concrete under temperature
action.
6 The flue entrance should be designed into circular. The corner of rectangular hole
should be designed into arc. Hole stress shall meet the requirements of following formula:

92
⎛N M ⎞
σ = ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟a k ≤ f t (10.3.2-16)
⎝ A0 W0 ⎠
Where,
A0- the horizontal section area of the hole after strengthening, shall not be less than the
one of the circle shape shell without holes (mm2);
W0- the minimum resistance moment in the horizontal section in the hole after
strengthening (mm3);
ft- the design value of the compressive strength of the steel under temperature action
(N/mm2);
N- the design value of the axial force in the hole opening section (N);
M- the design value of bending moment in the hole opening section (N·mm);
ak- the stress concentration factor at the opening, the ratio of hole corner radius r and the
hole width b, and with the ration is 0.1, the factor is 4; when the ratio is greater than or equal
to 0.2, the factor is 3, and the middle value adopts linear insertion.
10.3.3 The minimum thickness of steel chimney shell shall meet the requirements of the
following formulae:
When the chimney height is not greater than 20m:
tmin=4.5+C (10.3.3-1)
When the chimney height is greater than 20m:
tmin=6+C (10.3.3-2)
Where,
tmin- the minimum thickness of shell (mm);
C-the margin of corrosive thickness, and when insulation is available, it is equal to 2mm,
otherwise it is 3mm.
10.3.4 The arrangement of insulation shall meet the following requirements:
1 The insulation shall be arranged when the smoke temperature is higher than the
highest temperature specified in Table 3.3.1.
2 The thickness of insulation shall be determined according to the temperature
calculation while the minimum thickness should not be less than 50mm. For the chimney of
all-radiant furnace, the thickness of insulation should not be less than 75mm.
3 The insulation shall be firmly connected with the chimney shell, when using
indefinite form material poured on site , it may be fixed by the anchor nail or metal mesh. On
top of chimney, the steel plate ring may be set to protect the edge of the insulation. The
thickness of steel plate ring shall not be less than 6mm.
4 An angle steel bearing ring shall be set for every 1m~1.5m along the height of
chimney.
5 When the smoke temperature is higher than 560℃, the anchor unit of heat insulation
may use stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9Ti). When the smoke temperature is lower than 560℃,
general carbon steel may be adopted.
10.3.5 The arrangement of the wind loop shall meet the following requirements:
1 When the critical wind velocity of the chimney is lower than 6m/s~7m/s, the wind
loop shall be set. When the critical wind velocity of the chimney is 7~13.4m/s, but less than
the designed wind velocity, and it is not economic to use such methods as changing the height,

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11 Anticorrosion of Chimney

11.1 General Requirement

11.1.1 Coal-fired smoke may be classified according to the following requirements:


1 Smoke with the relative humidity less than 60% and the temperature greater than or
equal to 90 ℃ belongs to dry smoke.
2 Smoke with the relative humidity greater than or equal to 60% and the temperature
greater than 60℃ but less than 90℃ belongs to humid smoke.
3 Smoke with the relative humidity at saturated state and the temperature less than or
equal to 60℃ belongs to wet smoke.
11.1.2 When discharging non coal-fired smoke, classification of smoke may be determined
according to 11.1.1 in this Code and according to the experience. The design of chimney shall
be in accordance with the smoke classification and corresponding corrosion level, and the
chimney shall be taken with corresponding anticorrosion measures.
11.1.3 For the smoke whose main corrosive medium is sulfur dioxide, when the smoke is
lower than 150℃ and the content of sulfur dioxide is greater than 500ppm, the influence
came from the smoke corrosivity shall be considered, and its corrosion grade shall be
determined according to the following requirements:
1 When the content of sulfur dioxide is 500ppm~1000ppm, it shall be weak corrosion
dry smoke.
2 When the content of sulfur dioxide is greater than 1000ppm but less than or equal to
1800ppm, it shall be middle corrosion dry smoke.
3 When the content of sulfur dioxide is greater than 1800ppm, it shall be strong
corrosion dry smoke.
11.1.4 Smoke with wet desulphurization shall be strong corrosion wet smoke; smoke after
wet desulphurization shall be strong corrosion humid smoke after be reheated.
11.1.5 The chimney design shall consider the influence of the ambient environment to the
chimney, and anticorrosion measures may be taken according to the relevant requirements of
the current national standard "Code for Anticorrosion Design of Industrial Constructions"
(GB 50046).
11.1.6 When the characteristic of smoke discharged by the chimney changes, the original
anticorrosion measures shall be carried out with reappraise.
11.1.7 Chimney design for wet smoke shall meet the following requirements:
1 In the chimney tube, condensate collecting device shall be arranged.
2 The tube topside of the reinforced concrete outer tube, lightning arrester and ladder
stand on top of chimney shall be counted into the corrosion influence caused by the chimney,
and shall be taken with anticorrosion measures.
3 The chimney shall be set with facilities used for periodic repair and maintenance
according to the requirements of larger pipeline equipment.
11.2 Selection of Chimney Structures and Types
11.2.1 The structural type of chimney shall be determined according to the classification of

95
1 Tube-in-tube chimney or multi-flue chimney shall be adopted.
2 The number of furnace connected with the chimney tube shall be determined
according to the anticorrosion measures of the chimney tube. For unit below 200MW, the
number of furnace connected with each chimney tube should not exceed 2, and shall not
exceed 4; for the unit of 200MW and above, the number shall not exceed 2; for the unit of
600MW and above, the number should be 1; for the unit of 1000MW and above shall not
exceed 1.

11.3 Anticorrosion of Brick Chimney

11.3.1 When discharging dry smoke with weak corrosion, the chimney lining should be
arranged according to the total height of the chimney; when discharging dry smoke with
medium corrosion, the chimney lining shall be arranged according to the total height of the
chimney.
11.3.2 When discharging dry smoke with medium corrosion, the chimney lining should
adopt firebrick and acid resistant cement (or acid resistant mortar).

11.4 Anticorrosion of Single Tube Reinforced Concrete Chimney

11.4.1 The concrete strength grade of the shell of single tube steel bar concrete chimney
shall meet the following requirements:
1 When discharging weak corrosive dry smoke, the concrete strength grade shall not be
lower than C30.
2 When discharging medium corrosive dry smoke, the concrete strength grade shall not
be lower than C35.
3 When discharging strong corrosive dry smoke or wet smoke, the concrete strength
grade shall not be lower than C40.
11.4.2 The minimum thickness and corrosion allowance thickness of concrete protection
layer on the inner side of the shell of single tube steel bar concrete chimney shall meet the
following requirements:
1 When discharging weak corrosive dry smoke, the minimum protection layer
thickness of concrete shall be 35mm.
2 When discharging medium corrosive dry smoke, 30mm corrosion allowance should
be increased for the shell thickness, and the minimum protection layer thickness of concrete
should be 40mm.
3 When discharging strong corrosive dry smoke or wet smoke, 50mm corrosion
allowance should be increased for the shell thickness, and the minimum protection layer
thickness of concrete should be 50mm.
11.4.3 The lining and insulation of single tube steel bar concrete chimney shall meet the
following requirements:
1 When discharging weak corrosive dry smoke, the lining should be built by using
acid-proof bricks (masonry blocks) and acid-proof cement or adopt light-weight, acid-proof
and thermal-insulating and integrally casted anti-corrosive lining.
2 When discharging medium and strong corrosive dry smoke or wet smoke, the lining

97
shall be built by using acid-proof cement and acid-proof bricks (masonry blocks) or adopt
light-weight, acid-proof and thermal-insulating integrally casted anti-corrosive lining.
3 When discharging strong corrosive smoke, the minimum thickness of masonry lining
should not be less than 200mm; when light-weight, acid-proof, thermal-insulating and
integrally casted anti-corrosive lining is adopted, the minimum thickness should not be less
than 150mm.
4 The insulation layer of chimney shall adopt acid-proof and hydrophobic materials.
5 The internal surface of reinforced concrete shell shall be arranged with anti-corrosive
isolation layer.
11.4.4 Smoke pressure in chimney shall meet the following requirements:
1 When the chimney height does not exceed 100 m, the smoke pressure in chimney
may not be limited.
2 When the chimney height is larger than 100m, and when discharging weak corrosive
smoke, the smoke pressure should not exceed 100 Pa; when discharging medium corrosive
smoke, the smoke pressure should not exceed 50Pa.
3 When discharging strong corrosive smoke, the smoke should be in negative pressure
operation.
4 When the positive pressure of smoke exceeds the requirements of Clauses 1~3, the
following measures may be taken:
1) Increasing the internal diameter of the outlet on chimney top and reducing the
outlet velocity of smoke discharge on the top.
2) Adjusting the overall dimension of chimney and reducing the gradient of the
external surface of chimney or the roughness of lining inner surface.
3) Setting smoke disperser on the top of chimney.
11.4.5 The laying of flue lining acid-proof bricks (masonry blocks) and acid-proof mortar
(or acid-proof cement) shall be carried out by extrusion method; the horizontal mortar joint
and vertical mortar joint in masonry shall be plump and solid. When light-weight, acid-proof,
thermal-insulating and integrally casted anti-corrosive lining is adopted, joint should not be
set.

11.5 Anticorrosion of Brick Inner Tube of Tube-in-tube Chimney and Multi-flue


Chimney

11.5.1 Material selection of brick inner tube shall meet the following requirements:
1 Where the chimney exhausts medium corrosive dry smoke, the brick inner tube
should be built by adopting acid-proof brick (masonry block) and acid-proof plaster
(acid-proof mortar); the insulation layer of brick inner tube should be adopted with the
light-weight thermal insulation and anticorrosive glass wool products.
2 Where the chimney exhausts strong corrosive dry smoke or wet smoke, the inner
discharge tube shall be built by adopting acid-proof brick (masonry block) and acid-proof
plaster (acid-proof mortar); the insulation layer of brick inner tube shall be adopted with the
light-weight thermal insulation and anticorrosive glass wool products.
3 On condition that the masonry strength and stability of brick inner tube are met, the
light-weight acid-proof material shall be adopted for building the brick inner tube.

98
11.7 Anticorrosion of Steel Chimney

11.7.1 The anticorrosion design of the lining of steel chimney may be carried out according
to the design stated in Section 11.6 of this code.
11.7.2 For the external surface of steel chimney, the corrosion influence factor of
atmospheric environment shall be taken into account, and it should be taken with long-acting
anticorrosive measures.

12 Chimney Foundation
12.1 General Requirement

12.1.1 In addition to those specified in this code, the calculation of the base of chimney
foundation shall also meet the relevant requirements of the current standards "Code for
Design of Building Foundation" (GB 50007) and "Technical Code for Building Pile
Foundations" (JGJ 94) of the nation. In seismic fortification region, it shall also meet the
requirements specified in current national standard "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings"
(GB 50011).
12.1.2 The calculation of the ultimate bearing capacity and the checking and calculation of
serviceability limit state of the cross section of foundation shall be carried out in accordance
with those specified in the current national standard "Code for Design of Concrete
Structures"(GB 50010).
12.1.3 For foundation in which smoke passes through, the influence of temperature action
shall be calculated in relation to the material strength.

12.2 Calculation of Base

12.2.1 The pressure calculation of the base of chimney foundation shall meet the following
requirements:
1 Where the axial load acts:

N k + Gk
pk = fa (12.2.1-1)
A
2 Where eccentric load acts, both the requirements of Formula (12.2.1-1) and the
following requirements shall be met:
1) Maximum pressure of base:

N k + Gk M k
p k max = + ≤ 1 .2 f a (12.2.1-2)
A W
2) Minimum pressure of base:
Plate foundation:

N k + Gk M k
p k min = − ≥0 (12.2.1-3)
A W

100
Shell foundation:

Nk M k
p k min = − ≥0 (12.2.1-4)
A W
Where,
Nk- the vertical force value transmitted from the superstructure onto the top surface of
foundation corresponding to the characteristic combination of load effects, (kN);
Gk- the sum of the characteristic value of deadweight of foundation and that of soil
weight on the foundation, (kN);
fa- the characteristic value of the corrected base bearing capacity, (kPa);
Mk- the bending moment transmitted onto the bottom of foundation corresponding to the
characteristic combination of load effects, (kN·m);
W- the resisting moment of bottom of foundation, (m3);
A- the foundation bottom area (m2).
3 The foundation of the self-supporting steel chimney and framed steel chimney may
be designed in accordance with the relevant requirements of the current national standard
"Code for Design of High-rising Structures" (GB 50135).
12.2.2 The settlement and inclination of the foundation shall be calculated according to the
requirements of the current national standard "Code for Design of Building Foundation" (GB
50007) and Article 3.1.9 in this code.
12.2.3 The average additional compression stress coefficient of the base under ring
foundation or round foundation may be adopted according to Appendix C of this code.

12.3 Calculation of Rigid Foundation

12.3.1 The overall dimensions of rigid foundation (Figure 12.3.1) shall be determined
according to the following formulae:

(a) Ring foundation (b) Round foundation

Figure 12.3.1 Rigid Foundation (mm)


1 Where it is ring foundation:
b1≤0.8htana (12.3.1-1)
b2≤htana (12.3.1-2)
2 Where it is round foundation:
b1≤0.8htana (12.3.1-3)
D
h≥ (12.3.1-4)
3 tan a
Where,
b1, b2- the dimensions of the step cantilever of foundation, (m);

101
Figure 12.4.3 Calculation of the Punching Strength of Base Plate
1-the oblique section of the failure cone when checking the punching strength of the inner edge of ring wall;
2-the oblique section of the failure cone when checking the punching strength of the outer edge of ring wall;
3- the bottom cross section of punching failure cone

F1≤0.35βhftt(bt+bb)h0 (12.4.3-1)
bb=2π(r2+h0) (Used for checking the outer edge of ring wall) (12.4.3-2)
bb=2π(r3-h0) (Used for checking the inner edge of ring wall) (12.4.3-3)
bt=2πr2 (Used for checking the outer edge of ring wall) (12.4.3-4)
bt=2πr3 (Used for checking the inner edge of ring wall) (12.4.3-5)
Where,
F1- the design value of load outside the punching failure cone (kN), which shall be
calculated according to Article 12.4.4 of this code;
ftt- the design value of the tensile strength of concrete under temperature action
temperature action (kN/m2);
bb- the lower edge circumference of the oblique section of punching failure cone, (m);
bt- the upper edge circumference of the oblique section of punching failure cone, (m);
h0- the effective thickness at the calculated section of foundation base plate, (m);
βh- the influence coefficient of the depth of section with punching bearing capacity, if h
is not larger than 800mm, βh shall be taken as 1.0; if h is larger than or equal to 2,000mm, βh
shall be taken as 0.9; if h is between 800mm and 2,000mm, βh shall be adopted according to
linear interpolation.
12.4.4 The load Fe outside the punching failure cone may be calculated according to the
following formulae:
1 Where the outer edge of ring wall is calculated:

F1 = pπ [r12 − (r2 + h0 ) 2 ] (12.4.4-1)

2 Where the inner edge of ring wall is calculated:


1) Ring foundation:

F1 = pπ [(r3 − h0 ) 2 − r42 ] (12.4.4-2)

2) Round foundation:
F1=pπ(r3-h0)2 (12.4.4-3)
12.4.5 Where both the lower part of the base plate of ring foundation and the upper part of
the inner cantilever of base plate are adopted with the radial and circumferential
reinforcement, the design value of bending moment used for the base plate reinforcement may
be calculated according to the following formulae:
1 The design value of radial bending moment per unit arc length at place of radius r2 at
the lower part of base plate:
p
MR = (2r13 − 3r12 r2 + r23 ) (12.4.5-1)
3(r1 + r2 )
2 The design value of circumferential bending moment per unit width at the lower part
of base plate:

104
MR
Mθ = (12.4.5-2)
2
3 The design value of circumferential bending moment per unit width at the upper part
of the inner cantilever of base plate:

prz ⎛ 2r43 − 3r42 rz + rz3 4r13 − 6r12 rz + 2rz3 ⎞


M θT = ⎜ − ⎟⎟ (12.4.5-3)
6(rz − r4 ) ⎜⎝ rz r1 + rz ⎠
12.4.6 Where radial and circumferential reinforcement are adopted at the lower part of the
base plate of round foundation and equal-area steel mesh reinforcement are adopted at the
upper part of base plate within scope of ring wall, the design value of bending moment used
for base plate reinforcement may be calculated according to requirements:
1 If r1/r2≤1.8, the design value of radial bending moment and circumferential bending
moment at lower part of base plate shall be calculated according to Formula (12.4.5-1) and
Formula (12.4.5-2) of this code respectively.
2 If r1/r2>1.8, the foundation shape is irrational and should not be adopted. If this
foundation is adopted, the design value of radial and circumferential bending moment at the
lower part of its base plate shall be calculated according to the following formulae
respectively:
p
MR = (2r23 + 3r12 r3 + r12 r2 − 3r1 r22 − 3r1 r2 r3 ) (12.4.6-1)
12r2
p
Mθ = (4r12 − 3r1 r2 − 3r1 r3 ) (12.4.6-2)
12
3 The design value of bending moment per unit width in two orthogonal directions at
the upper part of base plate within scope of ring wall shall be calculated according to the
following formula:

p ⎛ 2 4r13 − 6r12 rz + 2rz3 ⎞


MT = ⎜ rz − ⎟⎟ (12.4.6-3)
6 ⎜⎝ r1 + rz ⎠
12.4.7 Where equal-area steel mesh reinforcement are adopted both at the lower part of the
base plate of round foundation and the upper part of base plate within scope of ring wall, the
design value of bending moment used for base plate reinforcement may be calculated
according to the following formulae:
1 The bending moment per unit width in two orthogonal directions at the lower part of
base plate:
p
MB = (2r13 − 3r12 r2 + r23 ) (12.4.7-1)
6r1
2 The bending moment per unit width in two orthogonal directions at the upper part of
base plate within scope of ring wall:

p⎛ 2 r3 ⎞
MT = ⎜⎜ rz − 2r12 + 3r1 rz − z ⎟⎟ (12.4.7-2)
6⎝ r1 ⎠

105
( N k + Gk )(1 + cos θ 0 )
pk = (12.5.1-5)
2r2 (π + θ 0 cos θ 0 − sin θ 0 )
Where,
Pk - total base counterforce standard value (kN/m) produced by the lower shell running
through the horizontal projection width l within the arc length range of radius r2, under the
action of load standard value;
θ0- corresponding azimuth angel of base plastic zone, refer e/r2 to the Table 12.5.1,
e=Mk/(Nk+Gk)
Table 12.5.1 Corresponding Value of θ0 and e/r2
e/r2 θ0 e/r2 θ0 e/r2 θ0

0 3.1416 0.17 2.4195 0.34 1.7010

0.01 3.0934 0.18 2.3792 0.35 1.6534

0.02 3.0488 0.19 2.3389 0.36 1.6045

0.03 3.0039 0.20 2.2985 0.37 1.5542

0.04 2.9596 0.21 2.2581 0.38 1.5024

0.05 2.9159 0.22 2.2175 0.39 1.4486

0.06 2.8727 0.23 2.1767 0.40 1.3927

0.07 2.8299 0.24 2.1357 0.41 1.3341

0.08 2.7877 0.25 2.0944 0.42 1.2723

0.09 2.7458 0.26 2.0528 0.43 1.2067

0.10 2.7043 0.27 2.0109 0.44 1.1361

0.11 2.6630 0.28 1.9685 0.45 1.0591

0.12 2.6620 0.29 1.9256 0.46 0.9733

0.13 2.5813 0.30 1.8821 0.47 0.8746

0.14 2.5407 0.31 1.8380 0.48 0.7545

0.15 2.5002 0.32 1.7932 0.49 0.5898

0.16 2.4598 0.33 1.7476 0.50 0

3 Inside and outside radii of lower shell, r3 and r1, may be determined according to the
following formulae:
2
1⎛2 ⎞ 1⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 2
r3 = ⎜ r2 − l ⎟ + ⎜ l − r2 ⎟ + (r2 + r2 l − l )
2
(12.5.1-6)
2⎝3 ⎠ 4 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
r1=r3+l (12.5.1-7)
4 The effective thickness of lower shell at the brim of lower shell and upper shell of
upright conic shell, h, may be determined in accordance with the following formulae:
2.2Qc
h≥ (12.5.1-8)
0.75 f t
1 1
Qc = p1 (12.5.1-9)
2 sin a
Where,
Qc - the maximal shear force of lower shell (N), no consideration for the deadweight of
lower shell in the course of calculation;
109
1 ⎧1
M a1 = ⎨ [q y max ( B0 + W1W3 B2 ) + HB1 + B4 + W1W3 ( HB3 +
x 2' ⎩W1

1 ⎫
B5 )] − N θ (C s − 1)k1 ( x1 − x 2' ) cos a ⎬ (12.5.4-21)
2 ⎭

1 ⎧ 1
M a2 = ⎨ [q y max ( B0 + W2W4 B2 ) + HB1 + B4 +
x 2" ⎩W2

1 ⎫
W2W4 ( HB3 + B5 )] − Nθ (C s − 1)k 0 ( x 2" − x3 ) cot a ⎬ (12.5.4-22)
2 ⎭
1 2
W3 = ( x1 + x1 x 2 − 2 x 22 )k 0 ( x1 − x 2' ) cot a (12.5.4-23)
6
1
W4 = ( x 22 − x 2 x3 − x32 )k1 ( x 2" − x3 ) cot a (12.5.4-24)
6
a
k0 = (12.5.4-25)
x1 − x 2'

b
k1 = (12.5.4-26)
x − x3
"
2

12.5.5 Internal force of upper ring beams of compounding shell may be calculated
according to the following formulae: (Figure 12.5.5):
NθM=reNaa3cosa (12.5.5-1)
Ma=-Nab1e1-Naa3e3 (12.5.5-2)
Mθ=Mare (12.5.5-3)
Where,
NθM - circumferential force of ring beams (kN) (taking tension as positive);
Ma- moment of torque on unit length of ring beams (kN·m) (taking clockwise around the
gravity center of the cross-section of ring beam as positive);
Mθ - hoop bending moment of ring beam (kN·m) (taking tension of the surface as
positive);
Naai,Nabi - the ith film meridional force on unit length of small diameter and long diameter
of shell brims (i=1 referring to chimney shaft wall; i=3 referring to upright conic shell of
foundation) (kN) (taking tension as positive);
re- radius of the gravity center of the ring beam cross-section (m);
ei - the distance between the film meridional force to the gravity center of ring beam
cross-section of shell (i= 1, 3) respectively (m) (Figure 12.5.5).

113
Sx=2π[[r2+h0(sina+cosa)] (12.5.6-1)

Qc=pπ{ r12 -[r2+h0(sina+cosa)]2} (12.5.6-2)

2 Where checking calculation of internal brim:


Sx=2π[r3-h0(sina-cosa)] (12.5.6-3)

Qc=pπ{[r3-h0(sina-cosa)]2- r42 } (12.5.6-4)

Where:
h0- the effective height of calculated section (m).

12.6 Pile Foundation

12.6.1 When one of the following conditions exists in the base, the pile foundation should
be adopted:
1 poor soil layer such as seismic subsidence, collapsibility, expansibility, frost heave or
erosivity.
2 The overlaying soil is the soft soil layer with low strength and high compressibility;
and can not meet the requirements of strength and deformation.
3 The liquefiable soil layer is within the range of the base bearing stratum in the
seismic fortification region.
12.6.2 The pile foundation of chimney may adopt the precast reinforced concrete pile,
concrete filling pile and steel pile. The selection of pile type, pile cross dimension and bearing
stratum on pile tip, shall take such factors into account as geology, construction condition,
construction process as well as building site environment and shall take full advantage of each
pile type characteristics to meet the requirements of safety, economy and construction period
or the like; and the design may be performed according to the current professional standard
"Technical Code for Building Pile Foundations" (JGJ 94).
12.6.3 The pile cap plane of chimney pile foundation may be round or ring; the plane
arrangement of pile shall be radiated arrangement with the pile cap plane as center point. The
distribution of radius of pile, shall be arranged at both sides of the load point (center of
foundation ring wall) according to the location of the action point of the chimney shaft load;
and shall be sparse in the inside and thick at the outside and increase the plane resisting
moment of pile cluster; should not adopt single-turn arrangement. The space of the piles shall
meet the requirements of the current professional standard "Technical Code for Building Pile
Foundations" (JGJ 94).
12.6.4 The calculation of vertical bearing capacity of chimney pile foundation shall be
carried out in accordance with the requirements of the current professional standard
"Technical Code for Building Pile Foundations" (JGJ 94). Under the action of eccentric load,
the pile arranged symmetrically centering on pile cap may be calculated according to the
following formulae:
Fk + Gk M r
N ik = ± nk i (12.6.4-1)c
1

n
rj2
2 j =1

115
Nik≤1.2Ra (12.6.4-2)
Fk + Gk
≤ Ra (12.6.4-3)
n
Where,
Nik - corresponding to load effect standard combination, the vertical force (kN) of the i-th
pile;
Fk - the vertical force (kN) acted the top surface of pile foundation pipe cap,
corresponding to load effect standard combination;
Gk - deadweight of pile foundation pipe cap and the deadweight standard value of the
soil on pile cap;
Mk - corresponding to standard load effect combination, the bending moment value
(kN·m) acted on the pile cap bottom surface;
Ra - the characteristic value (kN) of the vertical bearing capacity for single pile;
ri- the radius (m) of the round with the i-th pile located;
n - the pile number in the pile foundation.
12.6.5 For the calculation of pile cap action effect of chimney pile foundation, the
settlement calculation and the permissible deformation of pile foundation, the calculation of
the horizontal bearing capacity and displacement of pile foundation, the calculation of the
bearing capacity and crack resistance of pile shaft and the calculation of pile cap, all of these
shall meet the requirements of the current professional standard "Technical Code for Building
Pile Foundations" (JGJ 94)
12.6.6 Internal force analysis of chimney pile foundation pipe cap shall consider the load
effect according to fundamental combination; as for the low pile cap (under the condition that
the pile cap is not void), the net load without counting the deadweight of the pile cap and
upper cover filled soil may be adopted to calculate the counter force of pile top; as for the
high pile cap, all the loads shall be adopted. As for the pile cap with tension on the pile, its
surface shall be arranged with tension reinforcement.
12.6.7 Corrosion protection of the pile foundation shall meet the relevant requirements of
the current national standard "Code for Anticorrosion Design of Industrial Constructions"
(GB 50046).

12.7 Foundation Structure

12.7.1 The set-up of chimney and flue settlement joint shall meet the following
requirements:
1 The settlement joint of ground flue or underground flue shall be set up on the brims
of foundation.
2 The settlement joint of overhead flue may be set up on the brims of shell.
3 As the shell foundation, it should adopt ground flue or overhead flue.
12.7.2 The base plate of the foundation shall be built with concrete bedding cushion with
the suggested thickness of 100 mm.
12.7.3 When set up the underground flue, the foundation shall be built with a set up of ash
store flute with the base 250-500 mm lower than the flue base.
12.7.4 When temperature of fume is too high for the common concrete to meet the

116
13 Flue

13.1 General Requirement

13.1.1 Flue may be classified according to the following types:


1 Underground flue.
2 Ground flue.
3 Overhead flue.
13.1.2 Selection of materials for flue should meet the following requirements:
1 Underground flue should adopt reinforced concrete flue under circumstances as
follows:
1) Large dimension of freeboard.
2) Large load of the ground or with buses or trains passing;
3) It is required for waterproof.
2 Except the circumstances mentioned in Clause 1 of this Section, the underground and
ground flue may adopt brick flue.
3 Overhead flue should adopt reinforced concrete structure or may adopt steel flue.
13.1.3 Adoption of flue structural type should be according to the following provisions:
1 Brick flue's top should be built into a round arch.
2 Reinforced concrete flue should be built into a box closing frame, or a cell type with
precast slab top.
3 Steel flue should be designed as a cylinder or rectangular.
13.1.4 The flue shall be carried out the following calculation:
1 Calculation of maximum heated temperature. The calculated maximum heated
temperature shall be less than or equal to the allowable heated temperature of the material.
2 Calculation of ultimate state of structural bearing capacity. As for reinforced concrete
overhead flue, the flexibility and crack width produced by the flue longitudinal bending shall
also be checked and calculated.
13.1.5 Underground flue shall keep a certain distance from the column foundation of factory
building, facility foundation as well as cable trench which may be determined according to
Table 13.1.5.
Table 13.1.5 Minimum Distance between the Underground Flue and Brim of Underground Constructions
Temperature of flue (℃) <200 200~400 401~600 601~800

Distance (m) ≥0.1 ≥0.2 ≥0.4 ≥0.5

13.2 Calculation and Structure of Flue

13.2.1 The calculation of maximum heated temperature of underground flue shall take into
account the heat resistance effects of surrounding soil. The calculating of soil thickness
(Figure 13.2.1) may be calculated according to the following formulae:

119
extending along the flue side wall with 10 mm gap from the side wall. For the castable inner
lining, one story of reinforcing mesh should be laid on flue in wall before construction.
4 Flue without inner lining shall be painted with clay protection on the inside face of
flue.
5 As to closing box reinforced concrete flue, the gap from the crown of the arch brick
inner lining to plate surface of the flue's top plate shall be not less than 150 mm.
6 Settlement joint shall be set up at the joint of flue and furnace foundation as well as
chimney foundation. For underground flue, settlement joint shall be set up at the place where
the ground load fluctuation is relatively large.
7 Expansion and contraction joint shall be set up in long flue. The maximal space
between the expansion and contraction joint of ground and that of underground flue shall be
20m, that of overhead flue should not exceed 25m with the joint as wide as 20~ 30 mm
Compressible heat-resisting materials such as asbestos cord shall be filled in the joint. If it is
required for waterproof, the processing of expansion and contraction joint shall be in
accordance with waterproof requirements.
In seismic fortification region, the width of seismic joint between the overhead flue and
chimney shall be implemented according to the current national standard "Code for Seismic
Design of Buildings" (GB 50011).
8 Compensator shall be induced fan set up in the steel flue which joins the draught fan
and chimney.
13.2.10 The corrosion protection of flue shall meet the relevant regulations of Chapter 11 in
this Code.

123
14 Warning Lamp and Symbols

14.1 General Requirement

14.1.1 As for the following chimney, effecting the safety of the aircraft flight, the
warning lamp and symbols shall be arranged.
1 Chimney built within the freeboard protection zone of civil airport;
2 Chimney built outside the freeboard protection zone of civil airport, but within
the approach control area of the civil airport and as high as 150m above the ground;
3 Chimney built in cities with overhead helicopter apron and influencing flight of
aircraft.
14.1.2 Intense warming lamp with medium light shall be red flash light operating at night.
Flashing rate shall be 20 to 60 times per minute. The effective light intensity of flash light
shall not be less than 2000 cd ± 25%.
14.1.3 Intense warming lamp with highlight shall be white flash light operating around the
clock. Flashing rate shall be 40~ 60 times per minute. The effective light intensity of flash
light shall automatically change light intensity and flash according to the background
brightness; while it shall be 200,000 cd during the daytime, 20,000 cd at dusk or down and
2,000 cd at night.
14.1.4 Symbols of chimney shall adopt horizontal color code painted with interphase of
orange and white or that of red and white.

14.2 Distribution of Warning Lamp

14.2.1 The apex and maximum brim of warming lamp shall be revealed during the
arrangement of chimney.
14.2.2 For the chimney with height less than or equal to 45 m, it may set up one level of
warming lamps on the apex only. For chimney higher than 45 m, multi levels of warming
lamps should be set up with equal space between each level larger than 45 m.
14.2.3 Warming lamps on the chimney apex shall be set up within 1.5 to 3 m to the top end.
For chimneys higher than 150 m, warming lamps can be set up within 7.5 m from the top end.
14.2.4 Number of warming lamps of each level shall be determined according to the
external diameter of datum mark chimney which they locate at, and shall meet the following
requirements:
1 If the external diameter is less than or equal to 6 m, 3 warming lamps shall be set up
on each level;
2 If the external diameter is 6 m~30 m, 4 warming lamps shall be set up on each level;
3 If the external diameter exceeds 30m, 6 warming lamps shall be set up on each level;
14.2.5 Chimneys higher than 150m shall set up intense warming lamp with highlight on the
top level with space between each within 75 to 105 m. Between levels of intense warming
lamp with highlight, warming lamp with low light and medium light shall be set up.
14.2.6 Chimneys lower than 150m may also adopt intense warming lamp with highlight and
if so, there is no need to mark chimney with color paint.

124
Appendix B Stability Coefficient of Welded Cylinder Section under Axial Load

Table B Stability Coefficient of Welded Cylinder Section under Axial Load φ

fy
λ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
235

0 1.000 0.992 0.970 0.936 0.899 0.856 0.807 0.751 0.688 0.621 0.555 0.493 0.437

1 1.000 0.991 0.967 0.932 0.895 0.852 0.802 0.745 0.681 0.614 0.549 0.487 0.432

2 1.000 0.989 0.963 0.929 0.891 0.847 0.797 0.739 0.675 0.608 0.542 0.481 0.426

3 0.999 0.987 0.960 0.925 0.887 0.842 0.791 0.732 0.668 0.603 0.536 0.475 0.421

4 0.999 0.985 0.957 0.922 0.882 0.838 0.786 0.726 0.661 0.594 0.529 0.470 0.416

5 0.998 0.983 0.953 0.918 0.878 0.833 0.780 0.720 0.655 0.588 0.523 0.464 0.411

6 0.997 0.981 0.950 0.914 0.874 0.828 0.774 0.714 0.648 0.581 0.517 0.458 0.406

7 0.996 0.978 0.946 0.910 0.870 0.823 0.769 0.707 0.641 0.575 0.511 0.453 0.402

8 0.995 0.976 0.943 0.906 0.865 0.818 0.763 0.701 0.635 0.568 0.505 0.447 0.397

9 0.994 0.973 0.939 0.903 0.861 0.813 0.757 0.694 0.628 0.561 0.499 0.442 0.392

fy
λ 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
235

0 0.387 0.345 0.308 0.276 0.249 0.225 0.204 0.186 0.170 0.156 0.144 0.133 0.123

1 0.383 0.341 0.304 0.273 0.246 0.223 0.202 0.184 0.169 0.155 0.143 0.132

2 0.378 0.337 0.301 0.270 0.244 0.220 0.200 0.183 0.167 0.154 0.142 0.131

127
pmin.
SA − SB
mθ = (C.0.2-1)
2r1
Where,
r1 - the radius of round foundation or the exradius of ring foundation.
2 During the calculation of the foundation settlement SA and SB under the trapezoid
load action, the load may be divided into two parts like uniformly distributed load and triangle
load; calculate the corresponding settlement amount the loads and then sum up them.
3 As for the calculation of the incline value for ring foundation under a triangle load,
the settlement value of A and B points calculated from a round plate with radius r under the
action of triangle load subtract the settlement value of A and B points calculated from a round
plate with radius r4 under the action of corresponding trapezoid load.
C.0.3 For the upright and inverted cone combined shell foundation, its final settlement and
incline value may be calculated according to the ring plate foundation of the lower shell
horizontal projection.

Table C.0.1-1 The Vertical Average Additional Stress Coefficient a at a Random Point of Soil under the

Action of the Uniformly distributed load on the Round Area

130
4.60 0.365 0.361 0.348 0.324 0.285 0.209 0.137 0.103

4.80 0.353 0.349 0.336 0.313 0.276 0.203 0.134 0.101

5.00 0.341 0.337 0.325 0.303 0.267 0.197 0.131 0.099

b/R

1.600 1.800 2.000 2.200 2.400 2.600 2.800 3.000 3.200 3.400 3.600 3.800 4.000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.008 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.019 0.009 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.032 0.016 0.009 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 0 0

0.044 0.024 0.015 0.009 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0

0.054 0.032 0.02 0.013 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0

0.063 0.039 0.025 0.019 0.011 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001

0.070 0.045 0.030 0.021 0.O14 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001

0.076 0.050 0.035 0.024 0.017 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001

0.080 0.055 0.038 0.027 0.020 0.015 0.011 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002

0.083 0.058 0.042 0.030 0.022 0.017 0.012 0.010 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.003 0.002

0.085 0.061 0.044 0.033 0.024 0.019 0.014 0.O11 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.003

0.086 0.063 0.046 0.035 0.026 0.020 0.016 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003

0.087 0.064 0.048 0.037 0.028 0.022 0.017 0.013 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.004

0.087 0.065 0.049 0.038 0.030 0.023 0.018 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.005

0.087 0.066 0.050 0.039 0.032 0.024 0.019 0.016 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.005

0.086 0.066 0.051 0.040 0.033 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.014 0.O11 0.009 0.007 0.006

0.085 0.066 0.052 0.041 0.034 0.026 0.021 0.017 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006

132
2.60 0.280 0.240 0.196 0.151 0.108 0.072 0.051 0.036

2.80 0.266 0.229 0.187 0.145 0.105 0.071 0.051 0.037

3.00 0.254 0.218 0.180 0.140 0.102 0.070 0.051 0.037

3.20 0.242 0.209 0.172 0.135 0.099 0.069 0.050 0.038

3.40 0.232 0.20 0.166 0.130 0.096 0.067 0.050 0.038

3.60 0.222 0.192 0.159 0.125 0.094 0.066 0.049 0.038

3.80 0.213 0.184 0.152 0.121 0.091 0.065 0.048 0.037

4.00 0.205 0.177 0.148 0.117 0.088 0.063 0.047 0.037

4.20 0.197 0.171 0.142 0.113 0.086 0.062 0.046 0.037

4.40 0.190 0.165 0.138 0.110 0.083 0.061 0.045 0.036

4.60 0.183 0.159 0.133 0.107 0.081 0.059 0.044 0.036

4.80 0.177 0.154 0.129 0.104 0.079 0.058 0.043 0.036

5.00 0.171 0.151 0.125 0.101 0.077 0.057 0.042 0.035

b/R

1.600 1.800 2.000 2.200 2.400 2.600 2.800 3.000 3.200 3.400 3.600 3.800 4.000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.006 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.009 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 0

0.013 0.008 0.005 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0

0.016 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 0

0.019 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0

134
4.0 0.224 0.241 0.244 0.229 0.167 0.101 0.072

4.2 0.217 0.231 0.234 0.220 0.161 0.098 0.070

4.4 0.209 0.222 0.225 0.212 0.155 0.095 0.069

4.6 0.202 0.214 0.217 0.204 0.150 0.092 0.067

4.8 0.195 0.207 0.209 0.197 0.145 0.090 0.065

5.0 00 00 0.201 0.202 0.19 0.140 0.087 0.064

b/R

-1.600 -1.800 -2.000 -2.200 -2.400 -2.600 -.800 -3.000 -3.200 -3.400 -3.600 -3.800 -4.000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.007 0.003 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.015 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.025 0.013 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 0

0.034 0.019 0.011 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 0 0

0.042 0.024 0.015 0.009 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0

0.048 0.029 0.018 0.012 0.008 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0

0.052 0.033 0.022 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.055 0.036 0.024 0.017 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001

0.057 0.039 0.026 0.019 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001

0.058 0.040 0.028 0.021 0.015 0.O11 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001

0.059 0.042 0.030 0.022 0.016 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002

0.059 0.042 0.031 0.023 0.017 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002

0.059 0.043 0.032 0.024 0.018 0.014 0.O11 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002

0.058 0.043 0.032 0.025 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003

137
List of Quoted Standards

Code for Design of Masonry Structures GB 50003


Code for Design of Building Foundation GB 50007
Load Code for the Design of Building Structures GB 50009
Code for Design of Concrete Structures GB 50010
Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB 50011
Code for Design of Steel Structures GB 50017
Code for Anticorrosion Design of Industrial Constructions GB 50046
Code for Design of High-rising Structures GB 50135
Code for Acceptance of Construction Quality of Steel Structures GB 50205
Carbon Structural Steels GB/T 700
Steel for the Reinforcement of Concrete - Part 1: Hot Rolled Plain Bars GB 1499.1
Steel for the Reinforcement of Concrete-Part 2: Hot-rolled Ribbed Bars GB 1499.2
High Strength Low Alloy Structural Steels GB/T 1591
Atmospheric Corrosion Resisting Structural Steel GB/T 4171
Liquid Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Fiber Reinforced Plastics GB/T 8237
Metallic Coatings - Hot Dip Galvanized Coatings on Fabricated Iron and Steel Articles -
Specifications and Test Methods GB/T 13912
Glass Fiber Mats - Chopped Strand and Continuous Filament Mats GB/T 17470
Glass Fiber Roving GB/T 18369
Glass Fibre Woven Roving GB/T 18370
Specification for Welding and Acceptance of Reinforcing Steel Bars JGJ 18
Technical Code for Building Pile Foundations JGJ 94

__________ END ___________

140

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