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Preface
Sheep and Rabbit Production and Utilization Technologies 2013
Introduction
Brief about Institute
Published by Sheep and rabbit technologies
Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar Superior germplasm of sheep 1
Artificial insemination in sheep with liquid chilled semen 11
Compiled and edited by Indigenous intra-vaginal sponges for oestrus induction and synchronization 13
A.K. Shinde, C.P. Swarnkar and S.M.K. Naqvi Flock health technology for sheep flocks in semi-arid Rajasthan 16
Worm management programme for sheep flocks of Rajasthan 21
Photography by Targeted selective treatment approach for management of haemonchosis in sheep 25
B.L. Sharma FROGIN: Software for forecasting gastrointestinal nemetodiasis in sheep of Rajasthan 29
Pre- weaning lamb feeding for enhancing mutton production 33
Intensive lamb rearing for maximizing mutton production 37
Complete feed blocks for scarcity feeding 41
Restructuring carcasses of cull ewes by nutritional manipulation 44
All rights reserved. Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute
Supplementary feeding of sheep for growth, production and reproduction 45
encourage reproduction and dissemination of material in this Area-specific mineral mixture for sheep and goats 47
information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free Establishment of pasture for higher fodder production 49
of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other Broiler rabbit rearing for meat and fur skin 54
Angora rabbit rearing for wool production 56
commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur
Utilization of rabbit fur for making fashionable items 58
fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate Aesthetic and durable carpet from indigenous wool and Its blends 61
material and queries concerning right and licences, should be Angora rabbit Hair – Bharat Merino wool blended shawls 63
addressed by e-mail to cswriavikanagar@yahoo.com or to the Natural colours for wool and specialty hair fibre 65
High quality blankets from indigenous wool 67
Director CSWRI, Avikanagar 304 501.
Development of woollen handicrafts from non- apparel grade wool 70
Value added mutton products 72
Embryo transfer technique in sheep 78
Ram semen freezing techniques 80
CSWRI 2013 Molecular technique for identification of wool and specialty hairs 83
Development of pure pashmina yarn using PVA as carrier fibre 84
Fermented probiotic feed 86
Application of FecBgenotyping test in marker assisted selection programme in sheep 88
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Preface
This document is expected to assist stakeholders, entrepreneur, NGO and farmers to learn the technologies a
practices available and their adoption. In addition, it is also useful to government organizations, extension ex
donor agencies to better understand prioritize and support appropriate sheep and rabbit technologies and pra
This compilation is an archive of technologies developed on sheep and rabbit production and utilization in th
I acknowledge and appreciate the efforts of Dr A.K. Shinde and Dr C.P. Swarnkar in bringing out this docum
information on technologies and practices provided by Heads of Division and Section and Heads of Regiona
duly acknowledged. I also compliment the scientists of the institute for developing the technologies and prac
stakeholders.
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The Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute is a premier Method to deliver nematophag
Rajasthan
Institute of ICAR engaged in research, training and extension Duddingtonia flagrans to shee
activities on sheep and rabbits. It was established in 1962 at control of Haemonchus contor
Malpura in Rajasthan, now campus is known by the name of Area specific mineral-mixture
Avikanagar. The campus is spread over an area of 1510
augmenting reproduction and p
hectare. It has three Regional Research Centres Arid Regional
Main campus Production of fermented probi
CSWRI
Campus, Bikaner, Northern Temperate Research Station,
production protocol, fermentat
Avikanagar (Raj.) Garsa and Southern Regional Research Centre, Mannavanur.
Regional stations drying, storage and uses thereo
T.N.
ARC, Bikaner (Raj.)
NTRS, Garsa (H.P.) At ARC Bikaner research on genetic improvement of Magra and Fermentation vessel for condu
SRRC, Mannavanur (T.N.)
Marwari sheep, grassland improvement, nutrition, sheep diseases production studies (in vitro): fa
and wool processing and quality evaluation is being carried out.
and uses
At NTRS Garsa apart from sheep breeding research, rabbit breeding for wool is being carried out. An elite flock of Low cost, indigenous cradle fo
Bharat Merino is established at the station and made available to farmers for genetic improvement. The attempt of sheep for pregnancy diagnosis
station in dissemination of angora rabbits resulted in establishment large number of Angora rabbit farms in the region. Low cost, indigenous vaginal s
control in buffaloes
An elite flock of Bharat Merino sheep has been established at SRRC Mannavanur station. Bharat Merino sheep are well
in demand in southern states for improving mutton and wool. Broiler rabbits are made available to farmers for
establishment of rabbit farms. The supply of elite germplasm to farmers has resulted in establishment of large number
of broiler rabbits in the southern regions.
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drenching and treatment to sheep flocks under TOT and display exhibitions for dissemin
areas. Organized Kishan Mela, Women's Day, Field Day technologies developed in the instit
Awards Received by the Institute Dr Rajendra Prasad Puruskar for Technical Books in
Hindi in the Field of Agriculture and Allied Sciences for Human Resource Development
ICAR Award for Team Research for the Outstanding
the year 2005-06 for book on Applied Animal
Research Contribution in Small Ruminant Production Scientists of the institute are trained in frontier areas
Husbandry (Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats, Pig, Horse
for the Biennium 1997-98 to Drs S.M.K. Naqvi, Anil like biotechnology related to breeding, reproduction
and Camel) to S.C. Dubey, A.K. Shinde and B.N. Singh
Joshi, Rajeev Gulyani, G.K. Das and J.P. Mittal. health and rumen manipulation and feed utilization.
Institute Activities on Farmer's Field
ICAR Award for Team Research for the Outstanding Training programme on recent advances in sheep
Research Contribution in Genetic Improvement of Scientists regularly interact with the farmers to solve production and utilization are being organized
Sheep for the Biennium 2003-04 to Drs V. K. Singh, A. L. their problems, develop awareness about new regularly for the veterinary officers, scientist and field
Arora, A. K. Mishra, D. Singh, S.M.K. Naqvi, Anil Joshi, technologies and motivate them for the adoption of officers. Training programme on sheep and rabbit
C.P. Swarnkar and Satish Kumar. technologies. Institute extends regular vaccination, farming are being organized for the farmers.
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Superior Germplasm
Young rams are ranked and selected on the basis of an index incorporating six-month live
weight, pre-weaning average daily gain and post weaning average daily gain up to 6 month
of age. Through intensive selection and improved management practices, 6 month live
weight improved from 13.84 kg in the year 1974-77 to 25.74 kg in the year 2010-11. High
genetic merit rams are supplied to the farmers for genetic improvement of their animals.
Improvement of 7.63% and 14.92% in 6 month weight and first GFY was recorded by
supply of elite rams in farmer's field. Body weight of >25.0 kg and first GFY of >600 g per
animal at 6 month of age have been achieved in institute farm with overall survivability
(irrespective of age) of > 92 percent.
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Chokla: Best carpet wool breed of Rajasthan Over the period, there is significant improvement in the body weight at different ages and
this reflects the effect of selection in the flock. Six month body weight of 24.83 kg, 12 month
Chokla is a fine carpet wool sheep breed and primarily reared for its superior quality carpet body weight of 30.29 kg was achieved with change in concentrate supplementation regime
wool and migration ability. during the period 2009-2011 to exploit the growth potential of the breed. Overall least
squares means in 2009-11 for first six monthly GFY and Adult annual GFY were 1.438 kg and
Male lambs are selected on the basis of index worked out combining body weight and wool
2.386 kg, respectively.
yield at 6 month of age. Selected rams (10-12) are used for breeding. Superior rams are sold
to the State Government / Developmental agencies for breed improvement programmes. Marwari: A robust sheep breed of arid zone
Chokla produces wool with average fibre diameter and medullation of around 30 and 30%,
respectively with staple length of > 6.0 cm suitable for all kind of carpet. Since 1992, Marwari is one of the important carpet wool producing sheep breed of north western arid
through intensive selection and improved management, six month weight of the sheep has and semiarid region of India. The breed is hardy and well adapted to harsh and erratic
increased significantly from 16.51 kg to 24.83 kg and first 6 monthly GFY increased from climatic conditions of hot arid region. This breed is considered to be largest in number and
0.918 to 1.438 kg. distributed widely in Rajasthan and some parts of Gujarat. The body weight at 6 month
improved by 41.94% i.e. from 15.9 to 22.6 kg since the year 1993. The adult annual GFY was
improved from 1209 g to 1484 g (22.8%) by intensive selection and improved management
practices.
Magra sheep is found in its purest form in Bikaner and adjoining areas of Nagaur, Churu and
Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan. Magra sheep has been improved for lustrous carpet wool
production. Magra wool is in great demand from carpet industry because luster of carpet
fetches higher price. First six monthly GFY and annual GFY are 0.95 and 2.20 kg,
respectively. Wool quality traits of this breed are most suitable for a standard carpet. Fibre
diameter (32.0μ), staple length (5.15 cm) and medullation (40-45%) of Magra wool are
most suitable for carpet.
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Avikalin sheep produce about 80% more wool compared to native Malpura sheep and
have better growth potential due to exotic inheritance. More than 27.0 kg of body weight
at 6 month of age and 40.0 kg of body weight at 12 month of age at institutional farm was
achieved. First six monthly GFY has been reached to more than one kg. When superior
Avikalin rams were used in farmers' flock there was an increase of about 15-20% in wool
yield besides increase in body weight. Avikalin has been used as an improver breed and
has a great demand particularly in southern part of India to upgrade their local
nondescript sheep.
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Bharat Merino: Fine wool sheep of India Prolific Sheep: A promising sheep for mutton production
In 1962, Rambouillet sheep from Texas, USA were introduced in Avikanagar for evolving A cross breeding scheme was initiated in 1997 to introgress the FecB gene from India's most
fine wool sheep through crossbreeding. Native sheep viz. Chokla, Malpura and Jaisalmeri valuable germplasm Garole sheep of a hot and humid environment into the non-prolific
breed were mated with Rambouillet for production of half breds. Half bred ewes were and large size mutton sheep breed Malpura best adapted to semi-arid tropical environment
backcrossed with Rambouillet rams for production of ¾ Rambouillet. Similarly, to produce the Garole X Malpura (GM) crossbred carrying FecB gene. Later on quarter bred
crossbreeding of native Chokla and Nali ewes with Rambouillet and Russian Merino rams were produced by back crossing of GM with Malpura (GMM).
from USSR was done since 1971 in the Institute. The ¾ crosses of both the projects were
merged in1982 and named as Bharat Merino. Preliminary results in respect of lambing percentage in Garole x Malpura half bred ewes are
encouraging as 44% twin lambing is recorded in this genetic group. In breeding program
During 2008, Bharat Merino sheep were completely shifted to SRRC, Mannavanur to study th
only FecB carrier (BB or B+) rams are used. The 3/4 crosses were able to produce twins and
their performance in sub-temperate climate of Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh. also had higher body weight compared to half bred but problem of low milk yield from the
Performance of Bharat Merino sheep was satisfactory with regards to production and th
dam was still persisting in the 3/4 crosses. Patanwadi sheep was introduced in the GM (M)
reproduction and suitable for apparel wool production. At Mannavanur, six monthly body to increase the milk yield of dams. In this process, GM(M) animals were crossed with
weights have crossed 25.0 kg. Adult annual GFY of Bharat Merino has reached > 2.5 kg with Patanwadi and 3 breed crosses were produced which resulted in higher prolificacy, higher
19.38 fibre diameter, < 1 % medullation and 8 cm staple length. birth weight along with more milk yield of dam to feed larger lamb crop per ewe.
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Sirohi: Dual purpose hardy goat breed of Rajasthan Performance of Sirohi breed at farm for the year 2009-10 with regards to body weight at
birth, 3, 9 and 12 months of age were 3.22, 12.10, 23.98 and 26.43 kg, respectively. The
The unit of AICRP on Goats at Avikanagar was established in 1976. Bucks used for selective total milk yield in the does kidded averaged, 107.77 kg and average total lactation length
st
breeding purpose were earlier selected based on 9 month weight and dam's 1 lactation was 174.56 days.
150 days milk yield.
Adoption of Superior Germplasm by the Farmers
Sirohi is the majestic breed of dual purpose goat, suitable for Rajasthan. Selective breeding
along with intensive selection of Sirohi goat is running at Avikanagar since 1976. Intensive There is always a great demand of Malpura rams among the farmers. Every year superior
rams (~50) are being sold to local farmers for improvement in their flocks with performance
selection and improved management, improved twelve month weight of the Sirohi goat
recording in the field. Comparison between progenies born out of farmers' rams and
from 21.53 to 26.43 kg, similarly total milk yield increased from 74.25 to 107.77 kg.
superior rams distributed from institutional flocks have shown a considerable
improvement in farmers' flocks.
Since 1992, a total of 300 Chokla rams are sold / distributed to the farmers or to the
Government of Rajasthan for breed improvement programme. Bharat Merino having 75%
exotic inheritance has been used by farmers to increase mutton production where
sufficient feed and fodder is available, particularly in Kolar district of Karnataka state where
they are using it as improver breed.
Once sizeable population of prolific sheep will be established with traits of higher
prolificacy, more body weight and more milk per dam, the improved and proven sheep will
be delivered at the farmers' door step to enhance economic returns of farmer and
livelihood security. Sirohi goat is not only distributed in Rajasthan but also all over India
even in the southern part for breed improvement programme due to its sustainability in all
type of environment. A total of 616 animals were sold to the farmers during last five years.
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Sheep genetic resource available in institute, its Artificial Insemination in Sheep with
regional stations and network project centres
Breed Utility Available at Liquid Chilled Semen
Malpura Mutton and medium CSWRI
type wool Avikanagar, Rajasthan
Artificial insemination (AI) technique is used in animal breeding programme to multiply
elite sheep in a flock at faster rate, reduce the requirement of number of rams and avoid the
Avikalin Carpet wool & mutton
possibilities of transmitting contagious diseases within the flock. Advances made in the
Kendrapada Prolific sheep
development of new semen diluents and insemination procedures opened a new avenue
Garole Prolific sheep
for achieving accelerated genetic gain in sheep through AI.
Patanwadi Mutton and milk
Chokla Carpet wool ARC (CSWRI), Bikaner, Rajasthan
Semen from adult donor rams is
Magra Carpet wool
collected using artificial vagina.
Marwari Carpet wool
The institute has developed Egg
Bharat Merino Fine wool and mutton SRRC, (CSWRI), Mannavanur, Tamil Nadu
yolk McIllvaine glucose (EYMG)
Gaddi Synthetic Fine wool and mutton NTRS, (CSWRI), Gasra, Kullu, HP
diluent for AI of sheep in farm and
Muzaffarnagari Mutton and coarse wool CIRG, Makhdoom, UP field using chilled liquid semen.
Deccani Mutton and coarse wool MPKV Ejaculates of thick consistency,
Rahuri Ahmednagar, Maharashtra
rapid wave motion, having more
Nellore Mutton Livestock Research Station, Sri Venkateswara
>80% motility and intense
Veterinary University, Palamner, Chittoor, AP
movement of motile spermatozoa
Madras Red Mutton Livestock Research Station Campus,
are diluted at the rate of 1:1 with
Kattupakkam, Kancheepuram, Chennai, TN
EYMG diluents at 30°C in a water bath. Ewes exhibiting estrus in the morning (early estrus)
Ganjam Mutton Veterinary College, OUAT, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha
and evening (mid estrus) of the same day are brought at the common place for AI.
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Around 1300 sheep in farmer's flocks were artificially inseminated by Institute with overall the time consumed in heat detection. Further, it helps in scheduling the breeding and lambing
success rate of 63.38%. to overcome the seasonal variation and can be simulated as per the forage availability.
The adoption rate of AI by farmers is negligible. However, adoption of AI using semen of Progesterone impregnated intra-vaginal sponges for oestrus induction and synchronization
superior rams can provide a viable option to resource poor underprivileged farmers for in sheep and goats have been developed indigenously at CSWRI, Avikanagar. One kit
uplifting their socio-economic status by augmenting production of low producing sheep
breeds in their flocks. Non-availability of elite rams and need of heat detection are the
major constraints in adoption of AI by the farmers.
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containing 50 sponges, 1 speculum and 1 plunger is costing Rs. 460. The selected animals Salient Findings
are prepared for oestrus synchronization.
So far 708 sheep in farmer flocks were inserted sponges and out of that 629 sheep
Insertion of sponges: The progesterone-impregnated sponge is loaded in a vaginal
exhibited oestrus with an overall success rate of 88.84%.
speculum, a glass tube with both the ends open. The sponge is loaded in speculum through
anterior end and thread of sponge taken out from distal end. Push the sponge through the Adoption by the Farmers
speculum by using plunger, a glass rod, until it reaches the cervix. Retain the plunger and
withdraw the speculum 2 to 3 cm to expel the sponge out of the speculum. Remove the This technology is already been successfully used
instruments, speculum and plunger. in majority of sheep rearing states. Irrespective
of agro-ecosystem the technology has yielded
Management of ewes: After the insertion of vaginal sponge the ewes are free to move better results wherever it is used. Hence the
around for grazing, feeding and other routine management practices. But special care must technology has potential to be disseminated to
be taken of the treated ewes until the vaginal sponges are not removed. all states of India. Infertility problem is the major
cause of concern for reduced reproductive
Removal of sponges: The sponges are kept in situ for 12 days. After 12 days, the sponges are
efficiency. Hence adopting this particular technology one can directly addresses the
taken out from vagina of ewes carefully. While removing the sponge the thread should not
infertility problem pertaining to sheep. This will intern ensure better return in terms of net
break and sponge should come out by pulling the thread. profit to the farmers and thereby the economy as a whole. Moreover, it requires very
minimal support in terms of infrastructure. A single room with sponge foam, thread and
Development and application of intra vaginal sponges: An intra muscular injection of 200
progesterone drug is sufficient for the production of sponges. Problems associated in
IU of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG) is administered at the time of sponge
adoption of technology are a) poor awareness among farmers b) low level of education c)
removal. In general, PMSG is used when oestrus is induced among anoestrus ewes and ewe
trained manpower to demonstrate the technique in the farmers' flock d) migratory sheep
lambs. In cycling ewes PMSG is not required.
flocks. Efforts should be made by all state government through their animal husbandry
department (AHD) for dissemination of the technology. All AHD should encourage farmers
Detection of oestrus: Detection of oestrus is done by apron ram at an interval of 6 h for 72 h
to use this technology through extension programmes and proper training should be
commencing from 24 h of sponge withdrawal. Ram should possess high vigour and libido.
imparted to farmers.
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In sheep pox, although the mortality rate is often < 10% but causes fatality rates of nearly
Based on epidemiology of sheep
100% in young animals. In India, the morbidity and mortality due to Bluetongue disease
diseases a calendar of prophylaxis has
range 29.4-77.0 and 25.0-45.5%, respectively. PPR occurs in epizootic form with morbidity
been developed which includes timely
of 27-84% and mortality between 18-60%. The incidence of JD is > 15.0% in sheep, mainly in
vaccination, drenching, dipping and
farm flocks.
tactical health care. The commonly
used prophylactic measures are as
In small ruminant the incidence of abortion due to Chlamydiosis, Brucellosis, Listeriosis,
under:
Leptospirosis and Toxoplasmosis range 7.7-27.3, 2.2-7.9, 3.33-33.0, 14.3-15.2 and 6.6-
11.5%, respectively. Parasitic infections, particularly, internal parasitism is one of the major
disease/syndrome of pastoral ruminants. Major consequences includes increased
mortality and reduction in live weight gain (35-40%), wool yield (35-40%) and quality,
fertility and milk yield (10-15%), rejection of meat or organs for human consumption,
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Adult Newborn
ET vaccination Twice a year (June, December) At 2.5 month of age (with booster), followed by
every six month with adult
Sheep pox Once a year (December) At 3 month of age, followed by annual vaccination
vaccination with adult
(December- January)
Foot bath During monsoon, 3-4 times at weekly interval with copper sulphate
The application of above mentioned practices cost around Rs. 37-40 / sheep / year
(Rs. 12-15 on prophylactics and Rs. 25 on curative treatments).
Salient Findings
Prior to adoption of prophylactic health calendar, the average mortality in farmer's flocks of
Rajasthan was 20.4% (1975-76). However, regular health inputs from 1977 to 1985 resulted
in reduction of mortality to 10.88%. Based on study, planned flock health programme was
developed and implemented from 1986 resulted in decline of mortality to around 5.0%.
The reductions of mortality from 1975-76 to 2011-12 showed clear impact of flock health
approach. A sheep cost Rs.1500- 2000 and if a farmer is maintaining 100 sheep then losses
due to annual mortality at initial stages (without adopting the prophylactic measures)
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Before 1984, 6 drenches / year were practiced in sheep flocks maintained by farmers in
Rajasthan. The cost of drench per sheep per year was approximately Rs. 24.00 with
mortality rate of 0.40% in flock due to GIN. Later, in 1984 the programme was rationalized
and the drenching schedule was reduced to 4 drenches / annum.
The cost of drenching per sheep / year came down to Rs. l6.00 with mortality rate of 0.45%
due to worms. After that detailed studies were conducted at the institute on epidemiology
and anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep to formulate a worm
control strategy for sheep flocks of Rajasthan. The study revealed that:
Annual mortality rate in field flocks of semi-arid Rajasthan
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Haemonchus contortus is responsible for production and mortality losses and clinical
form of disease is seen during August to November
Pre-parasitic stages on pasture are translated from late June to early December
There is no typical peri parturient rise in faecal egg count
There is wide prevalence of benzimidazole and levamisole resistant strains ofH. contortus
Late October/ Early Narrow spectrum anthelmintic (closantel, Tactical drench (need based) Modified worm management programme for sheep flocks of Rajasthan
November rafoxanide / levamisole group) based on faecal examination
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refugia and decrease the selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance through harvesting
the benefits of over-dispersion in faecal egg count, targeted selective technique is
developed for management of haemonchosis in sheep.
Technology Details
It is a simple system to categorize the anaemic status of sheep based on the conjunctiva
mucosa colours on a scale from 1 (red) to 5 (white). Based on photographs, intensity of
infection and haematocrit value a colour chart (consisting of 5 different grades of colour)
was prepared and applied for effectiveness in adult sheep from July, 2008.
Sheep were categorized into five scales as 1: red (non-anaemic), 2: red-pink (non-anaemic),
3: pink (mild anaemic), 4: pink-white (anaemic) and 5: white (severe anaemic) at monthly
interval. The animals falling in category 4 and 5 were considered as anaemic and were
recommended for anthelmintic treatment particularly in wormy season.
Salient Findings
The relatively increase in proportion of visually anaemic sheep was started after mid
monsoon and reached to peak level at the end of monsoon. The study demonstrated
application feasibility of eye colour chart by different evaluator.
The estimated comparative performance of TST and en-mass targeted treatment exhibited
that the frequency of anthelmintic treatment under TST was 29.31% in 2008-09 which
reduced to 23.99% in 2009-10, 15.50% in 2010-11 and to 10.88% in 2011-12 with an
average of 19.92±4.14% per annum. No adverse effect of TST was observed on flock
performance. The cost of anthelmintic intervention in flock was only 10% of that incurred
with targeted treatment particularly due to reduced use of anthelmintics.
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require a high level of input and education to the farming community. It is crucial that infective larvae which have migrated on grass blades, the infection rate in animal in which
practitioners / farmers and advisors are made aware not only of the cost benefits, and adult worms have established after ingestion of L , the mortality rate of adult worms and
3
potential disadvantages, accruing from a TST approach but also those associated with the egg production rate of adult female worms.
extreme multi-drug resistance.
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7000
flo
Development of prototype of forecasting forH. contortusin sheep in6000 P re dicte d
)
g 5000
p O bse rve d
(e
4000
C
E
F 3000
e
g
ra2000
e
Environment
Environment Host
Host v
A 1000
0
Comparative trends between Apr_04 M a r_07
Semi-arid Farm
FROGIN based predicted and
Climatic observations, Stocking density, Intensity of observed FEC in sheep flocks 4000
flo3000 Observed
Fodder availability, herbage, Faecal output rate, in
) 2500
Grass height and density Pasture contamination rate g
p
MODELING (e2000
C
E
F 1500
e
g 1000
Parasite ra
e
v
A 500
0
Apr_04 Mar_07
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Technology Details
Attainment of early weaning weight gives an impetus to next phase (post-weaning) growth.
k 1600
c
flo 1400
P re dicte d There is considerable interest in early weaning of lambs because it will enable early marketing
O bse rve d
in 1200
)
g
p 1000
of lambs, out-of-season lambing, multiple lamb crops per year. For higher pre weaning gains
(e
C 800
E
lambs should receive creep feed from the time they are old enough to eat solid feed (1-2
F 600
.
v
A 400
weeks of age). In additions to proper and timely colostrums feeding of newly born lambs and
200
multiple births, following approaches for higher pre weaning gains may be followed:
0
Apr_04 M a r_07
Comparative trends between
Semi- arid Field
• Feeding of milk replacer
FROGIN based predicted and
2500 observed FEC in sheep flocks •
Feeding of creep mixture and good quality legume hay
s
k
c
Pre dicted at field
flo2000 •
in
)
Observed Incorporation of pro- and pre-biotics in lamb ration
g 1500
p
(e
C
E
F
1000 Colostrum feeding
.
v
A 500
0
In addition to immuneglobulins, colostrum consists of nutrients which fuel heat production
Apr_04 Mar_07
and prevent hypothermia in new born lambs. It also helps to promote gut growth and
Arid Field
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differentiation especially during the first 24-48 h after birth, thus helping to establish the
Cafeteria feeding of concentrate and roughage
intestinal route as the sole source of nutrients. Lamb born in open and in winter need 200-
220 ml of colostrum / kg of body whereas those born in housed conditions require about Free choice feeding of concentrate and good quality roughage gave encouraging results. A
160-180 ml. In case of no or poor yield of colostrums, frozen colostrums may be used. Goat good concentrate should contain 16-20% crude protein, 72-75% total digestible nutrients
colostrum is a good substitute, however cow colostrum has 20-40% less nutrients than and calcium to phosphorus in 2:1. In addition to concentrate good quality roughage is also
ewe's colostrum. If cow colostrums used, one third more volume may be fed. important. The choice of roughage pre-weaner lambs are cowpea hay, pala leaves, khejri
leaves, guar hay etc.
Feeding of milk replacer
Feeding high energy rations
Lamb growth and development is
Lambs need high energy ration to assure fast growth. Higher level of concentrate produces
dependent upon the ewe's milk yield
fatter carcasses than those reared on forages up to finishing whereas addition of fat prevent
during first week of life. Lambs start
ruminal acidosis, facilitate absorption of lipo soluble nutrients and modify meat according
nibbling on feeds within a few days after
to consumer demand. Milk suckling twice daily up to 3 month of age and creep ration and
birth, but this will not sufficient for
legume hay adlib should be provided during 0-3 month of age in lambs.
harnessing higher growth. Therefore,
after 15 days of age, feeding of milk Parameters Cost (Rs)
and fed at the rate of 10% of lamb's body weight in 3-4 feedings per day. Total feed cost (Rs) - 235.20
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Some of the approaches for harnessing higher finisher weight from growing lambs are:
□ Incorporating rumen by pass fat in lamb ration
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mixture supplementation in
The final product consists of 63 % fat and 37 % mineral matter and its cost varies between Rs
post weaning phase has been
50-60/kg. It is recommended to include bypass fat at 4% level for better finishing weight
developed for attaining
(33-35 kg) at 6 mo of age.
finishing weight of 33 kg at 6
Rumen buffers month of age in Malpura
lambs.
Finishing lambs when fed high grain ration their rumen pH drops and lambs develop
ruminal acidosis. Rumen buffers stabilize the rumen pH and control the problem of rumen Economics of mutton
acidosis and improve animal performance. Sodium bicarbonate acts as very good buffer production
and when supplemented @ 1.5 % of total ration, it improved weight gain and feed
In lamb production, capital
efficiency.
investment is low but it has high
Feeding of probiotics return,employment
opportunity with local feed and fodder resources. The details calculation is furnished below :
Lambs after weaning from their dams come under stress and as a result face the digestive
disturbances as well as other health problems. During this time probiotic culture consisting
Parameters Cost (Rs)
of beneficial microbes help improving the digestive disturbances, strengthen the immune
3 month w (kg) 17.8 -
system and compete/ control the pathogenic infection. Slaughter wt (kg) (6 month) 33.0 -
Daily concentrate feed consumed 568.6 800.40
The liquid culture of S. cerevisiae at the rate of 1 ml/kg BW is recommended. User-friendly
(g) @ Rs 15.64/kg
probiotic feed mixture is developed involving ingredient of concentrate mixture, e.g. wheat
bran that is being fermented with live yeast culture of S. cerevisiae and dried under room Daily hay consumed (g) 160.9 72.50
Daily green fodder consumed (g) 193.9 96.25
temperature to be fed as a part of the concentrate mixture.
Daily total feed consumed (g) 923.1 -
Intensive feeding on concentrate and roughage Total body weight gain (kg) 15.2 -
Feed efficiency (Feed: Gain) 5.47 -
Intensive feeding of lambs on complete feed consists of roughage and concentrates Total feed cost - 969.15
mixture in 50:50 or free grazing on available grazing lands and ad libitum concentrate Total feed cost during pre and post weaning - 1204.35
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Meat yield Livestock in general and small ruminants in particular are the most vulnerable during
Parameters Yield Cost (Rs) drought and famine. Livestock feeding during scarcity is yet not established to save livestock
Meat yield (kg) @Rs 280/kg 16.5 4620.00 wealth. Every year one or the other part of the country faces feed scarcity–drought like
Head and hooves (kg) 2.50 250.00 situations. Complete feed blocks (CFB) can be prepared from available poor quality
Skin with wool (kg) 3.00 200.00
roughage and can be fed to the animals as and when required. Complete feed blocks are the
Edible offals 2.50 700.00
compressed product containing roughage and concentrate along with molasses, minerals,
Intestines (including rumen) 2.50 100.00
Total - 5870.00 urea and salt etc in desired proportion.
Economic analysis
Technology Details
Meat basis Live animal basis
Receipt
Most of the poor quality roughages are bulky in nature and require larger space for storage
Live weight (for 33 kg) @ Rs 140/kg - 4620.00
and creates problems in feeding, transportation and handling. These problems can be
Meat yield (kg) @Rs 280/kg 4620.00 -
minimized by converting the bulky feeds into complete feed blocks by Complete Feed Block
Head and hooves (kg) 250.00 -
Skin with wool (kg) 200.00 - Making Machine. The complete feed block of roughage and concentrate mixture can be
Edible offals 700.00 - prepared in 65:35 ratio including 5 per cent of molasses for easy binding. The blocks are
Intestines and rumen 100.00 - prepared by applying a pressure of 4000-5000 psi by machine.
Manure @ Rs 10/kg 920.00 920.00
Total 6790.00 5540.00 Salient Findings
Expenditure
Cost of lamb of one month age 980.00 980.00 Use of feed block in sheep reduces wastage of feed materials as well as the cost by 30 to
Concentrate
Legume hay feed 978.60
83.20 978.60
83.20 35%. CFB also reduces bulk density by 33% and can be stored up to 2 yrs in dry weather
without deterioration in nutrients. Feeding of CFB increases dry matter intake by 15-25% as
Green fodder 142.45 142.45
compared to feeding the materials in its mash form in different species viz. cattle, buffaloes
Total feed 1204.25 1204.25
and sheep. Nutrient utilization also increased in ruminants fed CFB than those fed the mash
Medicine 40.00 40.00
Labour for 5 months @ Rs 4500/month 225.00 225.00 feed. Average daily gain was 60% higher in grazing lambs supplemented with CFB in
Total expenditure 2449.25 2449.25 comparison to those maintained on grazing. The operation cost of CFB is Rs 0.30/kg. The
Net income 4340.75 3090.75 cost of feed block including ingredients and preparation comes to Rs 600 per 100 kg. The
Cost: benefit ratio 1:2.77 1:2.26 machine can prepare feed block @ 1.0-1.5 q per hr.
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The intense livestock producing zones are perennially deficient in feed resources
compelling the state concern to invest heavily during drought and famine in
transporting fodder from neighbouring states. The fodder has low bulk density hence
transportation is costly affair. Feed blocking facilitates transportation as well as
reduces cost of transportation. Moreover, the self-life of block range from 1- 2 year in
semiarid and arid environment hence ideally suited to be used in feed bank to insulate
farmers against famine.
The cost of machine is Rs 10.00 lakhs. Advance Hydrau-Tech Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, Perfect Hydro
Machines India Pvt. Ltd, Gurgaon, Nav Indus Food Machines Pvt. Ltd. Chennai and Poshak
Agrivet Pvt Ltd, Karnal are manufacturing and supplying machine in the country. Poshak
Agrivet Pvt Ltd, Karnal, adopted the feed block technology and commercially preparing and
selling in the market/ rural areas.
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Technology Details Hogget : Feeding of hogget is crucial in females for attaining earlier maturity and body
weights for breeding. Hogget are essentially offered concentrate mixture at the rate of 200 g
Concentrate feeding of cull ewes at 2.5 % of body weight for 90 days before slaughter is found
daily in addition to grazing. The rate of supplementation should be adjusted depending
to revamp >11.0 kg live weight with a feed input cost of Rs 1050 (~65 kg concentrate at Rs
upon forage supply from grazing land. Male hogget should be supplemented at the rate of
16.0/kg) and thus benefiting the farmer easy marketability and an additional income of Rs
300 g daily.
600.0/animal (Rs 150.0/kg live weight gain). Further, the quality improvement in this process
meet the consumer demand as well as the increasing demand of the country for animal
protein. It is also suggested to increase the energy density by incorporating by-pass fat and Feeding schedule of sheep during different stages
economizing the ration with incorporation of urea (1%) to partly replace costly protein source Categories Milk Concentrate mixture Grazing
(g/day) (h/day)
in the concentrate mixture. It is also suggested to limit the live weight gain to 10.0 kg in quicker st
Lamb 0-2 month Colostrums up to 5 days after birth @ 1/10th From I wk age 4-5
time due to wider FCR and accumulation of more fat in later stages of challenge feeding. of BW then milk @1/10th of BW twice daily 75-100 (creep ration) (15 days of age)
th
Lamb 2-3 month Milk @ 1/15 of BW twice daily 100-250 (creep ration) 4-5
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Lactating sheep: Some kind of supplementation either in the form of tree leaves or Area specific mineral mixtures for
concentrate mixture should be offered to sheep during lactation. In organized farms, sheep and goats of semiarid Rajasthan
have been developed for improving
concentrate mixture of 400-450 g daily after grazing is recommended in sheep flocks.
health, reproduction and production.
Breeding rams: Breeding rams should be grazed and supplemented 300 g of concentrate The area specific mineral mixture in
mixture during breeding season for improving the semen quality and libido. powder form was prepared from the
calcium carbonate, di calcium
Technology Adoption and their Impact phosphate, cobalt sulphate, zinc
sulphate, copper sulphate and
The technology of supplementary feeding in sheep during different stages of production common salt. The concentrations of
has been demonstrated in the field flocks. Farmers have realized the importance of calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc and cobalt in 100 g of mineral mixture are: 35.31 g, 13.64
supplementary feeding to sheep maintained on community lands In prevailing scarcity of g, 318 mg, 324 mg and 76 mg, respectively.
feed resources from grazing lands during summer months, farmers follow some kind of
Mineral mixture pellets of 5g incorporating the required minerals concentration were
supplementation in form of agricultural by products or grains or tree leaves to sheep for
prepared with molasses (1%) as binder. It was dried at room temperature for establishing
sustainable production.
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Grass pasture establishment and management for semi-arid regions extinguishing unpalatable and low nutrition grasses like Aristida spp. through successional
trend and regenerates the nutritious and quality grasses.
Anjan (Cenchrus ciliaris) and Dhaman
This practice also helps in establishment of Cenchrus pasture on sloppy degraded lands
(Cenchrus setigerous) are prominent
when sown along the V-ditch contour bund across the slope, which is otherwise not
grasses of semi-arid regions and
possible on sloppy lands. Fodder trees are planted inside V-ditch contour bund along with
pastures are established by opening
pond mud + sheep manure ensured higher moisture status and resulted in higher survival.
the furrows (45 cm apart) after
receiving a good rainfall. Prepared Mixed cropping and forage quality improvement
grass seed (well mixed with moist soil
and sheep manure in equal quantity) In order to increase the quality and quantity of pasture, legumes species are introduced,
is dropped in bunches into furrows since legumes are rich source of proteins and are palatable to most of the livestock species.
and press by foot. Apply fertilizer on Perennial legumes like Dolichos, Clitoria, Siratro, Stylosanthes and Atylosia spp. can be
pasture @ 60 kg N, 40 kg P O and 40 kg K O per hectare. Weeding is done at 30-35 days after
2 5 2 incorporated as a mixed crop in pasture to improve pasture quality as well as quantity. Dry
planting. Dry fodder of grass at maturity is harvested 5 cm above the ground. Animal grazing fodder yield of 28.80 q in cenchrus alone, 37.50 q in Cenchrus + Siratro (Macroptilius
is avoided in pasture establishment year and next year, grass may be harvested 40 days after atropurpureum), 45 q in Cenchrus + Clitoria (Clitoria ternatea) and 59 q/ha in Cenchrus +
first rain and then animals may be introduced for grazing. Dolichos (Dolichos lablab) has been obtained.
Establishing pasture and silvi-pasture at sloppy degraded lands for soil and water
conservation
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Horti-pasture system
Ardu can be lopped fully twice a year in the
month of December and May-June after 5
Horti-pasture system is highly remunerative in semi-arid region due to assured income from
year of plantation while, fully-grown Neem
the fruit trees. Ber and aonla trees are prominent fruit crops of dry areas. In mixed pasture
can be lopped fully once in a year in the
of grass Cenchrus setigerous and legume Dolichos lab lab (1:2 row ratio), incorporation of
month of December-January. However, young tree of Neem can be lopped fully twice a year in
ber and aonla as fruit tree in the
2 December-January and May-June. Reverse is true for Khejri. Young Khejri plant can be lopped
configuration of 8x8 m resulted into
fully only once in a year, however, full-grown tree/age old tree can be lopped two-third twice a
higher returns than sole pasture
year in May-June and November-December.
without affecting the forage production.
Out of ber and aonla, the productivity of Adoption by the Farmers
mixed pasture of C. setigerus and D. lab
lab under ber-based horti-pasture The technology of fodder production can play an important role in government programmes
system was higher and it was more on poverty alleviation and food security, environmental conservation and soil health, income
profitable than aonla based hoti- generation and rural employment opportunities and Private-Public partnership for
pasture system. betterment of life. Farmers of the dry area are very keen to adopt any advancement related to
fodder. Farmers of Institute adjoining area are improving unproductive community grazing
Lopping management of fodder trees lands by establishing cenchrus pasture with the help of Institute experts and NGOs. Many
famers introduced fodder tree ardu as boundary plantation and used it as source of green
Trees and shrubs in the silvi-pastoral system and road side avenue trees often contribute fodder especially in the lean period. Aonla based horti-pasture system is quite common in
substantial amount of leaf fodder especially in arid and semi-arid regions during lean period semi-arid regions, reflect impact of the Institute technologies.
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Rabbit produces high quality CSWRI imported broiler rabbit breeds like Soviet Chinchilla, Grey Giant and White Giant
nutritious meat which is high in from Russia and New Zealand White from U.K. and introduced the concept of commercial
protein and low in fat, cholesterol rabbit rearing for meat and fur. The body weights of 1.7 to 2.0 kg at 12 weeks and litter size
and sodium. It is a timid and shy
of 6 at weaning with 5-6 kindling per annum
animal which can be handled easily
has been achieved. One doe can provide 25-30
by women and children. Its manure is
young ones or 50-60 kg live weight or 27.5-33
very rich source of nitrogen and
kg carcass yield in a year. A small-scale unit of
required in small quantities to enrich
10 females and 2 males is usually established
soil. Its high reproduction rate, early
maturity, rapid growth rate, high at the start and the enterprise can be
genetic selection potential, efficient expanded later as per demand. By the end of
feed and land space utilization, limited competition with man for similar foods and high the year around 200-250 animals are available
quality nutritious meat are some of its other merits. In addition, its skin is soft and luxurious for sale and self-consumption and gives a return of Rs. 100 per animal on sale of meat only
that can fulfil the demands of fur industry. A small-scale backyard rabbitry can be a useful while its processed fur and fur garments have the potential to provide additional income.
enterprise to improve the socio-economic condition of the tribal, rural and urban poor.
Adoption by the Farmers
Technology Details
Nearly 30000 rabbits have been sold by the CSWRI all over the country for establishment of
Broiler rabbits are very adaptable and, thus can be reared all over the country with minor rabbit farms (> 500 rabbit farms). The major impact is visible in the southern states. The
adjustments. Being an induced ovulator, it can be literally bred throughout the year. Rabbits rabbit enterprise can be a source of employment for people of different strata of society.
are housed in sheds either by hanging the cages or placing the cages on fixed stands in a two Some people can be engaged in opening rabbit nurseries where young ones are produced
tier system. The sheds should be well ventilated with mud floors to absorb urine to keep and sold after weaning i.e., 4 weeks of age. The other group of persons can be involved in
ammonia levels low inside the shed. The cages are made of galvanized wire mesh of 1 x 2 growing this weaned stock up to marketable or slaughter age i.e., 12 weeks of age. Another
inches for sides and 1 x 0.5 inches for floor of cage in a 20 L x 20 W x 16.5 H inches cage group of entrepreneurs can collect these 12 weeks old growers from farmers and supply to
dimension. For maternity purpose, a nest box is attached to the cage so that young ones can butchers or meat processing factories. Therefore, one can safely say that rabbit rearing will
be reared near, yet separately. Rabbits are fed compounded pellet feed instead of mash. have a positive impact on the meat production and economy in the country.
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process and utilize the skin for making final products. The best quality fur skins are obtained
After dipping, the meat layer (fascia)
from older animals during the cold months of the year. The fur from 12-14 weeks old
attached to the skin are removed by
animals, which are preferred for meat, though not of very good quality, can still be utilized
pulling out either by hand or by any
for making caps, cushions, purses, gloves, jackets, toys and fancy items. For obtaining good
sharp tool / knife and the process is
quality fur, the older animals of more than 3 years of age are preferred.
called scouring. Next step is called
Water : 15 times the weight of skin After overnight pickling of skins, these are washed thoroughly under tap water to remove
Detergent : 1 g / litre of water the sulphuric acid. After washing the skins are dipped in 5% salt solution (10times the
Sodium trichlorophenate : 0.25 g /litre of water weight of the skin) for about 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, formaldehyde (@1 ml /litre) is
added to the salt solution and skins are kept in it for an hour. After one hour, chrome powder
Zinc chloride : 0.25 g /litre of water
(chromium sulphate anhydrous) @ 8 g /litre of water is dissolved in the salt formaldehyde
Salt : 5 g / litre of water
solution and skins are kept overnight in this solution. Next day skins are removed from the
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Technology Details
After polishing, the skins are ready for making the different products. The products could be
made using sewing machine or with hands on the designs, patterns and procedures as used
• The carpet wool of Magra is blended with nylon (10%) and converted into 4 Nm carpet
with the cloth.
yarn
Salient Findings • The yarns are dyed with metal complex dyes into different shades having good colour
fastness
Technology improves the quality, longevity and aesthetic value of the skin, it requires
minimum of input and infrastructure and makes meat rabbit rearing more profitable, after • The yarns are converted into hand knotted carpet with intricate design having quality
2
a training of about 2 weeks, one can utilize the technology effectively, it provides value 100 knots /inch (10 X 10) and 12 mm pile height
addition to the skins, which otherwise discarded as waste or of a little value and skin • In second lot, the yarns are woven into handloom carpet with single colour having
processed and made in to garment / product could fetch as high as Rs 150-200 as against the
2
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Cost of yarn (Rs/kg) 150.00 The blend level of Angora hair and Bharat Merino wool has been optimized in the ratio of
Dyeing cost (Rs/kg) 25.00 60: 40. Angora hair is blended with Bharat Merino wool using modified cotton card at slow
Cost of dyed yarn (Rs/kg) 175.00 speed to avoid breakage and processed into yarn using semi worsted system using gill box,
roving frame and worsted ring frame.
Yarn required (kg/ sq. ft of carpet) 0.40 0.112
Yarn cost per carpet (Rs/sq. ft) 70.00 20.00 The blended yarn is then used to weave shawl in 2/2 twill weave pattern on handloom.
Weaving charge (Rs/sq. ft) 250.00 21.00 Conventionally, the shawls are only subjected to alkaline scouring treatment. However, it
Finishing charges (Rs/sq. ft) 17.00 25.00 was observed that the quality of the shawls can be improved through further chemical
Cost of carpet (Rs/sq. ft) 338.00 80.00 treatments. A chemical finishing process has been optimized in order to improve the
whiteness, softness and pilling resistance of developed shawl.
Sale price (Rs/sq. ft) 372.00 88.00
In this process, the shawl is bleached with 4 gpl hydrogen peroxide (H O ) followed by2 2
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Sustainable livelihood opportunities and employment generation at rural sector view, several sources of natural dyes are screened for dyeing wool and specialty hair fibre.
Provide platform for artisans to show their creativity and nurture the rural talent Technology Details
The extractions of colourant and application process on the fabric are optimized. Efforts
have been made to produce a comprehensive natural dyeing process by which the wool can
be dyed into all range of colours with good light and wash fastness properties. The natural
sources used and the colours produced are:
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Salient Findings
Wool and speciality hair fibres
can be dyed comprehensively
with developed natural dyes
in all colours with good
fastness properties. The
natural dyed materials are
found to have functional
properties like antimicrobial,
anti moth etc.
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Good quality and cost effective woollen blankets are prepared from indigenous wool with soft
feel and prickle less effect on the body. Numbers of studies have been conducted from fibre to
fabric stage to optimize the blend of coarse wool, fine wool and synthetic fibre. The blankets are
woven on hand loom with appropriate picks per inch. The chemical processing of indigenous
blankets improves the functional properties and makes the blanket more attractive.
Technology Details
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carried out in water bath. The sausages are cooled and packed in LDPE bags. The artificial or
Growing awareness and education about role
synthetic casings are peeled off before the product is packed, small sized natural casings
of meat in human nutrition are driving forces
need not be removed.
for increasing meat consumption. Ever-
increasing number of women entering in Nuggets (Ready-to-eat, partially or completely emulsion
workforce has created demand for ready to based product): These contain less fat and are moulded
eat as well as heat and serve type products. manually or mechanically. Nuggets are popular convenience
The meat can be processed into various value products and is generally used as a snack food or mixed with
added meat products which has been linked gravy. The product is packed in unit pouches and can be
0
with many advantages like creation of variety stored at 4 C for a week. It is usually shallow fat fried before
products, convenience, enhanced shelf life serving for breakfast or refreshment.
and creation of healthier meat products with low fat, salt and high in fibre. Meat processors
and consumers can benefit from the development of efficient and economical technology Patties: Meat patties are one of the most popular products
for processing meat into value-added products with high acceptability at reasonable cost. among the ground meat items and are generally used as filling for burger roll or sandwich.
Today, meat products are utilized to achieve consumer demands for products that have Patties are partially or completely emulsion based
unique sensory characteristics, health benefits and convenience attributes associated with product, contain less than 30% fat and are moulded
processed meats. manually or mechanically. Lean meat is minced twice
through 6 mm plate and fat through 4 mm plate of a meat
Technology Details grinder. These are mixed thoroughly with all other
ingredients in an electrically operated mixer or prepared
Meat Sausages (Ready-to-eat products with wide variety of flavors, textures, and shapes):
into an emulsion. The meat emulsion/batter weighing
These are prepared from minced and seasoned meat and forming into cylindrical shape by
80-100 g is moulded into 70-80 mm diameter and 15-20
using natural or synthetic casings. Sausages have acquired universal popularity due to
mm thick patties. Raw patties may be frozen for future
variety and convenience to the consumers. Preparation of sausages involves deboning, 0
use or broiled in a pre-heated oven at 190 C for 20 min.
freezing, thawing for 12 h and cutting of the meat into cubes/chunks followed by mincing. 0
The internal temperature must reach 72 C. These are
The minced meat is processed for preparation of meat batter/ emulsion. Meat emuslion is
deep fat fried in many commercial establishments. The patties are cooled and consumer
stuffed into natural or synthetic casings followed by linking at specific length. Cooking is
packed.
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cut into chunks of 3-4 cm size and turmeric and half of the quantity of the vinegar is added
Enrobed Mutton Nuggets (Meat based then marinate is kept in the refrigerator for 2-3 h. Excess of fluid is drained out and meat
fast food) : These are popular by virtue of chunks are cooked in the pressure cooker for specific time. Spices and condiments are fried
their versatility and superior sensory in oil and cooked meat pieces are fried till brown coloration. Then meat chunks are allowed
properties. Enrobing contributes multiple to cool on and remaining half of the vinegar is added. The chunks are then filled in sterilized
benefits like value addition, improvement pet bottles/glass jar and heated and cooled refined oil
of nutritive value and texture profiles as layered on the top. Keep it at room temperature till seven
well as reduction of production cost. days for maturation.
Application of edible coatings has been
reported to extend shelf life and improve Mutton Kabab : Variety of kababs can be made either from
the quality of fresh frozen and fabricated mince or chunks of meat and other ingredients. Kababs are
foods. The mutton nuggets are coated with egg white, bread crumbs and other ingredients a dish of oriental origin, prepared by charbroiling. The
and then deep fat fried. This gives attractive golden brown color and enhances palatability flavour of charbroiled kababs is unique due to combustion
of the product. of fat that drips on the red hot charcoal. Oven roasting is
generally used for commercial scale cooking.
Meat Pickle : Presently more emphasis is given on developing shelf stable meat products,
which can be stored at ambient temperature. Meat pickles are shelf stable, traditional and Mutton Soup: After separation of meat from bones, the bone with leftover small quantity
ready to eat products. Pickling of of meat can be used to extract juice for preparation of mutton soup. For making soup, the
perishable foods in vinegar or edible oil bones and frames are pressure cooked. The broth obtained is separated and filtered
with added salt, spices and condiments through sieve. The broth is kept at refrigerated storage for overnight and then solidified fat
provide ready to eat products with good layer form the top is separated. Equal quantity of
shelf stability at ambient temperature. water and broth are boiled separately. Spices and
Low moisture and reduced pH are the two condiments are fried in oil and salt, flavoring and
major factors contributing to shelf other ingredients are mixed and simmered for 5 min.
stability of pickles.The meat pickles can The contents are filtered through a sieve and served
be stored at ambient temperature for 2-3 hot.
months. For preparation of pickle, meat is
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0
mechanically. These are either stored raw or deep fat fried in refined vegetable oil at 135 C
Enrobed Eggs: Preparation of enrobed eggs involves
for 3 min to get brown colour and fried flavor. Alternatively, these are cooked in hot water
hard boiling of eggs, separation of egg shell and coating 0
maintained at 80 C. Water cooked balls may be subjected to light frying to get golden brown
of around 50-60 g of mutton emulsion over the egg. 0
colour. These can be kept at 4 C for a week. Whenever required, the cooked balls can be
Coated eggs are cooked in water for 10-15 min.
simmered in gravy for a few minutes and enjoyed with rice or bread.
Mutton Croquettes: Preparation of croquettes involves,
Salient Findings
mixing of batter with
chaffed onion, curry leaves Development of comminuted meat products is essential for best utilization of meat from
and coriander leaves. Then aged/cull animals. It is also helpful for efficient utilization of slaughter house by product.
small lumps are deep fat fried in the oil at a temperature of The functional, inulin fortified, low fat mutton nuggets have been developed. The inulin has
180-200ºC until golden brown colour appears. The number of advantages of low calorie, fat replacer and is also used as prebiotic. It is not
croquettes have unique flavour. digested by humans thus makes it suitable as a dietary fibre. The enrobing of mutton
nuggets significantly improved sensory attributes like appearance and flavor.
Meat Loaf: The meat mix or batter is tightly filled in
aluminium or steel loaf Adoption of Technology
pans. The pan-in mix is cooked in hot water maintained at
0
80 C or steam without pressure or broiled in hot air oven The meat processing industry is still in infancy; since only 1-2% of the total meat production
0
at 165 C for 2.5 to 3.0 h. The internal temperature of 70 C
0
is processed into value added meat products. Now scenario is changing rapidly with entries
of top players like like Shalimar Super Foods, Venkateswara Hatcheries, Godrej Agrovet, Al-
must be achieved. It is then cooled in water and chilled at
0 Kabeer, Arpit Enterprises, Allanasons, Mark International, Al-Barkat Exports, Nensey
4 C. The chilled loaves are either packed as such or cut
Poultry Farm, Prabhat Poultry, Vista Processed Foods, Fiza Exports, Meatzza - Darshan
into slices of desired thickness and packed. These slices
Foods, etc, with an aggressive rise of commodity branding; there is beginning to change the
can be used for making meat sandwich.
economics of the Indian meat processing industry. There is immense potential for
Meat Kofta (Meat Ball): It offers a great convenience to restaurants, hotels and housewives producing animal products for domestic and overseas markets. To get the benefits of
who can just put few balls in the gravy and serve the food within 10 min. The product is globalization, the production and processing of value added meat products has to be
prepared from ground meat. The meat emulsion of 15-20 g is rolled into balls manually or improved by deploying modern processing machinery and quality control techniques like
HACCP and GMP to meet the stringent standards of importing countries.
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A quick and easy method of laparoscope aided two embryos gives better results with increased number of twin pregnancies. The success
embryo transfer is developed at the Institute. A depends on management of donor and recipient animals, synchronization of oestrus in
special designed cradle is fabricated for easy donors and recipients, superovulation of donors, embryo collection and evaluation,
restraining and positioning of ewe (suspended at transfer of embryos, and factors affecting survival of transferred embryos.
0
into the lumen and horn is again put into technology is making inroads into more traditional ways of making biopharmaceuticals.
abdomen. Skin is sutured or sealed with wound clippers. This technique does not require
costly equipment for inflating abdomen for laparoscopy and special imported atraumatic
forceps and other equipments.
Success Rate
The success rate of embryo transfer in sheep is around 50% in terms of pregnancy. A total of
240 lambs were produced through in vivo derived embryos at the institute. Transferring
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Dilution
Thawing
Objective Assessment
Variable Optimum Conditions The freezing protocol is based on controlled cooling and freezing in the programmable cell
freezer and CASA technique and involved following steps:
Extender Egg yolk tes tris glycerol (Ey-TEST-G)
9
Extension rate @ 1 x 10 sperms/ml Start temperature: +25°C
Packaging size 0.25 ml mini & 0.5 ml medium size straws
Step 1: Hold for 10 minutes (it means that rate is zero and the temperature is maintained
Equilibration time 2 hr
at +25°C)
Mode of freezing Programmable LN vapour freezing
2
No seeding selected
Equipment Cell Freezer
Step 2: -0.15°C/min to +5°C
Thawing temperature 50°C for 0.25 ml straw
Step 3: Hold for 10 minutes (it means that rate is zero and the temperature is maintained
60°C for 0.50 ml straw
at +5°C)
Thawing time 10 seconds
Assessment Objective by CASA technique Step 4: -25°C/min to –125°C
Mean post-thaw motility 70 % Step 5: Hold for 10 minutes (it means that the rate is zero and the temperature is
maintained at –125°C)
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this technique gives 70% average mean limited quantity and restricted to high
have thick consistency, rapid wave wool is one of the adulterant for specialty
motion, 90% initial motility and >3000 x animal fiber because of it is cheap, available
6
10 spermatozoa per ml. and gross appearance matches with
Pashmina. The quality of ultrafine Merino
Practical Utility wool with 14-16 µ diameter is quite similar to Pashmina (Cashmere) and can be easily
adulterated for production of high quality value added products.
Widespread use of superior rams for artificial insemination
Ex-situconservation of elite or endangered breeds for preserving genetic diversity Presently, no cost effective and readily available method is available to identify and
differentiate pashmina from the adulterated products. The conventional physical and
Provide insurance against loss of a particular sire,
Permit the transport of semen over long distances chemical tests used to identify the fibre will give similar results as the Pashmina and wool
fibre have similar quality attributes.
Adoption by the Commercial Farms Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based molecular technique has been developed to
distinguish Pashmina from wool. DNA is extracted and amplified using PCR from the
There are two techniques of AI for using frozen semen in sheep i.e. Laparoscopic AI and
processed fabrics containing pashmina / adulterated products of sheep wool. This
Trans-cervical AI. Laparoscopic AI is not feasible and practicable in Indian field conditions as
technique can identify even 10% of Pashmina present in the adulterated products.
it requires minor surgery. However, in an experiment we have achieved 44 % lambing after
laparoscopic AI with frozen semen. The world status of laparoscopic AI with frozen semen is The technique is found useful to prevent adulteration of superfine wool/silk fibre with
70-80% conception in sheep. The results of trans-cervical AI are not acceptable and ranging pashmina fibre. The Institute is extending the facility to Department of Customs (Export),
from 4 to 40% lambing worldwide including our laboratory. New Delhi and analyzing their samples for confirmation of Pashmina fibre in export
consignments. Custom Department appreciated the services and it helps them to plead
their cases in legal tribunes
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In order to solve the problem, CSWRI, Avikanagar has developed a process in which PVA
(polyvinyl alcohol) fibre is used as carrier in place of nylon. The PVA fibre requires only hot
water treatment for removal from the fabric. In this process, Pashmina fibre is dehaired on
modified cotton card. The carded sliver of is passed through combing machine to remove
the short fibres. Then the sliver is subjected to 3-4 passages in gill box in order to parallelize
them.
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The edible microorganisms, mainly thoroughly mixed and allowed fermentation in a thermo controlled BOD incubator
of bacteria (Lactic acid and non- at 25 to 30°C for 65 to 72 h.
lactic acid bacteria), yeast (dairy To preserve the yeast cell viability the content of bags were dried under shade (20 to
strains) and fungi origin are 26°C for 60 to 72 h) and the fermented product after drying should have dark brown
considered as probiotics and 4 6
color (Fig. 1) and it has live yeast cells of 10 to 10 per g.
produces beneficial effects on the
The dried fermented product is stored in a dry place at room temperature below
host. These live microorganisms
37°C and used for animal feeding as and when required.
when administered in adequate
amount confer a health benefit on
Findings and Application
the host by altering the microflora
of the digestive tract with induction
Dried fermented yeast product mixed with composite feed mixture or with concentrate
of beneficial effects of the gut ecology. Earlier antibiotics were used as feed additives to
mixture at 10 to 30 g per kg feed, and fed to growing young ruminant, especially lambs each
suppress the undesired intestinal microbes and as growth promoter. Animal Nutrition
day for 90 to 120 days, improved roughage intake (~8 to 10%) and growth performance (5 to
Division, CSWRI, Avikanagar came out with a user-friendly protocol for producing probiotic
culture in substrate that is used as feed and thus facilitating its delivery as a part of feed 8%), feed efficiency (by 3 to 9%) with a reduction of cost of feed inputs per kg live weight
4 6
gain (by 6 to 12%). Feeding of 30 to 50 g fermented probiotic feed twice in day controlled
ingredients for the livestock, e.g. fermented feed containing viable yeast cells 10 to 10 per food-born diarrhea and also reduced number and days of diarrhea in lambs. Therefore, the
g, which upon room temperature (25 °C) drying maintained yeast cell viability. dried yeast product can be used in animal feeding as nutritional supplement for organic
animal farming to produce safer food for human consumption with improved growth, feed
Preparation of Fermented Feed Probiotic
and economic efficiency.
Wheat bran is moistened with water to have moisture content 65 to 70 %
2.5 to 3.0 kg wheat bran is placed in an autoclavable disposable bag (14" × 20"), and
sterilized in an autoclave (15-20 psi and 120-125°C for 20-30 min).
After cooling to room temperature, the content of bags were inoculated aseptically
with activated liquid culture produced in bulk at 2 to 3%, and the content of bags are
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fecundity (FecB) in sheep. Area-specific mineral mixture for sheep and goats A.K. Shinde and S.K. Sankhyan
Establishment of pasture for higher fodder production S.C. Sharma, L.R.Meena and Roop
Broiler rabbit rearing for meat and fur skin A.S. Rajendiran
Aesthetic and durable carpet from indigenous wool and Its blends Ajay Kumar and A.S.M. Raja
Angora rabbit Hair – Bharat Merino wool blended shawls D.B. Shakyawar and A.S.M. Raja
Natural colours for wool and specialty hair fibre A.S.M. Raja, Ajay Kumar and D.B
Forced RFLP-PCR of FecB gene. M: molecular weight marker 50bp ladder, Lane 1-15: Garole x Malpura female
produce twin or more lambs High quality blankets from indigenous wool D.B. Shakyawar and Ajay Kumar
Development of woolen handicrafts from non- apparel grade wool Vinod Vishnu Kadam, A.S.M. Raj
Adoption and Future of Technology Value added mutton products Y.P. Gadekar and A.K. Shinde
Embryo transfer technique in sheep S.M.K. Naqvi, Davendra Kumar a
The FecBDNA test requires blood or tissue samples, which are difficult to transport from a long Ram semen freezing techniques Davendra Kumar and S.M.K. Naqv
distance or even across the country. DNA test has been developed in couples of wool follicles. Molecular technique for identification of wool and specialty hairs Rajiv Kumar, D.B. Shakyawar, A.
DNA test has been utilized for FecB introgression programme at this Institute and will be S.A. Wani, Amar Singh Meena, P.
Development of pure pashmina yarn using PVA as carrier fibre D.B. Shakyawar, A.S.M. Raja, S.A
applicable to Sheep Breeding Farms, farmer's community, NGOs or concerned agencies.
Fermented probiotic feed A. Sahoo and R.S. Bhatt
Application of FecB genotyping test in marker assisted selection programme in sheep S. Kumar and A.P. Kolte
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CENTRAL SHEEP AND WOOL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
AVIKANAGAR - 304 501 RAJASTHAN
Phone : 91-1437-225212, 220162 Fax : 91-1437-220163
e-mail : cswriavikanagar@yahoo.com
web : http :// www.cswri.res.in