Enercon

FOREWORD
The approval and publication of the Building Energy Code of Pakistan has been a major milestone
to encourage the adoption of Energy Efficient building designs in Pakistan. With this, Pakistan
joins the ranks of these few countries of the world who have similar codes.
a
The Code Compliance Handbook has been developed by ENERCON to be read in conjunction
with the Building Energy Code. The Handbook facilitates easy comprehension of the code and
shall be of great assistance to practising Architects and Engineers who wish to adopt the
standards established in the Building Energy Code.
The Handbook explains the salient features of the code in easy to understand language. Worked
examples are generously included to illustrate how a building design may be altered for
compliance with the code. Users of the Code Compliance Handbook will quickly become familiar
with the host of ideas that enable energy efficient designs. They will also realise how easy it is to
incorporate these ideas at the initial stages of a building design.
ENERCON shall be holding workshops and seminars to introduce both the Building Energy Code
and the Code Compliance Handbook. This would provide a forum for a discussion of the materials
being presented and will also encourage adoption of the Code.
ENERCON is conscious that these are only the initial steps towards making buildings more energy
efficient. ENERCON welcomes suggestions on how these publications may be improved further,
a
and we look forward to your cooperation in building an energy efficient Pakistan.
July 1990
CONTENTS
PAGE
PART 1. INTRODUCTION l-l
PART 2. SUMMARY OF BUILDING ENERGY 2-l to 2- 3

CODE OF PAKISTAN
PART 3. EXPLANATl’ON AND COMPLIANCE 3 - l to 3- 9
PART 4. SOLVED EXAMPLES 4 - l to 4-44
PART 5. BUILDING DETAILS 5-1 to 5-17
PART 6. APPENDICES 6 - l to 6-27
PART 7. GLOSSARY 7 - l to 7- 5
PART 1
INTRODUCTION
1 INTRODUCTION
This Code Compliance Handbook for the Building Energy Code of Pakistan (BECP) has been
prepared to explain in sufficient detail the methods and procedures to comply with the requirement
set forth in the Building Energy Code of Pakistan. This handbook is structured to include a
summary of the BECP, explanation of the terminologies, example problems, sample building
details and pertinent information in the appendices. It will be necessary to use this handbook in
conjunction with the BECP since the explanation and example problems will require cross
referencing between the BECP and this handbook. For ease of cross-referencing, this handbook
calls out the relevant Section and Table numbers of the BECP. The example problems have been
set up to include ones that do not meet code requirements and options that would be available in
order to comply with those requirements.
Energy efficiency standards can apply to new or existing buildings. The BECP, a prescriptive
code, establishes maximum allowable overall heat transfer coefficients (Uo), thermal transmittance
values (OTTVs) and window shading coefficients (SC). Also, minimum standards for air-
conditioning equipment and systems have been stipulated. Advice on lighting strategies that
ensure conformity with BECP recommendations is provided in the handbook. Both complimentry
documents are therefore intended to influence building design and construction as well as energy
consuming equipment to be installed in a building.
But regulations must be conceived as comprehensive measures. Their success is principally a

function of how effectively they are administered. Issuing laws or rules will have little effect if
issuance of those rules is not supported by training and technical support for the staff that
administer them. Further, public awareness campaigns are necessary so that the people know
about the new regulations. Also, there is the issue of whether practising professionals can actually
design energy efficient facilities in compliance with the new codes. Surprising as it may seem most
practising architects and engineers in Pakistan have never been exposed to the fundamentals of
energy efficient design . Finally, there is a question of enforcement. If people can be convinced
that compliance with the code is economically advantageous the necessity to by-pass code
requirements is weakened.
The need therefore is to integrate energy efficient practices into the design and construction of
buildings so that truly energy efficient facilities can be produced on a routine basis and existing
ones modified to perform better. It is crucial to recognize that the infusion of new professionals,
and the corresponding impact they make on society takes anywhere from ten to twenty years.
This means that unlike, for example, the automobile industry (which has a complete fleet turnover
every decade), the building sector takes much longer to assimilate new ideas and capabilities. As
difficult as it is to have energy efficient technologies and practises adopted in buildings, they are of
utmost importance because construction decisions made today will affect energy consumption for
the next 50-l 00 years.
1-1
PART 2
SUMMARY OF BUILDING ENERGY

CODE OF PAKISTAN
2. SUMMARY OF THE BUILDING
ENERGY OF PAKISTAN
I BUILDING ENVELOPE
Climate Zones
erial
Nameof
No. Element Characteristic 1 2 3 4 5
2
1. WALLS Uo W/m 2.67 2.56 2.22 2.5 2.22
(Exterior, above grade)
2
OTTV (U/m ) 91 95 95 98 101
Solar 2
Factor (U/m ) lqpendix
TDeq C°C) Page 3-4
2
2. Roofs/Ceiling Uo (U/m ) I.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58
2
OTTV (U/m ) !6.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8
Solar 2
Factor (U/m 1 471 471 471 471 471
TDeq 1'0 Page 3-4
2
3. Shaded Roofs and Floors U o W/m ) 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16
exposed to ueather
ITTV, tolar Fat lr & TDeq I i s the
same as for Rot /Ceiling I
2
4. Floors (unheated spaces) Uo W/m ) !.27 1.7 1.42 1.7 1.42
2
5. Heated slab on grade R W/m 1 1.44 0.63 0.74 0.67 0.74
6. Ventilation
Minimum openable uindow
area (percentage of total
uindou areas required
in Appendix X)
Bedrooms, Dining & Kitchen 50 percent for all climate zones
Toilets, Laundry 100 percent for all climate zones

Stairs, Utility, Corridors
Stairs, Utility, Corridors 50 percent for all climate zones
2-1
MECHANICAL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
M I N I M U M
rial
No. Type COP EER
1. Packaged System:
19KU (65 KBtu/h) and over

Air Cooled 2.4
Uater Cooled 2.69 ::'z
Under 19 KU (65 KBtu/h)

Air Cooled 2.28 7.8
Yater Cooled 2.58 8.8
2. Non-Absorption Chillers
Self Contained Centrifugal

Air Cooled 2.34 8.0
Uater Cooled 4.04 13.8
Self Contained Reciprocating

Air Cooled
Uater Cooled :::': 1:::
Condensers Reciprocating
Air Cooled
Uater Cooled 325:' 1;::
units over 19 KU (65 KBtu/h)

Air Cooled
Uater Cooled 5:: 1;::
3. Absorption Chillers
Direct Fired (Gas, oil) 0.48

Indirect Fired (Steam, Uater) 0.68
4. Heat Pwps
Air Source 8.3C DB/6.1 UB (47F DB, 43F UB) 2.7

Air Source 8.3C DB/9.4C UB (17F DB, 15F UB)
Uater Source 15.6C (70F) :-it
Packaged Terminal (PTAC) 2:2
5. Design load calculation:

Summer outdoor dry bulb (C)
Saner outdoor Coincident Uet bulb (C) Appendix III, BECP
Winter outdoor dry bulb (C)
Summer indoor dry bulb CC) 26.5
Uinter indoor dry bulb (0 21.0
6. System design Criteria: BECP

Refer to code specification of:
Simultaneous heating and cooling. para 4.2.2
Air transport Factor. para 4.2.3
Air and water balancing mechanism. para 4.2.4
Temperature and hunidity controls. pare 4.2.5.1 and
4.2.5.2
Building Zoning para 4.2.5.3 (a)
para 4.2.5.3 (b)
Set back and shut off controls. para 4.2.5.3 (c)
Ventilation Controls pare 4.2.6.1
Non residential kitchen exhaust. para 4.2.6.2
Combustion Air para 4.3.5.2
7. Duct Insulation
Minimum R-Value Temperature Difference

47.3 (S.I Units),
15.0 (English Units)
pare 4.2.7.2, BECP
8. Pipe Insulation
Minimum thickness Table 4

para 4.2.8, BECP
2-2
erial MECHANICAL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS (Continued)
No.
Minimum efficiency
9. Furnaces and boilers
Forced Air Furnaces

65.9 KW (225 KBtrl/h) and less
Over 65.9 KW (225 KBtu/h) 5:
Low pressure steam and hot uater
87.8 KW (300 KBtu/h) and less 80
Over 87.8 KU (300 KBtu/h)
Gravity Central Furnaces fi
All other vented heating equipment 69
10. Lighting Recommendations

Lamps.
Fluorescent above 32W
Fluorescent 32W and below
Mercury
Metal Halides
High pressure sodium
2-3
PART 3
EXPLANATION AND COMPLIANCE

3. EXPLANATION AND COMPLIANCE
THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE, U-VALUE ( 3.2 BECP )
U-value or thermal transmittance is the coefficient of heat transmission (air to air). It is the time rate
of heat flow per unit area and unit temperature difference between the warm side and cold side air
films W/m2.‘C (Btu/ft2 .h.‘F). The U-value applies to combinations of different materials used in
series along the heat flow path, single materials and materials that comprise a building section,
cavity air spaces, and surface air films on both sides of a building element.
The lower the U-value, the better is the insulating quality of the material. The U-value of any
building element such as a wall or a roof can be computed from the conductances of the various
components which make up the building element. Calculation of the U-values of a building
element involves the numerical addition of the individual resistances (R, +R, t R, + . ...) of each
component including the resistances of the inside and outside air films and any air space in the
wall. This addition of resistances gives the total resistance (RT) of the particular building element.
Thus,
R, t R, + R, + . . . . = R,(m2”C/W)
The U value is than calculated by inversing the value of R,. Thus,
Although the resistances of each component of the building element can be automatically added
to arrive at the total resistance,RT,the U-value of each component should not be individually
added up in this manner to obtain the U-value of the building element.
The U-value of a 152mm thick solid block concrete masonry wall with 12.5 mm plaster on each
sides is calculated to be 3.71 W/m2(including the air film resistances on both sides of the wall). A
cavity wall, comprising of 2 walls each 102mm thick with a 38.1 mm air space in between and a
12.5mm cement plaster on 2 sides is a better insulation and has a U-value of 2.1 W/m2’C. Thermal
properties of various building and insulating materials are listed in Appendix VI.
OVERALL THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE, lb-VALUE (3.2 BECP)
The BECP requires that the building envelope should meet the criteria of Overall Thermal
Transmittance (U,).
U,-value or overall thermal transmittance, is the overall (average) heat transmission of a gross area
of the exterior building envelope in W/m2.‘C(Btu/ft2.h.‘F). The U, value applies to the combined
effect of the time rate of heat flows through the various parallel paths, such as windows, doors, and
opaque construction areas, comprising the gross area of one or more exterior building
components, such as walls, floor, or roof/ceiling.
3-1
Most building envelopes have walls which may have several elements and different wall
thicknesses built into them. For example, building walls may consist of windows, doors, cavity
walls, and different interior finishes. The U-value of each of these elements would be different. The
U-values of each of these elements would have to be combined with respect to their areas to
obtain the U,-value to be compared with the maximum allowable U, values set forth in the BECP.
Similarly, roofs of buildings may also have skylights in addition to opaque surfaces. The U, value
would be calculated taking into account the individual U values of the opaque section and skylights
with respect to their areas.
Table 3.0 of the BECP lists the maximum allowable U, values of walls, roof/ceilings and floors in
the different climate zones of Pakistan. Equations necessary to compute the U values of walls
and roof/ceilings are given in 3.2, BECP. The roof and /or walls should be m o8ified accordingly to
comply with the U, requirements of the BECP.
OVERALL THERMAL TRANSFER VALUE, OTTV (3.3 BECP)
The BECP requires that the building envelope should meet the Overall Thermal Transfer Value
(OllV) in addition to the requirement of U, values.
The OTTV for walls (OllVJ takes into account the conduction of heat through opaque walls and
the Equivalent Temperature Difference (TD ). Also accounted in the OllV is the solar effect on
windows with shading coefficient (SC) and%e heat conduction through winwdows due to design
temperature difference (dT) between the inside and outside of the building. TD, , SC and dT are
elaborated upon further in this section. The calculated OllVW of a proposed building is compared
with the maximum allowable OTIVW in the BECP to check whether or not the walls comply. If the
OTTVY of the proposed building is above the maximum allowable OllVW in the BECP, then
modifications to walls and /or windows may be warranted to bring the walls in compliance with the
requirements set forth in the BECP.
The OTTV for roofs (OllV,), as in OllV,,, also takes into account the conductive heat gain through
the opaque roof surfaces, solar effects on skylights and conductive heat gain through skylights
due to indoor and outdoor design temperature difference. The OTTVr of the proposed building
should be calculated separately from the OTTVW and should fall below the maximum permissible
OllV, in the BECP. The roof or skylights would have to be modified if the calculated OllV, does
not comply with the BECP. The maximum allowable OTTV for walls and roof are listed in Table 3.3,
BECP and equations necessary to compute the OTTV are given in 3.3.3.
EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE, TD,, (3.3.1 BECP)
The Equivalent Temperature Difference (TD,,) affects the transmission of heat through walls and
roof of a building. TD,, value is necessary to determine the OTTV which relates to mechanically
cooled buildings.
The TD for walls is derived from the equation TD (%) = 26.7 - 0.03706 x wt. where wt is the
total weight of each component of the wall assemt!? in Kg/m*. Generally, the more the weight of
the wall construction the lower will be the TD,, value.
3-2
The TD,, for roofs is slightly more complex and involves a few more steps to determine. First, the
U-value of the roof is calculated. Second, the Thermal Coefficient (TC) is computed by multiplying
the specific heat, density and thickness of each component of the roof materials. The third step is
to compute the value of the ratio of U/TC which, then, is used in Table 3.1, BECP, to obtain TDeq.
The weights, specific heat and densities of various materials are listed in Appendix VI.
For simplicity in OTTV calculation, the TD,o of different types of construction have been simplified
and should be the values as follows:
- TDeq for walls:
TDeo eC) = 26.7 - 0.0371 Wt Where Wt is in Kg/m2*
TD,o @) = 48.7 - 0.3257 Wt Where VVt is in lb/ft2*
- TDeq for ceilings/roofs are as follows;
U/TC (S-l) 360 .420 .480 540 600 .960 1.32 168 2.04 2.40 6.00
TDeq t% 16.7 19.5 22.2 25.0 27.8 30.0 33.3 36.1 38.9 41.7 44.4
U/TC (HR-‘) .006 .007 .008 .009 .010 .016 .022 .028 .034 .040 .lOO
TDeq f% 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0
TC = Specific heat x Density x Thickness
= (kJ/kg ‘C) x (kg/m3) x (m) /1000

= (BTU/lb OF) x (lb/ft3) x (ft)
U = Overall U-value of roof assembly
TC is calculated as the sum of the TC’s for each layer in roof construction
* Note : For weight of construction mass more than 489 Kg/m2 (100 Ibs/ft2)
The Value TDeq should be taken as 8’C (14’F)The TD eq for roofs is slightly b
3-3
SOLAR FACTOR, SF (3.3.2 BECP)
The Solar Factor, SF, is also an integral part of the equation to calculate the OllV for walls and
roofs with glazed openings. SF pertains to the heat gain through windows or skylights due to solar
radiation and is based upon the latitudes of the location where the building is to be constructed.
The SF for walls is generally higher on the east and west orientations than on the north and south
orientations and, in this context, it is better to locate windows, on the north and south sides to
minimize the effects of solar heat gains through windows.
The SF for walls and roofs in the different Climate Zones of Pakistan are listed in Table 3.2 BECP
and in Appendix II of this handbook. For walls these valuesvery according to the orientation.
However, the solar factor for roofs are the same in any of the 5 Climate Zones of Pakistan.
SHADING COEFFICIENT, SC
The shading Coefficient (SC) relates to the shading characteristics of a particular type of glass or
window assembly. It is the ratio of the solar heat gain through a glazing system to the solar heat
gain through a single pane of a reference glass under a specific set of condition. Thus,
SC = Solar Heat Gain of Fenestration Svstem

Solar Heat Gain of Double Strength Clear Glass (Single layer)
The lower the value of SC, the better the shading characteristics of the glass. Usually, a 3mm thick
clear glass could have a SC of 1 .O which means that there are no inherent shading characteristics
of this glass type. A clear 12mm thick glass may have a SC between 0.87 and 0.88. On the other
hand, a 6mm heat absorbing insulating glass with a clear glass on the inside may have a SC
between 0.55 and 0.58 that would reduce slightly less than 50% of the solar heat gain through
windows. SC of various glass types and thicknesses are listed in Appendix VII. These values can
be inserted in the equation to calculate the OTTV for walls and roofs.
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE, dT
Temperature Difference, dT is the value used in the calculation of OTTV and in sizing HVAC
systems It is calculated by subtracting the interior design temperatures from the exterior design
conditions.
The interior design temperatures for cooling and heating and the exterior design conditions for
various cities in Pakistan are listed in Appendix II, BECP and in Appendix III of this handbook.
According to the listing the dT for Lahore in summer is 42.2’C (in “Exterior Design Conditions”,
Summer, Design DB, 2.5% ) minus 26.0°C (in “Interior Design Condition,“cooling) = 16.2’C. For
Jacobabad the dT would be 44.4’C - 26.0°C = 18.4’C for cooling in summer.
3-4
COOLING - HEAT LOAD CALCULATION (4.2.1)
Simplified Procedure for Sizing HVAC Systems

(USE APPENDIX Xl)
The following pages describe a procedure that was developed to allow architects and engineers to
quickly size heating , ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for buildings in Pakistan.
The procedure is based on a method developed by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration
and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). This simplified procedure modifies the ASHRAE work
by combining numerous tables of factors that account for variations in construction, occupancy,
time of day, weather, latitude and mechanical system type. Other modifications are based on
results of simulations of prototypical Pakistani buildings with the DOE-2 program. The procedure
presented here provides accurate results that compare very well with design load results from the
DOE-2 computer program.
The user of this procedure simply enters into the provided form a basic description of the building
(wall and window areas, U-values, etc.) and appropriate factors obtained from the tables shown on B
the following pages. Using the calculation procedure shown on the form, the capacity of the
cooling and heating system is determined. Two examples are shown that illustrate the use of the
procedure for typical buildings -- a single room served by a single zone system and an entire B
building served by a central system.
B
HVAC system designers should use this procedure, or another procedure that can be shown to be
as accurate, to size any heating or cooling system before purchase and installation. This will help
prevent oversizing that results in operation of HVAC systems at low part-load ratio and low energy B
efficiency.
The following abbreviations are used in this procedure: B
W Watts B
BTU British Thermal Unit
CLTD Cooling Load Temperature Difference
B
cfm Cubic feet per minute
L/s Liters per second
ATc Delta Temperature for Cooling
B
ATh
Delta Temperature for Heating
AW Delta humidity ratio
Latent Equipment producing latent heat gain B
Sensible Equipment producing sensible heat gain
SC, Shading Coefficient for Exterior shading
SC, Shading Coefficient for Interior shading B
SHGF Solar Heat Gain Factor
U-value Overall conductance of a wall, window, etc.
3-5
(USE APPENDIX Xl)
HVAC System Sizing 1 COOLING HEATING 1
(SI Units) (Watts) (Watts)
i U-value Area
item Orientation w/m2o U’A’CLTD U,’ A* dT ;
bl2)
1 _Roof
_-______________-__..------~-~~_~~~~~__~~~_~___~~_~~__~__
2-f
Wall
3 ______-_______ ______..______ _______-______ _______--_______
Wall
4 ___________-________~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~
5 _____________~______.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~
Wall
6 Wall
7 _Glass
.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______..______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______-________
8 C___________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_~~~
Glass
9 _Glass
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______..______ _______-______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
0 Glass
1 Int Wall
________-_____ ______..______ _-___-__-_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
23_I~t_.-~l__-_
Int Wall ___________.._______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4 Int Ceiling
5 Int Floor
6 TOTAL CONDUCTION LOAD &Id lines 1 *u&h 1Jf
Area ScE A’SCE’SC~

Item Orientation tm? tyhblc 5) (TE&j %i-lGf
cE
17 _______--_____
Glass ______..______ ______________ ________
18 Glass
(I) 19_~~s~~““““’ ______..___ MB___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20~~~s~““““““““” ______I_ ___________________-
I
2 1 TOTAL SOLAR LOAD (add lines 17 through 201
w!
27 Latent
2 8 TOTAL INFlL7RATM AND VENTItATiOfd L0AQ
-
29
30 Duct Heat Gain/Loss (max 5% of line 29)
$ 31 Duct Air Leakage (max 5% of line 29)
32 Safety Factor (max 5% Of line 29)
33 x)‘TAi CAPACITY cdd tirur- 29 tioou% 3a
3-6
(USE APPENDIX Xl)
HVAC System Sizing HEATING
(British Units)
U-ualuw
item Orientalion bnmu &$.j
t
1p---v--------
Roof
2Roof
3 _Wall
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -_ ------..------ _-----------__ _---_---- ------_
4 _Wall
_ _ _ _ ____ -__-_ ------..------ _--------_---~ ---------------_
5 ____-___________-___~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~-~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Wall
6 Wall
7 ______________-_---_..-~-~~~~-~_~~_~~~_~~~_~~_____~_______
Glass
8 _____________~______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Glass
9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c---_-
Glass - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 ____________________..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~
Int Wall
2 Int Wall
3_6~~Jl____ _____------..-_--__ ____________________~~~~~~~~~~
4. Int Ceilina
5 Int Floor
6 TOTAL CONDUCTlON LoAD fndd lines 1 thrDugb 15). I
f Area
Item Orientation m21 fTE?f
17 _-------_----_
Glass ------..------ ~---_---_----~ - - - - - - - -
18 Glass
19_azs; ________________..__---- _L -------_---~ --_-_-_-
*o’~zs~ __-__-_-__ ---_--..--_--- _ -__-__------~ ----__-_
ofm’C*A Tc c’fm*C’ ATH
26 Sensible
I I
TOTAL INFILTRATION AND VENTiIATloN #AD (add 6~ 26 + ??j. .I
2 9 TQTAl.t#D (rdd. liaiar 16t2-25+28)’ I

$ 31 Duct Air Leakage (max 5% of line 29)
E 32 Safety Factor (max 5% of line 29)
TOTAL CAPACW (a - 24 dltwgh: 32)
SELECTt3CAPACW I
-’
3-7
LIGHTING (5.0 BECP )
The amount of electrical power consumed to provide lighting is dependent upon the efficiency of
the lighting source (efficacy) and the ability of the lighting fixture (luminaire) to effectively distribute
the light onto the surface or area being lighted. The less efficient the lighting source and/or light
distribution, the more lighting power and number of fixtures are needed to yield a desired lighting
effect.
Also of importance is the effect lighting power use has on cooling loads within the building.lf
internal loads are higher than necessary there will be greater cooling load and energy consumption
associated with air conditioning
The BECP advocates efficient lighting within buildings so as to affect energy savings. A lighting
power budget is an upper limit of the power to be available for meeting lighting needs. Lighting
wattages include ballast losses. Guide budgets based on lighted space wattage divided by square
meters of building interior floor area are provided in Appendix XXI.
Different levels of lighting shall be used as follows;
Task Lighting: The level of illumination should be appropriate for specific tasks, or where not
defined, at all usable portions of task surface.
General Lighting: In areas surrounding task locations, the average level of general lighting should
be one third the level for task lighting.
Noncritical Lighting: In circulation and seating areas where no specific visual tasks occur, the
average level of illumination shall be one third of the average general lighting
Exterior Facade Lighting: Facade lighting should be no greater than 2 percent of the total interior
load of the building. Facade lighting refers to luminaries installed at or on the exterior walls of a
building to illuminate the facade surface and includes illumination of the building entrance.
Typical lamp characteristics are provided in Appendix XXII. A lamp replacement guide for
improving lighting energy efficiency is provided in appendix XXIII.
3-8
Ballasts
All discharge lamps, including fluroscents require a ballast for proper operation. Typical ballast losses are
taken as 15% of lamp wattage. Local ballasts can have losses as high as 25% of lamp watts. Electronic
solid state ballasts offer 20-30% reduction in energy consumption over standard ballasts.
Use electronic ballasts in conjunction with more efficient lamps and luminaries.
Light Switching
Switching should be provided for each lighting circuit, or for portions of each circuit, so that the partial
lighting required for custodial or for effective complementary use with natural lighting may be operated
selectively.
Photocells
Photocells can be used to control outside lighting.Photocell activated switching responds to daylight
intensity levels and automatically turns lights on at dusk and off at dawn. The arrangement readily accounts
for seasonal variations in daylight hours or for local conditions caused by severe weather.
Occupancy Sensors
Wall or ceiling mounted ultrasonic or infrared sensors are recommended for areas where intermittent
occupancy occurs, such as storage and warehouse areas, certain offices , schools and hotels. Sensors will
automatically turn light or equipment on when any presence is sensed in a room; and turn them back off
when the presence is no longer there.
PART 4
SOLVED EXAMPLES
CONDUCTION (Uo) REQUIREMENTS
(BECP 3.2)
lJ, For Roofs/Ceiling (3.2.1 BECP)

B
Example 1
A reinforced concrete roof shown below is to be constructed in Karachi. Determine whether the
roof will comply with the Uo requirements of the BECP. If the roof does not meet the requirement,
how can it be modified to make it comply?
BITUMEN LAYER
i; I
152mm I02 mm
CONCRETE !I CONCRETE SLAB 1 51 mm SCREEDING
I R.C.C SLAB (102mm
OR I52 mm)
I 12.7mm CEMENT
PLASTER
I 9.5mn SECTION OF ROOF

1
PLAN OF ROOF
Procedure:
Step 1. Determine the U-Value (Ur,) of the 152 mm thick roof section
Step 2. Determine the area (A,,)of the 152 mm thick roof section
Step 3. Determine the U-Value (U ) of the 102 mm thick roof section
Step 4. Determine the area A(,) o‘fthe 102 mm thick roof section
Step 5. Determine the U, value of the total roof.
(If the roof does not comply, modify the roof to make it comply)
4. - 1
1
Step : Determine the U-Value (Ur,) of the 152 mm thick roof section
i) Determine the total resistance R, of the roof assembly.
ii) Calculate U,, by : U,, = _I
R,
0 Determine total resistance R,:
R-Value
m* “C/w Reference
1. Outside air film = 0.044 Appendix IV

2. Bitumen Layer = 0.021 Appendix VI
3. 51 mm Screed
0.51 mm x 0.56m C/W = 0.028 Appendix VI
4. 152mm Conc. Section
0.152mm x 0.56m C/W = 0.085 Appendix VI
5. 12.7mm Cement Plaster
0.0127m x 1.39m C/W = 0.018 Appendix VI
6. Inside air film =0.16 Appendix IV
RT = 0.356
11) Calculate U,, :
u,, = J_ =L = 2.81 W/m*C

RT
0.356
2
Step : Determine the area (Ar,) of the 152mm section
Ar, = 4.0m x 7.0m = 28.0 m*
Step 3: Determine the U-Value (Ur2) of the 102mm roof section
i) Determine the total resistance (RT) of the roof assembly

ii) Calculate U,, by: U,, =_l
RT
i) Determine total resistance RT:
R-Value
m* “C/W Reference

2. 51 mm Screed = 0.028 Same as step 1
4. 102mm Conc. Section
0.102m x 0.56m C/W = 0.057. Appendix VI
5. 12.7mm Cement Plaster = 0.018 Same as step 1
6. Inside air film = 016 Appendix IV
RT
Go.328
4-2
ii) Calculate Ur2:
U r2 1 = 1 = 3.049 W/m2’C
=-
BT 0.328
Steo
4 4 : Determine the area(Ar2) of the 102mm roof section
A r2 = 5.5m x 7.0m = 38.5m2
Step 5: Determine the U, value of the total roof
“ 0
= lUri x Art) + (Ur2 x Ar21
Arl + 52
= (2.81 x 28.0) + (3.099 x38.5 )

28.0 + 38.5
= 78.68 + 117.39 = 2.95 W/m2’C

88.5
This calculated U, value is higher than the allowable U value of 0.58 W/m2’C (Table 3.0,
BECP for roofs in Climate Zone 1 which is the zone for %arachi) . Hence, the roof construction
does not comply with the U, requirement of the BECP.
To make this roof comply, try adding 835mm of polystrene insulation to the entire roof
and re-calculate the new U, value. The roof construction is detailed below.
5lmm GRAVEL
63.5mm POLYSTYRENE INSULATION
BITUMEN LAYER
5lmm SCREEDING
R.C.C SLAB (102mm OR 152mm)
l2-7mm CEMENT PLASTER
MODIFIED ROOF 1 INSULATION ADDED)
4-3
a) Determine the U-Value (Ur,) of the 152 mm modified roof section
First determine total resistance Rr:
R-Value
m* ‘C/W Reference
1. . Outside air film = 0.044 Appendix IV

2. 51 mm gravel
0.51 mm x 0.56m C/W = 0.028 Appendix VI
3. 63.5mm Polystyrene ltI.SU~
0.0635m x 23.25m.C/W = 1.476 Appendix VI
5. 51 mm Screed = 0.028 Appendix VI
6. 152mm Conc. Section = 0.085 Same as step 1
Rr = 1.86
Determine the U,, Value
U,, = J_ = J_ = 0 . 5 3 W/m*‘C
RT
1.86
t-3 Determine the U-Value (U,) of the 105mm modified roof section
First determine total resistance RT:
R-Value
m* “C/W Reference

2. 51 mm gravel = 0.028 Same as step 1
3. 63.5mm Polystyrene
Insulation = 1.476 Same as step 3
5. 51 mm Screed = 0.028 Same as step 1
6. 102mm Conc. Section = 0.057 Same as step 3
RT = 1.832
Determine the lJ;* Value
U = 1 = L= 0 . 5 4 W/m*‘C
r2
RT
1.832
4-4
c) Determine modified the Uo value
Uo = furl x Art) + (Ur2 x Ad)_

Arl + Ar2
= 10.58 x 28.0) t ( 0 . 5 4 x 3 8 . 5 ) = 1 4 . 8 4 + 2 0 . 7 9 =
28.0 t 38.5 66.5
= 0.535 W/m2’C
This calculated modified Uo value is lower than the allowable U, value of 0.58 W/m2’C (Table
3.0, BECP) for roofs in Climate Zone 1. Hence the roof complies with the U, requirement.
Note: In addition to complying with the U, requirement for roofs , it is also necessary to
comply with the OTTV requirement. A sample problem for a different roof is given
in Example 5 of this handbook.
EXAMPLE 2
A 102mm conc roof to be constructed with 2 sky lights in Karachi (Climate Zone 1) is detailed
below. Will the roof comply with the U, requirement of the BECP? If not, how can the roof be
modified to make it comply?
1 r
51 mm GRAVEL
9.5 m L
qti 3-S mm POLYSTYRENE

INSULATION
I02 mm THICK BITUMEN LAYER
CONCRETE ROOF SLAB 51 mm SCREEDING
0.9m x0.9m \--+102mm R.C.C SLAB

SKYLIGHT (2 1 96
-Q t 12.7mm CEMENT
PLASTER
PLAN OF ROOF SECTION OF ROOF
Procedure:
Step 1. Determine the U-Value (U,) of the conc roof

Step 2. Determine the area (AJof the conc . roof
Step 3. Determine the U-Value (U ) of the skylight
Step 4. Determine the area (A ) o? the skylight
Step 5. Determine the U, valu?s of the roof.
(If the roof does not comply, modify the roof to make it comply)
1
Stew . Determine the U-Value (U,) of the cone roof
U-Value = 0.54 W/m*‘C (Example 1, Step 5B)
2
Stew . Determine the area (A,)of the conc.roof
Ar = (7.0m x 9.5m) - 2 (0.9m x 0.9m)

= 66.5 - 1.62 = 64.88m2
Stew 3. Determine the U-Value (U,) of the skylight
U, = 4.7W/m2’C (Appendix VIII)
4
Stew . Determine the area (A,) of the skylight
A , = 2(0.9m x 0.9m) = 1.62m2
5
Stew . Determine the U, value of the roof.
U, = JUr x Ar) + (Ua x Aa)

A‘ + AS
= (0.54 x 64.88) + (4.7 x 1.62) = 35.03 + 7.614

64.88 + 1.62 66.5
= 0.64 W/m*‘C
This calculated U, value is higher than the allowable U, value of 0.58 W/m*‘C (Table 3.0,
BECP) for roofs in Climate Zone 1 which is the zone for Karachi. Hence, the roof
construction with the skylights does m comply.
4-6,
To make this roof comply increase the insulation from 63.5mm to 76.2mm thickness.
a) Determine the U value (Ur,) of the modified roof section

First determine total resistance R,
R-Value
m2 “C/W Reference

2. 51 mm gravel = 0.028 Example 1, Step 1
3. 76.2mm Polystyrene
Insulation
.762m x 23.25m.C/W = 1.77 Appendix VI
5. 51 mm Screed = 0.028 Example 1, Step 1
6. 102mm Conc. Section = 0.057 Example 1., Step 3
7. 12.7mm Cement Plaster = 0.018 Example 1., Step 1
% = 2.126
U, = J_ = J_ = 0 . 4 7 W/m2’C
RT
2.126
b) Re-calculate the U, value of the modified roof.
U, = lUr x Ar) + (Ua x Ag)

Ar + Ag
= 10.47 x 64.88) + (4.7 x 1.62) = 30.49 + 7.61

64.88 + 1.62 66.5
= 0.57 W/m2’C
This calculated modified U value is lower than the allowable Uo value of 0.58 W/m2’C (Table 3.0,
BECP) for roofs in Climate 9 one 1. Hence, the roof complies wrth the U, requirement.
Note 1: The U, value of the modified roof in the above example would also
comply with all the other climate zones (2-5) of Pakistan since the
maximum allowable U, for all climate zones is 0.58 W/m2’C.
Note 2 In addition to complying with the U, value, the roof should also comply
with the OTTV requirements. Refer to Example 5 for this requirement.
4-7
UO for walls (3.2.3. BECP)
Example 3
A building proposed to be constructed in Karachi is detailed below. Determine whether the walls
of the building will comply with the U, requirements for walls in the BECP. What measures can be
taken to make the walls comply if they do not meet the U, requirement?
12.5mm CEMENT
PLASTER
152 mm SOLID
ROOM l.25 m x 2.0m CONCRETE BLOCK
MASONRY WALL
WINDOW (14)
I.0m x 2.3m
1 5 2 m m SOLID
BLOCK
MASONRY
WALL
FLOOR PLAN WALL SECTION
Procedure:
Step 1 Tabulation of Areas
Step 2. Determine the U-Value (U,,,) of walls
Step 3. Determine the area (A,,,) of walls
Step 4. Determine the U-Value (U ) of windows
Step 5. Determine the area (A ) o! windows
Step 6. Determine the U valueg(U,) of doors
Step 7 Determine the area (Ad) of doors
Step 8 Summary
Step 9 Determine U of the building (Translucent & Opaque)
(If the walls 80 not comply, modify the walls (or the windows) to make
them comply)
4-8
Step 1. Tabulation of Areas:
Areas m*
Building
Component East South West North Total
Concrete 25.7 20.5 25.7 20.5 92.4

Masonary.Walls
Wood doors 2.3 __ 2.3 __ 4.6
Windows 10.0 7.5 10.0 7.5 35.0
Totals 38.0 28.0 38.0 28.0 132.0
2
Step : Determine the U-Value (Uw) of walls
i) Determine the total resistance (Rr) of concrete walls
ii) Calculate Uw by : U,,, = J
Rr
Determine total resistance R,:
R-Value
m* ‘C/W Reference

2. 12.5mm cement plaster
0.0125m x 1.39m. C/W = 0.017 Appendix VI
3. 152mm Solid conc
mas. wall
0.152m x 0.56m.C/W = 0.085 Appendix VI
4. 12.5mm Cement Plaster = 0.017 Appendix VI
5. Inside Air Film = 012 _ Appendix VI
RT =(3.283
11) Calculate U:
U = 1 = 1 = 3.53 W/m*‘C
Rr 0.283
3
Step . eerriy2az2 (Aw) of walls.
(Step 1)
SteD 4. Determine U-val e (U,) of windows.
= 5.9W/m YOC Appendix VIII
ug
Ster, Determine area (A,) of windows
$ = 35.0m2 (Step 1)
Step 6. Determine U-value (U,) of doors.
U, = 1.82W/m2’C Appendix IX
Step 7. Determine the area (Ad) of doors.

Ad = 4.6m2 (Step 1)
SteD Summary
Buildina Element (W/m2’Q

U. &&L12)
i) 152mm conc. Masonary.Walls 3.53 (U,) 92.4 (qy)

ii) Windows 5.9(U )
iii) Solid core Doors 1.82&)
Step 9. Determine the U, of the building walls (translucent and opaque)
uo = (Uw x Aw) + (Ua x Aa) + (Ud x Ad)
A0
= (3.53 x 92.4) + (5.9 x 35.0) + (1.82 x 4.6)

132.0
= 326.17 + 206.5 + 8.37 = 541.04 = 4.09W/m2’C

132.0 132.0
This calculated U, value is higher than the allowable.Uo value of 2.67W/m20C,(Climate

Zone 1, Table 3.0, BECP.) Hence, the walls with the windows and doors do not comply.
STEP 9. ALTERNATE A. MODIFY WALLS
To make the walls comply,try using a cavity wall with two 102mm conc. masonry walls
with expanded polystyrene insulation and an air space in between the walls. The detail
is shown below.
12.7mm POLYSTYRENE INSULATION

12.5 m CEMENT
PLASTER
38.1mm AIR SPACE
lNslDE
19mn CEMENT PLASTER

102mm CONCRETE MASONRY WALL
WALL SECTION
4-10
a) Calculate U, of the modified wall
t
R-Value
m* “C/w Reference

2. 12.5mm cement plaster = 0.017 (Example 3, Step 2, 1)
3. 102mm conc mas. wall
(outside)
4. 38.1 mm air space = 0.20 Appendix V

5. 12.7mm Exp polystyrene
insulation
0.0127m x 23.25 = 0.29 Appendix VI
6. 102mm conc mas. wall
(inside)
7. 12.5mm cement plaster = 0.017 Appendix VI
8. Inside Air Film =0.12 Appendix VI
= 0.802
U, = J_ = 1 = 1.25W/m2’C
RT 0.802
b. Recalculate U, with the modified wall.
UO
= &Jw X Aw) + (Ua x An) + (Ud X Ad)
A0
= (1.25 x 92.4) + (5.9 x 35.0) + (1.82 x 4.6)

132
= 115.5 + 206.5 + 8.372 = 330.37 = 2.5W/m2’C

132 132
This calculated U, value with the modified wall is lower than the allowable U value of 2.67
W/m*‘C, (Table 3.0, BECP for walls in Climate Zone 1). Hence, the modifie 8 walls with the windows
and doors comply with the U, Requirements of the BECP.
Step 9, ALTERNATE REDUCE WINDOW AREAS
The walls may also comply: if, instead of modifying the walls, the window areas are
reduced. Try reducing the window area by 50%, that is, from 35.0m2 to 1 7.5m2.
4-11
uo = &Jw x Awj + (Ucr x Aa) + (Ud x Ad\
A0
= 13.53 x 92.4) + (5.9 x 17.5) t (1.82 x 4.61

132.0
= 326.17 + 103.25 + 8.372

132.0
= L
437 79 = 3.3W/m2’C
132.0
This calculated Uo value with the reduced window areas is still greater than the
maximum U, = 2.67W/m%, Table 3.0, BECP for walls in Climate Zone 1. Hence, the
building envelope still does not comply.
By working backwards in the last equation, it become evident that if window area
reduction is the only alternate , then this area will have to be reduced even further more to
approximately 3.00 m* to comply.
UO
= 13.53 x 92.4) t (5.9 x 3.0) t (1.82 x 4.6)
132
= 326.17 + 17.7 + 8.372 = 2.66W/m2’C

132
This calculated U value is less than the maximum allowable U = 2.67W/m2’C and the
building envelope’will comply with the U, requirement of the B!CP.
It appears that Alternate A, modifying the wall, may be the better alternate since that does
not warrant a reduction of the window areas.
In addition to complying with the U, requirements for roof/ceilings and walls,it is also
necessary for the building to comply with the OTTV requirements. Examples for OTTV
compliance are included in this handbook.
4-12
OTTV Requirements, (3.3, BECP)
(WALLS)
EXAMPLE 4
For the building described in Example 3, Step 9, Alternate A (Modified Walls), check whether the
building will comply with the OTTVw requirements of the BECP.
According to Table 3.3, BECP, the maximum OTTV for walls in Karachi (Climate Zone 1) is 91
W/m2 To determine the OTTV for walls (opaque and translucent surfaces) the procedure is as
follows:
Procedure:
Step 1. Calculate the OTTV for East Wall (OTTV,J
a. Calculate U e for opaque sections of the East wall

b. Calculate T8eq
i) Determine cumulative weight (wt) of the wall

components
ii) Determine TD,, by formula
Determine T
:: Determine SC of window
Determine SF
:’ Determine U of window
9. Determine Ag of window
h. D e t e r m i n e A: (4y + A t Ad)
i. Calculate OllV,,,, by fgormula
Step 2. Calculate the OTTV for West Wall (OlTV )

(follow the same steps a through i as in %p 1 but for the West Wall)
Step 3. Calculate the OTTV for North Wall (OTTV,,,,)

(follow the same steps a through i as in Step 2 but for North Wall)
Step 4. Calculate the OTTV for South West Wall (OlTV,,)

(follow the same steps a through i as in Step 1 but for South Wall)
Step 5. Calculate OTTV for combined building walls

(if the walls do not comply, modify the walls and /or windows to make
them comply)
4-13
Step 1. Calculate the OTlV for East Wall (OTlV,,J
a. Calculate U,, for opaque sections of the East wall

(Refer to Example 3).
U WB = (Uw x Aw) + (Ud x Ad)_

4, + Ad
= Jl.25) x (25.7) + (1.82 x 2.3) = 32.12 + 4.186

25.7 + 2.3 28.0
= 1.29 W/M*‘C
b. Calculate TD,,
1.1) Two 102mm concrete masonry walls.

Density = 2240 Kg/m3 (Appendix VI)
Wt. = 2 x 0.102m x 2240 Kg/m3 = 457 Kg/m*
t
1.2) 12.5mm cement plaster on 2 sides.

Wt. = 2 x 0.0125m x 1865 Kg/m3 = 46.62 Kg/m*
1.3 12.7mm exp.polystrene insulation

Wt. = 0.127m x 16 Kg/m3 = 0.2 Kg/m*
Cumulative wts. of the walls components.
= Wt of two 102mm conc. mas.walls

+ Wt of 12.5mm cement plaster (2 sides)
+ Wt of exp polystyrene insulation
wt = 457 + 46.62 + 0.2 = 503.82 Kg/m*
ii) Determine TDeq by formula
TDe, = 26.7 - (0.03706 x wt ) (3.3.1, BECP)
Note: This formula is only applicable for construction

weight below 489 Kg/m* . In the footnote of the
BECP, pg. 3-6 it states that the value of TD
should be taken as 8’C if the construction zass is
more than 489Kg/m*.
Hence,TDeq for Wt.503.82Kg/m2 = 8’C
4-14
C. Determine dT
dT = Outdoor Design Temp - indoor Design Temp

= 40°C - 26.0°C = 14’C (Appendix III)
d. Determine SC of window glass
SC = 1.0 (Appendix VII)
e. Determine SF
SF = 561 W/m* (Appendix II)
f. Determine U, of window
U, = 5.9 W/m*‘C (Appendix VIII)
g. Determine Ae of window
Ae = lO.Om* (Example 3 Stepl)
h. Determine A, = (4, + Ae t Ad)
A, = 25.7 +10.0 +2.3 = 38.0 m*
i. Calculate OTTV,,_ by formula
OTTVwe = IaUwxAwTDe
) + (AaxSFXSC) t (UaxAcrxdT)
A0
= (1.29x28.0x8.0) t (10x561 x1.0) t (5.9x10x14.0)

38.0
= 288.96 t 5610 t 826 = 6724.96

38.0 38.0
= 176.9 W/m*
Ste 2 Calculate OTTV for West Wall (OTTVww)
Note: All the parameters, including the Solar Factor SF, are the same as in Step
1, a through h. Hence the OllVww will also be 176.9 W/M*.
4-15
3
Step Calculate OTTV for North Wall (OllVwn
a
Reference.
a. U "(opaque portions of North Wall) = 1.25 Example 3, Step 9, AkP

b. TB = 8’C Example 4, Step 1, b
dfq = 1 4.0°C Example 4, Step 1, C
:: SC -= 1.0 Appendix VII
SF = 117W/m* Appendix II
:’ U = 5.9W m&C Appendix VII
Ag = 7.5m L Example 3, Step 1
:. Ag = 28.0 m* Example 3, Step 1 .
i. Chhte,olTV,,,~ = &Jw x AW x TDea) + RI x SF x SC) + (UQ x AQ x dT)
A0
= Il.25 x 20.5 x 8.0) + (7.5 x 117 x 1.0) + (5.9 x 7.5 x 14.0) a
28.0
= 205 + 877.5 + 619.5 = 1702

28.0 28.0
= 60.78 W/M*
SteD 4
Calculate OTTV for South Wall (OrrVw,)
Note: All the parameters for the South Wall will be the same as the North Wall
except the Solar Factor, SF which is this case will be 135 (Table 3.2, BECP)
Hence,
Ol-l-Vws = 11.25 x 20.5 x 8.0) + (7.5 x 135 x 1.0) + (5.9 x 7.5 x 14.0)
28.0
= 205 + 1012.5 t 619.5

28.0
a
= 65.6W/M2
Steo 5
Calculate the OllVw for entire building Walls
.
OTTVw = OTTVwe x Awe1 t ~OllVww XAWW) t (OTIVwn x Awn) t (OTlVws x Aws
4uetAwwtAwn+%s
= 1176.9x38.01 t (176.9x 38.0) t &0.78x28.0) + (65.6 x28.0) a
38.0 t 38.0 t 28.0 t 28.0
= 6722.2 t 6722.2 t 1701.84 + 1836.8 = 16983

132.0 132.0
= 128.66W/m2
4-16
a
This calculated value is greater than the allowable OllVw of 91 .OW/m* for walls in
Climate Zone 1, (Table 3.3, BECP).
Hence, the walls do non comply with the OllVw requirement
Several options to reduce the OTTVw of the walls could be:
1. Reduction of window area particularly in the east and /or west

orientations.
2. Use of double glazing, thereby reducing the U-value of glazing.
3. Using glazing with a low shading coefficient.
4. Relocation of windows from the east and/ or west walls to the north
and /or south walls where the Solar Factors are much lower.
5. Increasing insulation in walls thereby reducing its U-value.
Maximum leverage to reduce the OTTV,,, in this instance, could be attained by examination
of the use, size, type, orientation and shading coefficient of glass.
Try Option 1 Reduction of window areas (A ) in the east and west orientations
by 50%, that is, from 1 O.Om* to9 5.0m2. As a consequence, the
wall area, A,,, increases from 28.0m2 to 33.00m2.
9 Recalculate OTlV_ for the East Wall
Summary:
S C = 561.0W/m2’C
U = 5.9W m*‘C
A9 = 5.0m 1
A: = 38.0m2
Cl-l-V,, = 11.29 x 33.0 x 8.0) + (5.0 x 561 x 1.0) + (5.9 x 5.0 x 14.0)
38.0
= 340.56 + 2805.0 + 413.0 = 93.65 W/m*

38.0
ii) Recalculate OlTV_ for West Wall
Note: Since similar changes have been incorporated on the west orientation as
on the east, the OIlI/,,,,,, of the west wall will also be 93.65 W/m*.
iii) Re-calculate OTTV,,, for the entire building walls
Note: No changes were made on either the north or the south walls, hence the
OllV,,, for those sides will remain the same as calculated in Steps 3 and 4
previously.
OTTV,,, = 1OllVwe ~Awel + lOTTVww x Awwl + (OllVwn x Awn) + (OllVws x Aws)
Awe+Aww + Awn + Aws
= 193.65 x 38.0) + (93.65 x 38.0) t (60.78 x 28.01 t (65.6 x 28.01

38.0 t 38.0 + 28.0 t 28.0
= 3558.7 t 3558.7 t 1701.8 t 1836.8

132.0
= 10656.0 = 80.7W/m2
132.0
This calculated OllVw value is less than the allowable OllVw of 91 W/m2 for walls in
Climate Zone 1, (Table 3.3, BECP). Hence, the walls comply with the OllVw requirements
of BECP.
4-18
OTTV Requirements (3.3 BECP)
(ROOF)
EXAMPLE 5
It was determined in the preceeding example (Example 4) that the walls complied with the OTTVw
requirements of the Becp as calculated in Step 9, option 1. Determine also, whether the roof will
comply with the OTTV, requirements for roofs. The roof construction is detailed below.
9.5 m
0.9m x0.9m
/- SKYLIGHT (2)
51 mm GRAVEL
76.2mm
-POLYSTYRENE
102 mm THICK INSULATION
CONCRETE ROOF SLAB %T~MEN LAYER
-5lmm SCREEDING
-102mm R.C.C SLAB
12.7mm CEMENT
- PLASTER
RLAN OF ROOF SECTION OF ROOF
According to Table 3.3, the maximum OTTV, for roofs Karachi (Climate Zone 1) is 26.8 W/m*
To determine the OTNr for this roofs the procedure is as follows:
Procedure:
Step 1 Determine the U-value (U,) of the opaque roof

Step 2. Determine the area (A,) of the opaque roof
Step 3. Determine the U-value ((U,) of the skylight
Step 4. Determine the area (A,) of the skylights
Step 5. Determine TD,, of the opaque roof
a) Determine the specific heats, densities and thicknesses of all the

components of the roof and calculate the TC of the roof
components.
b) Determine the ratio of U/TC
c) Determine TD,, from Table 3.1, BECP
Step 6. Determine SC
Step 7 Determine SF
Step 8 Determine T
Step 9 Determine A
Step 10. Calculate OlYV
(If the roof doe; not comply, modify the opaque roof and /or skylights to
make it comply)
4-19
Step 1 Determine the U-value (U,) of the opaque roof
First, determine the total resistance R,
R-Value
m2 Oc/w Reference_

2. 51 mm gravel = 0.028 Example 1, Step 5, a
3. 76.2mm Polystrene insul = 1.77 Example 2, Step 5, a
4. Bitumen Layer = 0.021 Appendix IV
5. 51 mm screed = 0.028 Example 1, Step 1
6. 102mm conc roof = 0.057 Example 1, Step 3

7. 12.7mm cement plaster = 0.018 Example 1, Step 1
8. Inside Air Film =0.16 Appendix IV
RT = 2.126
U, = 1 =L = 0 . 4 7 W/m2’C
Rr 2.126
SteD 2 Determine the area (A> of the opaque roof

A, = (7m x 9.5m) - 2(0.9m x 0.9m)
66.5 - 1.62 = 64.88 m2
3
Step 3 Determine the U-value (U,) of the skylight
U, = 4.7W/m2C (Appendix VIII)
4
Step4, Determine the area (A,) of the skyli hts
A, = 2 x (0.9m x 0.9m) = 1.62 mB
5
Ster, 5 Determine TD,, of the opaque roof
a) Determine the specific heats, densities and thicknesses of all the

components of the roof and calculate the TC
4-20
SPECIFIC t
ROOF HEAT . X X
fI;;iy Thicmkness = Kg:c,iOC
MATERIAL KG/KgC
51 mm Gravel ).888.888 X 1524?? X 0.051 68.39
76.2mm P.S.Insul 1.22 X 28.8 X 0.0762 2.68
51 mm Screed 0.92?? X 224.0 X 0.051 105.10 t
102mm conc. roof 0.92 X 224.0 X 0.102 210.2
12.7mm cem. plas 0.84 X 1865 X 0.0127 19.89
TOTAL 406.26
b) Determine the ratio of U/TC x 1000

U/TCx 1000 = 0.47 x 1000 = 1.16s’
406.26
c) Determine TDBg from Table 3.1, BECP
The TD will have to be interpolated between U/TC

of 1.32 “sgl and 0.96~~’
Interpolation:
t
U/TC difference between 1.32 - 0.96 = 0.366’
TDBq difference between 3.33 - 30.6 = 2.7%
U/TC diff of 0.36, TDeq diff 2.7%

U/TC diff 1.16 - 0.96 = 0.2, TDB$iff = 2.7 x 0.2
0.36
= 1.5
Hence, for U/TC = 1 .16, TDeq = 30.6 t 1.5

= 32.l”C
TDeg = 32.1°C
4-21
Step 6. Determine SC
SC = 1.10 (Appendix VI I I)
Step 7. Determine SF
SF = 471 W/m* (Appendix VII)
a
Step . Determine dT
dT = Outdoor Design Temp - Indoor Design Temp
= 40°C - 26.0°C = 14.0°C (Appendix Ill)
9
Steo . Determine A,
A, = A, + A, = 64.66m2 + 1.62m2 = 66.5m2
Stew 10. Calculate OlTV,
OTTV, = lUr x Ar x TDea) t (SF x As x SC) t (Us x As x dT)

A0
OTTV, = (0.47x64.66x32.1) + (471 x1.62x1.0) t (4.7x1.62x14.0) i

66.5
= 978.84 t 763.02 t 106.59 = 1848.45 i

66.5 66.5
= 27.79 W/m*
This calculated OTTO, value is greater than the allowable OITVr of 26.8W/m2 for roofs in
Climate Zone 1, (Table 3.3, BECP). Hence, the roof does not comply with the OllV,
requirements of the BECP.
Options to reduce the OTTV, of the roof could be:
1. Reduction of the size or number of skylights

2. Substitution of a skylight which has a lower U-value and /or a lower
shading coefficient SC
3. Addition of insulation in the roof to decrease wall conductance
Try Option 1. Reduction of the size of skylights
Reduce the skylight sizes from 0.9m x 0.9m to o.am x o.am.
4-23
Summary of parameters:
U, = 0.47W m*‘C
A‘ = 66.5m L - 2(0.8m x 0.8m) = 65.22m2
U, = 4.7W/m2’C
As = 2 x - 2 x (0.8m x 0.8m) = l.28m2
TD = 32.1°C
sceq = 1.0
SF = 471W/m*
dT = 14.0°c
A0
= 66.5m2
OTTVr = (Ur x Ar xTDeq) + (SFXASX SC) + (USXASX dT)

A0
OTTV, = (0.47x65.22x32.1) + (471 x1.28x1.0) + (47x1 28x140)

66.5
= 983.97 + 602.88 + 84.224 = 1671.07

66.5 66.5
= 25.13 W/m*
This calculated OTTV, value is lower than the allowable OllV, of 26.8W/m2 for roofs in
Climate Zone 1, Table 3.3, BECP. Hence, the roof complies with the OlTV, requirements
of the BECP.
Natural Ventilation (3.5 BECP)
EXAMPLE 6
For the purpose of natural ventilation what would be the recommended minimum area of openable
window areas in a living (Drawing) room measuring 4.3m x 50m?
Solution:
Table 3.3 of the Building Code of Pakistan (appendix X of this handbook ) states that the minimum
glass areas for daylighting of Living (Drawing) rooms should be 10% to 15% of the area served.
So, minimum glass area = 10% of Living (Drawing)room area = 0.10 x 4.3m x 5.0m = 2.15m2
2 windows each with a glass area of 1.075m x 1 .Om each = 2 x (1.075 x 1 .O) = 2.15 m*
The recommended minimum area of openable windows for the purpose of natural ventilation as
per the BECP is 50% of the areas in Table 3.3 of the Building Code of Pakistan. Hence, 50% of
2.1 5m2 = l.075m2 minimum glass areas shall be openable for the purpose of natural ventilation.
4-24
t
HEATING VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (4.0, BECP)
Air Transport Factor (4.2.3 BECP)
EXAMPLE 7
An all-air constant volume a/c unit is used to cool a small building. The sensible heat removed is
35,805 Btu/h (10,500 watts) and the supply and return air fans consume 100 watts of energy to
operate. Check whether the a/c unit meets the criteria for the Air Transport Factor set forth in the
BECP.
Solution:
t
BECP, Section 4.2.3(a) states that the air transport factor for the a/c unit should not be less than 8.0
Air Transport Factor = Space Sensible Heat Removed

Supply + Return Fan(s) Power Input
= 10.500 Watts = 9.59

1100 Watts
t
Air Transport Factor of 9.59 calculated for this a/c system is higher than the required minimum of
8.0. Hence, the unit meets the criteria for Air Transport Factor.
Duct Insulation (4.2.7.2, BECP)
EXAMPLE 8
A supply duct of an a/c unit transporting conditioned air at passes through an enclosed
unconditioned space where the temperature of the air remains below 34’C. Check the supply duct
insulation requirements. t
Solution
Check dt, the design temperature differential between the air in the duct and the surrounding air.
Temperature of surrounding air = 34’C maximum

Temperature bf air in duct = 21°C
d t = 34’C - 21’C = 13’C
Since dt = 13’C, duct insulation is not required in this case as per BECP,4.2.7.2(a) exception 1
Which states that where dt is 14’C or less, no duct insulation is required.
4-25
EXAMPLE 9
In a situation similar to example 8, the temperature of the air surrounding the supply duct remains
above 37’C. What would be the minimum resistance of the insulation in this case?
Solution:
dt = the design temperature differential between the air in the duct and the
surrounding air
dt = 37’C - 21°C = 16’C
Minimum resistance of insulation,R = & m*‘C/W

47.3
R = 16 = 0.34m2’C/W
47.3
This calculated minimum insulation resistance will have to be increased from 0.34m2’C/W to 0.74
as per BECP 4.2.7.2 (C) which states that “....the minimum insta!led insulation value for ducts in an
unconditioned space is R = 0.74m2”
Pipe Insulation (4.2.8 BECP)
EXAMPLE 10
A cooling system main pipeline of 25mm nominal diameter is transport chilled water at 8C. What
is the thickness of the insulation required if the only insulation available for use is rated at
0.021 m* C/W per mm?
Solution:
Pick out the insulation thickness from Table 4.0, BECP. In Cooling system, Chilled Water” and
under the column “25mm and less” pipe sizes, the required insulation is listed as 13mm.
The 13mm insulation thickness is only good for insulation which has a thermal resistance in the
range of 0.028 to O.O32m*‘C/W per mm according to BECP, 4.2.8.2 (“Other Insulation
Thicknesses”). The only insulation available for use in this instance, is rated at 0.021 m*‘C/W per
mm which is below the range of 0.028 to O.O32m*‘C/W per mm . Hence, the derived insulation
thickness of 13mm from Table 4.0 BECP, will have to be increased accordingly.
4-26
Insulation thickness can be increased by the formula in BECP 4.2.8.2 (b).
New min. thickness = 8.028 x thickness in Table 4.0

Actual R
= 0.028 x 13mm
0.021 mLoC/W mm
= 0.364 = 17.33mm
0.021
Hence, the thickness of insulation rated at 0.021 m*‘C/W mm should be a minimum of 17.33 mm
CO- EFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE/ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO (4.3.1, BECP)
EXAMPLE 11
A 9KW (30.717 Btu/h) heat pump selected for installation has a Co-efficient of Performance (COP)
of 2.4 in the cooling mode. What is its Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)?
Solution:
COP = Coolina Enerav in Btu/h

Input Energy in Btu/h
2.4 = 30:717Btu/h
Input Energy in Btu/h
Input Energy in Btu/h = 30,717 = l2,799Btu/h

2.4
l2,799Btu/h x 0.293 = 3750 Watts (1 Btu/h = 0.293 Watt)
EER = Coolina Enerav in Btulh

Input Energy in Watts
= 30.717Btulh = 8.19
3750 Watts
EER = 8.19
4-27
NOTE:
The above solution was done in simple steps to highlight the relationship between COP and EER.
However, a simple method would have been to divide COP by 0.293 to obtain EER.
Thus,
EER = COP = 24 = 8.19

0.293 0.293
Conversely, to obtain COP from a given EER, simply multiply the EER by 0.293
Thus,
COP = EERx0.293 = 8.19x0.293 = 2.4
4-28
(USE APPENDIX Xl)
Example 12. Single Zone HVAC System
Size the heating and cooling systems for a single room in a large office building in Islamabad. The
room is on the northwest corner of the top floor, so it has two exterior walls (west-facing and north-
facing) and a roof. The exterior walls are plaster covered brick and the roof is 150mm (6 inch)
concrete with 50mm (2 inches) of polystyrene insulation., Both walls and roof are light colored. A
single glazed window is located on each of the north and the west walls. The room also has two
interior walls separating it from rooms that are heated but not air-conditioned. The interior walls
are light-weight wood. The corner room below is both heated and air-conditioned.
i
The room is occupied by one person. The only electrical equipment in the room is a personal
computer, which is rated at 250 watts. The room is lighted with two fluorescent fixtures, each with
two 40 watt lamps and a 10 watt ballast. The room dimensions are 4.5m (15 feet) square and the
ceiling height is 3m (10 feet). Each window is 1.2 x 3 meters (4 x 10 feet) . Both windows are
shaded with an overhang that is 0.6m (2 feet deep). Medium weight interior drapes are normally
drawn closed during the hottest part of the summer whenever sun is shining directly in the
windows. There is another building 9m (30 feet) to the west.
A floor plan of the room is shown below
Floor plan for Example 12
4.5m
- 15’_
-lo’-
3m
4-29
(USE APPENDIX Xl)
A completed HVAC System Sizing form is shown below for Example 12. Each section is completed
as follows:
Part 1/ Conduction
Determine the U-values of the roof, walls and windows according to the examples shown earlier.
In this case the U-value of the roof is 0.54 W/m2C (0.095 BTU/hr ft2F), the exterior walls are 3.2
W/m2C (0.55 BTU/hr ft2F), the Interior walls are 3.9 W/m2C (0.69 BTU hr ft2F), and the windows
4
are 5.9 W/m2C (1.04 BTU/hr ft2F). The area of the roof is 21 m2 (225 ft ),each window is 3.7m2 (40
ft2),each exterior wall is 1 Om2 (110 ft2 (10 feet times 15 feet minus the area of the window)), and
each interior wall is 14m2 (150 ft2). Lookup the CLTD values for the roof in Table 3 and use Table 1
for the windows and exterior walls. If interior walls, ceilings or floors are adjacent to conditioned
spaces, CLTD and T, are both equal to zero. If interior walls, ceilings or floors are adjacent to
unconditioned spaces, CLTD and T, are equal to 4.5C (8 F). Since the interior walls are adjacent
to spaces that are heated, but not air-conditioned, set CLTD equal to 4.5C (8F) and T, equal to
zero. Since the floor is adjacent to a room that is both heated and air-conditioned, set CLTD and
d T, equal to zero . Multiply the variables as shown and total the cooling and heating columns on
line 16.
Part 2/ Solar
Lookup the SC,, SC,,and SHGF in Tables 5 through 7. The north window SC, is equal to 1 .O and
the west facing window SC, is equal to 0.71 (0.95 times 0.75; according for the 0.6m (2 ft)
overhang and the adjacent building). The SC, equal to 0.65 for single pane, clear glass with
medium drapes. The SHGF for west glass in lslamabad is 558W (177 BTU/hr ft2F) and for north
glass is 101 W (32 BTU/hr ft2F). Multiply the variables as shown and total the cooling column on
line 21.
Part 3/ Internal
The load due to people is shown in Table 8. For light work in an office, the load is 187W
(640BTU/hr per person). The load due to the computer is 250 watts sensible (there is no latent
load from computers). The lighting load from each fixture is the sum of two lamps and one ballast
(90 watts). The total for the room is 90 times two fixtures (180 watts). Since both the computer
and the lights are likely to be fully used during the time of peak cooling use, the Use Factor for
both would be 1 .O. Multiply the variables as shown and total the cooling column on line 25.
Part 4/ Infiltration and Ventilation

Assume and infiltration rate of 1 .O air changes per hour in a corner office with windows on two
sides. This converts to 17.7 L/s (37.5 cfm) for a 62m3 room. Obtain the Tc,, T,, and W values
from Table 4. Multiply the variables as shown and total the cooling and heatrng columns on line
28.
Part 5/ Total
Add each of the subtotal from the Conduction, Solar, Internal, and Infiltration and Ventilation
sections on line 29. Since the room is served by a single zone system, there is no duct loss. Add
5%for a safety factor. Add lines 29 through 32. Select systems that are the next available size over
the calculated total. In this case, select a 5 Kw (18,000 BTU/hr (1.5 ton)) air conditioner and a 3
Kw (10,000 BTU/hr) heater.
4-30
(USE APPENDIX Xl) HVAC System Sizing 1 OoocNG i H E A T I N G
(SI Units) (watts) (Watts)
I
i U-vatue : ATH
Item Orientation w,m2c) U’A’CLTD U* A* AT H
CraMe lv2J) crab-k41
* _&S!.__________ _qr:5c.._z_I___ _ _zi _ _ _ _ _ _ _cifL__ _.Z?B_____%i___
2&Q&
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _k!
3 _Walt -542
_ _ _ _ ______..___--_ 11
m_____--_____m 19 60%
?S&___- -______
---i
4 _Wall N
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2z_.._Ei__ __f?,____ _LS___ _ZmL___GeB w-w
5 Wall
0 Glass
1 _Int
_ _Wall ?&q
_ _ _ _ _ 5_ _ _ _ _ ,& \Lj
___..______ __kt*s
____-_______________-------
2 Int Wall
3_l~t_~--l_________c,
Area .: A’SCB*SC~
Item Orientation (m2j flz& %EiGF
17_Glass _ _ _ _ _ _ lR*T_ _ .&l,Iz
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _w c,v _______-
_-mm 01&G _s,!zq _ _ _ _ze..e _ _
18 Glass
* 9 ‘aa’ss _ _ _ _ _t\c__,_~7__..__1___,~~~____~_~r____~~Li~__
_
_-____ ----____
(4dd lines 17 through 20)
I Watts
:T1S!r 8) Nos pewb
--
Watts’Nos
3’7
d 22 People
, 1 \337 \ I
2
c”
5
1291 TOTAL tOAD td kaa 16+21+25+28) 14?34c? I3owI I

I Duct Heat Gain/Loss (max 5% of line 29)
2 %ci Air Leakagba (rnax 5% of line 29)
I-
?
’
(USE APPENDIX Xl)
HVAC System Sizing
( B r i t i s h Unita)
U-value : Area.. CUD ATH : . , .? .,

Item Orientation mlhr ffh U’A’CLTD.’ U’A’.&TH
(fr2) flabIt I.&31 fl&k 4)
1 _Roof 0.09s
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______..__-
=z-- --x!_____lr___ ___-w____ __mJ__
2 acfif
3 __________
Wall 0 5s I \o
&I -e-s __‘_..__..__---VP _______
Wall
4 ________------ VJ _Q*SS
___..._ LlQ__ ,_16__,_
5 _Wall
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______.._______ ____-__-____________~~~~~~~~~
6 Wall
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _1 p‘c
7 _Gkss _ _ _ _ ._ .___-__-
qo
g ______-_
Giass _z!___ _~si._..__~O__ _
9 _G&ass
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______..______ c-s-------w-w_ ______________-_
10 G:ass
11 Int Wall
____________-----_ E 0% _. . _m _ _ _ ___8______0,___ ___82S______Q___
12,_________,____~~~
int Wall 5 _.._ ,\ZQ _____ 5 ____a -O_ ______ 829 ______ Q--B
13, Int Wall
14 Int C e i l i n a - 0.095 22s 0 0 0 0
15 Int F l o o r
16 I TOTAL CONDUCTION LOAD (ldd lines 1 thmgh 15) Laq31 lQ9la
: S-IQ= A'SCE'SC~
T&k 7) ‘SHGF ‘. .’
i
17 _G’kss
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ti
____ ______ ___\,7,1,__ _xV.zI__
18 GIass _$!!___ __z_ _-_-xx_ ___w__
cn 19-~zsz----
____________ ___w__ ----------------
’ 20-G&s
2 1 TOTAL SOLAFI LOAD wdlincs17klmgk&m I qo99 1
BTU,hr Ncs zeook ’ BTt,“C?r’Nos

(Table a)
‘L’ ?ecole 6’CIG I kr(O
5
5 Sensibie La;ent ,Canversion Use Factor
(S+L)‘C’UF
(warm) w-1 [ (0 - 1.0)
t
- 23 Ewpment 2ro 0 1 3.41 , 0$3
24 Lights 9c . . .: ( 3.41 I.0 301
251 TOTAL INTERNAL LOAD (dctIinu22dxougll24) ’ 1 BOO
29 TOTAL LOAD (* linu 16+21+2kzg)_ lY770 93w

30 Duct Heat Gain/Loss (r&x 5% of line 29) -
< 31 Duct Air Leakage (max 5% of line 29)
E 32 Safety
I Factor (max 5% of line 29) 137 Yb7 ,
33 TOTAL CAPACIM wd b= 29 hfi 32) 1 s.0 1 q 80-r
34 SELECTED CAPACllY \8.000 \ 0,000
(l.~~&)
1 r)r)
(USE APPENDIX Xl)
Example 13. Central HVAC System
Size a central HVAC system for a five story office building in Karachi. The building is 30m (100
feet) by 17m (55 feet) and each floor is 3m (10 feet) high. The exterior walls are plaster covered
concrete block and the roof is 150mm (6 inch) concrete with two inches of polystyrene insulation.
Both walls and roof are light colored. The windows are 1.5m (5 feet) high and are single glazed
with tinted glass. The entire building is heated and cooled with a central HVAC system.
The building is occupied by 75 people. The building contains miscellaneous electrical equipment,
such as computers, typewriters and refrigerator that are rated at a total of 3500 watts. The building
is lighted with 150 fluorescent fixtures that each contain two 40 watt lamps and a 10 watt ballast.
Additionally there are twenty 60 watt incandescent lamps. Light colored Venetian blinds are used
on all windows. There are 0.6m (2 feet) deep overhangs above all windows on each side of the
building. There are buildings of similar height 12m (40 feet) to the east and 9m (30 feet) west that
will shade the building during early morning or late afternoon.
A typical floor plan of the building is shown below:
Floor plan for Example 13.
(typical of each floor in 5 story building)
30m
* -100’ *
3m 3m
4=10’_, *to’_)
(USE APPENDIX Xi)
i
A completed HVAC System Sizing Form is shown below for Example 13. Each section is
completed as follows:
Part 1. Conduction i
Determine the U-values of the roof, wails and windows according to the examples shown earlier.
in this case the U-value of the roof is 0.54 W/m*C (0.095 BTU/hr ft* F), the exterior wails are 4.0
W/m*C (0.72 BTU/hr ft* F), and the windows are 5.9 W/m*C (1.04 BTU/hr ft* F). The area of the
roof is 511 m* (5500 ft*). Each window on the north and south wails is 4.6m2 (50 ft*), on the east
and west wails the large windows are 5.6m2 (60 ft*) and the small windows are l.4m2. Therefore
the total window area facing north is 1 16m2 (50 x 5 x 5 = 1250 ft*) and the window area facing i
south is the same. The window area facing east is 63m* ((60 + 60 + 15) x 5 = 675 ft*) and the
window area facing west is the same. The north facing area is 348m* ((100 x 10 x 5) - 1250 = 3750
ft*) and the south facing wail area is the same. The east facing wail area is 1 93m2 ((55 x 10 x 5) -
675 = 2075 ft*) and the west facing wail area is the same. Lookup the CLTD values for the roof in
Table 3 and use Table 2 for the windows and exterior walls. Since the entire building is
i
conditioned, there is no heat transfer through interior wails, ceilings, or floors, so leave lines 11 - 15
blank. Multiply the variables as shown and total the cooling and heating columns on line 16.
Part 2. Solar
Lookup the SC, in Table 5. The SC for the north windows is equal to 1 .O. The SC, for the east
windows is 0.95 (due to the 2 ft over?iang) times 0.75 (due to the nearby building) equals 0.71. The i
SC, for the west windows is the same. The SC, for the south windows is 0.80 (due to the 2ft
overhang). Lookup the SC, equal to 0.53 for single pane, tinted glass with light coiored Venetian
blinds. Lookup the SHGF in Table 7, using the values for central systems. in Karachi, the SHGF
for north glass is 104 Watts (33 BTU/hr ft* F), for east glass is 113 Watts (36 BTU/hr ft* F), for
south glass is.54 Watts (17 BTU/hr ft* F), and for west glass is 552 Watts (175 BTU/hr ft* F).
Multiply the variables as shown and total the cooling column on line 21. i
Part 3. Internal
The load due to people is shown in Table 8. For light work in an office, the load is 187 Watts (640
BTU/hr) per person. The equipment load is 3500 watts, ail of which is sensible. The lighting load
from each fluorescent fixture is the sum of two lamps and one ballast (90 watts). The total
fluorescent lighting load is 90 times 150 fixtures (13,500 watts). Only about 70% of the lights are
likely to be turned on at the time of the cooling peak, so the Use Factor for lighting is 0.7. Likewise,
the Use Factor for equipment is estimated at 0.4. Multiply the variables as shown and total the
cooling column on line 25.
Part 4. Infiltration and Ventilation i

Assume an average infiiteration rate of 0.5 air changes per hour for the entire building since the
interior doors ar likely to be closed most of the time. The interior volume of each floor is 1549m3
(100 x 55 x 10 = 55,000 ft3), so the entire building is 1549 x 5 = 7745m3 (55,000 x 5 = 275,000 ft3).
Therefore, the infiltration rate is 0.5 x 7745/60 = 1082 L/s (0.5 x 275,000/60 = 2292 cfm). Obtain
t h e T,, T, and W values from Table 4. Multiply the variables as-shown and total the cooling
i
and heating columns on line 28.
Part 5. Total i
Add each of the subtotal from the Conduction, Solar, internal, and infiltration and Ventilation
sections on line 29. Since the building is conditioned by a roof mounted HVAC system with interior
ducts, there is no duct loss or air leakage. Add 5% for a safety factor to the cooling system. Add
lines 29 through 32. Select systems that are the next available size over the calculated total. in
this case, select a 175 Kw (600,000 BTU/hr (50 ton)) air conditioner and a 93 Kw (300,000 BTU/hr)
heater.
4-34
(USE APPENDIX XII HVAC System Sizing t CCXUJG 1 H E A T I N G
(SI Units)
-
U-vatue Area COD ATH
Item O r i e n t a t i o n wh2q (m2j U’A’CLTD U’A’ATH
CrlMc 123) frrwe 4)
1 -Roof
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~*+5_..5U___
__ __!_~_____JJ___ _5zi3,__3Q,_~5__
2 &of
3W
_______
all ____
N __ ____
46 ---..--_- \53iZ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _rr___ __-_____________
=&__ _ q lZ5=3
_________
\tG
__..______ _ _1%
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _II_ _ _ __WFSL_EZ?__
_________ __.._G_k_ __JJ _____ IL__:
__.._LL..__ ___,%I \_____ -II___
69 I I
,l Int Wall
______--____________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
12 Int Wall
______-_______ ______.._____- ________-_____ _____________-__
13 Int Wall
14. Int Ceilina
15 Int Floor
16 TOTAL CONDUCTK)N LOAD (dd lines 1 lfvDugs 1st 7eGa4 73877
2 1 r TOTAL SOLAR LOAD (add l&es 17 throu& 20)
Watts’Nos
Sensible i Latent Use Factor

(w-) w-1 @- 14
2 3 Equipment 350~9 &A 4
24 Lights \35@@ ‘.‘. c3.7

31 Duct Air Leakage (max 5% of line 29)
32 Safety Factor (max 5% of line 29)
HVAC System Sizing
(British Units)
- 0 0% t ______
_____ _____ ,,‘__,- csQo ,-~~____\~__,_1B_,z_8_s__ -9 _____
728
1 Int
_ _ Wall
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ------..-_---- _------------_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 Int Wall _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___-_-..------ _------------_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 IXKII’ -
5 Int Floor I I I I I
61 TOTAL CONDUCTiON LOAD (add lines 1 through 15) i zqs.t\o 24S,37b
AFSI : SCE %I. :: : SHGF A’SCE.,SC~,

grlentatfon m 21 : (Table 5) :: (Tabk 6) fTabk; r)-- “’ “S&&Z :‘,
17 _______d______
Glass ti \ZCO I *Q
______..______ 0853
L _______ _xi___ ___a+BhL
22 People b\(o 75 I W&O

Sensible Latent Conversion Use Factor
.‘. ‘$5+Lk’C:UF
i., (w-1. (Waus~ 1 (!x- r.0)
1
23 E q u i p m e n t 3500 - I 3.41 ! OA %l-l~

24 Lights ] 3 5 o. >:;: p:i:; .; : i: ;:‘)i:; :, : : ,. 1 3.41 I 81-l I 32,221
25 TOTAL INTERNAL LOAD (add tines 22 tllmgh 241 I A4sss
+
I
5 2 26 S e n s i b l e
Afrflcw Conversion.. ATc
ww
22q-2
t @de 4).-
1.1 20
a-TH.,
V&kt4)-
\9
Cf&C’:A.Tc
so,q2y Y7.9
cfm’C.-‘ A..TH
03 \
62 A';'&w Conversion i Aw Cfm’C*A w
55 C :: cable 4)
g>” 27 Latent zzsz 4840 Q,QOq W,$h
I I
281 TOTAL INFlLTFMTtON AND VENTILATION LOAD (xidrim26s27j k%Zbq u;903 I
29 TOTAL LOAD (add linas 16+21+2.%28)_ <bV.%\\O( 293,27cl

30 Duct Heat Gain/Loss (max 5% of line 29) - -
$ 3I Duct Air Leakage (max 5% of line 29) - I
E 32 Safety Factor (max 5% of line 29) Z$.W2( -
33 T O T A L C A P A C I T Y (ah=s *U&32) 593 082 293 217
34 SELECTED CAPACITY &Jo,oooI380,~SO
CrOTdS)
Modified Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)
The following is a procedure that estimates the heat gain through a building envelope during the
cooling season. It is based on the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) procedure developed by
the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).
A building designer must use this procedure in order to show compliance with the Building Energy
Code (BEC) of Pakistan. The advantage of the OTTV approach when compared to other codes
that only mandate a maximum overall U-value is that the OTTV method accounts for the cooling
load due to solar gain through windows, which can be a significant portion of the total cooling
load. Using the OTTV procedure properly accounts for the solar gain that also allows for trade-offs
between window area, shading and U-value. For example, using the OTTV procedure, a building
designer would be allowed to increase the window area if he also increased the shading of the
windows to prevent excessive solar gain.
The ASHRAE procedure is modified here to make it specific to the building construction and
occupancy typical of Pakistan and the weather conditions in the five climate zones that are used in
the BEC of Pakistan . The modifications are a result of several hundred detailed simulations of
typical Pakistani houses and office buildings using the DOE-2. On the other hand, the original
ASHRAE work was based on peak cooling conditions (rather than average) and clear day solar
radiation (rather than location specific data). Therefore, it is not possible to directly compare the
coefficients shown in Table 1, or the maximum allowable OTTV shown in Table 2, with the
corresponding ASHRAE values. The advantage of the approach shown here is that it represents
conditions in Pakistan much more accurately than the original ASHRAE work.
Another significant modification of the original ASHRAE procedure is the addition of surface
absorbance as an independent variable. In Pakistani climates and in Buildings that are minimally
insulated (as is typical in Pakistan), the solar absorptance of exterior walls and roofs is very
significant in determining the cooling load.
An example is shown on the following pages that illustrates the use of the procedure for a typical
off ice building.
The following abbreviations are used in this procedure:
A Area of each section of roof or wall

C,,C, or C, Coefficients in the modified OllV equation
&R O’n(w Absorptance of roof or wall (dimensionless)
BTU/hr ft* British Thermal Unit per hour per square foot
Oc ’ Degrees Celsius
OF Degrees Fahrenheit
OF Window Orientation Factor (dimensionless)
OTTV Overall Thermal Transfer Value (W/m* or BTU/hr ft*)
SC, Shading Coefficient for Exterior shading (dimensionless)
Shading Coefficient for Interior shading (dimensionless)
Zk Skylight to Roof Ratio -- varies from 0.0 to 1 .O (dimensionless)
U,$ or U, Overall conductance of Glazing, Roof or Wall (W/m* or BTU/hr ft*)
W/m Watts per square meter
WWR Window to Wall Ratio -- varies from 0.0 to 1 .O (dimensionless)
4-37
To determine if a building meets the OTTV requirement in the BEC of Pakistan, follow these steps:
1. Determine the following information about the building :
A. Area of walls, windows and roofs
B. U-values of walls, windows and roofs (using examples shown earlier)
C. Solar absorbance of wall and roof surfaces (using Table 3)

.
D. Window orientation factors (using Table 4)
E. Exterior and interior shading coefficients (using Tables 5 and 6)
2. Calculate the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and the skylight-to-roof ratio (SRR) as follows:
Sum of the area of all windows in a wall
WWR = Total area of the wall, including the windows
Sum of the area of all skvliahts in a roof

‘RR = Total area of the roof, including the skylights
3. Calculate the OTTV for each wall, using the equation and coefficients in Table 1. Then
calculate the total wall OTTV as follows:
oTn/ = (Om,, Y. A,) + (07-n’~,x A3 + ... + (077-V,,X A,)
A,+A2+ .” + A ,
Calculate the OllV for the roof using the equation and coefficients in Table 1. If the
construction (including insulation) of the roof varies between sections, calculate the OlTV
for each roof section separately, then calculate the total roof OlTV as follows: b
oTN = (orn/,,~A~,) + (0~,2*,43 + ... + (O~R,~.%)
A,+A2+ .” + A , b
where:
077v*,, OTl-hv,. . . . . 0T-w~. = OTTV for wall section I, 2, etc.
om/, :. OTTVR,, . . . . OTIVR, = OTTV for roof section 1.2, etc.
A ,r A,, . . . . A, = Area for wall or roof sectioi~ 1.2, etc.
4. Check Table 2 to See if the OllV is less then the maximum allowable. If the OlTV is less
than the maximum requirements are met; if the OllV is greater than the maximum, modify
the building design using a combination of the following:
A. Decrease the window area
B. Increase the shading of windows, using overhangs, blinds, etc.
C. Move windows from the east and west exposures to the north and south.
D. Decrease the surface absorbance by using reflective or light-colored paint.
E. Decrease the U-value by adding insulation
5. Repeat steps 1-4 until the OTTO is less than the maximum allowable, shown in Table 2.
4-38
b
Table 1.
OTTV Equations and Coefficients for Walls and Roofs
I
Walls
orrv, = Cpx&Jw(l-WWR) + C,+OF”SC$C,‘WWX + C&xWWR
1
1 Climate c, i C2 ] c3
Zone I “C “F W/m2 B-K/h# / “C OF
i I/
1 8.0 14.4 62.1 19.9 3.7 6.6
2 5.2 9.4 / 63.4 x.1 ’ 2.8 5.0
3 2.2 4.0 ; 63.7 _ ‘0’ tL 0 0
4 5.2 9.3 63.0 ‘0.0 1.7 3.0
5 2.2 4.0 63.7 20.2 0 0
Roofs
OTTV, = Cc aRg U,(l-SRR) + C,GC,hSC,GRR + C+U,x S R R
Climate Cl c2 c3
Zone “C “F W/m2 BTU/hr f? “C “F
1 4.2 7.6 i 184.1 58.4 17.3 31.2
2 / 4.8 8.7 ’ 136.5 13.3 8.8 15.9
3 3.7 6.7 1 191.7 60.8 2.3 4.1
4 3.9 7.0 1 150.7 47.8 7.7 13.9
/ 5 3.7 6.7 ) 191.7 60.8 2.3 4.1
Table 2.
Maximum OTTV Allowed
Walls Roofs
Climate Residences Other Buildings All Buildings
Z o n e W/m2 BTU/hrft’ W/m2 BTU/hrft’ W/m2 BTU/hr ft2
1 18.0 5.7 32.2 10.2 2.02 0.64
2 15.4 4.9 29.0 9.2 2.02 0.64
3 11.0 3.5 2 1..4 6.8 1.67 0.53
4 14.5 4.6 26.5 8.4 1.70 0.54
5 11.0 3.5 21.4 6.8 1.67 0.53
Table 3.
Absorptance (01) of Various Exterior Surfaces
Material a Paint a
Red Brick 0.88 Dark Grey or Black Paint 0.91

Bituminous Felt 0.88 Medium Brown Paint 0.84
Uncolored Concrete 0.65 Light Gray Paint 0.75
Light Buff Brick 0.55 Red Paint 0.74
Built-up Roof, White 0.50 Medium Yellow Paint 0.57
Gravel, White 0.29 Medium Blue or Green Paint 0.51
Light Green Paint 0.47
Aluminum Paint 0.40
White Semi-Gloss Paint 0.30
Table 4. Table 5.
Window Orientation Factor (OF) Shading Coefficient for Exterior Shading (SCE)
‘I
Orientation Overhangs Nearby (< 5Oft)
Direction Factor (OF) Dir 2ft 4ft 6ft Bldgs Trees
North 0.29 N 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 t
Northeast 1.18 NE 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.95
East 1 so E 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75 0.80
Southeast 0.98 SE 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.85
south 0.40 S 0.80 0.70 0.65 0.85 0.90
Southwest 0.98 SW 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.85
West 1.50 W 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75 0.80
Northwest 1.18 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.95
Table 6.
Shading Coefficient for Interior Shading (SCI)
Type of Interior Shading
Type of Glass No Interior Venetian Blinds Roller Shades Drapes
Shading Medium Light Dark Light Medium Light
Single Pane
Clear 1.00 0.64 0.55 0.59 0.25 0.65 0.55
Tinted 0.69 0.57 0.53 0.45 0.30 0.49 0.44
Reflective 0.40 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.21 0.33 0.30
Double Pane
Clear 0.88 0.57 0.51 0.60 0.25 0.56 0.48
Tinted 0.55 0.39 0.36 0.40 0.22 0.43 0.39
Reflective 0.30 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.27 0.26
4-40
-%
Sources of Data in Table 1-6
Table 1
The OllV coefficients were estimated by multiple regression of DOE-2 simulations of typical
Pakistani houses and office buildings, using Pakistan weather data. Climate Zones are the same
as those in the Building Energy Code of Pakistan.
Table 2
The maximum allowable OllV was determined by evaluating the OllV equations in Table 1 for
each climate zone and building type using typical Pakistani buildings with reasonable
modifications (roof insulation, increased shading, etc.) to improve energy efficiency. The values
shown in Table 2 should be considered preliminary and should be revised based on a thorough
economic analysis of energy conservation measures.
Table 3
This table is a compilation of data from the following sources: ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals,
American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-condition Engineers, 1985; the DOE-2
Reference Manual, Part 7,U.S. Department of Energy, May, 1980; and Passive Solar Design
Analysis by J. Douglas Balcomb, U.S. Department of energy, December, 1979.
Table 4
The Window Orientation Factors were derived by normalizing the Maximum Solar Heat Gain
Factors given in ASHRAE (Ibid.), for June at 28N latitude.
Table 5
These data were estimated from Shading Coefficients and Profile Angles given in ASHRAE (Ibid.),
for June at 28N latitude.
Table 6
These data were taken directly from ASHRAE (Ibid.).
4-41
Example OlTV Calculation
The following is an example calculation of th Overall Thermal transfer Value (OllV) for a five story
office building in Karachi, shown on the floor plan below. The building is 30m (100 feet) by 17m
(55 feet) and each floor is 3m (10 feet) high. The exterior walls are plaster-covered 240mm (9.5
inch) concrete block and the roof is 150mm (6 inch) concrete with two inches of polystyrene
insulation. The roof surface is unfinished bitumen and the wall surfaces are painted light gray. the
windows are 2.5m (8 feet) high and are single glazed with clear glass. The roof has 4 skylights that
are each 0.6x1.5m (2x5 feet).
Interior drapes are used on the windows, but no credit will be taken for drapes in this example,
since the building occupants may not keep them closed. There are 0.6m (2 feet) deep overhangs
above all windows on each side of the building. There are buildings of similar height 12m (40 feet)
to the east and 9m (30 feet) to the west that will shade the building during early morning or late
afternoon.
(typical of each floor in 5 story building)
3m
*lo’_)
The OllV for the example building is calculated as follows:
Step 1.
From the floor plans, building description, and Tables 3-6, determine the following information:
Walls
North East South West Roof
Total wall (or roof) area (sq.m) 464 256 464 256 511
(sq.W 5ccQ 2750 5090 2750 5500
Opaque wall (or roof) area (w-4 279 155 279 155 507
64. ft.1 1670 3000 1670 5460
Window (or skylight) area h.m) 166 100 166 100 3.7
h. fi.) 2000 1060 2000 1060 40
Wall (or roof) U-value ONlsv-4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 0.3
(Btuh/sq.ft) 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.09
Window (or skylight) (W/sq.m) 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3
U-value (Btuh/sq.ft) 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04
Wall (or roof) solar absorptance (%) 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.66
Window orientation factor (%) 0.29 1.5 0.4 1.5
Exterior shading coeff (%) 1.00 0.71 0.60 0.71
Interior shading coeff (%) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Step 2.
Calculate the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and the skylight-to-roof ratio (SRR) according to the
areas given above and the following equations:
Sum of the area of all windows in a wall

wwR= Total area of the wall, including the windows
Sum of the area of all skvliahts in a roof

SRR= Total area of the roof, including the skylights
In this example, the WWR and SRR are as follows:
Walls
WWR (or SRR) 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.007
Step 3.
Calculate the OllV for each wall and for the roof, using the equations and coefficients in Table 1,
that is:
Ott’ walls = A ’ awalls ’ “walls

(1 WWR) + BxOFxSCExSClxWWR + CxlJ8xWWR
(1 -SRR) t BxSCExSClxSRR + CxUoxSRR

Ottv roof = A ’ aroof ’ “roof
In this example, the wall and roof OllVs are as follows:

Walls
(Watts/sq. m) 31 49.5 31 49.5 2.7

BTU/hr ft2 9.72 15.7 9.9 15.7 0.87
4-43
,-
Step 3 (continued)
In this example, the wall areas on each orientation are not equal. Therefore, it is necessary to
I j
calculate the area-weighted OTTV using the following equation:
(O17Vw,x A,) + (OTN,,*A& + ..* + (OTN,,* 4)

01Tv,,, = _---
A,+A2+ ..a + A ,
where:
OTNw,, OUV,,, ,.., OTiVw, = OITV for wall section 1,2, etc.
A 1, A,, A, = Am for wall section 1, 2, etc.
In this case :
OllV walls = ((31 x 464) + (49.5x256) + (31 x464) + (49.6x256))/(464 + 256 + 464 + 256) = 37.6 W/sq. m
or
((9.72x5000) + (15.74~2750) + (996x5000) + (15.74~2750))/(5000 + 2750 t5000 +2750) = 11.93 Btuh/sq.ft.
The roof OlTV does not need to be area-weighted, since in this case the construction is constant
throughout the entire roof area. Therefore, the roof OlTV is 2.7 W/sq.m (0.87 Btuh/ sq.ft.) as
shown above.
Step 4.
Check Table 2 to see if the calculated OllV is less than the acceptable limit. In this case, the
maximum allowable OTTV for walls is 10.2 BTU/hr ft*, and for roofs is 0.64 BTU/hr ft*,. Both are t
exceeded by the example building, so the building design must be modified in order to pass the
BEC. In this case, try:
t
A. Decreasing the window and skylight area
B. Decreasing the Solar absorptance of the walls and roof t
C. Decrease the Shading coefficient of the windows

t
Step 5.
t
Recalculate the OTTV using the alternatives identified in Step 4. The OTTV for each codified
design is shown below:
t
OllV
W/m*(BTU/hr ft*) t
Alternate Design Walls Roof
t
Decrease window area (north/south = 1500 ft*, east/west = 500 f?) 31.7 (10.08)
Eliminate all skylights in roof 2 (0.635)
Use light green paint on walls @=0.47) 32 (10.18) “.
f
Use white paint on roof (6=0.50) 1.87 (0.594)

Change the windows to reflective glass (SC, = 0.4) 29 (9.22)
. t
All of these alternate designs are below the maximum allowable OlTV. Therefore it is acceptable
to use any of these alternates (or any other alternate design that meets the OTTV requirement).
t
4-44
t
PART 5
BUILDING DETAILS
AIR CAVITY
l/4” 0 MS. TIE BAR

A S REOUIRED
CEMENT
SOLID BLOCK CONCRETE

MASONRY WALL (OR BRICK
MASONRY 1
124; 1021.1 IO2@2$
mm mm
38 mm
mm
CAVITY WALL
5-1
38mm
II I i I
SO
” LID BLOCK CONCRETE
MASONRY WALL (OR BRICK
MASONRY)
CEMENT PLASTER
EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE
INSULATION
MS. T I E 8A
I-OWS!.E REQUIRED
AIR CAVITY
CAVITY WALL WITH INSULATION
5-2
CONCRETE HOLLOW
BLOCK MASONRY
51 mm x 25.4 mm OR
‘Slmm x5lmm
FURRING STRIPS
!5lmm OR 25.4mm
POLYSTYRENE INSULATION
METAL LATH INFRONT // \

OF BUILDING PAPER
ALTERNATELY
IQmm CEMENT PLASTER GYPSUM PLASTER BOARD
HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK .WALL

WITH POLYSTYRENE INSULATION
5-3
-BRICKS ON EDGE
CAVITIES CAN BE FILLED
_ .6?7-? I WITH POLYSTYRENE BEADS
O R V E R M I C U L I T E INSULATIO!
CAVITY WALL WITH BRICKS ON EDGE

(FOR SINGLE STOREY LOAD BEARING WALL)
5-4
)LLOW CORE CONCRETE
I, MASONRY WALL
im:.
LOOSE FILL INSULATION
POLYSTYRENE
BEADS OR VERMICULITE
._ 1
-.:‘.’
: :.i.
I
I:
+I
‘X .I !
.., : b .;
.:.. !,:
SECTION
HOLLOW CORE CONCRETE LOOSE FILL INSULATION
MASONRY WALL THICKNESS POLYSTYRFNE
AS REQUIRED BEADS OF. tiERMICULITk
FLAN k C E ME N T PLASTEF
HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK WALL

LOOSE FILL INSULATION
5-5
BUILDING PAPER
2’5 m m OR 50mm FIBERGLASS OR

25 mm CEMENT
PLASTER -
METAL LATH AND CEMENT

-_. - PLASTER
pgiJfSlDq IINSIDE]
102 mm CONCRETE SOLID ’
BLOCK MASONRY WALL
SLAB
R .C.C. BEAM
OUTER SOLID CONC. MASONRY

/WALL IN A FRAMED STRUCTURE
,/
_.e-*.
5-6
----a
4
4
4
SOLID CONCRETE MASONRY
WALLS OR SOLID BRICK
MASONRY WALL
4
38mm AIR SPACE 4
4
4
WEEP HOLE -5lmm DAMP PROOF COURSE
4
ERPROOFING L A Y E R
4
PLINTH LEVEL INISHED F L O O R
.I: I;‘c~NcRETE (I : 2: 4 )
4
ONCRETE (I: 4: 8)
4
HARD CORE
4
. . . ..‘,,. EARTH FILL 4

POLYSTYRENE INSUL-
ATION (IF REOUIRED) 4
4
4
CAVITY WALL WITH INSULATED FOUNDATION
4
4
4
4
4
5-7
4
a
Q A
I
0D
,---- PARAPET WALL
t
II I
I
I
-I
I
II’ II
I
II
E
o- P I z
s:
J RAIN WATER
DRAINAGE
Q1
R.C.C ROOF
WITH POLYSTYRENE INSULATION
II
IL
PARAPET _WALL
u,-
/ I
I -c-
_ OPENING IN
u.lLl
-- J
CONCRETE
r VALLEY
DRAIN
PARAPET WALL DOWNSPOUT

(OPTIONAL)
ROOF PLAN SHOWING DRAINAGE PATTERN

(SEE DETAILS ON FOLLOWING SHEETS)
5-8
PARAPET WALL
I
51 mm LAYER WASHED
GRAVEL
51 mm POLYSTYRENE
/- - I N S U L A T I O N
---- WATERPROOFING LAYER

- - 3 B m m MIN SCREEDING
REINFORCED CONCRETE
DRIP -i SLAB
- CEMENT PLASTER
DETAIL ‘A’ 1 See Roof Plan 1

ROOF INSULATION WITH WASHED GRAVEL
5-9
Slmm L A Y E R MSHED
GRAVEL
r PARAPET WALL
DOWNSPOUT
Slmm POLYSTYREN
INSULATION
WATERPROOFING
LAYER
38mm MIN. SCREE
R.C.L S L A B
-CEMENT PLASTER
DETAIL ‘B’ ( See Roof Plan 1

ROOF INSULATION WiTH WASHED GRAVEL
5-10
VALLEY
r
DRA’N \
--PARAPET WALL
HOLLOW CLAY TILE ‘\

n ‘1
ROOFD;L$;ES
I \
POLYSTYRENE DOWNSPOUT
INSULATION BEYOND
( OPTIONAL 1
WATERPROOFING
LAYER
;, .-.._ .*,-
38mm MIN. .___I
SCREEDING
REINFORCED D R I P
/
CONCRETE SLAB
I, ’
GROOVES
. p,& .’ ISOmm c / c
.; ’ ‘s
.:-.c,:.:
12.5mm C E M E N T P L A S T E R - - - a _:.:
o-. : ? _.:*
DETAIL ‘C’ (S ee Roof Plan)

ROOF INSULATION WITH HOLLOW CLAY TILES
PARAPET WALL
_ Slmm LAYER WASHED

GRAVEL
/
51 mm POLYSTYRENE
INSULATION
WATERPROOFING LAYER
38mm MIN. SCREEOING
REINFORCED CONCRETE
ROOF SLAB
DRIP
CEMENT PLASTER
DETAIL ‘E’ ( S ee Roof Plan)

ROOF INSULATION WITH WASHED GRAVEL
5-12
r PARAPET WALL
ROOF SLOPES
DOWN
HOLLOW CLAY TILE
Slmm P O L Y S T Y R E N E
INSULATION
WATERPROOFING LAYER
3f3mm M I N . SCREEDING
REINFORCED CONCRETE
. -.::
.’
;., .: .,
;: 3.. ‘..’ :;‘! I* - ---~-----CEMENT PLASTER
, . Y
DETAIL ‘D’ (S ee Roof Plan I

ROOF INSU LATION WITH HOLLOW CLAY TILES
5-13
F3.C.C R O O F S L A B
SCREEDING
AIR SPACE ABOVE

F A L S E CEILlNG FALSE CEILING
SHOULD BE
SUSPENSION
VENTILATED
INSULATING PANEL
ALUMINUM T E E W I T H (ARCHITECTURAL)
E X P O S E D SPLINE
FALSE CEILING WITH ARCHITECTURAL

INSULATION PANELS
r
---~-- R.C.C R O O F S L A B
- - SCREEDING
AIR S PA C E
_
ABOVE
FALSE CEILIN>,.
TO BE \
VENTILATED FALSE CEILING
I I KSUSPENSION S Y S T E M
FIEJER G L A S S
INSULATION
PLASTER OF PARIS OR
- ACOUSTICAL CEILING TILE
F IBERGLASS INSULATION ABOVE FALSE CEILING
5-15
HOLLOW CLAY TILE (OR
WASHED GRAVEL)
t
_ MIN. 6mil POLYETHYLENE
SHEET
SO mm EXPANDED
MIN. 6mil POLYETHYLENE
- . ( SHEET
BITUMEN LAYER
SCREEDING
REINFORCED CONC. SLAB
CEMENT PLASTER
ROOF WITH EXTERIOR INSULATION
5-16
SCREEDING
-REINFORCED CONC. SLAB
RAWL PLUG : ._ ;.;‘ .~ _’ _. ;, 0.: .,I ,..

--Iv ., .6. :. SCREW
SCREW BASE LAY
TO ROOF WITH
WASHER WASHER
EXPANDkD POLYSTYRENE \
BASE LAYER 2Smm
EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE ___. _~

ARCHITECTURAL PANEL ADHESIVE APPLIED
TO BASE LAYER
EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE
INSULATION BELOW ROOF
5-1.7
APPENDIX IV
SURFACE CONDUCTANCES FOR AIR
(REPRODUCED FROM ASHRAE FUNDAMENTALS 1985)
Table 1 Surfact Conductnnccs for APLSA

w/m. DC
Surfmx Emitlance
Position of Direction Non- Rcflertlve Reflective
surface of Hcac nflrclivc L 50.20 c =o.?s
Flow L = 0.90
ha R C R L, R
STILL AIR
Horizontal . . . . . Uoward 9.26 0.11 5.17 0.19 4.32 0.23
Sloping-45 dcg &ward 9.09 0.11 5.00 0.20 4.15 0.24
Vertical . . . . . . . . Horizontal 8.29 0.12 4.20 0.24 3.35 0.30
Sloping-45 dcg Downward 7.50 0.13 3.41 0.29 2.56 0.39
Horizontal . ._ . . Dowcward 6.13 0.16 2.19 0.48 I.25 0.80
MOVING AIR 4 R4R4R

(Any Position)
6.7 m/s Wind Any 34.08 0.030
(for winter)
3.4 r&s Wind Any 22.72 0.044
(for summer)
‘No rurf~cc hrr bothrn air Spice rcS~Jna vJluc Jnd J surfJa resiruncf
nluc. No Jiir spree value cxisu for my surfrct frong Jn Jir spa 0l km IhJll
12.7 mm.
bkw rentilrwd rt~ics IX spaces &we ccihryr under summer amdi~ioau (hcrt
flow down) see TJbk 4.
ccOndUcuMa U C fO, SWfJCJS d rhc StJled httJO‘X fdO, .i”d
blJctbcdy surrwndin~r Jl the umc Iempcr~twe JS the unbknl Jir. Vlluc~ VC
bJSt?d o n J SUrfJC+Jir Ie!IprJlu~ dtffaarc O f J.sy ud f0r SUrfJCZ
letl,~JtUrCOf 21.1r.
dk Fig. 2 for Jddttiolul dJlJ.
6-5
APPENDIX V
THERMAL RESISTANCES OF PLANE AIR SPACES
Table 2A Thermal Rez$!~~! of Plane’ Air Spaces”’

- -_
Poritioo DirndO~ AlrSpm 12.7-mm Alr Sprd 19.1~mm Air Sped
of of Mr80 Tcmg -__
.Ur H-1 Temp.' mrf, V*luc of&+ 1 dot 0r El*
Fior ("0 ("C) 0.03 0.05 0.2 0.S 0.82 0.03 O.OJ 0.2 0.s 0.12
sp=f
32.2 J.6 0.37 0.36 0.27 0.17 0.13 0.41 0 39 0.28 0.18 0.13
0.29 0.28 0.23 0.17 0 I3 0.30 0 29 0 24 0.17 0.14
0.37 0.36 0.28 0 20 0.15 040 0 39 0.30 0.20 0 IJ
Hxz. up -17.8 II.1 0.30 0.30 0.26 0 20 0.16 032 0 3: 0.27 0.20 o 16
t 10.0
-17.8 10.0 16.7 J.6 J.6 0.37 0.X 0 30 0 22 0.18 0 39 0 36 0 31 0.23 0 II
I -45.6 Il.1 0.30 0.29 0.26 o.s2 0.18 0.31 0.31 0.27 0.22 0.19
AJ.6 J.6 0.36 0.3s 0.31 0.25 0.20 0.38 0.37 0.32 0.26 0.21
32.2 J.6 0.43 0.41 0.29 0.19 0.13 O.J2 0.49 0.33 0.20 0.14
10.0 16.7 0.36 0.3J 0.27 0.19 0.15 0.3J 0.34 0.27 0.19
10.0 J.6 0.4J 0.43 0.32 0.21 0.16 0.51 0.48 0.35 0.23 8:;:
-17.8 II.1 0.39 0.38 0.31 0.23 0.18 0.37 0.36 0.30 0.23 0.18
UP 0.20
-17.8 J.6 0.46 0.45 0.36 0.2s 0.19 0.48 0.37 0.26
-45.1 11.1 0.37 0.36 0.31 0.25 0.21 0.36 00: 0.31 0.2J 0.20
-4J.6 J.6 0.46 0.45 0.38 0.29 0.23 0.4s 043 0.37 0.25 0.:3
32.2 5.6 0.43 0.41 0.29 0.19 0.14 0.62 0.57 0 37 0.21 0.15
10.0 16.7 0.45 0.43 0.32 0.22 0.16 0.51 0.49 0.3J 0.23 0 I7
10.0 5.6 0.47 0.4J 0.33 0.22 0.16 0.6s 0.61 0.41 0.25 0.18
Vcnical I&k--W -17.8 II.1 0.50 0.48 0.38 0.26 0.20 O.JJ 0.53 0.41 0.25 0.21
-17.8 5.6 0.32 0.50 0.39 0.27 0.20 0.63 0.46 0.30 0.22
-4J.6 II.1 0.51 OS0 0.41 0.31 0.24 8.E 0.x) 0.42 0.31 0.24
-4J.6 J.6 O.J6 O.JJ 0.45 0.33 0.26 0.65 0.63 0.51 0.36 0.27
32.2 5.6 0.44 0.41 0.29 0.19 0.14 0.62 0.58 0.37 0.21 0.15
10.0 16.7 0.46 0.44 0.33 0.22 0.16 0.60 0.57 0.39 0.24 0.17
10.0 J.6 0.47 0.4J 0.33 0.22 0.16 0.67 0.63 0.42 0.26 0 18
Down -17.8 11.1 0.51 0.49 0.39 0.27 0.20 0.66 0.63 0.46 0.30 0.22
\ -17.8
-4J.6
J.6
Il.1
O.J2
O.J6
O.JO
O.J4
0.39
0.44
0.27
0.33
0.20
0.25
0.73
0.67
0.69
0.64
0 49
0.51
032
0.36
0.23
0.26
-4J.6 5.6 0.57 O.J6 0.4J 0.33 0.26 0.77 0.74 O-J7 0.39 0.29
32.2 5.6 0.44 041 0.29 0.19 0.14 0.62 0 58 0.37 0 21 0 15
1
10.0 16.7 0.47 045 0 33 0.22 0.16 0.66 0 62 0.42 0 I8
10.0 J.6 0.47 0.45 0.33 0.22 0.16 0 68 0 63 042 E.Z 0 18
HWZ. Ihun -17.8 II I O.J2 0.50 0 39 0 27 0 20 0.‘4 0 '0 0 JO 0 32 c :?
-17.8 5.6 0.52 0.50 0.39 0 27 0.20 O.'.( O.-l 0 <I 0.32 0 :3
-4J.6 Il.1 0.57 0.J.c 0.45 0.33 0 26 0 RI 0 '8 0 !9 040 0 30
-45.6 5.6 0.58 0 Jb 0 4 6 0.33 0.26 0.83 0.79 060 040 0.30
Table 2A Thermal Resistances of Plane’ Air Spacesb.’ (Concluded)

ml l WH
POdha DirrctiO~ AirSpact M.lmmAlrSp~ct~ M.9mmAlrSpacrc

.f of Mtaa Temg
H-1 Temp.' Diff, Vdur ofE+ vh 0r E+
s$ SIor (Yc) (Oc) 0.03 O.OJ 0.2 0.s 0.82 0.03 o.oJ 0.2 0.5 0.82
32.2 J.6 0.45 0.42 0.30 0.19 0.14 O.JO 0.47 0.32 0.20 0.14
10.0 16.7 0.33 0.32 0.26 0.18 0.H 0.27 0.3J 0.19 0.1s
LF
10.0
-17 8
5.6
II.1
0.u
0.35
0.4:
0.34
0.32
0.29
021
0.22
0.16
0.17
0.49
0.40
0.47
0.38
z.5:
0.32
0.23
0.23
0 16
0 I8
-I: 8 5.6 0.43 0.41 0.33 0.24 0.19 0.48 0.46 0.36 0.26 0.X7
-45.6 Il.1 0.34 0.34 0.30 0.24 0.20 0.39 0.38 0.33 0.26 0.21
-45.6 J.6 0.42 0.41 0.35 0.27 0.22 0.47 0.45 0.38 0.29 0.23
32.2 J.6 O.Jl 0.48 0.33 0.u) 0.14 O.J6 0.52 0.3J 0.21 0.14
10.0 16.7 0.38 0.36 0.28 0.20 O.lJ 0.40 0.38 0.29 O.lJ
49 10.0 3.6 O.Jl 0.48 0.3J 0.23 0.17 0.55 O.J2 0.37 82 0.17
siipc CP / -17.8 II.1 0.40 0.39 0.32 0.24 0.18 0.43 0.41 0.33 0.24 0.19
-17.8 5.6 0.49 0.47 0.37 0.26 0.20 0.52 O.Jl 0.39 0.27 0.r)
-456 II.1 0.39 0.38 0.33 0.26 0.21 0.41 0.40 0.3s 0.27 0.22
J.6 0.48 0.46 0.39 0.30 0.24 0.51 0.49 0.41 0.31 0.24
32.2 5.6 0.70 0.64 0.40 0.22 0.15 0.6J 0.60 0.38 0.22 O.lJ
10.0 16.7 0.4J 0.43 0.32 0.22 0.16 0.47 0.4J 0.33 0.22 0.16
10.0 J.6 0.67 0.62 0.42 0.26 y& 0.64 0.60 0.41 0.18
v&Cal Horu. - -17.8 Il.1 0.49 0.47 0.37 0.26 O.Jl 0.49 0.38 8$ 0.20
-17.8 J.6 0.62 0.59 0.44 0.29 0.12 0.61 O.J9 0.u 0.22
-4J.6 1I.i O.Lb 0.4J 0.38 0.29 0.23 O.JO 0.48 0.40 82 0.24
AJ.6 J.6 O.J8 O.J6 0.46 0.34 0.26 0.60 O.J8 0.47 0.34 0.26
32.2 J.6 0.89 OM 0.4J 0.24 0.16 0.8s 0.76 0.u 024 0.16
10.0 16.7 0.63 O.J9 0.41 0.2J 0.18 0.62 0.58 0.40 0.2s 0.18
10.0 J.6 0.90 0.82 O.JO 0.28 0.19 0.83 0.77 0.48 0.28 0.19
Dam -17.8 11.1 0.68 0.64 0.47 0.31 0.22 0.67 0.64 0.47 031 0.2
-17.8 J.68 0.87 0.81 0.56 0.34 0.24 0.81 0.76 0.J3 0.33 0.24
\ -45.6 II.1 0.49 0.3J 0.27 0.66 0.64 O.Jl
0.U 0.62 0.28
45.6 J.6 0.82 0.79 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.79 0.76 O.J8 82 0.X
32.2 J.6 I .07 0.94 0.49 0.2J 0.17 1.77 I.U 0.60 0.28 0.18
16.7 1.10 0.99 O.J6 0.30 0.20 1.69 0.68 0.33 0.21
HaL chwn -17.8

J.6
II.1
1.16
1.24
I.04
1.13
O.J8
0.69
0.30
0.39
0.20
0.26
I.%
1.92
f:G
I .a
0.72
0.86
0.34
0.43
0.22
0.29
-17.8 J.6 1.29 1.17 0.70 0 39 0.27 2.11 1.82 0.89 0.u 0.29
AJ.6 II.1 1.36 1.27 0.84 0.50 0.3s 2.OJ l.8J 1.06 O.J7 0.3a
-4J.6 5.6 I.42 1.32 0.86 O.Jl 0.35 2.28 2.03 I.12 O.J9 0.39
APPENDIX VI
THERMAL RESISTANCES OF BUILDING MATERIALS
Design Heat Transmission Coefficients
Table 3A Thermal Properties of T!picnl Building and Insulating Materials-Design Values’

Dewriplion Dens+ Condvc- Conduc- Resistance(R) Specific
hg/m’ livitl lance Heat
A- (C) Per rpr For thick- kJ/
U’/m* T W/m’ l 9c thichncss ness listed (kg* “C)
.(1/A) (l/c)
m* T/W m’*T/W
BC’ILDING BO4RD
Borrds. Panels. Subflooring. Sheathing

H oodboard Panel Products
,&hestor-ccmcnt board. ........................ 1920 0.576 I. 74 I .Ol
.&beslorcemcm board t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.18 mm 1920 - 187.4 - O.&
~bcs~os-cemen! board ..................6.35 mm I920 - 93.12 - 0.011
Gypwqorpiai:erboard.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.53mm - 17.61 - 0.056 1.09
Gypsumo~plawr board ................ 12.70mm zz - 12.61 - 0.079
Gypsumorplaslerboard.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8Emm 800 - 10.1 I 0.099
plywxd (Douglas Fir) ......................... 544 0.11 - GM 1.22
Plpwd (Douglas Fir) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3.5 mm 544 - 18.18 - 0.G
Plywwd (DouJas Fir) ..................9.53 mm 544 - 12.10 - 0.083
Plywod (Douglas Fir). ................ 12.70 mm 544 - 9.09 - 0.11
Plywood (Dou8las Fir). ................. 15.88 mm 544 - 7.33 - 0. I4
Plywood or uood panels ................ 19.05 mm 544 - 6.08 - 0. I6 I .22
Vegc:ablc Fiber Board
Sheathing, regular density ............. 12.70 mm 288 - 4.32 - 0.23 1.30
19.84 mm 288 - 2.78 - 0.36
Sheathing intermediate den&: : : : : : : : : : 12.70mm 352 - 4.66 - 0.21 1.30
Nail-base sheathing .................. l2.?0 mm 400 - 5.00 - 0.20 I .30
Shingle backer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.53 mm 288 - 6.02 - 0.17 1.30
Shingle backer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.94 mm 288 - 1.21 - 0.14
Sound deadening board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.70 mm 240 - 4.20 - 0.24 1.26
Tile and la>-In panels. plain or
a:?usric ............................... 0.05s - 17.35 0.59
.... .................... I:.‘Omm - 4.54 - 0.;
19.0.’ mm ? 01 0.33
LairxarG ,,r.ddarb ................................ .... ... OF: - 1358 - 1.38
Ho;r:a*eneour board from
rcp&-zd gavr. ........................... GO 0.0’:: - 13.88 I.17
Hardbwd
>lcdium density. ............................ RCQ 0.10.’ - 9.51 I.30
Hlgt dcnslt!. service temp. SCT\ ICC
undcrla) ................................ 880 0.115 - 8.47 - I.34
High denstt!. std. tempered. ................... 1008 0.142 6.94 - 1.34
Particleboard
Loudensir! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 0.0’5 - 12.84 - 1.30
A!dlurn
. dcnslry. ............................ 800 O.l?.( - 7.36 1.30
Hlghdcnsi!! . . . . . . . .._..................... loclo 0.1-o 5.90 - 1.30
Undc:laymcnt . . . . 15X8 mm w - z93 - 0.14 I.22
b’ood subfloor 19.05 mm - 6.02 - 0.17 1.38
BLILDI\G MEMBRASE
\‘apor--permeable felt . . . . - - 94.86 - 0.011

i’apor-seal. 2 layers of mopped
0.73kg’m: felt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 47.43 - 0.021
Vapor-seal. plastic film. . . . . . . . . . . - - Eicg!. _, __
Fl.VISH FLOORING MATERIALS
Carpc! and fibrous pad. . . . . . . . - - 2.13 - 0.37 1.4:

Carpal and rubber pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 4.60 - 0.22 1.36
CorkMe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.l8mm - - 20.45 0.049 2.01
Tcrrauo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2S.40 mm - - 71.00 0.014 0.80
Tile-asphalt. linoleum. vinyl. rubber. . . . . . . . . . . . . - 113.6 - 0.009 1.26
tiny1 asbestos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.01
ceramic.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .: . . . . . 0.80
Wood. harduood finish.. . . . . . . . . . . . 19.05 mm 8.35 0.12 _
ISSC’LATIKG MATERIALS
Blanket and Ball’

hlineral Fibcr. fibrous form processed
from rock. slag, or glass
approx.c ‘6.2-101.6 mm.. . . . . . . . . . . . .... 4.8-32.0 - 0.52 - I. 9@
approx.e 88.9mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8-32.0 - 2.29”
ap;rrox.c 139.7-165.1 mm.. . . . _. . . . . . 4.8-32.0’ - !& - P.34”
approx.’ 152.4-177.8 mm . . . . . . . . . 4.8-32.0 0.26 ,78?b
approx. c 215.9-228.6mm . _. . _. . . . 4.8-32.0 0.19 5.w
approx. 301.8 mm.. . . 4.8-32.0 - 0.15 - -6. 6rb -
APPENDIX VI (Cont’d)
Table 3A Thermal Properties of TypIcal Building rnd Insulodag Materials-Design Values’
Descriptioa Densil~ Conduc- Conduc- Resistnnrc (RI sptcifk

kg/m’ deity tnncc Heat
(1) (Cl Per r/l For thick- kJ/
W’/m* “c W/m1 T l thickness ness listed (kg* “c)
Board and Slabs

Cellular glass ........................... 136 0 @.<O - 19.85 - 0.75
Glass fiber, organic bonded ................ ... 61-14-l O.O_M 27.76 0.96
Expanded perlitc, organic bonded. ........... . . . 16.0
Expanded rubber (ngrd) ................... .
Expanded polystyrene extruded
72.0 :::3: -
19.29
31.58 -
1.26
1.68
Cut cell surface ...... : ................. ... 28.8 0.036 27.76 - 1.22
Smooth skin surf= .................... ... 28.8-56.0 0.029 34.70 - 1.22
Expanded polystyrene, melded beads ......... ... 16.0 0.037 23.25 -
20.0 0.036 - 27.76 -
24.0 0.035 - 28.94 - -
28.0 0.035 - 28.94
32.0 0.033 30.19 - -
Cclluiar polyurcthw (R-l 1 exp.)(unfaced). . . . . . . . . 24.0 0.023 43.38 1.59
Foil-faced, glass fiber-reinforced cellular
Polyisocyanurate (R-l 1 exp.)d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 0.020 - 49.97 - 0.92
Nominal 12.7Omrr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1.58 - 0.63
Nominal 25.40 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 0.79 - 1.27
NominalSO.&Imlir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 0.39 2.53
5lineral fiber with resin binder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 0.042 23.94 - 0.71
Mineral fiberboard. *et felred
Core or roof insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25627? 0.049 - 20.40 -
Acoustical tile.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 0.050 - 19.85 - 0.80
.Acousrical t i l e . . . . . . . . . . 336 0.053 18.74 -
Slineral fiberboard. *er molded
Acouslical rilcr . . 368 0.060 - 16.52 0.59
Wood or cane fiberbzwd
Acoustical GleC . . . . 12.70 mm - - 4.54 0.22 I .30
Acoustical tiler . . . . . . 19.05 mm - 3.01 - 0.33
Interior finish (plank. tile). . . . . . . . . 240 0.050 - 19.85 - 1.34
Cemen: Bber slabs cxxedded wood
u Ith Porlland cerz:r: binder . . . . . . . 40-d!: 0.072-0.070 - 13.88-13.12 -
Cemenr fiber slabs ci?zdded wood
uirh m a g n e s i a ot!~~lfide binder). . . 352 0.082 - 12.15 - 1.30
LOOSE FILL
Cellulosic insulatior (milled paper or
~oodpulp) ................................ 3;;;rik2 O.“;J-&O46 - 25.68-21.72 - 1.38
Sawdust or shavinpr .......................... - 15.41 1.38
Kood fiber. sofruo.2: ........................ ??:o-ko o.cG - ‘3.11 - I.38
ferllre. expanded ...........................
32.0-65.6 0.039-0.045 25.68-22.90
65-1 I6 0.045-0.052 22.90-19.43
118-1’6 0.05?~.060 19.43-16.66
Sfineral fibcr (rock, s!ag or glass)
approx.95.3-127.0mm ....................... 9.6320 - - I.94 0.7)
approx. 165.1-2X.3 mm ...................... 9.6-32.0 - 3.34
approx. 190.5-2.U.Omm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6-32.0 - - 3.87
approx. 260.4-349.3 mm ...................... 9.6-32.0 - - 3.28
Mineral fiber (rock, slag or glass)
approx. 83.8 mm [dosed sidewall application). ..... 32.0-56.0 2.46
Vermiculite, exfoliated ......................... 112-131 O.&l 1 14.rs - I.34
64.0-96.0 0.063 - 15.75
FlELD APPLIED
Polyurethane foam .......................... 24.Mo.0 0.023-0.026 - 43.3%-36.50 -
Ureaformaldehyde foam. ..................... 1 I .2-2S.6 0.032-0.040 - 24.78-31.58 -
Spray cellulosic fiber base ..................... 32.e96.0 0.035-O.W3 - 23.11-28.94 -
PLASTERING MATERIALS
Cement plaster, sand aggregate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186s 0.720 1.39
Sand aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.S3 mm - - 75G4 o.zr 0”::
Sand aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.05 mm - - 37.83 - 0.026 0:84
Gypsum plaster:
Lightweight aggregate ................ 12.70 mm :$ - 17.72 0.056
Lighrweight aggregate ................ IS.88 mm - IS.17 0.059
Lightweight agg. on metal lath. ....... 19.05 mmin. 12.10 0.083
Perlite aggregate ............................ 720 0.2l6 - 4.65 - 1.34
APPENDIX VI ICont’d)
Table 3A Thermal Properties of Typical Building and Insulating Malerinls-Design Values’
I&criplion Dcnsily Conduc- Conduc- Rtistancc I!?)

-__- Specific
hg/ms livit) tancc HaI
0) (0 Per m For thick- kJ/
M’/m* QC H’/ms l “c Ihickncs ncss listed (kg* n
PLASTERllVG MATERIALS
Sand aggregate ............................. 1680 0.806 - 1.25 0.84

Sand aggregate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.70 mm 1680 - 63.05 - O.z6
Sandaggregate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.88mm 1680 51.65 - 0.019
Sand aggregate on metal lath ........... 19.05 mm 43.14 - 0.023
Vermiculite aggregate ........................ Go 0.245 - 4.09 -
M_ASOSRT MATERtALS
Concrcta
Cement mortar. ............,................ 0.720 - 1.39
0.239 - 4.16
0.749 - I.32
pandcd shale. clay or slate; expanded 0.518 - I.94
slags; cinders; pumice; vermiculite; 0.360 - 2.78
also cellular concrcta 0.245 - 4.99
0.166 - 5.97
0.130 - 7.70
0.101 5.92
Pcrlirc, expanded ............................. 7.50
9.79
320 0.072 13.88 I.34
Sand and grawl or sfonc aggregate
(oven dried). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2240 1.2% - 0.76 0.92
Sand and gravel or stone aggregate
(not dried). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2240 1.728 0.56
SUJcco...................................... 1856 0.720 - I.35
Brick, commonr .............................. 1920 0.720 - 1.39 - 0.60

Brick. face’. ................................. 1.2% - 0.76
Clay tile. hollow:
I cclldccp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76.2mm - 7.10 - 0. I4 0.88
I cclldccp ......................... lOl.6mm 5.11 0.20
2ccllsdccp.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.4mm 3.75 0.27
2ccllsdccp ........................ .203.2mm 3.07 0.33
2cellsdccp.. ..................... ..254.0m m 2.56 0.39
3ccllsdccp ....................... ..304.8m m 2.27 0.44
Concrete blocks. three oval core:
Sandandgravelaggrcgate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.6mm 7.95 0. I2 0.92
............ .203.2nun 5.11 0.20
. . . . . . . . . . . . .304.8mm 4.43 - 0.23
Cinder aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76.2 mm - 6.59 - 0. I5 0.88
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.6mm 5.11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.2 mm :z
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..304.8m m :%I 0:33
Lightweight aggregate .............. .76.2 rt~tn 4:49 - 0.22 0.88
apaoded shale. day, rla~e ......... 101.6tnm 3.81 0.26
0rshg;pumia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203.2mm 0.35
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304.8mm ::: 0.40
Concrete blocks, rataogular corea
203.2 mm, 16.3 kg 5.45 0. lb

Sarne;ithfilledaxat..
........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2.95 0.34 t::
Lightweight aggregate (expanded shale.
;lay;:l~te or slag. pumsa):
. .. .... 152.4 mm, 8.6 kg - 0.29 0.88
Samc;vithfillcdcorcs’...
.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . :*z o.s3
2corc, g . . . . . . . . . i.. ... .203.2mm. 10.9kg - 2:6l 0.38
$r;eyth filled cores .................... 1.14
.................. 304.8 mm, 17.3 kg 2.27 :z
Saute with filtcdcorcst .................... 0.97 1:OZ
Pone.limeorsaad.. .......................... 1.&l 026 0.80
.
Gypsum partition tile:
76.2*304.8~762.0mm,solid_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.49 0.22 0.w
76.2~~.8*762.0mm,4-ceU . . . . . . . . . -...... 4.20 0.24
A‘31.6 0 304.8 l 762.0mm. 3-ceU . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . - 3.41 - 0.19
6-9
APPENDIX VI (Cont’d)
Table 3A Thermnl Properties of Typlcnl Building and Insulnllng hfnterinls-Design Vnlucs’

Dcsctipuoo DclId1y Condmc- Conduc- Rcslstnncc (RI
kg/m’ tivip lance
A (0 Per Q For lhick-
M’/rn* ;f W/m* T Ihickncss ness Wed
(l/A) (l/O
III. “c/w mz*°C+t
(3 Chnpler 39. Table 3)
ROOFING
&bcstos-ccment shingles ....................... 1920 - 27.04 - 0.037 1.01
Asphalt roll roofing . . ......................... II20 36.92 - 0.026 1.51
Asphalt shingles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II20 12.89 - 0,077 1.26
Built-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.53 mm II20 - 17.04 - 0.058 I .47
Slate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.70mm - - 113.6 - Zp 1.26
U’ood shingles. plain and plastic film faced. . . . . . . , . . - 6.02 - 1.30
SIDING MATERIALS (on flat surfarc)
Shingles
Asbcstosxcmcnt . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1920 - 26.98 - 0.037
Wood. 406.4 mm, 190.5 mm vposure. . . . . . . - 6.53 - 0. I5 I.30
Wood. double. 406.4 mm, 304.8 mm exposure . - - 4.77 - 0.21 1.17
Wood, plus insul. backer board. 7.94 mm . . . - - 4.03 - 0.25 1.30
Siding
Asbatos-ccment, 6.35 mm, lapped . . . . . , - - 27.04 - 0.037 1.01
Asphalt roll siding. ............. - - 36.92 - 0.026 1.47
Asphalt insulating siding (12.70 mm bed.). . . GO - 3.92 4.65 - 0.26 1.17 1.47
Hardboard siding. I I. I I mm. . . . . . . . . . . 0.21’
M’ood.drop,25.4 * 2 0 3 . 2 m m . . . . . . . . . - 7.21 - 0. I4 I.17
Wood, bevel. 12.7 l 203.2 mm. lapped. . . . - - 6.99 - 0. I4 I.17
W’ood, bevel. 19.1 l 254.0mm. lapped. . . . . - - 5.40 - 0.18 I.17
Wood. plywood. 9 . 5 3 m m . lapped.. - - 9.03 - 0.10 1.22
.Aluminum or S~cel!. o~cr shea:hing
Holiou-backed . . . . - - 9.14 - 0.11 1.22
Insulartng-board backed nominal
9.53mm . . . . . . . . . . . .._...... . . . . - - 3.12 - 0.32 1.34
Insulating-board backed nominal
9.53mm,foilbackcd .._..........._.. 1.93 0.52
Archrtcctural8lass . - - 56.80 - 0.018 0.84
H’OODS (12% Moisture ConIcnt)L*’
Hardwoods I .63
Oak................................ 659-749 C’ !6l-C.:%J - 6.18-5.S5 -
Btrch............................... 682-726 0 16’4.:‘6 - 6.04-5.69 -
blaplc.............................. . 637-704 0.1c7-c.:-I - 6.526. I I -
Ash................................ 614-670 0 13_o.!fJ - 6.52-6. I I -
SOftuoodS
1.63
Southern Pine. . . . . 5X-659 O.lU-O.111 - 6.94-6.18 -
Douglas Fir-Larch.. . . . 536-581 0 13:-0.1:5 - 7.36-6.87
Southern Cypress . . . . . . . . . 502-5 I4 0.130-&1: 7.70-7.56 -
Hem-Fir, Spruce-Pine-Fir . ......... 392-502 0.107-0.1:~ x 9.37-7.70 -
West Coast Woods, Cedars.. ............... 347-502 0.098-O. 1-w - 10.27-7.70 -
California Redwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392-448 0.107-0.1!8 - 9.37-8.47 -
Sotcs r0t Tgbk 1.4

‘f!Ixnpt where otherwise nolcdd, a11 values arc for a mean tcmpcrarurc of 23.9oC Reprorntatiw vahws for dry matrr~als. sckclcd by ASHRAE TC 4.4. are tn-
tended as design (not spccifiatton) values for ma~ertals tn normal use. Insulation materuh m actual scrvicc may have thermal values that vary from design values
dwcnding on their in-siru propcrtia (e.g.. density and moisture content). For proptrues of a parttcular product. use the value supplied by the manufacturer or by un
biased tests.
b Does not include paper backing and facing. if any. Where insulation forms a boundar) tzfkctivc or otherwiN of an air space. see Tables I, 2A and 2B for the in-
sulating y&c of an air spot with the appropriate effective enuttancc and temperature condcxms of the space.
CV~ua are for aged. unfaccd. bourd stock. For change in conductivity with age ofexpanded urethane. KC Chaprrr 20. Factors Alfecting Thermal Cmductivi~y.
dTime-agcd values for b&d stock with gas-barrier quality (0.025 mm thickness or grututatuminum foil faars on IWO major surfaces.
elnsulating yalua of acoustical tik vary. depending on density of the board and on type. M and depth of perforations.
‘Face brick and common brick do nor always have these specific densities. When density drCfas from that show-a. chat is a change in thermal conductivity.
*Datg on rcc~ngular core concrete blocks differ from the above data on oval core blats. due to core conftguration. different mean temperatures. and possibly
dtffcrenm in unit weights. Weight data on the oval core blocks tested are not l vailabk.
b Weigh& ol units approximately 193.7 mm high and 400. I mm long. These ucighu are pwst as a means of describing the blocks tested. but conductaacc values arc
ah for 0.093m2 of area.
‘Vcrmtculile. pcrhre. or mineral wool insulation. Where insulation is used. vapor barriers n other prccaurions must be considered to keep insulalion dry.
J Values for mcral siding applied over tlal surfaces vary widely. depending on rmoun1 of wwilatton of air space beneath the siding: whether air space is rcflecti~c or
nonrcfkcuvc; and on thickness. 1ype. and applicafion of insulating backingboard used. Vrtar gi\cn arc arerapcs for USC as design guides. and utre obtained front
se~ergl guarded hotbox tests (ASTM C236) or calibrated hotbox (BSS 77) on hdlow~backrd types and lypcs made using backing-boards of wood fibcr. formed
plastic. and glass fibcr. Departures of=JOIL or more from the ralun given may occur.
’ Fores1 Products Laboratory Wood Handbook. U.S. Dept. of Agricuhurr 072, 1974. Tat+& 3 and 4.
‘1. Adams: Supporting cryogenic equipment with wood (ClumicoolEnginrrring. May 17. ITI).
6-10
APPENDIX VII
SHADING CO-EFFICIENTS FOR GLASS
Table 29 Shading Coefficients for Single Gina

and Insulating Glass’
A. Single Glnss
T)pcof Somin8l Salnr Shading Cocffidcnl
f&s3 Thickness’ Tnns.’ h,,=22.7 h,=l7.0
Clear 3mm 0.86 1.00 1.00
6mm 0.78 0.94 0.95
IOmm 0.72 0.90 0.92
12mm 0.67 0.87 0.88
Heal
Absorbing 3mm 0.64 0.83 0.85
6mm 0.46 0.69 0.73
lOmm 0.33 0.60 0.64
12mm 0.24 0.53 0.58
B. Insnlrttly Class
amout.
Ckar In 3 mm’ 0.7P 0.88 0.88
Clear out.
Clur In 6mm 0.61 0.81 0.82
Heal Absorbingd
Out. Clear In 6mm 0.36 0.55 0.58
‘Refers to factory-fabricated untu wth 5. 6 or 12 mm UI space or to prime
windows plus storm sash.
bRcf~ to muwfaclurcr’s literature for value.
‘Tbicknas of each pane of glass. not tb~~knas of rrscmblcd uaic.
‘R&n IO grry. bronze and 6reen tinted bat4sorbin6 Iloaf &SI.
eCombincd trmsmirtancc for usembkd YM.
APPENDIX IX
COEFFICIENTS OF TRANSMISSION FOR DOORS
Table SA Coefficients of Transmission (Li) for H’ood Doors’, H./m?. h;
H inrerb
___- _ _ _ SummerC
\O \\ ood \fekal \O
Slorm Storm Slorm Slnrm
DC\.liOll Door Doof Door’ Door
Hollou core flush do@: 2.67 1.70 I.82 “6
_._
Solid core flush door 7 7’)
_.-., I .a I .59 2.16
Panel door H iih I I. I I mm panels 3.24 1.87 ?..I0 3.C’
H~>!iotr iore llu\h d;x>r 2.61 .65 1.82 2.5 0
\h”.h t~r.gle glazing& 3.58 I .s: 2.04 3 <’
Soltd core tlukh door I .Sl .59 I .42 I.E2
V’tth single glazing’ 2.61 .6S 1.8 2.50
\\‘tlh inculailng ,glas$ 2.10 .42 1.5; :.cu
Panel door u irh I I. I I mm parwIsh 3.07 .a2 2.04 :.95
6-13
APPENDIX X
MINIMUM GLASS AREAS
(REPRODUCED FROM BUILDING CODE OF PAKISTAN)
MINIMUM GLASS AREAS FOR ROOMS

OF RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCY
Unobstructed Glass Area
Location With NO Electric Lighting With Electric Lighting

(1) (2) (3)
Lacrrdry ‘basement
Unfinishd 4 percent of area served Windows not required
baszreni: or
cellar
_-
Water clxet room 0.37 sq.m 0.37 sq.m
K i tchan
kitchen -ace 10-15 percent of area 10-15 percent of
served area served
Livin; rxms and 15-20 percent of area 15-20 percent of area -

dining rooms, ser txd served
&d~GCXT cd--
other iizished 10-15 percent of area 10-15 pxent of area
rocms including served with at least served with at least
bathrooms not one window. one window.
mention4 above
-.-
G-14
APPENDIX XI
Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) Tables (SI Units)
Table la. Table 2a.
Buildings with SINGLE ZONE HVAC Systems Buildings with CENTRAL HVAC Systems
I
Ghss GlPss I
City City
Dir ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE Dir ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE
N 13 13 13 14 12 10 g 13 13 13 14 12 10
NE 6 5 6 7 5 3 VE 13 13 14 15 13 11
E 4 3 5 6 4 2 12 11 13 14 12 9
SE 4 2 5 6 4 2 iE 11 9 12 13 11 8
sSW I 9
11
I
9
9
12
11
13
9
11
6
8
i
iw
11
11
8
9
11
12
12
13
10
11
I
8
W 12 11 13 14 12 9 rv 12 11 13 14 12 9
NW 13 12 13 14 12 10 nv 13 13 14 15 13 11
HOR 11 9 11 12 10 8 3OR 13 12 14 15 13 11
Concrete or Brick Walls Concre4e or Brick Walls

City Ifwallis City Ifwallis
ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE darkadd: Dir ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE dadcadd:
N 9 8 9 11 8 6 2 Y 9 9 10 11 9 I
NE 9 8 9 11 8 7 2 VE 14 13 14 16 13 11
E 9 8 9 11 9 6 2 E 16 14 16 17 15 13
SE 8 7 9 10 8 6 2 SE 15 13 15 16 14 12
S I 6 8 9 7 4 1 s 11 9 11 12 11 8
SW 9 8 10 11 9 I 2 SW 11 9 11 12 11 8
W 11 9 11 12 10 8 3 W 11 9 11 12 10 8
NW 11 11 12 13 11 8 3 NW 10 9 11 12 9 8
Frame Walls Fr8me Walls

City Ifwallis City
Dir ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE darkadd: Dir ISB MI LHR MUL PSH QUE
N 14 14 15 16 14 12 4 N 14 14 15 16 14 12
NE 19 18 20 21 18 17 6 NE 15 14 16 17 14 13
E 23 22 23 24 22 20 8 E 16 14 16 17 15 13
SE 20 18 21 22 19 17 7 SE 16 13 16 17 15 12
S 21 18 21 22 20 17 7 S 18 16 18 19 17 14
SW 27 25 27 28 26 24 9 SW 28 26 29 29 28 25
W 31 29 31 32 30 28 11 W 31 29 31 32 30 28
NW 27 26 27 28 26 24 9 NW 23 23 24 25 23 21
L i :
r
Table 3a.
All Buildings (SINGLE ZONE or CENTRAL HVAC Systems)
-
Roofs without Suspended Ceiling lr Rods with Suspended Ceilings
ROOf City rfmofis city Iftvofis
Culstnlctial ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE dark add: ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE dadc add:
4” co(Icn%e
WI0 insul 34 32 34 35 33 31 12 29 28 30 31 29 27 11
4” concrete
w/ insltl 24 23 2.5 26 24 22 9 18 17 19 20 18 16 6
6”cxmcn%c
w/o insul 28 26 28 29 27 25 10 22 20 22 23 21 19 7
.
6” concrete
wl instil 21 19 21 22 20 18 7 17 16 17 18 16 14 6
8” concrete
WI0 insul 21 19 21 22 20 18 7 17 15 17 18 16 14 5
8” concrete
w/ insttl 17 16 17 18 16 14 6 16 14 16 17 15 13 5
APPENDIX XI (Cont’d)
Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) Tables (British Units)

Table lb. Table 2b.
BuiJdings w;rh SJNCLE ZONE HVAC S_YSLYJIS B&dings Evjrh CENTRAL JJVAC Systems
Glnss GIaM
!
City City
Dir ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE Dir ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE
N 23 23 24 26 22 18 N 23 23 24 26 22 18
YE 10 9 11 13 9 5 NE 24 23 25 27 23 19
E 8 6 9 11 7 3 E 22 20 23 2.5 21 17
SE 8 4 9 11 7 3 SE 20 16 21 23 19 15
S 17 12 17 19 16 11 S 19 14 19 21 18 13
SW 20 16 21 23 19 15 SW 20 16 21 23 19 15
W 22 20 23 25 21 17 W 22 20 23 25 21 17
NW 23 22 24 26 22 18 NW 24 23 25 27 23 19
HOR 19 16 20 22 18
Concrete or Brick Walls

14
A..
-
HOR 24 21 25 27 23
Concrete or Brick Walls

19
4
City Ifwallis City Ifwallis
Dir ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE darkadd: Dir ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE dark add:
N 16 15 17 19 15 11 N 17 16 18 20 16 12
NE 16 15 17 20 15 12 NE 25 23 26 28 24 20
E 17 14 17 19 16 11 E 28 26 29 31 27 23
SE 15 12 16 18 14 10 SE 27 23 27 29 26 21
s 13 10 14 16 12 a S 20 16 20 22 19 14
SW 17 14 18 20 16 12 SW 20 16 20 22 19 14
W
NW
19
20
17
19
20
21
22
23
Frame Walls
18
19
14
15
1- W
NW
19
18
17
17
20
20
22
22
Flame Walls
18
17
14
14
5-
City Ifwallis
Dir ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE dark add: Dir “,”
N 26 25 27 29 25 21 8 N a
I
NE 34 33 36 38 33 30 11 NE 27 26 29 31 26 23 8
E 41 39 42 44 40 36 14 E 28 26 29 31 27 23 9
SE 36 33 37 39 35 31 12 SE 28 24 29 30 27 22 8
S 37 33 38 39 36 31 12 S 32 28 32 34 31 26 10
SW 48 45 49 51 47 43 17 SW 51 47 52 53 50 45 18
W 55 53 56 58 54 50 20 W 55 53 56 58 54 50 20
NW 48 47 49 51 47 43 17
-1
NW
_I_
42 41 43 45 41 37
1 15
Table 3b.
All Buildiigs (SINGLE ZONE or CENTRAL HVAC Systems)
1
- -
Roof
r Roofs without Suspended Ceilings
City Ifroofia
lr Roofs with Suspended Ceillngr
City If roof is
ChStlUCfiUl ISB KHI LH.R MUL PSH QUE dark add: ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE dark add:
4” cancrete
w/o insul 61 58 61 63 60 55 22 53 50 54 56 52 48 19
4” umcrctc
WI insul 44 42 45 47 43 39 16 33 31 34 36 32 28 11
6” concrete
w/o insul so 47 51 53 49 45 18 39 36 40 42 38 34 13
6” mcntc
w/ inrul 37 35 38 40 36 32 13 30 28 31 33 29 25 10
8” concree
w/o insul 37 34 38 40 36 32 12 30 27 31 33 29 25 9
8” concrete
WI insul 30 23 31 33 29 25 10 28 26 29 31 27 23 9
G-l G
Miscellaneous Tables (SI Units)

Table 5a
Shading Coefficient for Exterior Shading (SCE)
Overbangs Nearby (< 15m)

1 Cooling 1 Heating Dir 0.tk-l 1.2m 2.Om Bldgs Tl-X.s
City ATT, AW 1 ATH 1 N 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Islamabad 13 0.008 19 NE 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.95
Karachi 11 0.009 11 E 0.95’ 0.90 0.85 0.75 0.80
Labore. 16 0.008 18 SE 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.85
MIlltan 17 0.010 18 s 0.80 0.70 0.65 0.85 0.90
Peshawar 16 0.006 18 SW 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.85
Quetta 11 0 27 W 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75 0.80
NW 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.95
Shading Coefficient for Interior Shad
Table 7a.
Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF)
Bulldmgs wth SINGLE ZONE HVAC Systems Buildings with CENTRAL HVAC Systems
City City
Dir ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE
N 101 113 104 104 101 104 95 104 95 95 95 95
NE 388 407 391 394 388 394 104 110 104 107 104 107
E 542 539 542 542 542 542 117 113 117 117 117 117
SE 397 334 378 372 397 372 107 91 104 101 107 101
S 202 123 177 164 202 164 88 54 79 73 88 73
SW 407 344 388 381 407 381 397 334 378 312 397 372
W 558 552 555 555 558 55s 558 552 555 555 558 555
NW 429 451 432 435 429 435 381 404 385 388 381 388
HOR 725 236 731 735 125 735 4% 508 501 501 495 501
Table 89.
Internal Load from People
, Activhy -purcyType W
Sutsd AUditOriUffl 103
Light Wti Hotel, House 149
Eating Restaumnt 170
Light work Office, R&I, Bank 187
Heavy Work Factory 469
Ahlticr Gymnasium 586
6-17
Miscellaneous Tables (British Units)
City
Table 4b.
Design Conditions
cooling
ATT, AW
Hating
ATT,
41
Shading Coefficient for Exterior Shading (SC )
N 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Islamabad 24 0.008 35 NE 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.95
Karachi 20 0.009 19 E 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75 0.80
klb0l-e 29 0.008 33 SE 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.85
MIlltan 31 0.010 33 S 0.80 0.70 0.65 0.85 0.90
Peshawar 28 0.006 33 SW 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.85
Que- 20 0 49 W 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75 0.80
NW 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.95
Table 6b.
(1
Shading Coefficient for Interior Shading (SCI)
0.64 0.55 0.59 0.25 0.65 0.55

0.57 0.53 0.45 0.30 0.49 0.44
0.33 0.29 0.25 0.21 0.33 0.30
0.57 0.51 0.60 0.25 0.56 0.48

0.39 0.36 0.40 0.22 0.43 0.39
0.27 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.27 0.26
Table 7b.
Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHCF)
Buildings with SINGLE ZONE HVAC Systems II Buildings with CENTRAL HVAC Systems
City City
Dir ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE II ISB KHI LHR MUL PSH QUE
N 32 36 33 33 32 33 30 33 30 30 30 30
NE 123 129 124 125 123 125 33 35 33 34 33 34
E 172 171 172 172 172 172 37 36 37 37 37 37
SE 126 106 120 118 126 118 34 29 33 32 34 32
S 64 39 56 52 64 52 28 17 25 23 28 23
SW 129 109 123 121 129 121 126 106 120 118 126 118
W 177 175 176 176 177 176 177 175 176 176 177 176
NW 136 143 137 138 136 138 121 128 122 123 121 123
HOR 230 236 232 233 230 233 157 161 159 159 157 159
Table 8b.
Internal Load from People
Activity Occuprncy Type BTUh

se&d Auditorium 350
Ii@ Wok Hotel, House 510
bting Restaurant 580
lit&t Wok Office,Retail,Bank 6 4 0
Heavy Wok FaCllXy 1600
Athletics Gymnasia 2000
6-18
Appendix XII
Ventilation Requirements for Occupants
Estimated Required ventilation air

persons/ per human occupant
1000 ft* Minimum Recommended

floor area cfm cfm
RESIDENTIAL
Single Unit Dwellings

General Living Areas, Bedrooms, Utility Rooms 5 5 7-l 0
Kitchens, Baths, Toilet Rooms 20 30-50
Multiple Unit Dwellings and Mobile Homes

General Living Areas, Bedrooms, Utility Rooms 7 5 7-l 0
Kitchens, Baths, Toiler Rooms 20 30-50
Garages 1.5 2.3
COMMERCIAL
Public Rest Rooms 100 15 20-25

Sales Floor 30 7 10-15
Storage Areas (Serving Sales Areas and Storerooms) 5 5 7-10
Dressing Rooms 7 10-15
Malls and Arcades 40 7 10-15
Shipping and Receiving Areas 10 15 15-20
Warehouses 5 7 10-15
Elevators 7 lb-15
Meat Processing Rooms 10 5 5
Pharmacists’ Workrooms 10 20 25-30
Dining Rooms 70 10 15-20
Kitchens 20 30 35
Cafe 100 30 35
Hotels, Motels, Resorts

Bedrooms 5 7 10-15
Living Rooms (Suites) 20 10 15-20
Baths, Toilets (attached to bedrooms) 20 30-50
Corridors 5 5 7-10
Lobbies 30 7 10-15
Conference Rooms (Small) 70 20 25-30
Assembly Rooms (Large) 100 15 20-25
Photo Studios
Camera Rooms, Stages 10 5 7-10
Darkrooms 10 10 15-20
6-l 9
Appendix XII (Cont’d)
COMMERCIAL
Garages, Auto Repair Shops, Service Stations

Auto Repair Workrooms (general) 1.5 2.3
Service Station Offices 20 7 10-15
Theaters
Ticket Booths 5 7-10
Lobbies, (Foyers and Lounges) 150 20 25-30
Auditoriums (No Smoking) I 150 5 5-10
Auditoriums (Smoking Permitted) 150 10 10-20
Ballrooms (Public) 100 15 20-25
Gymnasiums and Arenas

Playing Floors-Minimal or No Seating 70 20 25-30
Locker Rooms 20 30 40-50
Spectator Areas 150 20 25-30
Ramp, Foyers, and Lobbies 150 10 15-20
Amusement Parlors and Pool Rooms 25 20 25-30
Tennis Squash, Handball Courts 20 25-30
Swimming Pools 25 15 20-25
Transportation
Waiting Rooms 50 15 20-25
Ticket and Baggage Areas, Corridors, and Gate Areas 50 15 20-25
Control Towers 50 25 30-35
Hangers 2 10 15-20
Platform 150 10 15-20
Concourses 150 10 15-20
Repair Shops 10 15-20
Off ices
General Office Space 10 15 15-25
Conference Rooms 60 25 30-40
Drafting Rooms, Art Rooms 20 7 10-15
Doctors’ Consultation Rooms l- 10-15
Waiting Rooms 30 10 15-20
Diazo Printing Rooms 20 7 10-15
Computer Rooms 20 5 7-10
Keypunching Rooms 30 7 10-15
Communication
TV/Radio Broadcasting Booths, or Studios 20 30 35-40
Motion Picture and TV Stages 20 30 35-40
Pressrooms 100 15 20-25
Composing Rooms 30 7 10-15
Engraving Shops 30 7 10-15
Telephone Switchboard Rooms (Manual) 50 7 10-15
Telephone Switchboard Rooms (Automatic) 7 10-15
Teletypewriter/Facsimile Rooms 5 7-10
6-20
INSTITUTIONAL
Schools
Classrooms 50 10 10-15
Multiple Use Rooms 70 10 10-15
Laboratories 30 10 10-15
Craft and Vocational Training Shops 30 10 10-15
Music, Rehearsal Rooms 70 10 15-20
Auditoriums 150 5 5-7.5
Gymnasiums 70 20 25-30
Libraries 20 7 10-12
Common Rooms, Lounges 70 1 0 10-15
Off ices 10 7 10-15
Lavatories 100 15 20-25
Locker Rooms 20 30 40-50
Lunchrooms, Dining Halls 100 10 15-20
Corridors 50 15 20-25
Utility Rooms 3 5 7-10
Dormitory Bedrooms 20 7 10-15
Hospitals, Nursing and Convalescent Homes

Foyers 50 20 25-30
Hallways 50 20 25-30
Single, Dual Bedrooms 15 10 15-20
Wards 20 10 15-20
Food Service Centers 20 35 35
Operating Rooms, Delivery Rooms 20
Amphitheaters 100 10 15-20
Physical Therapy Areas 20 15 20-25
Autopsy Rooms 10 30 40-50
Incinerator Service Areas 5 7-l 0
Ready Rooms, Recovery Rooms 15
(For Shops, Restaurants, Utility Rooms, Kitchens
Bathrooms, and Other Service Items, see Hotels)
Research Institutes
Laboratories 50 15 20-25
Machine Shops 50 15 20-25
Darkrooms, Spectroscopy Rooms 50 10 15-20
Animal Rooms 20 40 45-50
Military and Naval Installations

Barracks ?O 7 10-15
Toilets/Washrooms 100 15 20-25
Shower Rooms 100 10 15-20
Drill Halls 70 15 20-25
Ready Rooms, MP Stations 40 7 10-15
Indoor Target Ranges 70 20 25-30
Museums
Exhibit Halls 70 7 10-15
Workrooms 10 10 15-20
Warehouses 5 5 7-10
6-21
Correctional Facilities, Police and Fire Stations
(see also Gymnasiums, Libraries
Cell Blocks 20 7 10-15
Eating Halls 70 15 20-25
Guard Stations 40 7 10-15
Veterinary Hospitals
Kennels, Stalls, Operating Rooms 20 25 30-35
Reception Rooms 30 10 15-20
ORGANIZATIONAL
Legislative Halls
Legislative Chambers 70 20 2530
Committee Rooms and Conference Rooms 70 20 25-30
Foyers, Corridors 50 20 25-30
Off ices 10 10 15-20
Press Lounges 20 20 25-30
Press/Radio/TV Booths 20 20 25-30
Public Rest Rooms 20 15 20-25
Private Rest Rooms 20 30-50
(for Food Service, Utilities, etc., see Hotels)
Survival Shelters 5 2.5
INDUSTRIAL
In general, 25 cfm per occupant is recomended except for mining
or metalwork where 40 cfm is recomended.
6-22
..
6-23
Appendix XIV
LIGHTING POWER BUDGETS FOR BUILDING INTERIORS
TYPE OF AREA WATTS PER SQUARE

METER MAXIMUM
Apartment Houses(Public Spaces) 20

Auditoriums 18
Banks 21
Barber Shops and Beauty Parlors 27

Mosques 27
Clubhouses, Recreation Buildings 21
Parking 6
Repair 25
Service Stations 22
Hotel and Motels 18

Libraries 32
Merchandising 27
Small Shops (less than 1400 Sq.m.) 27
Drug Stores 27
Police Station 22
Museum (Art Galleries) 32
Office Buildings
Accounting and General Offices 22
Restaurants 22
Schools (Classroom and Administrative
Buildings) 22
Table Notes:
1. Buildings with especially dirty atmosphere or non reflective surfaces must

be given special consideration .
2. Budget numbers include ballast losses.
3. Photoflood lighting, light tables and lighting for drafting tablesoperating
room and other special cases shall be classed as task lighting and not
included in the lighting power budget.
6-24
Appendix XV
Comparison of Lamp Characteristics
High Pressure Low Pressure

Fluorescent Mercury Metal Halide Sodium Sodium
Lumens per watt 6-23 25-84 30-63 68-125 77-140 137-183
Total Lumens 44-33600 96-15000 1200-63000 1200-l 55000 5400-l 40000 4800-33000
Power Range(Watts) 6-1500 4-215 40-1000 175-1500 70-1000 35-180
Life(hours) 750-8ooo 9000-2c000 16000-24000 6000-l 5000 2OCQO-24000 18000
Color Temperature 2400-3 100 2700-6500 3300-5900 3200-4700 2100 1750
Colour Rendition Good Good Poor Good Poor Bad
Initial Cost Low Moderate Moderate High High Moderate
Operating Cost High Moderate Moderate Low Low Low
6-25
Appendix XVI
Lamp Replacement Guide
Existinq LamD Application ReDlace by
Incandescent(2x40 W) Indoor/Outdoor 36-40 W Fluorescent
lncandescent(100 W) Indoor/Outdoor 36-40 W Fluorescent
Incandescent(200 W) Indoor/Outdoor 2x36-40 W Fluorescent
lncandescent(500 W) Outdoor 50-70 W High Pressure Sodium
Fluorescent(40 W) Indoor/Outdoor 36 W Fluorescent
Mercury Vapour (125250 W) Indoor 50-70 W High Pressure Sodium*
Mercury Vapour (250-400 W) Outdoor 70-l 50 W High Pressure Sodium
Mercury Vapour (250-400 W) Street Lighting 60-90 W Low Pressure Sodium
*when colour rendition is not critical
6-26
APPENDIX XVII
CONVERSION TABLE
Multiply BY To Obtain Multiply BY To Obtain
ICTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.405 ha 11/s. fps ......................... l 0.3048 m/s
bar. ............................. *loo kPa It of water ....................... 2.99 kPa
barrel (42 US gal, petroleum) ...... 159 L ft of water per 100 ft pipe ......... 0.0981 kPa/m
0.159 m’ ft2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0929 m*
Btu. IT .......................... 1.055 kJ ft’ - h .‘F/Btu
Btu/ft' . . . . . . . . . .._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.3 kJ/m’; J / L (thermal resistance. R). .......... 0.176 m* - K/W
Btu/gal ........................... 0.279 kJ/L m* - “c/W
Btu . h/h - ft2 . “F ................. I.731 W/(m - K) ft’h. kinematic viscosity, Y ........ 92 900 mm*/s
Btu - in/(h * ft’ *‘F) ft’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.3 L
(thermal conductivity, &). ........ 0.144 W/(m * K) ft’ .............................. 0.0283 m’
W/(m - T) ft’/h. cfh ....................... 7.87 mLh
Btu/h . . . . . . . . 0.293 W ft’lmin. cfm ................... .: 0.472 L/s
Btu/ft’ . . .._................_.._ 11.4 kJ/m2 ft’/s, cfs ......................... 28.3 L/s
Btu/Cy * ft2) . . . . . . OX0293 kWh/(y - m2) It * lb, (torque or moment) . ........ I.36 N-m
(not SI) ft . lb, (work). .................... I.36 J
Btu/(y - ft*) . . . . . 0.0000114 GJ/(y * m’) ft . lb/lb (specific energy). ......... 2.99 J/kg
Btu/(h * ft’) . . . . . . 3.15 W/m* ft . Ib//min (power) ............... 0.0226 W
Btu/(h * ft* *“F) gallon (US, 231 in’). .............. 3.79 L
(ovcra heat trans cocff, U) 5.68 W/(m* * K) gallon ........................... 0.00379 In’
(thermal conductance. c) W/(m* - T) gph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.05 mL/s
BtuAb . 2.33 kJ/kg gpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0631 L/s
Btu/(lb * “F) ( s p e c i f i c h e a t , c) 4.19 kJ/(kg - K) gpmAon refrigeration ............. 0.0179 mL/J
kJ/(kg * T) gram (l/7000 lb). ................. 0.0648 8
bushel........................... 0.0352 m’ gr/gal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1 mg/L
calorie, gram . . . . . . . 4.19 J gr/lb ............................ 0.143 g/k8
caloric, kilogram; kilocalorie . 4.19 kJ horsepower (boiler) ............... 9.81 kW
centipoise. viscosity, p horsepower (550 ft-lb/s). .......... 0.746 kW
(absolute, dynamic) . . . . . *I.00 mPa - s inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 25.4 mm
ccntistokcs. kinematic viscosity, Y *I .OO mm*/s in of mercury (60°F) .............. 3.38 kPa
c o s t , S p e r s q u a r e (100 sq ft) 0.108 f/m* in of water (6o’F) ................ 249 Pa
cost, S per square foot . 10.8 S/m* in/l00 ft. thermal expansion ....... 0.833 mm/m
cost, S per pound . . 2.20 f/kg in . lb, (torque or moment). ........ II3 mN-m
cost, S per ton (refrigeration). 0.284 S/kW in* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 mm*
dyne/cm’ ......... :. ............. l O.lOO Pa in’ (volume). ..................... 16.4 mL
EDR hot water (150 Bfu/h) . . . . . . . . 44.0 W in’/min (X151) .................. 0.273 mL/s
EDR steam (24O‘BtuIh) ............ 70.3 W in’ (section modulus). ............. 16400 mm’
EER ............................ 0.293 COP in’ (section moment) .............. 416 Ooo mm’
fuel cost comparison @ IOO@a efficiency km/h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.278 m/s
cents per gallon ................. 0.264 C/L kWh ............................ l 3.60 MI
cents per gallon (no. 2 fuel oil). .. 0.0677 S/GJ kWh/(y . ft’) ..................... 0.0388 GJ/(y - m’)
cents per gallon (no. 6 fuel oil) . 0.0632 f/CJ kWh/l000 cfm ................... 2.12 J/L
cents per gallon (propane) ....... 0.113 S/GJ kilopond (kg force) ............... 9.81 N
cents per kWh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.78 f/GJ kip (loo0 Ib,i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.45 kN
cents per therm ................. 0.0948 VGJ k&/in* (ksij ...................... 6.89 MPa
ft ............................... l 0.3048 m litre.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l O.OOl m’
ft ............................... ‘306.8 mm micron of mercury (6O’F). ......... I33 mPa
ft/min, fpm ...................... 0.00508 m/s mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.61 km
. .
mile, nautical ..................... I’.85 km Ib.‘min ......................... 0.00756 kg/s
mph, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.61 km/h lb of steam per hour @ 212°F
mph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.44 m/s (IOO’C) . . . . . . . 0.284 kW
millibar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 0.100 kPa Ib//ft’ . . 47.9 Pa
mm of mercury (60°F) ............ 0.133 kPa lb,. s/ft*viscositv
mm of water (aOaF). .............. 9.80 Pa ‘(absolute, dynamic p) 47 900 mPa * s
metre of water ................... 9.80 kPa Ib/ft* ................. 4.88 kg/m*
ounce (mass. avoirdupois) ......... 28.3 g Ib/ft’ (density. p) ...... 16.0 kg/m’
ounce (force or thrust) ............ 0.278 N lb/gallon. ............. I20 kg/m’
ounce (liquid. US) ................ 29.6 mL ppm (by mass) .......... .I.00 mg/kg
ounce inch (torque, moment). ...... 7.06 mN*m psi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.89 kPa
ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon. ..... 7.49 g/L quad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I .055 EJ
pcrm (pcrmcance) ................. 57.4 ng/(s * m* * Pa) quart (liquid U.S.) ....... 0.946 L
r pcrm inch (permeability). .......... 1.46 ng/(s - m - Pa) square (100 sq ft) ........ 9.29 m*
pint (liquid, US) .................. 473 mL tablespoon (approximately) I5 mL
pound teaspoon (approximately) 5 mL
lb (mass). ...................... 0.454 kg therm (US). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.5 MJ
lb (mass). ...................... 454 B ton. long (2 240 lb) ........... I .Ol6 ‘1 (tonne); Mg
Ib,(forcc or thrust) .............. 4.45 N ton, short (2 000 tb). .......... 0.907 I (tonne); Mg
Ib/ft (uniform load). ......... j 49 kg/m ton. refrigeration (I2 OCQ Btu/h) 3.52 kW
Ib,,,/(ft * h) viscosity torr (I mm Hg@O”C) ......... I33 Pa
(absolute, dynamic, p) ......... 0.413 mPa*s watt per square foot .......... 10.8 W/m*
Ib,/(ft . I) viscosity yd ...................... 00.9144 m
(absolute. dynamic. r! ......... 1 490 mPa * s ).d: ..................... 0.836
lb/h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.126 g/s ).d’ ...................... 0.765 II
To Obtain B) To Obtain By Dir idc

PART 7
GLOSSARY
Glossary
Air changes per hour (ACH). Number of complete changes of interior air by out door air per
hour.
Air infiltration. The uncontrolled air exchange in a building due to air leakage through cracks and
interstices in any building element and around windows and doors of a building, caused by the
pressured effects of wind and /or the effect of differences in the indoor and outdoor air density.
Air transport factor. The ratio of the rate of useful sensible heat removal from the conditioned
space to the energy input to the supply and return fan motor (s), expressed in consistent units and
under designated operating conditions.
Automatic. Self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some impersonal
influence, as for example, a change in current strength, pressure, temperature or mechanical
configuration.
Boiler capacity. The rate of heat output in W (Btu/h) measured at the boiler outlet at the design
inlet and outlet conditions and rated fuel/energy input.
British thermal unit (Btu) Approximately the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one pound of water by one Fahrenheit degree, at 60 F.
International Steam Table Btu x 1.055 = KJ.
Building envelope. The elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which
thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior or to or from unconditioned spaces
exempted by the provisions.
Building projects. A building or group of buildings, including on-site energy conversion or

electric-generating facilities which utilize a single submittal for a construction permit or are within
the boundary of a continuous area under one ownership.
C = thermal conductance. Thermal transmission in unit time through unit area of particular body
or assembly having define, surfaces, when unit average temperature is established between the
surfaces; W/m2 .C (Btu/ft 2d .h.F).
Coefficient of performance (COP)-cooling. As defined in the following paragraphs of the BECP
- Electric Packaged
Equipment (Cooling Mode) 4.3.1
- Electrically Operated HVAC
System Components (Cooling Mode) 4.3.2
- Heat Operated Equipment
Cooling Mode) 4.3.3
Coefficient of performance (COP), heat pump - heating Mode. As defined in para 4.3.4. of the
BECP.
Cogeneration. The sequential production of electrical or mechanical energy and useful thermal
energy from a single energy stream.
Comfort envelope. The area on a psychrometric chart enclosing all those conditions described in
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-74, fig. 1, as being comfortable.
Compensating hoods. Hoods that reduce the volume of conditioned room air exhausted and,
thereby, reduce the overall cooling load.
7-1
Conditioned floor area. The horizontal projection of that portion of interior space which is
contained within exterior walls and which is conditioned directly or indirectly by an energy-using
system.
Conditioned space. Space within a building which is provided with heated and /or cooled air or
surfaces and where required, with humidification or dehumidification means so as to maintain a
space condition falling within the comfort zone set forth in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-74 “Thermal
Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.”
!
3
Cooled space. Space within a building which is provided with a positive cooling supply.
D.O.E. Department of Energy (U.S.) I

!
Dwelling Unit. A single housekeeping unit comprised of one or more rooms providing complete,
independent living facilities for one or more persons including permanent provisions for living,
sleeping, eating, cooking and sanitation.
Economizer cycle. A control sequence of an air supply system that modulates the quantity of
outdoor air supplied for the purpose of space conditioning in order to reduce or eliminate the use
of refrigeration energy for cooling.
Efficiency, HVAC System The ratio of the useful energy output (at the point of use ) to the energy
input for a designated time period, expressed in percent.
Energy. The capacity for doing work; taking a number of forms which may be transformed from
one into another, such as thermal (heat), mechanical (work), electrical, and chemical ; in SI units,
measured in joules (J), where 1 joule = 1 watt-second; in customary units, measured in kilowatt
hours (kWh) or British thermal units (Btu).
Energy efficiency ratio (EER) The ratio of net equipment cooling capacity in Btu/h to total rate of
electric input in watts under designated operating conditions. When $I units are used this ratio
becomes equal to COP. (See coefficient of performance).
Enthalpy. A thermodynamic property of a substance defined as the sum of its internal energy plus
the quantity Pv/J: where P = pressure of the substance, v = its volume, and J = the mechanical
equivalent of heat; formerly called total heat and heat content.
Exterior envelope. (See building envelope).
Fenestration. Any light-transmitting opening in a building wall or roof.
Gross floor area. The sum of the areas of one or more floors of the building including basements
mezzanine and intermediate-floored tiers and penthouses of headroom height, measured from the
exterior faces of exterior walls or from the centerline faces of exterior walls or from the centerline of
walls separating buildings, but excluding
0 Covered walkaways, open roofed-over areas,

porches and similar spaces.
0 Pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps,

f
chimneys, roof overhangs, and similar features.
C.
I
Gross wall area. See section 3.2 of the BECP for definition. i
HVAC. Heating, ventilating and air conditioning.
HVAC system. A system that provides either collectively or individually the processes of comfort
heating, ventilating, and /or air conditioning within or associated with a building.
7-2
HVAC system equipment. The word”equipment” used without modifying adjective, may in
accordance with common industry usages apply either to HVAC system equipment or HVAC
system components.
HVAC system efficiency. (See efficiency,, HVAC system).
Heated space. Space, within a building, which is provided with a positive heat supply. Finished
living space within a basement or in the presence of registers or heating devices designed to
supply heat to a basement space shall automatically define that space as heated space.
Humidistat. A regulatory device, actuated by changes in humidity, used for automatic control of
relative humidity.
Illumination. The density of the luminous flux incident on a surface; it is the quotient of the
luminous flux by the area of the surface when the latter is uniformly illuminated.
Integrated part load factor. In the context of EER, part load factor signifies machine on-time
duration at less than full load capacity. This fraction for the entire HVAC system composed of
many machines is called integrated part load factor.
Luminaire. A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts
designed to distribute the light to connect the lamps to the power supply.
MCF. Customary term for one thousand cubic feet.
Manual. Capable of being operated by personal intervention (adjective). (See automatic).
Marked rating. The design load operating conditions of a device as shown by the manufacturer
on the nameplate or otherwise marked on the device.
OTTV. Overall thermal transfer value. The maximum thermal transfer permissible into the building
through its walls or roof, due to solar heat gain and outdoor-in-door temperature difference, as
. determined by the equation appearing in Section 3.2.4. of the BECP.
Opaque areas. All exposed areas of a building envelope which enclose conditioned space except
openings for windows, skylights, doors and building service systems.
Outdoor air. Air taken purposely from outdoors and therefore not previously circulated through
the system.
Packaged terminal air-conditioner (PTAC). A factory-selected combination of heating and

cooling components, assemblies or sections, intended to serve a room or zone.
Packaged terminal heat pump. A factory-selected combination of heating and cooling

components, assemblies or sections, intended for application in an individual room or zone.
Positive cooling supply. Cooling deliberately supplied to a space such as through a supply
register. Also cooling indirectly supplied to a space through uninflated surface of space cooling
distribution systems.
Positive heat supply. Heat deliberately supplied to a space such as through a supply register,
radiator or heating ‘element. Also heat indirectly supplied to a space through uninsulated surface
of service water heaters and space heating components such as furnaces boilers, and heating and
cooling distribution systems.
Power. In connection with machines, power is the time rate of doing word. In connection with the
transmission Oof energy ;of all types, power refers to the rate at which energy is transmitted. SI
7-3
Units it is measured in joules per second(J/S) or in watts (W); in systomary units, it is measured in
watts (W) or British thermal units per hour(Btu/h).
R = Thermal resistance. The reciprocal of thermal conductance, (m2.C)/W or (hr.ft2.F)/Btu.
Recommend. Suggest as appropriate; not required.
Recoiling. The removal of heat by sensible cooling of the supply air (directly or indirectly) that has
been previously heated above the temperature to which the air is to be supplied to the conditioned
space for proper control of the temperature of that space.
Recovered energy. Energy utilized which would otherwise be wasted (i.e. not contribute to a
desired end use) from an energy utilization system.
Reheat. The application sensible heat to supply air that has been previously cooled below the
temperature of the conditioned space by either mechanical/absorption refrigeration or the
introduction of outdoor air to provide cooling.
Residential building. Living units of one story, two stories or other low-rise or high-rise multi-
family dwellings.
Room air conditioner. An encased assembly designed as a unit primarily for mounting in a
window or through a wall, or as a console. It is designed primarily to provide free delivery of
conditioned air to an enclosed space, room or zone. It includes a prime source of refrigeration for
cooling and dehumidification and means for circulating and cleaning air, and may also include
means for ventilating and heating.
Short Ton Customary term for two thousand pounds mass.
Service Systems. All energy-using systems in a building that are operated to provide services for
the occupants or processes housed therein, including HVAC, service water heating, illumination,
transportation, cooling or food preparation, laundering or similar functions.
Shading coefficient (SC).
Solar Heat Gain of Fenestration System

S C = _________________________________________________________________-
Solar Heat Gain of Double Strength Clear Glass (single Layer)
Note: To be compared under the same conditions.
Shall. Term used to indicate provisions that are mandatory within the code.
Should. Term used to indicate provisions which are not mandatory but which are desirable as
good practice.
Solar energy source. Source of natural daylighting and of thermal, chemical or electrical energy
derived directly from conversion of incident solar radiation.
System. A combination of equipment and/or controls, accessories, interconnecting means, and

terminal elements by which energy is transformed so as to perform a specific function, such as
HVAC, service water heatihg or illumination.
Thermal element. The means by which the transformed energy from a system is finally delivered;
i.e., registers, diffusers, lighting fixtures, faucets, etc.
7-4
Thermostat. An automatic control device actuated by temperature and designed to be responsive
to temperature.
U, value or thermal transmittance. The coefficient of heat transmission (air to air). It is the time
rate of heat flow p r unit area nd unit temperature difference between the warm side and cold
side air films W/m $0 C (Btu/ft 8.h.‘F). The U value applies to the combined effect of the time rate
of heat flows through the various parallel pat&. such as windows, doors, and opaque construction
areas, comprising the gross area of one or more exterior building components, such as wall, floor,
or roof/ceiling.
Unitary cooling and heating equipment. One or more factory-made assemblies which normally
include an evaporator or cooling coil, a compressor and condenser combination, and may include
a heating function as well. Where such equipment is provided in more than one assembly, the
separate assemblies shall be designed to be used together.
Unitary heat pump. One or more factory-made assemblies which normally include an indoor
conditioning coil, compressor(s) and outdoor coil or refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger, including
means to provide both heating and cooling functions. When such equipment is provided in more
than one assembly, the separate assemblies shall be designed to be used together.
Ventilation. The process of supplying or receiving air by natural or mechanical means to or from
any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.
Ventilation air. That portion of supply air which comes from outside (outdoors) plus any
recirculated air that has been treated to maintain the desired quality of air within a designated
space.
Water-chilling package, absorption. A factory designed and prefabricated assembly (not

necessarily shipped as a single.package) of one or more condensers; evaporators (water coolers)
absorbers: and generators; with interconnecting and accessories, used for chilling water.
Water-chilling package, centrifugal or rotary. A factory-designed and prefabricated assembly

(not necessarily shipped as one package) of one or more centrifugal or rotary compressors;
condensers; and water-coolers (evaporators); with interconnections and accessories, used for
chilling water.
Water-chilling package, reciprocating. A factory designed and prefabricated assembly, self-

contained or condenserless, of one or more reciprocating compressors; condensers (self-
contained only); water coolers (evaporator); and inter connections and accessories; used for
chilling water. The condenser may be air-evaporative, or water-cooled.
Watt (W). SI unit of power equal to one joule per second (J/s). Also, the power delivered by one
volt with one ampere flowing (unity power factor). See power).
Whole House Fan. A mechanical fan system used to exhaust air from the interior of a building to
the exterior and which can transfer the air with little or no resistance.
Zone. A space or group of spaces within a building with heating and/or cooling requirements
sufficiently similar so that comfort conditions can be maintained through-out by a single controlling
device.

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FOREWORD

PART 1. INTRODUCTION l-l

PART 2. SUMMARY OF BUILDING ENERGY 2-l to 2- 3

PART 3. EXPLANATl’ON AND COMPLIANCE 3 - l to 3- 9

PART 4. SOLVED EXAMPLES 4 - l to 4-44

PART 5. BUILDING DETAILS 5-1 to 5-17

PART 6. APPENDICES 6 - l to 6-27

But regulations must be conceived as comprehensive measures. Their success is principally a

SUMMARY OF BUILDING ENERGY

TDeq C°C) Page 3-4

TDeq 1'0 Page 3-4

Bedrooms, Dining & Kitchen 50 percent for all climate zones

Toilets, Laundry 100 percent for all climate zones

19KU (65 KBtu/h) and over

Under 19 KU (65 KBtu/h)

Self Contained Centrifugal

Self Contained Reciprocating

units over 19 KU (65 KBtu/h)

Direct Fired (Gas, oil) 0.48

Air Source 8.3C DB/6.1 UB (47F DB, 43F UB) 2.7

5. Design load calculation:

6. System design Criteria: BECP

Minimum R-Value Temperature Difference

Minimum thickness Table 4

9. Furnaces and boilers

Forced Air Furnaces

10. Lighting Recommendations

EXPLANATION AND COMPLIANCE

THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE, U-VALUE ( 3.2 BECP )

The U value is than calculated by inversing the value of R,. Thus,

OVERALL THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE, lb-VALUE (3.2 BECP)

OVERALL THERMAL TRANSFER VALUE, OTTV (3.3 BECP)

EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE, TD,, (3.3.1 BECP)

- TDeq for walls:

TDeo eC) = 26.7 - 0.0371 Wt Where Wt is in Kg/m2*

TD,o @) = 48.7 - 0.3257 Wt Where VVt is in lb/ft2*

- TDeq for ceilings/roofs are as follows;

TC = Specific heat x Density x Thickness

= (kJ/kg ‘C) x (kg/m3) x (m) /1000

U = Overall U-value of roof assembly

SC = Solar Heat Gain of Fenestration Svstem

Simplified Procedure for Sizing HVAC Systems

The following abbreviations are used in this procedure: B

Area ScE A’SCE’SC~

ofm’C*A Tc c’fm*C’ ATH

TOTAL INFILTRATION AND VENTiIATloN #AD (add 6~ 26 + ??j. .I

2 9 TQTAl.t#D (rdd. liaiar 16t2-25+28)’ I

Different levels of lighting shall be used as follows;

lJ, For Roofs/Ceiling (3.2.1 BECP)

I 9.5mn SECTION OF ROOF

0 Determine total resistance R,:

1. Outside air film = 0.044 Appendix IV

11) Calculate U,, :

u,, = J_ =L = 2.81 W/m*C

Ar, = 4.0m x 7.0m = 28.0 m*

Step 3: Determine the U-Value (Ur2) of the 102mm roof section

i) Determine the total resistance (RT) of the roof assembly

i) Determine total resistance RT:

1. Outside air film = 0.044 Appendix IV

A r2 = 5.5m x 7.0m = 38.5m2

Step 5: Determine the U, value of the total roof

= (2.81 x 28.0) + (3.099 x38.5 )

= 78.68 + 117.39 = 2.95 W/m2’C

ofm’CA Tc c’fmC’ ATH

Wood doors 2.3 2.3 4.6