UERRESS | Mechanical Engineering [Railway & Other Engineering (Diploma) Competitive Exams.] PK. Mishra(jurkar's Objective Mechanical Engineering [For competitive selection examinations of f Railway Serviee, Engineering (diploma) level, State Commissions, C.P.W.D., P.W.D., Cont Tin Irrigation Departments and other equivalent services.] By Kumar Sundram Revised & Enlarged Edition UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA-2Introducing Direct Shopping ‘Now you can purchase from our vast range of books and magazines at your convenience : vm Pay by Credit Card/Debit Card or Net Banking facility on our website wiewupkacin oR = Send Money Order/Demand Drait of the print price of the ool ean ha kata pale ao jos 0 do not know the price of the book, please send Money Order/Demand Draft of € 100/- and we will send the books by VPP (Cash on delivery). (Postage charges FREE for purchases above® 100 Far orders below Z100/, &2U/- il be charged extra a postage) © Publishers Publishers: UPKAR PRAKASHAN (0 86 201 semen capa) ‘QALA, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA-282 002 . Phone : 4053333, 2530966, 2531101 Branels Offices: Fax : (0562) 4053330, 4031570 4845, Ansari Road, Daryagan. ‘E-mail : care@upkar.in, Website : www upkar.in ‘New Delhi—110 002 Phone :011-23251844/66 1-8-1/B. RR. Complex (Near Sundaraiah — Pirmohani Chowk, 28. Chowdhury Lane. Park, Adjacent io Manasa Enclave Gate), Kadamkaan, Shyam Bazar. Bagh Lingampally, Patna—800 003 Near Metro Station, Hyderabad —500 044 (A.P.) Phone : 06 |2-26730 Kolkata-700004 (WB) Phone : 040-66753330 Phone :033-25551510 (© The pubisers have taken al pssble precios in pushing ris book ef any mistake as crept ihe publishers stall not be response forte same (© This book or any part thereof may not be repreduced in ony form by Phosegraphic, Mechanical or any oder method, for any ase, without writen ermissian rom the Publier. (© Only the cone at Agr shal have te urisditionfr ny lege spate ISBN : 978-81-7482.488.5 Price : % 125-00 (Rs. One Hundred Twenty Five Only) Code No, 983 Printed at : UPKAR PRAKASHAN (Printing Unit) Bye pass, AGRAPREFACE ‘Success in examinations depends on proper planning of studies and appropriate selection of study materials. The pattern of examinations has become tough. This is the reason why a right choice of study materials plays a very important role. This book cover thoroughly all the basics of the whole course as well as present to the examinee a wide spectrum of the multiple choice questions having a huge variety. The author has made a sincere attempt in this direction in the present book. Various nique features of the book are as under © A brief review of concepts at a glance covering all fundamentals and important conclusions is given at the start of every chapter = Chapters are classified under different units. ‘= Multiple choice questions in every chapter are arranged in a systematic and sequential way covering the whole text and spectrum of the chapter. © Answers are provided at the end of every chapter. ‘© Model Test Papers covering the whole syllabus are also provided at the end of the book again with their answers. These papers will prove to be fit for exar tion and will provide a chance to students in assessing their level of preparation. The present book is self-sufficient in all respects. 1am thanktul to my wife Mrs. Rita Mishra who has put hard labour in reading the proofs thoroughly and pointing out errors and omissions. My sincere thanks are also due to publisher Mr. Mahendra Jain who gave me a chance to write this type of books. This edition is a nice form. Although all attempts have been made to avoid errors and printing mistakes, yet ‘omissions are a human weakness and, therefore, constructive suggestions, modifica- tions and errors brought to my notice will be highly appreciated and incorporated in the next edition. —Pramod Kumar Mishra & Kumar Sundramaoe 10. ul. 12. 13. CONTENTS Pages ‘Thermodynamic: 3415 Nuclear Power Plant... 16-24 Applied Mechani 25-37 Strength of Material. 38-48 Fluid Mechanics, 49-58 Internal Combustion Engine. 59-68 Steam Boilers, Compressors, Engines, Nozzles, Turbines, Gas Turbines and Jet Engin 69-79 Heat Transfer, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning... - 80-90 Theory of Machines and Machine Design. . - 91-100 Engineering Materials. 101-109 Production Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Management...... 110-119 Workshop Technology. 120-135, Automobile Engineering... 136-146 Model Set 1 147-154 Model Set 2. 155-161 Model Set 3.. 162-169 Model Sct 4.. 170-176 Model Set 5 177-184Mechanical Engineering1 THERMODYNAMICS ‘Thermodynamics ‘The study of heat and its transformation to mechanical energy iv called THER MODYNA- MICS. Itis the scionce that deals with the relations between heat, work and properties of systems. Tt is based on the law of conservation of energy and the fact that heat flows naturally from a hoe body to acold body and not the other way around. ‘Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics This law states that “Two bodies or systems that ace in thermal equilibrium with a thd body are in thermal equilibrium with each other”. Two bodies A and B are in thermal equilitrium if they sre at the same temperature. One way to determine if two bodies A and B are in thermal equilibrium ‘would be to make ase of a third body Cin thermal ‘equilibrium by a thermometer. If the thermometer Teads the same temperature for bodies A and B then bodies A and B ate in thermal equilibrium wvith each other. First Law of Thermodynamics When the law of energy is applied to thermal system then we call it the first Iaw oF thermody namics. This law states that, “Whenever heat is added to a system, it transforms to an equal ‘amount of some other form/forms of energy”. Clausius stated the first law or thermo- ddynamies in the form as— du+dw ty of heat supplied or Wy from the system n internal energy of the system dW > Jeo fy Second Law of Thermodynamics Kelvin's Law—It is impossible by means of inanimate material agency to derive mechanical effect from any portion of the matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects. Planck’s Law —It is impossible to construct anengine which working in a complete cycte, will produce no effect other than the raising of a Weight and the cooling of a heat reservoir. Kelvin-Planck Law—It is impossible to ‘construct an engine that operating in a eyele, will produce no effet other than the extraction of heat trom a reservoir and the performance of an equivalent amount of work Clausius’ Law—It is impossible for a self- acting machine, unaided by an external agency to ‘convey heat from one body to another at a higher temperature or heat can't of itself pass from a ccolderto a warmer body ‘Third Law of Thermodynamics ‘Third Law of thermodynamics states as follows.4-1 Mech. Engg. “The eniropy of perfect crystal at absolute ze10 temperature is zero”. However. if the sub- stance is not a perfect erystal like glass or solid solution, this entropy will have a finite value Power Cycle () Carnot Cyde—In a Carmot cycle, the ‘working substance is subjected toacyctic operation consisting of two isothermal and two reversible Carnot Cycle (ii) Otto Cycle—The ideal otto cycle consists of two constant volume and two reversible adiabatic or isentropic processes. It is also known. as constant volume cycle, This cycle is taken as a standard of comparison for internal combustion engines. These days. many gas. petrol and many Of the oil engines run on this eyele. T-Ty “Ty -T> Etticiency (e¢0 (Waco = P v & f r ot Otto Cycle Hence the efficiency of otto eyele depends on ‘compression ratio (7) only. In actual practice “7° cannot be increased beyond a value of 7 or so. (ii) Diesel Cycle—The ideal diesel cycle consists of two reversible adiabatic or isentropic, 2 constant pressure and aconstant volume: processes This is an important cycle on which all the diesel ‘engines work. It is also known as constant pressure cycle as heat is received at a constant pressure Efficiency (pies =if 5 Diesel Cycle liv) Joule’s Cyele—It consists of two con- stant pressure and ovo reversible adiabatic or isentropic processes. The efficiency of the Joule’s cycle is lower than Carnot efficiency. The reversed Joule cycle is known as Bell Coleman cycle or Brayton cycle and is applied to refrigerators ‘where air is used as a refrigerant. TT, Th L ior Efficiency (Wroue = Or (rote = 1 3 \ \% P| % cS % 3 a, aS 1 4 1 Cons 5 ©, Brayton Cycle Mech, Engg. |S (¥) Stirling Cyele—It consists of two isother mal and twWo constant volume processes. The cfficicney of Stirling cycle is same as that of Carnot cycle. This is due to the Fact thal the eycle is reversible, and all reversible cyclic have the same efficiency. " TAT Efficiency (sume = Heat add from ee jection He aided wihereeneniue i thesink Stirling Cyde (vi) Ericsson Cycle —It consists of two isothermal and ovo constant pressure processes. It is made thermodynamically reversible by the action of a regenerator. This cycle is used these days in the manufacture of closed-cycle type gas turbines. The efficiency of the Carnot eycle is same as that of Carnot efficiency i.e, Th Bificieney (Mewes =p,6 | Mech. Engg. Thermometry An instrument used for the measurement and comparison of temperature is called a thermo- meter. The branch of heat which deals with the study of thermometers, ie. art of measuring tem- perature isealled thermometry Kinds of Thermometers 7 Celeius {@) Liquid thermometers & Fahrenheit Reumer o {(B) Alcohol 4 Constant Pressure as thermometers Go tant Volume Electrical resistance thermometers (Plati- um resistance thermometers) ‘Thermo couple thermometers (Based on seebeck effect) Total radiation thermometers (Pyrome- ters) (measure high temperature) Absolute scale thermometer (Kelvin scale) ‘Thermometer Scale In any thermometer there is an upper fixed point (U.FP.) and a lower fixed point (L. F. P.). ‘The difference of UF. and LFP. is known as fundamental interval (FL). FL. For any thermometer Reading - LEP. UFP.-LFP. c-0 @ 8 «@) 6) © UFP.-LEP. = aconstant c-0 _ F-32 100-0 = 212-32 K-273 _ Ry-492 373-273" 672-492 Celcius Scale (Centigrade) Fahrenheit Scale Reumer Scale Kelvin Scale Rankin Scale Basic Principle of Thermometers Specific Heat—The heat required by a unit ‘mass of a substance to raise its temperature by one degree is called the specific heat of the substance. It is also called the heat capacity of the substance. In S.L system, the unit of specific heat is Jkg"K and in M.K'S. unit it is kcal/kg°C. Specific Volume —Itis defined as the volume per unit mass and may be expressed in m/kg. It is, reciprocal of density v= pyre vis the speifc volume Any property of substance which depends upon temperature i used in making thermometers Tas (where x= any property of substance) He, salen a stl empeae I thermometry triple point of water (273.16 Kelvin) alone pert cheno ay T= 273.102 (0 Forconant vale as thrmonets _P_ TR ( Forcosan psu gs temomets v Tee (6 Forlorn hemoneter P > Pressure T=27316. V> Volume R TH278 16g @ For thermocouple thermometer R = Resistance E-eml. Temperature Measurement —Let there be any property ofa substance whose value at 0°C is rgand Cis x then =) & 0 (Gnitial value) & 1 (change in temperature) (—m) = at = % = ar =) and xo = Xo + x9. x 100 A= % = 0 i)From (i) and (ii) 2M y 190) (a) Forconstant volume gas thermometer PP) . PP 100) P+ Prosure (©) Forconsant pressure gas thermometer Vi-Vo Pe Me e100, V+ Volume {c} Forelectric resistance thermometer KR . BoRe 100, R— Resistance (@ Forthermocouple thermometer EE Ego By * E- Hlectomotve force Sele) LFP.| UP. | PL Celcius [OC 100°C | 100 anrenbeit [32 | 212° | 180 Reumer O'R 80R | 80 Kelvin 273K | 373K | 100 Rankin | 492"R, | 672°%, | 180 Gas Laws () Boyle's Law—At constant temperature the volume of a given mass of a gas varics inversely as its absolute pressure. 1 vep PV =Constant (li) Charle’s Law —A\ constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of a gas varies directly with temperature ver Vv p= Constant (iii) Joule’s Law—This law states that the internal energy of a given quantity of a gas depends only on the temperature. dB =mxC,xdT Mech. Engg. | 7 (iv) Regnault’s Law—This Law states that the two specific heats C, and C, of a gas do not change with the change of temperature and pressure. (W) Avogadro's Law— Acconting to this Law equal volumes of different perfect gases at the ‘same Temperature and pressure contain equal umber of molecules. Fuels Fuels may be chemical or nuclear, Here we consider chemical fuels. “A chemical fuelis asubstance which releases heat energy on combustion” Fuels may be classified as— 1. They occur in nature called primary fuels or are prepared called secondary fuels. 2. ‘They are in solid, liquid and gasecus slates. Requirements of a Good Qu: (A) It should have a low igrition point. (B) It should have high calorific value {© Kshould not produce harmful gases. {D) It should produce least quantity of smoke and gases, (B) Once itis ignited, it should freely bum with high efficiency. (It should be easy to store {© Keshould be economical (H) It should be convenient for transportation. Calorific Value of Fuels ‘The heat value of a solid or liquid fuel can be dofined as the amount of beat given out by the complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel. It is expressed by the term ki/kg. The calorific value of {gaseous fuel is expressed in terms of Ki/m? at a specified temperature and pressure, There are two types of calorific value of fuels 1 Higher or Gross Calorific Value. 2. Lower or Net Calorific Value 1, Higher Calorific Value—The amount of heat obtained by the complete combustion of I kg of a fuel, when the products of its combustion are cooled down to the temperature of supplied air Fuel8 | Mech. Engg. (usually taken a5 15°C), is called the higher calorific value of fuel. The higher calorific value of the fuel can be determined by the Dulong’s formula Te, HCV. 33,800 C + 144000 Hz + 92705 kikg. 2, Lower Calorific Value—The lower cal- orific value or net calorific value is the heat released when water vapour in the products of ‘combustion is not condensed and remains in the vapour form. Lev HLCV.— m, » 2466 ki/kg = HCY. - 9Htz x 2466 kiikg [em = 987] Products of Petroleum Refining Process ay N_ Fraction | Boiling ~ Range, °C 1. Fuel gas | —160 to~ 4 2. Kerosene | 200 10 300 Middle distillate | 3. Light Gas | 200 10315 oil Middle distillate 4. Propaw: | -40 5. Butane | —121030 6. Vacmm | 42510600 gasoil | 7. Heavy | 315 10425 gasoil 8. Pitch > 600 9. Light 10 150 Naphiha 10. Heavy | 150 to200 ‘Naphiha Remarks Methane, ethane and some pro- pane used as refinery fuel Domestic, aviation fuels Diesel fuels, farnace fuel oil. LPG Blended with motor gasoline to increase its vol atility Feed for cat- alytic cracking Feed for cat- alytic cracking Asphalts, heavy fuel cil Motor gasoline for catalytic. re- forming. Catalytic: refor- ming fuel, blen- ded with light gas oil to form jet fucls. ‘Types Natural Prepared of fuel (Primary) |__ (Secondary) Solid” Woot, peat, Coke, charcoal, lignite coal | quotes Liquid Petroleum | Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, alcohol, | benzol, she cil Gascous Natural gas | Petroleum gas, pro. ducer gas, coal _gas, coke-oven gas, Blast furnace gas, carbu- retted gas, sewer gas ‘Combustion of Fuels Carbon— o C+0,= C0, 8 1 kg (Carbon) + % kg (Oxygen) = kg (Ceo ide @ 20 + 0, = 200 2mol + Imol = 2mol 1 Imol + ymol = 1mol M+ 2 = 6 1picueny stig cOmye =2 ig (Caton monocte (8) Caron moneri— vol = ss oe 1 tg (Carbon «ig Oxygen = ig (Cabo doit Gv) Sulphur— sot Lind + 2+ 1 eg (Sulphur) + 1g (Oxygen) ig Sulphur dioxide) (0) Hydrogen— Hy + 0, = 24,0 Wol + }vol = 10! 44 2 = 36 1 kg fydrogen) + 8kz Oxygen) = 9kg (Water)‘Air Fuel Ratio (AFR)—The air fucl ratio is the most common reference term used for ‘mixtures in internal combustion engines. It is the ratio between the mass of air and the mass of fuel, jn the fuel-air mixtures at any given moment. For pure octane the Stoichiometric mixture is, approximately 14:7: 1 or 2 of 1-00 exactly. In naturally aspirated engines powered by ociane, Mech. Engg. | 9 ‘maximum power is frequently reached at AFRs ranging from 12:5— 13-3: Lar of 2. 085—0-901 or AF = mass of Ais/mass of fuel. Fuel Air Ratio (FAR)—It is commonly used in the gas turbine industry as well as government studies of internal combustion engine and refers to the rato of fuel to the ar, itis AFR. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. For isothermal expansion of a perfect gas, the AP value of is equal to— wie @ ory (D) None of these 2. The ase Y constant se for — (A) Tsothermal changes only (B) Adiabatic changes only (©) Both isothermal and adiabatic changes D) Neither adiabatic changes 3. Air in a cylinder is suddenly compressed by a piston with the passage of time— (A) The pressure decreases (B) ‘The pressure increases (©) The pressure may remain constant (D) The pressure may increase or decrease epending upon the nature of gas isothermal nor 4. The work done in an adiabatie change on a particular gas depends upan only— (A) Change in value 4B) Change in pressure (©) Change in temperature (D) None of the above ‘5. ‘The work done in an isothermal expansion of a gas depends upon— (A) Temperature (B) Expansion ratio only (©) Both temperature and expansion ratio (D) Neither temperature nor expansion ratio, 6. The first law of thermodynamics is concerned with the conservation of — (A) Number of molecules (B) Temperature (© Energy {D) Number of moles 7. A Camot engine works between a hot reser- voir at temperature T, and a cold reservoir at temperature T. To increase the efficiency — (A) T, and T, both should be increased (8) T, and, both should be decreased (© Ty should be decreased and > increased (D) 7; should be increased and T decreased 8. Which of the following is an intensive pro- perty of a thermodynamic system? (A) Volume (B) Temperature (© Mass (D) Energy 9. Which of the following is the extensive property ofa thermodynamic system ? (A) Pressure (B) Volume (© Temperature (D) Density 10. ‘The temperature at which the volume of a gas ‘becomes ze10 is called — (A) Absolute scale temperature {B) Absolute zero temperature (© Absolute temperate (D) Nove of the above LL. The unit of energy in SI system is— (A) Joule (D) (B) Joule metre (Im) (©) Watt (W) —(D) Foule/motre (Vim) 12. One watt is equal to— () Nm (8) 1N/min © 10Nis ©) 1000Nmis10 13, 4. 15, 16. 17, 18, | Mech. Engg. (One joule (0) is equal to— @ INm ® KNm © 10Nms — (D) 10KNms ‘The heating and expanding of a gas is called— (A) Thermodynamic system (B) Thermodynamic cycle (©) Thermodynamic process (D) Thermodynamic Law ‘Which of the following statement is correct ? (A) The slope of vaporisation curve is always negative (B) The slope of vaporisation curve is always positive (C) The slope of sublimation curve is nega tive forall pure substances (D) The slope af fusion curve is positive for all pure substances ‘The specific volume of water when heated at orc— (A) First increases and then decreases (B) First decreases and then increases (©) Increases steadily (D) Decreases steadily Intermal energy of a perfect gas depends on— (A) Temperature, specific heat and pressure {B) Temperature, specific heat and enthalpy (©) Temperature, specific heat and entropy (D) Temperature only In reversible polyttopic process— (A) True heat transfer occurs, (B) The entropy remains constant (©) The enthalpy remains constant {D) The intemal energy remains constant ‘An isentropic process is always — (A) Irreversible and adiabatic: (B) Reversible and isothermal © Frictiontess (D) Reversible and adiabatic: Second law of thermodynamics defines— (A) Heat ®) Work (© Enthalpy —— (D) Entropy For any reversible adiabatic process, the change in entropy is— 2. 28. (A) Zero {© Maximom (@) Minimum ©) Infinite . For any reversible process, the change in entropy of the system and surrounding is— (A) Ze ®) Unity {© Negative (D) Positive Kelvin-Planck’s law deals with— (A) Conservation of enerey {B) Conservation of heat {© Conservation of mass {D) Conservation of heat into work |. The property of a working substance which increases or decreases as the heat is supplied or removed in a reversible manner is known (A) Enthalpy (© Entropy (B) Inemal energy (D) External energy . The entropy may be expressed as a function of (A) Pressure and Temperature (B) ‘Temperature and Volume (©) Heat and work (D) All ofthe above The change of entropy, when heat is absorbed by the gas is— (A) Positive (B) Negative (©) Positive and negative (D) None of the above Gibbs function is expressed as— (A) u+PV-Ts) @) (u+PV+ TS) (© (u+PdV-Tds) (D) (u+PV- SIT) ‘Availability function is expressed as — (A) a= (ut pV Ty) (B) a= (u+ PydV— Tes) (© a= (du+ PydV — Tos) (D) a=(u+ PV +TS) For each mole of oxygen, number of motes of nitrogen required for complete combustion of carbon are— (A) 20/21 (B) 2721 (© 721 @) 79721 ). The most important solid fuel is— (A) Wood (B) Charcoal (©) Coal (D) Allof the above31 32. 33. 34. 3s. 36. 37. 38. 39. ‘A chemical fuel isa substance which releases on combustion, (A) Chemical energy (B) Heat energy (©) Sound enerzy (D) Magnetic energy ‘The smallest particle which can take part in a chemical change is called ? (A) Atom ®) Molecule (©) Electron {D) Compound ‘The relative humidity during cooling and dchumidification of moist ait— (A) Increases (B) Decreases (©) Can increase or decrease (D) Remains constant ‘The relative humidity, during sensible heat- ing— (A) Can increase or decrease (B) Increase (©) Decrease (D) Remains constant An air washer can work as a— (A) Filter only (B) Humidifier only (©) Dehumidifier only (D) Allof the above Rankine eycle efficiency of a good steam power plant may be in the range of — (A) 15t020% — B) 35 045% ©) 7t080% — (D) 90 1095% In case of hyperbolic expansion of a gas, the hneat supplied is...... the work done. (A) Equal to (B) More than (©) Lessthan — (D) None of these ‘The reversible engines are. (A) Least efficient (B) Mostefficient (©) Having same efficiency as reversible ©) Nowcof be above Gases could have an infinite number of specific heats but only ...... specific heats ane defined. (A) One B) Two © Three ©) Four aL R. B. 45. 7. Mech. Engg. | 11 ). Alcohol is aliquid fuel obtained from — (A) Vegetable matter (B) Crude oil {© Coat (D) None of these Which one of the following processes or systems does not involve heat ? (A) Sicady processes {B) Isothermal processes {© Adiabatic processes {D) Thermal processes For storing a gas which one of the following |ypes of compression will be ideal ? (A) Constant volume {B) Polytropic {© Adiabatic {D) Isothermal Which one of the following gases obeys kinetic theory perfectly ? (A) Perfect gas (B) Pure gas {© Monoatomic gas (D) Diatomic gas is nota property of the system. (A) Pressure {B) Temperature (© Heat (D) Specific volume Exhanst gases ftom an engine possess which of the following cnergics ” {A) Chemical energy (B) Potential energy {© Solarenergy (D) Kinetic energy Diffusion is. (A) Mixing of unlike fluids {B) Mixing of two portions of fiuid {© Mixing of a gas in two containers at different pressure {D) Mixing of two portions of a fluid at different temperature First law of thermodynamics gives relation ship between which ofthe following ? (A) Heat and internal energy (B) Hest and work {© Heat, work and properties of the sysiem {D) None of the above ‘The temperature in a process in which work is done by expanding a gas under adiabatic condition will — (A) Decrease {B) Increase (© First decrease then increase {D) Remain unaltered12 49. 50. SL 32. 53, 34. 58. $7. | Mech. Engg. Theoretically, a petrol engine operates on eyde. ‘Constant entropy Constant pressure Constant volume @ B) © (D) Constant temperature ceycle has the maximum efficiency (A) Brayton (B) Carnot (©) Rankine (D) Sitiring Camot cycle is a......eydle. (A) Quasi-static — (B) Semi-reversible (©) Reversible (D) reversible is animeversible eyele. (A) Stirling eyele (B) Ericsson cycle (©) Camot cycle (1D) None of the above To which of the following are Maxwell's ‘thermodynamics relations applicable ? (A) Thermodynamic processes (B) Mechanical System in equilibrinm (©) Chemical System in equilibrium (D) Reversible process A frictionless heat engine can be 100 per cent efficient if its exhaust temperature is— (a) 0° ®) 0*K (©) Equal to internal temperature (D) None of the above Water contained in a beaker can be made to boil by passing steam throngh it— (A) At a pressure below the atmospheric pressure ‘At atmospheric pressure ‘Ata pressure greater than atmospheric pressure Any of the above . is the unit of entropy. kg, ® uK WK (D) Jkgs ‘The thermodynamics primarily deals in change of state from— (A) Electrical energy to useful work done (B) Wind power to useful work (©) Heat to work {D) None of the above B) © © a) © 38. al. 6. In engineering thermodynamics the approach towards matter is— (A) Macroscopic (8) Microscopic (©) Macroscopic and microscopic {D) None of the above A system is a specific space surrounded by a boundary. A. thermodynamics analysis is concerned with— (A) Enery transfer only (B) Mass transfer only (©) Energy and mass trnsfer only {D) None of the above ). Ina closed system— (A) Energy transfers from surrounding to system (B) Brergy transfers from system 10 sur- rounding {© Energy transfers from system to sur. rounding and vice versa {D) Energy as well as mass cross the Donncaries The condition for as irreversible cyclic process is— Geo wG-B0 — (D) Nowofthese Intemal energy of a perfect gas isa function of (A) Temperature only {B) Temperature and pressure (© Pressure only {D) Volume only ‘The mechanical equivalent of heat JI is equal to— (A) 41868 kg/K cal. (B) 418 WK cal (© 41868 KK cal {D) None of the above65, 66. 67. 68, 69. 70. 1 2 13, 4, “According to first law of thermodynamics — (A) faW= dQ (B) Jaw < UO (©) faw> Faq (D) None of the above (Centrifugal pump is an example of — (A) Koolated system (B) Closed system (©) Steady flow system (D) None of the above Flow of energy isdue to— (A) Transfer of mass across the boundaries of the system. 4B) Change of temperature (©) Hight above the earth surface {D) None of the above ‘Bomb calorimeter is an example of — (A) Open system (B) Closed system (©) Steady flow system {D) Isolated system Liguids have— (A) ‘Two distinct values of specific heat (B) Only one value of specific heat (C) Different values of specific heat at same ‘temperature (D) Nospecific heat For any gas— A G=C, ®) ¢ c, {D) None of these Which iscorrect ? (A) G-C,=RxI @) G.-C, © G-C\=I/R D) G-C,= ‘The absolute temperature on centigrade scale ‘at which volume of gas becomes zero is— (A) ~ 460°C (B) -273°C ©) +80°C {D) + 100°C ‘Molar volume is equal to— (A) 22-41 m at NTP. (B) 2241 mat NTP. ©) DBI m atNTP. (D) 103 m ANT. General energy equation for sicam boiler is sven by — 1A) Q= — bb Hy 1s. b. R. al. 83, Mech.Engg. | 13 (B) Q=Hi +H (© Q=Hy-H, + Work done (D) Q=Hy—H, +Kinetic energy According to law of conservation of energy — (A aQ=aw @®) dQzav (© dQ=aw-du (©) dQ = aw a0 Enthalpy (H) is equal to— ue @ uy (© Utpy=! ©) VPV {na throttling process the — (A) Volume remains constant (8) Pressure remains constant (C) ‘Temperature remains constant {D) All the three remain constant ‘Work done willbe zero in ease of — (A) Isothermal process (B) Adiabatic process (© Free expansion {D) Nore of the above Constant volume process is also known as— (A) Isotropic process {B) Hyperbolic process (©) Isometric process {D) Polytropic process ‘When a gas is heated according to the Px V = Constant the expansion is called — {A) Hyperbolic) Polytropic {© Free expansion (D) None of these If H, and Hy are initial and final enthalpy of a «given fluid, then in throtting process— (&) HH, ®) Hy fas | 7 Protas Proton Proton is a positively charged particle. The magnitude of charge on itis 1-6 x 10° coulomb, Further rest mass is 18361 times the rest mass af electron, The rest mass of proton is 116725 « 1027 ‘kg. Tt has got intrinsic angular momentum (spin) eva to, Ws domi by Mean ts atomic weight is | and atomic number is also 1 Neutron ‘Neutron possesses no charge and its rest mass Js 1838-6 times the rest mass of elecwon. Neutron has got intrinsic angular momentum equal to that of proton. It is represented by wt. It means that its atomic weight is | and stomic number is zero Isotopes ‘The atoms of an element which have the same atomic number but different mass number are called isotopes. Such elements cannot be sepa- rated by chemical means and different techniques have boen developed for their separation and to study their relative abundance. Example—(i) 0%, ,0", 40 (i) Cr, WE GH EPP. Ph2T, SED Isobars ‘The atoms of an element which have the same mass number but different atomie number ae called isobars. The chemical properties of isobars are ciferent. Example—@)_gAr*®, (Ca¥ Gi) 43667, Se (i) HP, Te Isotones ‘The nuclei having equal number of neutrons are called isotones. For them, both the atomic umber (Z) and the atomic mass (A) are different Dut the value af A ~Zis same 7, Bef (ii) HP, oHet When 2 big fragment such as Uranium(235) is bombarded with neutrons, this phenomenon of spliting of a heavy nucleus into two nearly equal parts Barium(141) and Krypton(92) the release of considerable or huge energy is called nuclear fission, aU" gn! yg U2% > alll 4 gke? +3gn! +200 MeV.‘A nucleus which spits in this way is called a fissionable one. This is the principle of stom bomb. The liquid drop model of nucleus gives the clear concept of the nuclear fission process. ‘Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion is the process in which two light elements combine to form a new light clement with the release of energy due to the disappearance of mass in the process of union of the nuclei. This is the principle of hydrogen bombs and it is believed that the sun's energy is due to this nuclear fusion process. ‘The reaction going on in hydrogen bomb is HF (Deuterium) + HF (Deterium) = Het (Helium) + on! + 33 MeV HP (Deaterium) + HP (Tritium) “> aBe* (Helium) + ga! + 176McV ‘Thermal Neutrons ‘The neutrons which have been slowed down 28 a result of the collisions against the hydrogen nuclei of the moderator are called thermal neutrons. Such neutrons possess energy corre spntng «9 am sempre (387). Su ee Work Function: The inn cca of on rit sea anette pest ue novation Mech.Engg. | 17 ‘Types of Power Plants ‘The principal types of power plants are as under 1. Steam plant using coal, oil or nuclear fission. Internal combustion engine plants Gas turbine plans Hyéro-electric plants, Essential Components of a Nuclear Reactor 4, ‘The essential components of a nuclear reactor areas follows L. Reactor core Reflector Control mechanism ‘Moderator Coolants ‘Measuring instruments 7. Shielding ‘Types of Nuclear Reactors 1 CANDU (Canadian—Deuterium—Ura- nium) reactor 4. Gas cooled reactor 5. Liquid metal cooled reactor 6. Breeder reactor Main Components of a Nuclear Power Plant Hot Coolant Kn Tue Generator Reactor 1 cone [seam Rear Steam Cooling x Generator water Coolant » ‘Coolant pump Fecd pump18 | Mech. Engg, ‘The main components of a nuclear power plant are Nuclear reactor Heat exchanger (Steam generator) ‘Steam turbine ‘Condenser Electric generator Ina moclear power plant the reactor performs ‘the same funtion as that of the furnance of steam poner plant. The heat liberated in the reactor as a result of the nuclear fission of the fuel is taken up by the coolant circulating through the reactor core. Hot coolant leaves the reactor at the top and then flows through the tubes of steam generator and [passes on its heat to the feed water. The steam so produced expands in the steam turbine, producing, ‘The steam turbine in turn runs an electric {generator theeby producing electric energy. Here paris are : (1) Moderator— Moderator is the material used to slow dowa the speed ofthe neutrons. @) Reflector—The function of reflector isto prevent escaping of neutrons and to reflect them back into the core. (G) Shield —The reactor core and the cooling circuit is shielded to prevent leakage of hazardous radiation from the plant. (4) Control Rods—The rods used to control the chain reaction inthe resctor core are known as control rods (5) Coolants—Coolants are used to camry away the heat from the core for generating steam. The various coolants used are helium, water, ‘work and thereafter is condensed in the condenser. liquid, metals, hydrogen etc OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. Blectron was discovered by— 8. Themucleusof an atom consists of— (A) Faraday (B) Rutherford (A) Protons (©) Thomson (D) Kongen (B) Protons and electrons ‘The ratio of specific charge of an electron to ‘that of an a-particle is— A) 14 1:2 O41 ) 2:1 3. When an electron moves in a transverse magnetic field, its path becomes— (A) Straightline (8) Cxreular (©) Parsbola (D) Elliptical 4. ‘The size of an election is of the order of — (A) Fermi (B) Angstrom (©) Micron {D) Nanometer 5. Cathode rays consist of a beam of — (A) Prown (B) Positive ions (©) Electron (D) None of these 6. The radius of the nucleus is of the order of — (A) 10° m. B) 10°%m © 10% m (D) 10% m 7. The ratio of the size of an atom to that of nucleus is equal to— (A) 10-4 (©) 10% (@) 109 {D) 10" (C) Protons and neutrons (D) None ofthe above 9. ‘The binding energy of hydrogen atom is— A) ev ) Infinite © -B6ev — ) Ze 10. Nuclear fission was discovered by — (A) Rutherford B) Curie ©) Becqueret (D) Hahn and Strassmann 11, Sun releases enormous amount of enerzy by the process known as— (A) Fusion (B) Fission (©) Combustion (D) Impulsion 12. Which of the following helps in knowing ‘thou the stability of nucleus ? (A) Binding energy (B) Binding energy per nucleon (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None ofthese13, 4. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. ‘The commercial sources of energy are— (A) Solar, wind, biomass (B) Fossil fuels, hydropower and nuclear energy ‘Wood, animal wastes and agriculture wastes (D) None of the above ‘Non-commercial sources of energy are— (A) Wood, animal wastes and agricultural ‘wastes Solar, wind, biomass Fossil fuels, hydropower and nuclear power [None of the above © B) © © ‘The primary sources of energy ate— (A) Coal, oil and uranium (B) Hydrogen, oxygen and water (©) Wind, biomass and geothermal (D) None of the above ‘The secondary sources of energy are— (A) Solar, wind and water (B) Coal, oiland uranium (©) Both (A) and (B) {D) None of the above India’s first Nuclear Power Plant was built in the year— (Ay 1947 (B) 1949 (©) 1962 (D) 1966 ‘The percentage of O, by weight in atmo- spheric air is— (A) 18% @) B% © 7% (D) 19% ‘The percentage of 02 by volume in atmo- spheric air is— (A) 21% ® 23% © 7% (D) 79% ‘The proper indication of incomplete combus- tion is— (A) High CO content in fuel gases at exit (B) High CO; content in fuel gases at exit (©) High temperature of fuel gases (D) The smoking exhaust from chimney ai. 2. 25: 28. Mech. Engg. | 19 ‘The main source of production of biogas is— (A) Human waste (B) Wetcow ding (©) Wet livestock waste ) Allthe above . India’s first nuclear power plant was installed at— (A) Tarapur ®B Kota © Kalpakkam — (D) None of the above In uel coll, the ..... energy is converted into electrical energy, (A) Mechanical (B) Chemical (©) Heat (D) Sound |. Solar thermal power generation can be achieved by — (A) Using focussing collector or heliostales (B) Using fat plate collectors (© Using a solar pond (D) Anyone of the above system ‘The energy radiated by sun on a bright sunny’ day is approximately (A) 700 Wim? (B) 800 Wim? (©) 1KWim? — (D) 2 KWim? ‘Thorium Breeder Reactors are most suitable for India because— (A) These develop more power {B) Its technology is simple (©) Abundance of thorium deposits axe available in India (D) None of the shove Rankine cycle is a— (A) Reversible cycle (B) Ineversible cycle (© Consant volume cycle (D) None of the above A steam power station roquires space — (A) Equal to diesel power station (B) Mare than diesel power station (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of the shove |. Economiser is used to heat— (A) Air (C) Fuel gases {B) Feed water (D) Allof the above30. 3h 32 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38 39. | Mech. Engg. ‘The modem steam turbines are— (A) Impalse turbines (B) Reaction turbines (© Impulse-reaction turbines {D) None of the above ‘The draught, which a chimney produces is called— (A) Induced draught (B) Natural draught (©) Forved draught {D) Balanced draught ‘The draught produced by steel chimney as compared to that produced by brick chimney for the same height is— (A) Less (B) More (©) Same {D) May be more or less ‘Thermal efficiency of a gas turbine plant as ‘compared to diesel engine plant is— (A) Higher (B) Lower (©) Same (D) None of the above ‘Mechanical efficiency of a gas turbine as compared to internal combustion recipro- cating engine is— (A) Higher (B) Lower (©) Same (D) None of the above Fora gas turbine the pressure ratio may be in ‘the range— (A) 2103 ® 305 (©) 161018 (D) 181022 A closed cycle gas turbine works on— (A) Camot cycle — (B) Rankine cycle (©) Joulecycle —(D) Atkinson cycle ‘Thermal efficiency of closed cycle gas turbine plant increases by— (A) Reheating ——_(B) Intercooling (©) Regenerator (D) All of the above ‘The average thermal efficiency of a modern nuclear power plant is about — (A) 30% (B) 40% C) 0% (D) 80% Reflector of a muclear reactor are mace up of— (A) Boron (©) Beryllium (B) Cast iron {D) Steel al. a a. 48 |. The function of a moderator in a nuclear reactor is— (A) To slow down the fast moving electrons (B) To specd up the slow moving clectrons (© Tostart the chain reaction (D) None ofthe shove When a nuckar reactor is operating at constant power the multiplication factor is— (A) Less than unity (B) Greater than unity (©) Equal tounity (D) None of the above “The conversion ratio of a breeder resetoris— (A) Equal unity (8) More than unity (©) Less than unity (D) None of the above isotope In the nuclear fission reactions of uranium is used a) UES B) Us ous (D) None of the above ‘Tarapur nuclear power plant has— (A) Pressurised water reactors (B) Boiling water reactors (©) CANDU type reactors (D) None of the above . Critical mass of fuel is the amount required 10 make the multiplication factor ...... unity (A) Equal to (B) Less than (©) More than (D) None ofthe above . The nuclear energy is measured in— (A) Mev B) MW (©) Curie (D) None of the above . Fission chain reaction is possible when — (A) Fission produces the same number of neutrons which are absorbed Fission produces more neutrons than are absorbed Fission produces Fess neutrons than are absorbed (D) None ofthe above In nuclear chain fission reaction, each neutron which causes fission produces — (A) No new neutron (B) Onenew neutron (C) More than one new neutron (D) None ofthe above ®) ©50, 51 52, 33, 54, 55. 36. . isthe most commonly used moderator. (A) Graphite ®) Sodium (©) Denterium —(D) Any ofthe above Which of the following are fertile materials ? (A) U% and Th? (By U™ and Th? ©) UP and Pe? (D) U% and Pe? Ina nuclear reactor the function of a reflector isto— (A) Reduce the speed of the neutrons {B) Stop the chain reaction (C) Reflect the escaping neutrons back into the core (D) Allof the above In a Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR) ‘used as moderator and coolant respec (A) Heavy water and CO; (B) Graphite and air (©) Graphite and CO {D) None of the above A. CANDU reactor uses— (A) Only fertile material (B) Highly cnriched uranium (85% U5) (©) Natural uranium as fuel and heavy water ‘as moderator and coolant (D) None of the above Fission of U2 releases .. (A) 20Mev——(B) 238Mev (©) 431MeV ——(D) None of the above Fast breeder reactors are best suited for India because— (A) Of large thorium deposits 4B) Of large uranium deposits (©) Of large plutonium deposits (D) None of the above Generally, how many number of Jets have in Pelion whecl ? (A) One B) Two © Four ) Six energy. 57. 8. a a 8 Mech. Engg. | 21 The function of a solar collector is to convert— (A) Solar energy into electricity (B) Solar energy into radiation (C) Solar energy into thermal energy {D) None of the above ‘Most of the solar radiation received on earth surface lies within the range of — (A) 020 04 microns (B) 0°38 100-78 microns (©) 0100-38 microns (D) None of the above . Flat plate collector absorbs — (A) Direct radiation only (B) Diffuse ratiation only (C) Direct and ciffuse both (D) None of the above ‘Temperature attained by a flat-plate collector is of the— (A) Order of above 90°C (B) Range of 100°C to 150°C (©) Above 15°C (D) None of the above ‘A Pyranometer is used for measurement of — (A) Direct radiation only (B) Diffuse radiation only (C) Direct as well as diffuse radiation {D) None of the above ‘Sun tracking is needed in the case of collector. (A) Fate plate (B) Cylindrical parabolic and paraboloid (©) Both (A) and By {D) None of the above ‘The nucleus of an atom consists of — (A) Protons and electrons (B) Protons and neutrons (©) Neutrons and electrons {D) None of the above ach proton carries a single unit— (A) Positive charge (B) Negative charge (©) Neutral charge (D) Unpredictable . Each neutron carries a single unit— (A) Negative charge (B) Positive charge (C) Neutral charge (D) None of the above