CHAPTER 4

IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS

4-2, 4-19, AND 4-35

4.2 Calculate the number of vacancies per cubic meter in

iron at 850C. The energy for vacancy formation is 1.08

eV/atom. Furthermore, the density and atomic weight for Fe

are 7.65 g/cm3 and 55.85 g/mol, respectively.

Solution

Determination of the number of vacancies per cubic

meter in iron at 850 C (1123 K) requires the utilization of

Equations 4.1 and 4.2 as follows:

 Q  N A Fe  Q 
N v = N exp  v = exp  v 
 kT  AFe  kT 

And incorporation of values of the parameters provided in


the problem statement into the above equation leads to
 (6.022  10 23atoms / mol)(7.65 g / cm3) 
Nv = exp 
55.85 g / mol  (8.62  10 5

 = 1.18  1018 cm-3 = 1.18  1024 m-3

4.8 What is the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy

that consists of 6 at% Pb and 94 at% Sn?

Solution

In order to compute composition, in weight percent, of

a 6 at% Pb-94 at% Sn alloy, we employ Equation 4.7 as

' A
CPb Pb
CPb =  100
C' Pb APb C'
Sn ASn

(6)(207.2 g / mol)
=  100
(6)(207.2 g / mol)  (94)(118.71 g / mol)

 = 10.0 wt%

' A
CSn Sn
CSn =  100
C'Pb APb C'
Sn ASn

(94)(118.71 g / mol)
=  100
 (6)(207.2 g / mol)  (94)(118.71 g / mol)


= 90.0 wt%
4.19 For a solid solution consisting of two elements

(designated as 1 and 2), sometimes it is desirable to

determine the number of atoms per cubic centimeter of one

element in a solid solution, N1, given the concentration of

that element specified in weight percent, C1. This

computation is possible using the following expression:

N AC1
N1 
C1 A1 A (4.18)
 1 100  C1
1 2
where
NA = Avogadro’s number

ρ1 and ρ2 = densities of the two elements

A1 = the atomic weight of element 1

Derive Equation 4.18 using Equation 4.2 and expressions

contained in Section 4.4.

Solution

This problem asks that we derive Equation 4.18, using

other equations given in the chapter. The concentration of

component 1 in atom percent (C1' ) is just 100 c1' where c1' is the

atom fraction of component 1. Furthermore, c1' is defined as

  


 c1' = N1/N where N1 and N are, respectively, the number of

atoms of component 1 and total number of atoms per cubic


centimeter. Thus, from the above discussion the following

holds:

C1' N
N1 =
100

Substitution into this expression of the appropriate form of N


from Equation 4.2 yields

C1' N A ave
N1 =
100 Aave

And, finally, substitution into this equation expressions for


C1 ' (Equation 4.6a), ave (Equation 4.10a), Aave (Equation

4.11a), and realizing that C2 = (C1 – 100), and after some



algebraic manipulation we obtain the desired expression:

 N AC1
N1 =
C1 A1 A1
 (100  C1)
1 2


4.35 Determine the ASTM grain size number if 25 grains per

square inch are measured at a magnification of 600.

Solution

This problem asks that we determine the ASTM grain

size number if 25 grains per square inch are measured at a

magnification of 600. In order to solve this problem we

make use of Equation 4.17:

2
 M 
N M    2n  1
100 

where NM = the number of grains per square inch at

magnification M, and n is the ASTM grain size number.

Solving the above equation for n, and realizing that NM = 25,

while M = 600, we have

 M 
log N M  2 log  
100 
n 1
log 2


  600 
log 25  2 log  
  100  110.8
log 2