FISIKA DASAR 5

TUGAS CHAPTER VII

OLEH :
I Kadek Dedi Asmara Jaya (1413021007)
Kelas 3 A

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN FISIKA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA

2015
 Qestions:
1. The steady-state model of the universe assumes a “perfect cosmological principle,”
one that says the properties are the same at all times, at all places, and in all
directions. Explain why this model then requires that matter be created constantly
throughout an expanding universe.
2. Explain why the universe has no edge and no center if it can be modeled by the
expanding ballon.
3. At what distances do recession velocities and peculiar velocities have about the same
magnitude?
4. An astronomer determines that a galaxy in Virgo is recending from us at 12 million
m/s and that it is 800 million ligth years away from us. Are these values reasonable?
5. Intensity measurements indicate that a galaxy in Bootes is 1.7 x 109 c.year from us.
What would you expect its recession velocity to be?
6. The Hubble length is defined as the distance at which the recession velocity equals
c.
(a) Find the limiting values of the Hubble length
(b) What is the Hubble length for a galaxy 5 Gc.yr from us?
7. A galaxy can’t move through space at velocities greater than c, but both its recession
velocity greater than c, but both its recession velocity and the sum of its recession
and peculiar velocities can be greater than c. Explain!
8. Show that /o1-vr/c for a small R=R-Ro (Hint R(dR/dt)t)
9. If the Hubble parameter is a constant, (a) find how the scale factor depends on time
(assuming a value of Ro at t=0) and calculate the decelaration parameter and explain
the sign.
10. Assume that R follows a simple power law, R=Ctn, where C is constant. (a) What
value of a gives no deceleration? (b) For that n, how does the Hubble parameter
depend on time? (c) What range of n gives deceleration?
11. What is the approximate critical density of the universe, as measured in hydrogen
atoms per cubic meter?
12. The intensity emitted from an ideal blackbody is c/4 times the energy density of its
electromagnetic waves. Therefore what does the 2.7 K radiation contribute to the
average density of the universe?
13. What exploded to make the Big Bang?

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14. A possible relation in the GTR between the scale factor R, the density , and the
curvature of the universe (through the constant k) is (dR/dt)2=8GR2/3-kc2.
Assume that k=0 (or that kc2 is negligible) and that R=Ctn.

(a) depends upon time

(b) Assume that  is all due to matter and that R3 is constant, solve for n, and show
that =1/(6Gt2)
(c) Assume that  is all due to radiation and is therefore proportional to T4, that λpT
is constant, and that λp is proportional to R. Solve for n and show that
=3/(32Gt2).
15. If the abundance of nuclides in the universe by mass is about 25 percent He-4 and
75 percent H-1, what percent of all nuclei are He-4?
16. In some cosmological models, the density of both matter and radiation is inversely
proportional to the swuare of time since the Big Bang. What is the approximate age
of the universe according to these models?
17. Why must a star be heated “ so that C-12 and O-16 can fuse”?
18. Does the fact that all distant galaxies are mmoving away from us mean that we are
at the centre of the universe? Explain.
19. The light from quasar PKS 2000-330 may indicate a recesseion velocity of 0.916c.
If so, how far away from us is it according to the Hubble law, assuming that H is
constant?
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20. Suppose that you decided to use the Hubble law for the Andromeda galaxy, 2
4
million light years away, despite the warning in the text. How would the recessional
velocity calculated compare to its 300 km/s peculiar velocity of approach?

ANSWER:
1. Model tunak alam semesta mengasumsikan "Prinsip kosmologis yang sempurna,"
salah satu yang mengatakan sifat yang sama setiap saat, di semua tempat, dan di
semua arah. Jelaskan mengapa model ini kemudian mengharuskan hal itu dibuat
terus-menerus sepanjang alam semesta yang mengembang.
Jawab:
Prinsip kosmologis menyatakan bahwa sifat alam semesta adalah sama di
mana-mana. Oleh karena itu undang-undang yang menyebabkan sifat ini harus sama
di mana-mana. Perubahan regional dalam undang-undang akan memberikan
perbedaan regional dalam sifat terukur. Jadi jika seorang astronom menemukan

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 bahwa semua garis-garis spektral dalam cahaya dari bintang atau kelompok bintang
telah bergeser ke frekuensi yang berbeda, ia menganggap bahwa pergeseran ini
adalah hasil dari fenomena yang dikenal, seperti efek Doppler. Hanya sebagai pilihan
terakhir akan astronom mengasumsikan bahwa hukum-hukum alam yang berbeda
pada sumber cahaya.

2. Jelaskan mengapa alam semesta tidak memiliki tepi dan pusat jika alam semesta
dapat dimodelkan oleh balon yang mengembang.
Jawab:
Jika menggunakan model balon berkembang, semua perpindahan dibatasi ke
permukaan balon tersebut. Jenis gerak menimbulkan apa yang disebut kecepatan
khas dari sebuah galaksi, yaitu, gerak sehubungan dengan koordinat dalam ruang.
Sehingga alam semesta tidak memiliki tepi dan pusat.

3. Pada jarak berapa resesi kecepatan dan kecepatan khusus besarnya sama?
Jawab:
𝑣𝑟 = 𝐻𝑠
Secara matematis, parameter Hubble yang bernilai 23 km/s jika 𝑣𝑟 dan s
bernilai sama, maka nilai H haruslah 1. Jadi pada jarak berapapun tidak akan
mencapai besar yang sama.

4. Astronom menentukan bahwa galaksi di Virgo berjarak dari kita di 12 juta m / s dan
bahwa itu adalah 800 juta tahun cahaya jauhnya dari kita. Apakah nilai-nilai ini
masuk akal?
Penyelesaian:
Diketahui:

s = 800 x 106 Mc. yr

𝑣𝑟 = 12 x 106 m/s = 12 x 103

Ditanya: H = ...?

Jawab:
𝑣𝑟
=𝑠
𝐻
12 𝑥103
= 800 𝑥 106
𝐻
12 𝑥103
𝐻=
800 𝑥 106
10−3 𝑘𝑚
𝐻 = 0,015 𝑥 . 𝑀𝑐. 𝑦𝑟
𝑠
Nilai ini tidak masuk akal, karena nilai parameter Hubble adalah 23 km/s.Mc.yr

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5. Diketahui
s = 1,7 x 106 Mc. yr
Ditanya:
Vr= ... ?

Jawab:
𝑣𝑟
=𝑠
𝐻
nilai parameter Hubble adalah 23 km/s.Mc.yr maka:

𝑉𝑟 = 𝐻𝑠

𝑘𝑚
𝑉𝑟 = 23 1.7 𝑥106 𝑀𝑐. 𝑦𝑟
𝑠
𝑘𝑚
𝑉𝑟 = 23 1.7 𝑥106 𝑀𝑐. 𝑦𝑟
𝑠
39,1 juta km/s

6.