Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Solution
Using least square method
na b y y ' 0
a y b y 2 yy ' 0 Where n =no of data points = 3
a. What dilution is necessary for this BOD to be measured by the usual technique?
b. If the initial and final dissolved oxygen of the test thus conducted is 9.0 and 4.0 mg/L,
and the dilution water has a BOD of 1.0 mgL, what is the dilution?
Solution
94
200 1 .
P
300
5 * 300
P
199
P 7.53ml
3. How many grams of CaO are required to be the chemical equivalent of 246 g of
Mg(HCO3)2?
Solution
40 16
One equivalent of Cao 28 gm / eq
2
24 2 *1 12 * 2 16 * 6
One equivalent of Mg (HCO3)2 73gm / eq
2
The no of eq. of CaO must equal to the no of eq. Mg(HCO3)
246 gm
3.37eq.
73gm / eq
4. Express the following concentrations of elements and compounds as milligrams per liter
of , CaCO3.
Solution
95mg / L
* 50mg / meq 237.5mg / L..as..CaCo3
20mg / meq
24
One eq. of Mg 2+ 12mg / meq
2
87mg / L
* 50mg / meq 362.5mg / L..as..CaCo3
12mg / meq
23
One eq. Na+ 23mg / meq
1
125mg / L
* 50mg / meq 271.74mg / L..as..CaCo3
23mg / meq
24 32 4 *16
One eq. MgSo 4 60mg / meq
2
420mg / L
* 50mg / meq 350mg / L..as..CaCo3
60mg / meq.
23 1 12 3 *16
One eq. NaHCo 3 84mg / meq
1
420mg / L
* 50mg / meq 112.5mg / L..as..CaCo3
84mg / meq.
40 (1 * 2) (12 * 2) (6 *16)
One eq. Ca(HCo 3)2 81mg / meq
2
221mg / L
* 50mg / meq 136.42mg / L..as..CaCo3
81mg / meq.
Determine the most probable number and range of coliform per 100 mL at the 95
percent confidence level.
Solution
Out of the different alternative of a series where three tubes each have positive
results,only two probable values are obtained.
o Enter table 1.3 with the number of +ve tubes out of five (5,4,2)
o The corresponding MPN is 220 with a range of 100 – 580 organisms per 100mL
possible at a 95% confidence.
Alternate solution
o Enter table 1.3 with the number of +ve tubes out of five (2,2,0)
o The corresponding MPN is 9 with a range of 3 -25 organisms per 100mL possible
at a 95% confidence.
6. A BOD analysis is begun on Monday. Thirty milliliter of waste with a DO of zero is mixed
with 270 mL of dilution water with a DO of 10 mg/L. The sample is then put in the
incubator. Since the fifth day falls on Saturday and lab personnel do not work on
Saturday, the final DO does not get measured until Monday, the seventh day. The final
DO is measured at 4.0 mg/L. However, it is discovered that the incubator was set at
30oC. Assume a k of 0.2 at 20oC and kT=k201.05T-20. Determine the 5-day, 20oC BOD of
the sample.
Given
Waste = 30ml Doi = 0; before mixing
Required
Solution
BOD7 BODL 1 e kt
K T K 201.05T 20 0.2(1.05) 3020 0.326
54 BODL 1 e 0.326*7
54
BODL
BOD7
DOi Dof
10 4
54mg / L
1 e 0.326*7
p 30 BODL 60.14mg / L
270
BOD5 BODL 1 e k20*5
BOD5 60.14 1 e 0.2*5
BOD5 38.02mg / L
7. Drinking water contamination can arise at four different points in the water supply cycle:
at the resource, the treatment stage, during distribution and within the household
pluming system. Study and write a note on the last three sources of water
contamination.
Solution
Industrial and commercial wastes that are hazardous or that cannot be treated by the
municipal treatment plant must be excluded unless given adequate pretreatment also
to be excluded are synthetic organic wastes and inorganic wastes that interfere with
operation or treatment; are toxic; are ignitable; emit hazardous fumes; damage the
AAIT,Civil Engineering Department 6
Water Treatment Assignments
water treatment plant, pumping stations; endanger personnel; are explosive; pass
through the treatment process; or contaminate sewage sludge.
Once a water supply distribution system is contaminated with untreated water, the
presence of coli form organisms may present for an extended period of time.
A surface water supply or an inadequately filtered water supply may admit into a
distribution system organic matter, minerals, and sediment, including fungi, algae,
macroscopic organisms and microscopic organisms.
These flow through or settle in the mains or become attached and grow inside the
mains when chlorination is marginal or inadequate to destroy them. Suspended matter
and iron deposits will intermingle with and harbor the growth.
Hence, the admission of contaminated water into a distribution system, even for a short
time, will have the effect of inoculating the growth media existing inside the mains with
coli form and other organisms.
The main contamination in house hold plumbing systems are corrosion of pipe and
leakage through pipes which is arises from closely buried of water line and sewer line.
Internal pipe corrosion usually occurs in unlined metal distribution system piping and
building plumbing in contact with soft water of low hardness, PH and alkalinity
containing carbon dioxide and oxygen.
In series cases, water heaters are damaged, the flow of water is reduced, the water is
red or rusty where unprotected iron pipe is used, and the inside surface of pipe and
fittings is dissolved, with consequent release of trace amounts of possibly harmful
chemicals and weakening or pitting o f pipe. Dissolved iron may be redeposited as
tubercules with a reduction of pipe diameter and water flow. Biochemical changes
takes place in pipe where iron bacteria such as crenothrix and lepothrix use iron in their
growth.
High water velocity, carbondioxide, dissolved solids and high water temperatures
(60 – 66oc) all accelerate corrosion.
However significant metal leaching9copper, cadmium, zinc and lead) can occur in
home water system served with private wells when the water has high PH and hardness.
Water lines are laid below frost, separated from sewer a minimum horizontal distance
3m and a vertical distance of 0.5m.water lines may be laid closer horizontally in a
separate trench or on an undisturbed shelf with the bottom at least 0.5m above the top
of the sewer line under conditions acceptable to the regulatory agency.
Assignment 2 - Sedimentation
1. The diameter of particles is 0.1mm of specific gravity 2.5.find the settling velocity of the
particles at 10oc.the kinematic viscosity of water at 10oc is 1.31centistokes.and find the
maximum surface loading rate for removing 0.1 mm particles.(at T = 100c, ρ =
999Kg/m3)
Given
Sg = 2.5
Required
Solution
Using stokes law
gd 2 .s g 1
9.81 * 0.1 *10 3 * 2.5 1
2
VS
%eff ..removal 1 VO VS 6.24 *10 3 m / sec
VO
Solution
g p d 2
9.81m / s 2 * 2400 999kg / m 3 * 5 *10 5 m
2
VS 0.00169m / sec
18 18 * 0.00113Ns / m 2
Step 8 - Recheck Re
ud 0.85 * 999 * 0.155 * 0.001
Re 116
0.00113
Step 9 - Repeat step 7 with new R
24 3 24 3
Cd 0.34 0.34 0.72
Re Re 116 116
Step 10 - Recheck Re
ud 0.85 * 999 * 0.160 * 0.001
Re 120.23
0.00113
Step 11 - Repeat step 9 with new R
24 3 24 3
Cd 0.34 0.34 0.813
Re Re 120.23 120.23
4 g p d 4 * 9.81 * 2400 999 * 0.001
V2
3C d 3 * 0.813 * 999
V 0.150m / s
Step 12 - Recheck Re
24 3 24 3
Cd 0.34 0.34 0.835
Re Re 112.72 112.72
4. Based on the settling column analysis of discrete particles the following data was
obtained. The samples collected at 120cm depth of column.
Solution
XO = 62%
0.90
0.80
X,Wt. fraction remaining
0.70 X 0.02
0.60
X 0.1
0.50
X 0.1
0.40
X 0.1
0.30 VO 2.8 *10 2 m / min
X 0.1
0.20
X 0.1
0.10
X 0.06
0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
X 0.02
Settling Velocity,m/min*10-2
X .Vt = 0.948
5. The following test data were gathered to design a settling tank. The initial suspended
solids concentration for the test was 20.0mg/L. Determine the detention time and
overflow rate that will yield 60% removal of suspended solids. The data given are
suspended solids concentration in mg/L.
Time of sampling,min
Depth,*m 10 20 35 50 70 85
0.5 14.0 10.0 7.0 6.2 5.0 4.0
1.0 15.0 13.0 10.6 8.2 7.0 6.0
1.5 15.4 14.2 12.0 10.0 7.8 7.0
2.0 16.0 14.6 12.6 11.0 9.0 8.0
2.5 17.0 15.0 13.0 11.4 10.0 8.8
*Depths from top of column, column depth 2.5m
Solution
Time of sampling,min
Depth,m 10 20 35 50 70 85
0.5 30.0 50.0 65.0 69.0 75.0 80.0
1.0 25.0 35.0 47.0 59.0 65.0 70.0
1.5 23.0 29.0 40.0 50.0 61.0 65.0
2.0 20.0 27.0 37.0 45.0 55.0 60.0
2.5 15.0 25.0 35.0 43.0 50.0 56.0
30 50 65 69 75 80
0.5
25 35 47 59 65 70
1
Depth..in..m
23 29 40 50 61 65
1.5
20 27 37 45 55 60
2
15 25 35 43 50 60
2.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time..in.. min .
If 60% is removed, then from isoremoval lines,the detention time is obtained by drawing
vertical line in front of 60%.
6. A water treatment plant has four clarifiers treating 4.0 mgd (0.175m 3/s)of water. Each
clarifier is 4.88m wide,24.4m long and 4.57m deep. Determine
b. Overflow rate
d. Weir loading rate assuming the weir length is 2.5 times the basin width.
Solution
0.175m 3 / s
Q 0.4375m 3 / s
4
0.04375m 3 / s
a. Overflow rate,VO VO 0.000367m / s
4.88 * 24.4
H 4.57
b. Detention time,θ 12437.92 sec
VO 0.000367
Q 0.04375
c. Horizontal Velocity,VH VH 0.001962m / s
A 4.88 * 4.57
7. A clarifier with an area of 150m2 treats a flow of 3000m3/d. The water entering the
clarifier contains a substantial number of clay agglomerate with a specific gravity of
1.05 and a diameter of 0.05mm.what percentage of these particles will be removed in
the clarifier?
Solution
Q 3000m 3 / d 20
Loading rateVO , Vo 2
20m / d 2.3148 *10 4 m / s
A 150m 24 * 60 * 60
Assume Kinematic Viscosity,ʋ= 1.31*10-6 m 2/s
Vo 5.2m / s
18 18 *1.31 *10 6 m 2 / s
VS 5.2 *10 5
%age of removal efficiency *100 *100 22.47%
VO 2.3148 *10 4
Solution
H 3 50
VO 1.5m / hr 2.08m / hr OK!
2 24
Q 41.667m 3 / hr
AS 27.778m 2
VO 1.5m / hr
L:B=3:1
L
AS L * L 3 A 3 * 27.778 9.129m 9.2m
3
Q 41.667
Vh 4.48m / hr 18m / hr OK!
A 3 * 3.1
33
* 600 198kg.are..settleable
100
m 198kg
V 0.079279m 3 79.28L
S 2497.5kg / m 3
Solution
Molecular mass of Alum, Al 2(S04)3 . 14H2O= 27 * 2 32 * 3 16 *12 18 *14 594mg
366
40mg of Al 2(S04)3 . 14H2O will consume * 40mg 24.65mg..HCO3
594
Eq.wt..of ..CaCO3
Alkalinity as CaCO3 = 24.65 *
Eq.wt..of ..HCO3
40 12 16 * 3
Eq.wt..of ..CaCO3 50
2
1 12 16 * 3
Eq.wt..of ..HCO3 61
1
50
Alkalinity as CaCO3 = 24.65 * 20.2mg / Las..CaCO3
61
For Fe2(S04)3
* 40mg 30.3mg..CaHCO3
303
40mg of Fe2(S04)3 will consume……….
400
Eq.wt..of ..CaCO3
Alkalinity as CaCO3 = 30.3 *
Eq.wt..of ..CaHCO3
40 12 16 * 3
Eq.wt..of ..CaCO3 50
2
40 1 12 16 * 3
Eq.wt..of ..CaHCO3 50.5
2
50
Alkalinity as CaCO3 = 30.3 * 30mg / L..as..CaCO3
50.5
For FeCl3
* 40mg 27.32mg..CaOH 2
222
40mg of FeCl 3 will consume……….
325
Eq.wt..of ..CaCO3
Alkalinity as CaCO3 = 27.32 *
Eq.wt..of ..CaOH 2
40 12 16 * 3
Eq.wt..of ..CaCO3 50
2
40 16 * 2 2 *1
Eq.wt..of ..CaOH 2 37
2
50
Alkalinity as CaCO3 = 27.32 * 36.92mg / L..as..CaCO3
37
2. Design a square rapid mixing basin for a water treatment plant with a design flow of
8000m3/d. The basin depth is equal to 1.25 times the width. The design velocity gradient
will be 1000 s-l at 15°C and the detention time is to be 30 s. Determine the basin
dimensions, and the input power required.
Given
Solution
Basin dimension
8000 3
V tQ 30 sec* m / s 2.78m 3
86400
V 2.78
W 3 3 1.31m
1.25 1.25
Input Power
3. A water treatment plant is processing a flow of 42000 m3/d. The flocculation system
consists of three identical parallel units. A side view of one of the units is shown in the
sketch below. The dimensions of each flocculation unit are 4.5 m wide by 4.5 m deep
by 18.8 m long. The inlet baffle is located 0.3 m from the front wall. Each unit has three
sets of paddles mounted on a horizontal shaft. There are three sets of paddles attached
to the shaft. The first set of paddles has four paddles on each arm (total of eight
paddles) with centers located at 1.9, 1.7, 1.5, and 1.3 m from the shaft. The second set
has three paddles on each arm with centers located at 1.9, 1.7, and 1.5 m from the
shaft, and the third set has two paddles per arm with centers located at 1.9 and 1.5 m
from the shaft. Each paddle is 0.1 m wide and 4.5 m long. The first paddle set is 0.8 m
from the inlet baffle and the paddle set are separated by a distance of 0.8 m. At
temperatures of 2 and 25°c what is the rotational speed of the shaft to achieve a mean
velocity gradient of 20 s-l in a unit? What is the local velocity gradient for each paddle
set? CD = 1.8, k = 0.25.
0.8m
18.8m
Given
D =2*1.9=3.8m
Solution
20 10.02 998.21
25 8.996 996.955
30 7.972 995.7
m2
2P 2 * 253.15
V 3 3 0.326m / sec
C D AP 1.8 * 8.1 * 999.78
Actual speed = 0.326/0.75 = 0.435m/s
m rev 60s
0.435 * * 2.26..rev / min
s 3.8 * m min
2P 2 *136.991
V 3 3 0.266m / sec
C D AP 1.8 * 8.1 * 996.955
Actual speed = 0.266/0.75 = 0.355m/s
m rev 60s
0.355 * * 1.78.rev / min
s 3.8 * m min
C D AP VP
3
1.8 *1.8 * 999.78 * 0.326 3
P 56 N .m / s
2 2
P 56
G 9.42 / s
V 16.624 *10 4 * 380.7
C D AP VP
3
1.8 * 2.7 * 999.78 * 0.326 3
P 84 N .m / s
2 2
P 84
G 11.52 / s
V 16.624 *10 4 * 380.7
C D AP VP
3
1.8 * 3.6 * 999.78 * 0.326 3
P 112 N .m / s
2 2
P 112
G 13.30 / s
V 16.624 *10 4 * 380.7
C A V
3
1.8 *1.8 * 996.955 * 0.266 3
P D P P 30.4 N .m / s
2 2
P 30.40
G 9.42 / s
V 8.996 *10 4 * 380.7
C D AP VP
3
1.8 * 2.7 * 996.955 * 0.266 3
P 45.56 N .m / s
2 2
P 45.56
G 11.53 / s
V 8.996 *10 4 * 380.7
C D AP VP
3
1.8 * 3.6 * 996.955 * 0.266 3
P 60.79 N .m / s
2 2
P 60.79
G 13.32 / s
V 8.996 *10 4 * 380.7
Remark: As we have seen from the above calcuation, velocity gradient at different of
water temperature is the same.
4. A flocculation basin designed to treat 50,000 m3/d of water is 21 m long, 15 m wide and
3.60 m deep. The paddle-wheel units consist of four horizontal shafts that rotate at 4
rpm. The shafts are located perpendicular to the direction of flow at mid-depth of the
basin. Each shaft is equipped with four paddle wheels 3 m in diameter and each wheel
has four blades3.30 m long and 150 mm wide with two blades located on each side of
the wheel.
The blades are 300 mm apart. Assume the water velocity to be 30% of the velocity of
the paddles and that the water temperature is 10 oc. Determine:
d. The Gt value
Given
Solution
Paddle velocity
* * 3 0.15
m m rev
VP D *4 35.81m / min 0.597m / sec
rev rev min
V 1134
t 0.02268day * 24 * 60 * 60 1959.552 sec
Q 50,000
d. The GT value
o Assume the basin divides into four compartment
10.54
o Gm ean 2.64 / sec
4
5. The population of a town is 100,000 and the average per capita demand is
135litres/day/capita. Design the coagulation and sedimentation tank for supplying
water to the town. The maximum demand may be taken as 1.5 times the average
demand. Detention period is 5 hours for settling tank and 30 minutes for flocculent
chamber. Flow rate is 900 litres/hour/m2 of plain area.
Given
o No of population = 100,000
o Avg.per capital demand = 135 l/d/capital
o Max. demand = 1.5 * Avg. demand
o Detention period, t = 5hr, for settling tank
Solution
Qmax 20250
AS 937.5m 2 938m 2
VO 21.6
938
AS 469m 2
2
m 5
H VO t 21.6 * d 4.5m
d 24
Assume L : B = 3 : 1 A = L2/3
L 3 A 3 * 469 37.5m
37.5*12.5*4.5m
Q 10125
Vh 180m / day 7.5m / hr 18m / hr OK!
AX 4.5 *12.5
Q 10125
VO 810m 3 / day / m 33.75m 3 / hr / m not..OK!
B 12.5
10125
Lw 40.5m
250
20250m 3
V Qt * 30 min 421.88m 3
1440 min
(W)(W)(1.25W) = 421.88 m 3
421.88
W 3 421.88m 3
1.25
Given
Solution
kg m3 d
Quantity of alum per month = 0.015 3
* 50000 * 30 22500kg / mon
m d mon.
The alkalinity of raw water is limited to 1mg/lit of Caco3 ,thus alkalinity increases is
Eq.wt..of ..CaCO3
Alkalinity as CaCO3 = Xmg / l..CaOH 2 *
Eq.wt..of ..CaOH 2
40 12 16 * 3
Eq.wt..of ..CaCO3 50
2
40 16 * 2 2 *1
Eq.wt..of ..CaOH 2 37
2
3 kg m3 d
Quantity of quick lime per month = 3.848 *10 3
* 50000 * 30 5772kg / mon
m d mon.
Given
Porosity,ε = 0.40
Required
Solution
Since Re >1 therefore use the following formula to compute drag force coefficient, CD
24 3 24 3
CD 0.34 0.34 8.714
R R 3.54 3.54
1.067(Va ) 2 ( D)C D
hL
g 4 d
1.067 * 0.00272 * 0.30 * 8.714
2
hL
0.75 * 9.81 * 0.40 * 0.002
4
hL 0.0548m
24 3 24 3
CD 0.34 0.34 22.389
R R 1.24 1.24
1.067(Va ) 2 ( D)C D
hL
g 4 d
1.067 * 0.00272 * 0.60 * 22.389
2
hL
0.75 * 9.81 * 0.40 * 0.002 * 0.0007
4
hL 0.804m
= 0.0548 + 0.804
= 0.859m
2. Using the same data given in problem 1, except the average size if sand is not given.
From sieve analysis, d10 = 0.53mm, d30 = 0.67mm, d50 = 0.8mm, and d90 =
0.86mm,estimate the head of a 0.6m sand filter at 15oc.
Solution
* Va * d
Re
24 3 24
CD 0.34 CD
R R R
CD f
Percentage
finer
Cumulative
% passing
Cumulative
%Retained
%
Retained d,m Re CD
d
d90 90 10 10 0.00086 1.52292 18.53022 2154.677209
d70 70 30 20 0.00080 1.41667 19.80168 4950.420155
d50 50 50 20 0.00073 1.29271 21.54426 5902.536215
d30 30 70 20 0.00067 1.18646 23.32247 6961.930587
d10 10 90 20 0.00053 0.93854 25.57159 9649.655519
Total sum 29,619.22
2
1.067(Va ) ( D) n
C D f
hL
g i 1 d
4
1.067 * 0.00272 * 0.60
2
hL * 29,619.22
0.75 * 9.81 * 0.40
4
hL 0.745m
3. Water is being filtered in 0.8m deep sand filter having a porosity of 0.35 at rate of 9m/h.
determine the depth of expanded bed and velocity of backwashing if the porosity of
expanded bed is to be 0.7.if it is going to be backwashed for 12minutes,what is the
quantity of water required for single back washing?
Given
Solution
Expanded depth
n
De 1. D
f
i 1 1 e
1
De 1 0.350.8
1 0.7
De 1.733m
0.22
V
e b
VS
0.122 0.122
VP e VS 0.7 * 0.0025 0.000494m / s
4. A sand filter is to be designed for new water treatment plant.A sieve analysis of the local
sand is given below. Using the sand analysis,find the effective size E,and uniformity
coefficient U.
Solution
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
0.1 1 10
Particle size in mm
y 61.56
xe 33.53
5. The rapid sand filter is designed for a certain town as a characteristics and sieve
analysis shown below. Using the rose equation, determine the head loss for the clean
filter bed in a stratified condition.
120m 3 / d .m 2 ρw(Kg/m3)
Va 0.00139m / sec T(oc) ʋ (*10-6 m2/s)
86400s / d 999.70
10 1.3
19 1.0336 998.359
Sample calculation for standard sieve no 8 - 12
20 1.004 998.21
* d * Va 0.80 * 0.002 * 0.00139
Re 2.152
1.0336 *10 6
Since Re >1 there fore use the following formula to compute drag coefficient, CD,from
the table shown below sieve no 12-16 and 16-20 are also calculated with this formula.
24 3 24 3
CD 0.34 0.34 13.5391
R R 2.152 2.152
(C D )( f ) 13.53740.0001
0.6769
d 0.002
Since Re < 1 there fore use the following formula to compute drag coefficient,
CD,from the table shown below sieve no 30-40,40-50,50-70 and 70-100 are also
calculated with this formula.
24 24
CD 31.244
R 0.7682
CD f
Standard Mass percent d
sieve no retained d(m) Re CD
8 - 12 0.01 0.002 2.15170 13.53913 0.676956507
12 - 16 0.39 0.00142 1.52771 18.47697 50.74661465
16 - 20 5.7 0.001 1.07585 25.54023 1455.792853
20 - 30 25.9 0.000714 0.76816 31.24358 11333.45425
30 - 40 44 0.000505 0.54330 44.17409 38488.31297
40 - 50 20.2 0.000357 0.38408 62.48715 35356.87656
50 - 70 3.7 0.000252 0.27111 88.52347 12997.49316
70 - 100 0.1 0.000178 0.19150 125.32536 704.0750432
Total sum 100,387.43
Total Head loss
1.067(Va ) 2 ( D) n
C D f
hL
g i 1 d
4
hL 0.5085m
6. Determine the height of the expanded depth for the sand used in problem 5, if the back
wash rate is 100m/d.
Solution
0.2247* Re 0.1
Vp
Col.9, e
VS
f
Col.10,
1 e
Estimated
Estimated Reynolds Fraction Reynolds Expanded
d,m Vs no CD Vs ,m/s retained no Exponent porosity,εe f/(1-εe)
Col.1 col.2 col.3 Col.4 Col.5 Col.6 Col.7 Col.8 Col.9 Col.10
0.002 0.3 376.43 0.56 0.27840 0.0001 538.698 0.421 0.099 0.000
0.00142 0.2 178.18 0.70 0.20960 0.0039 287.954 0.396 0.128 0.004
0.001 0.15 94.11 0.90 0.15469 0.057 149.664 0.371 0.163 0.068
0.000714 0.1 44.8 1.32 0.10803 0.259 74.625 0.346 0.208 0.327
0.000505 0.07 22.18 2.06 0.07285 0.44 35.593 0.321 0.264 0.598
0.000357 0.05 11.2 3.38 0.04781 0.202 16.514 0.297 0.331 0.302
0.000252 0.03 4.74 6.78 0.02836 0.037 6.914 0.273 0.418 0.064
0.000178 0.02 2.23 13.11 0.01714 0.001 2.952 0.250 0.509 0.002
Total sum 1.37
Expanded depth
n
De 1. D
f
i 1 1 e
De 1 0.420.61.37
De 0.477m 0.5m
7. Given the following analysis of ground water,construct a bar chart of the constituents
expressed as Ca Co3 (41 – 120)
Solution
Bar chart
8. From the water analysis presented below, determine the amount of lime and soda (in
mg/L as CaCO3) necessary to soften the water to 90.00 mg/L hardness as CaCO 3.
Solution
Bar Chart