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1. Definition: If the axes are rotated through an angle in the same plane by keeping the
origin constant, then the transformation is called Rotation of axes.
After rotating the axes through an angle ‘ θ ’, then the co-ordinates of P be ( X , Y ) w.r.t
y ( X ,Y )
P ( x, y )
Y θ X
N M
θ
x1 θ x
1 O L Q
X 1
y1 Y
Now x = OL = OQ − LQ = OQ − NM
= OM cos θ − PM sin θ
= X cos θ − Y sin θ
y = PL = PN + NL = PN + MQ
PM cos θ + OM sin θ
= Y cos θ + X sin θ
Solving the above equations to get X and Y, then X = x cos θ + y sin θ and
X Y
x cos θ − sin θ
y sin θ cos θ
Note:
(i) If the axes are turned through an angle ‘ θ ’, then the equation of a curve
f ( x, y ) = 0 is transformed to f ( X cos θ − Y sin θ , X sin θ + Y cos θ ) = 0
(ii) If f ( X , Y ) = 0 is the transformed equation of a curve when the axes are rotated
through an angle ‘ θ ’ then the original equation of the curve is
Theorem: To find the angle of rotation of the axes to eliminate xy term in the
equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
Since the axes are rotated through an angle θ , then x = X cos θ − Y sin θ ,
y = X sin θ + Y cos θ
(
⇒ a X 2 cos2 θ + Y 2 sin2 θ − 2 XY cosθ sinθ + )
( )
2h X 2 cosθ sinθ + XY cos2 θ − sin2 θ − Y 2 sinθ cosθ
(
+b X 2 sin 2 θ + Y 2 cos 2 θ + 2 XY cosθ sin θ )
+2 g ( X cos θ − Y sin θ ) + 2 f ( X sin θ + Y cos θ ) + c = 0
(
2 ( b − a ) cos θ sin θ + 2h cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = 0 )
⇒ h cos 2θ + ( b − a ) sin 2θ = 0
⇒ 2h cos 2θ = ( a − b ) sin 2θ
sin 2θ 2h
⇒ tan 2θ = =
cos 2θ a − b
1 2h
⇒ Angle of rotation (θ ) = Tan −1
2 a −b
PROBLEMS
1. When the axes are rotated through an angle 30° , find the new co-ordinates of
the following points.
i.e., x=0, y = 5
X = x cos θ + y sin θ
5
= 0.cos30° + 5.sin 30° =
2
Y = − x sin θ + y cos θ
5 3
−0.sin 30° + 5.cos30° =
2
5 5 3
New co-ordinates are ,
2 2
3 1
= 0. − 0. = 0
2 2
1 3
Y = x.sin 30° + y.cos30° = 0. + 0. =0
2 2
2. When the axes are rotated through an angle 60° , the new co-ordinates of three
points are the following
X = 3, Y = 4
1 4. 3 3 − 4 3
= 3. − =
2 2 2
y = X sin θ + Y cos θ
3 1 4+ 3
= 3sin 60° + 4.cos 60° = 3. + 4. =
2 2 2
3− 4 3 4+3 3
Co-ordinates of P are ,
2 2
−7 − 2 3 2 − 7 3
ii) New coordinates are (-7,2) ANS. ,
2 2
(
ans. 1, 3 )
3. Find the angle through which the axes are to be rotated so as to remove the xy
term in the equation. x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 − 2 x + 2 y − 6 = 0
x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 − 2 x + 2 y − 6 = 0 with ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
1 2h
Let ‘ θ ’ be the angle of rotation of axes, then θ = tan −1
2 a −b
1 4 1 −1 4
= tan −1 = tan
2 1−1 2 0
1 1 π
= tan −1 ( ∞ ) = ×
2 2 2
π
∴ θ=
4
SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS
1. When the axes are rotated through an angle 45° , the transformed equation of
a curve is 17 x 2 − 16 xy + 17 y 2 = 225 .Find the original equation of the curve.?
x+ y
X = x cos θ + y sin θ = x cos 45 + y sin 45 =
2
−x + y
Y = − x sin θ + y cos θ = − x sin 45 + y cos 45 ==
2
17 X 2 − 16 XY + 17Y 2 = 225 is
2 2
⇒ 17 x + y − 16 x + y − x + y + 17 − x + y = 225
2
2 2 2
⇒ 17 ( ) − 16 ( y ) + 17 ( x ) = 225
x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy 2
− x2 2
+ y 2 − 2 xy
2 2 2
⇒ 17 ( x + y ) + ( x − y ) -16 ( x 2 − y 2 ) = 450
2 2
⇒ 17 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) -16 ( x 2 − y 2 ) = 450
⇒ 17 ( x 2 + y 2 ) -8 ( x 2 − y 2 ) = 225
2. when the axes are rotated through an angle α , find the transformed equation
of x cos α + y sin α = p ?
x = X cos α − Y sin α
y = X sin α + Y cos α
The given equation transformed to
( )
⇒ X cos 2 α + sin 2 α = p ⇒ X = p
3. When the axes are rotated through an angle π 6 . Find the transformed
equation of x 2 + 2 3 xy − y 2 = 2a 2
π
Sol. Since θ = , x = X cos α − Y sin α
6
π π
X = X cos − Y sin
6 6
3 1 3X − Y
X. − Y. =
2 2 2
π π 1 3 X + 3Y
y = X sin α + Y cos θ = X .sin + Y cos = X . + Y. =
6 6 2 2 2
Transformed equation is
3 X − Y X + 3Y X + 3Y
2
3X − Y
− = 2a
2
+ 2 3
2 2 2 2
3x 2 − 2 3 + Y 2 2 3 3 X − XY + 3 XY − 3Y =
2 2 X 2 + 3Y 2 + 2 3 XY
⇒ + = 2a 2
4 4 4
(
⇒ 3 X 2 − 2 3 XY + Y 2 + 2 3 3 X 2 + 2 XY + 3Y 2 − X 2 + 3Y 2 + 3 XY = 8a 2
)
⇒ 3 X 2 − 2 3 + Y 2 + 6 X 2 + 4 3 XY −6Y 2 − X 2 − 3Y 2 − 2 3 XY = 8a 2
⇒ 8 X 2 − 8Y 2 = 8a 2 ⇒ X 2 − Y 2 = a 2
π
4. When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation
4
of 3 x 2 + 10 xy + 3 y 2 = 9
π
Angle of rotation of axes = θ =
4
x = X cos θ − Y sin θ
π π X −Y
= X cos − y sin =
4 4 2
π π X +Y
y = X sin θ + Y cos θ = X sin + Y cos =
4 4 2
3
(X 2
− 2 XY + Y 2 ) + 10 ( X 2
−Y 2 ) +3 ( X 2
+ 2 XY + Y 2 ) −9 = 0
2 2 2
⇒ 3 X 2 − 6 XY + 3Y 2 + 10 X 2 − 10Y 2 +3 X 2 + 6 XY + 3Y 2 − 18 = 0
⇒ 16 X 2 − 4Y 2 − 18 = 0
5. Find the transformed equation of17 x 2 − 16 xy + 17 y 2 = 225 when the axes are
rotated through an angle 45°
Y = x sin θ + y cos θ
x+ y
= x sin 45° + y cos 45° =
2
x− y x+ y
f , =0
2 2
2 2
x− y x − y X + Y X +Y
⇒ 17 − 16 +17 = 225
2 2 2 2
x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy x2 − y 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy
⇒ 17 − 16 +17 = 225
2 2 2
⇒ 17 X 2 + 17Y 2 − 34 XY − 16 X 2 + 16Y 2 + 17 X 2 +17Y + 34 XY = 450
2
⇒ 18 X 2 + 50Y 2 = 450
9 X 2 + 25Y 2 = 225
GENERAL TRANSFORMATIONS
1. Definition: If the axes are rotated through an angle θ after shifting the origin in
the same plane, then the transformation is called “General Transformation”
A
1 X1 Y1
x x
O L Q
y1
x = x1 + X cos θ − Y sin θ
y = y1 + X sin θ + Y cos θ
X = ( x − x1 ) cos θ + ( y − y1 ) sin θ
Y = ( x − x1 ) sin θ + ( y − y1 ) cos θ
We can easily understand the translation and rotation satisfy commutative property.
PROBLEMS.
1. When the origin is shifted to (-2,-3) and the axes are rotated through an angle
45° find the transformed of 2x2 + 4xy − 5 y2 + 20x − 22 y −14 = 0 ?
θ = 45°
( )
Let x1 , y1 be the new co-ordinates of any point ( x, y ) is the plane after
transformation
x1 − y1
= −2 +
2
y = x1 sin θ + y1 cos θ + k = x1 sin 45° + y1 cos 45° − 3
x1 + y1
−3 +
2
(
x1 + y1
)
2
⇒ 2
2 (
+ 42 2 x − y + 4 1 1
)
x12 − y12
−3
x1 − y1
−2
x1 + y1
+ 6
( ) ( )
2 2 2
(
x1 + y1
)
2
−5
2 (
1 1
)
+ 9 − 3 2 x + y + 10 2 x1 − y1 − 2 2 − 11 2 ( )
( )
x1 + y1 − 3 2 − 14 = 0
(x 1
+ y1 )
2
(
+ 8 − 4 2 x1 − y1 +2 x1 − y1 − 6 2 x1 − y1 ) ( 2 2
) ( )
( )
−4 2 x1 + y1 + 24 = 0 − 5 ( x1 + y1 ) − 45 + 15 2 ( x1 + y1 ) + 10 2 ( x1 − y1 )
2
2
(
−40 − 11 2 x1 + y1 + 66 − 14 = 0 )
2 2 2 2 5
x1 + y1 − 2 x1 y1 + 2 x1 − 2 y1 −
2
(x 12 2
+ y1 + 2 x1 y1 − 1 = 0 )
1 12 7 12
x − y − 7 x1 y1 − 1 = 0
2 2
2 2
i.e, x1 − 7 y1 − 14 x1 y1 − 2 = 0
x 2 − 7 y 2 − 14 xy − 2 = 0
2. When the origin is shifted to (3,-4) by the translation of axis and the
transformed equation is x 2 + y 2 = 4 , find the original equation.
3. When the origin is shifted to (2,3) by the translocation of axes, the co-ordinates
of a point p are changed as (4,-3). Find the co-ordinates of P in the original
system.
4. Find the point to which the origin is to be shifted by the translation of axes so
as to remove the first degree terms from the equation
ax 2 + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 , where a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
5. If the point P changes to (4,-3) when the axes are rotated through an angle of
135° , find the coordinates of P with respect to the original system.
1 2h
6. Show that the axes are to be rotated through an angle of Tan −1 so as
2 a −b
to remove the xy term from the equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 , if a ≠ b and
π
through the angle , if a = b
4