Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
COMPLETE MANUAL
OF THE AUXILIARY LANGUAGE
LONDON :
SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS. LTD.,
Publishers,
-
I , AMEN CORNER. E.C.4.
1919
CONTENTS.
PAGE .
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . ... v .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . ... vii .
Exercaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 45
LETTERFROM VISCOUNT
NORTHCLIFPE
TO M. DB BEAUFRONT,
T H E C H I E F ORIGINATOR O F
IDO.
(Printed by special permission.)
The present volunle has been issued t o meet the widespread demand
for an up-to-date text-book of Ido. In all countries interest in the
international language, which had abated in the early part of the
world-war, is awakening anew, and from all quarters enquiries about
Ido are being received. To the individual we can recommend Ido :
(1) as alanguage which one can easily, quickly and pleasantly acquire ;
(2) as a language which constitutes an attractive and unique personal
possession : and (3) a5 a language which will probably bestow im-
portant advantages on its experts.
xiv.
P R E L I M I N A R Y LESSON
ON
PRONUNCIATION.
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE
Ka vu ja lernas la nova linguo
Kah voo zhah Ilirnahs lah nbhvah lCengwoh
iaternaciona ? Me komencis studiar 01 ante
eentairnahtsibhnah? meh kohm6ntsees stoodeahr oh1 Shnteh
kelka dii, e me trovas, ke 01 esas vere
kClkah d6e-ee, eh meh trbhvahs, keh oh1 6hsahs vehreh
tre faeila. Omna-die me lektas texto dnm
treh iahts6elah. bmnah-d6e-eh meh lCktahs tdkstoh doom
un horo ; me sempre lektas iaute. Ka vu
oon hbhro ; meh sdmpreh ldktahs l6uteh. Ka voo
komprenas to ?
komprdhnahs toh ?
THE GRAMMAR OF IDO.
LESSON I.
ARTICLE.-T~~definite article (the) is la. There is no indefinite
article (a or a n ) :
patr-ulo, a father ; la patr-ulo, the father.
NOUN.-The noun ends in -0 in the singular ; in -i in the plural :
frat-ulo, brother ; frat-uli, brother.. .
la frat-ino, the sister ; l a frat-ini, the sisters.
ADJECTIVE.-The adjective ends in -a (singular and plural) :
bon-a, good ; long-a, long.
bona patrulo, bona patruli.
V E R B . - T ~ ~present infinitive of verbs ends i n -ar (bearing the
accent or stress of voice) :
kred-ar', to believe ; don-ar', to give.
The present tense ends in -as :
me kred'-as, I helieve. me don'-as, I give.
The past infinitive ends in -ir (accented) :
kred-ir', to have believed. don-ir', to have give~z.
The past tense ends in -is :
me kred'-is, I believed, I Jzave believed.
me don'-is, I gave, I have given.
QUESTIOXS.-Questions are asked by beginning the sentence
with kad :
Kad vu kredas ? Do you believe ?
Kad vu komprenis ? Did you understand ?
(= Question you understood).
If there is a word like who, where, etc., kad is not used :
Ube vu lojas ? Where do you live ?
NEGATION.-The word ne, not, is always placed before the verb or
word i t modifies :
I1 ne esas, He i s not.
Do, D1~.-The English auxiliaries, do, did, are not translated :
Do 3ou come ? (= Question you come), H e does not say ( = H e not says).
Kad vu venas ? I1 ne dicas.
Did you speak ? (=Question you spoke), They rlidnot go ( = T h e y not went)
Kad vu parolis ? Li ne iris.
AFFIXES.-Gender is usually left unmarked in Ido, as is often the
case in English :
filio, child. sekretario, secretary. kuzo, cousin.
When necessary, the suffix -ul marks masculine. -in feminine :
Illi-ul-o, son ; fili-in-o, daughter.
kuz-ul-o, male cousin ; kuz-in-o, female cousin.
doktor-ul-o, m a n doctor ; doktor-in-o, woman doctor.
3
When necessary, the prefix ge- markn common gender (both
sexes together) :
ge-patri, parents.
ge-avi, grandparents.
ge-filii, children, sons and duughters.
A few words are of one gender only :
viro, man. matro, mother. amazono, amazon. damo, marvied
lady.
The suffix -id denotes offspring : Izrael-id-o, Israelite.
bo- = -in-law : bo-patrulo, father-in-law.*
E~1s1ox.-In the following words the final d is part of the root ;
i t may be dropped before a consonant, But the elision is not com-
pulsory ; those who prefer to use either form only may do so :
ka, kad, question word. e, ed, and.
a, ad, to. 0, od, or.
KARAAMIKO,
Ka vu ja lernas la nova linguo internaciona ? Me komencis
studiar 01 ante kelka dii, e me trovas, ke 01 esas vere tre facila.
Omna-die me lektas texto dum un horo; me sempre lektas laute.
Pose me facas kurta traduko e fine me skribas letro en la nova linguo.
Ka vu komprenas to ?
Kun kordiala saluto,
Vua amiko,
B.
LESSON 11.
COMPARISON.-Adjectivesare compared by :
.
plu . kam, more . . than. tam . . . kam, as . as. . .
.
min . . kam, less . than. ne t a m . . . kam, not so . .as.
.
maxim . . de, most . . of. trey very.
.
. .
minim . de, least . . o f .
E.g. : Me esas t a m richa k a m il, I a m as rich as he (is).
El esas plu granda kam me, She i s taller than I ( a m ) .
01 esas l a maxim bela de omni, I t i s the finest of all.
I1 esas tre brava, He i s very brave.
Kam is used i n making comparison, even where English does
not use than :
Me preferas ico kam ito, I prefer this to that.
Translate as good as possible and similar phrases thus :
maxim bona posible.
ADVERBSof manner are formed from adjectives by changing -a
into -e :
bon-a, good ; bon-e, well. fln-a, final ; fin-e, finally.
They are compared like adjectives :
I1 lektas plu bone, He reads better.
PRONOUNS.-The personal pronouns are :
Sing. : me, I , me. il, he, him.
tu, thou, thee. el, she, her.
vu, vou (speaking t o one person). 01, it.
Plur. : ni, we, us. vi, you (more than one person). 11, they, them.
* For Reference List of affixes see pp. 11-42.
4
When necessary, the gender of they, them may be indicated by
using the fuller forms : ill for the masculine, ell for the feminine. and
oli for the neuter. And similarly in the singular lu is the common
gender form of il, el, 01, corresponding t o 11 in the plural ; it is con-
venient in such sentence3 as : I f the reader des~resfuller detazls, let
him or her (lu) turn to page so-and-so.
on, one, they, people :
E.g. : On dicez quon on volas, Let people say what %)eylzke.
The reflexive pronoun is su, himself, herself, itself, themselves (third
person only) :
I1 lavas su, He washes hzmself.
Li lavas su, They wash themselves.
But : Me lavas me, I wash myself.
V E R ~ . The future tense ends in -0s ; the conditional in -us ; the
imperative in -ez :
Me esos, I shall be.
El vidas, she would see.
Venez hike 1 Come here !
AFFIXES. -er, one who habitually does something, amateur :
fum-ero, smoker. voyaj-ero, traveller.
This suffix is also used for animals or things characterized by an
habitual action :
rept-ero, reptile, remork-ero, tug (-boat).
-kt, one whose profession has t o do with :
art-isto, artist. iotograf-isto, professzonal Photographer.
dent-isto, denttst. (Cp. fotograf-ero, amateur photoprapher.)
T i e suffix -1st also indicates a n adherent of a party or school of
thought :
social-isto, socialist. ideal-isto, idealist.
-Ism, system, doctrine, party :
social-ismo, socialism. Katolik-ismo, Catholicism.
-an, member of a community, country, town or body :
societ-ano, society member. Paris-ano, Parisian.
Kanad-ano, Canadian. partis-ano, pavtisan.
-ier, who or what bears or is characterized by :
pom-iero, apple-lree. roz-iero, rose-bush.
millon-iero, millionaire.
Also, in a few wordq, holder :
plum-iero, pen-holder. sigar-iero, cigar-holder.
LESSON IV.
IXTERROGATIVE A N D RELATIVEPRONOUNS.--QUB(singular), who,
what, which (person) ; quo (singular), what, which (th~ng); qui
(plural), who, what, which :
Qua esas ibe ? W h o i s there ?
La viro qua parolis, 7'he m a n who spoke.
Quo eventis ? W h a t ha@pened ?
Qui parolis ? W h o (plural) spoke ?
La viri qui parolis, T h e men who spoke.
La aeidenti qui eventis. T h e accidents that took place.
Qua is also used as adjective :
Qua viro parolis ? Which nzan spoke ?
ACCUSATIVE.-Qua,quo, qui, when they are the object of a verb
and placed before the subject, take the accusative (-n) :
La viro q u a n vu vidfs, The m a n , whom you saw.
Quin YU vidas ? W h o m (plural) do you see ?
uon il dicis ? W h a t did he say ?
S e ne audis q u o n il dieis ? I did not hear what he said.
PLURAL PRONOUNS.-T~~ adjective is invariabIe ; but when used
without a noun, i t becomes a noun itself, and takes the plural, if
necessary :
Blanka hundi, nigra kavali, White dogs, black horses.
La blank], e la nigri, T h e whites and the blacks.
I1 manjis sua pomi, el manjis sui, He ate his apples, she ate hers.
DERIVATION.-T~~ adjective in -a forms a noun in -0 having the
same sense :
bon-a, good ; bon-o, good one, good man.
acesor-a, accessory ; acesor-o, a n accessory.
Or, vice versa :
or-o, gold ; or-a, golden, made o f gold.
7
AFFIXES.- -a1 forms adjectives meaning " belonging t o " or
" relating t o".
univers-aia, universal. raeion-ala, rational.
-0z means " full of," " containing," " rich in " :
por-oza, porous. sabl-oza, sandy.
kuraj-oza, courageous. fam-oza, famous.
-em means " inclined t o " :
babil-ema, tal,kntii~e. oci-ema, lazv.
labor-ema, industrious.
-ik means " sick of," " suffering from " :
ftizi-iko, consumptive. artrlt-iko, arthritic.
alkohol-iko, alcoholic patient.
-atr means " like," " similar to," " -ish " :
sponj-atra, spongv. har-atra, hair-like.
verd-atra, greenish.
-e means " having the appearance or colonr of " :
viol-ea, violet (-coloured). mus-ea, mouse-coloured.
roz-ea, rosy, pink.
CONVERSATION.
Give me a fork, Donez a me forketo.
I have no spoon. Me ne havas kuliero.
This knife is not sharp, Ta kultelo ne esas akuta.
Pass me the sa!t, Pasigez a me la salo.
May I trouble you for the bread ? Kad vu voluntus pasigarla pano ?
Bring me a bottle of stout, Ad-portez a me botelo de nigra
biro.
Will you have a glass of ale ? Kad vu deziras glaso de flava
biro ?
I only drink water, Me drinkas nur aquo.
Are you a teetotaler ? Kad vu esas anti-alkoholisto ?
Will you have some salad ? Kad vu deziras salado ?
Here is a fine lettuce, Yen bela latugo.
Do you take oil and vinegar ? Kad vu prenas oleo e vinagro ?
Here are the pepper and salt. Yen la pipro e salo.
--A
LESSON V.
TIIE DEMONSTR.~TIVE PRONOUN (this, these ; that. those) is ita,
shortened t o ta, when euphony permits :
KaiP lta esas vua libro ? I s this yoznv book ?
Ta libri esas mea, Those books are mine.
When quite necessary to distinguish between "this," "that,"
use iea (or ea) for this, and ita (or ta) for that :
Ica esas bona, ita esas mala, T h i s one i s good, that one i s had.
When it means " this thing," " that thing," use to (or, ito, co, Ico) :
Quo esas to ? W h a t i s this ?
Ico esas libro, it0 esas plumo, T h i s (thing) i s a book, that (thing)
i s n pen.
" That which," " what " is translated to quo when used in the
most general sense of " t h a t thing or matter which." When some
definite thing is referred to, use ta qua, " t h e one that," fplural :
ti qui).
8
To quon me dicas esas. ..
M7hat I sav is-
Yen omnaspeca frukti, prenez ti quin vu preferas,
Here are all kinds of fruit, take those 5'ou h k e best.
When distinction of gender is necessary, il-, el-, 01- may be pre-
fixed t o these or any other pronouns, except naturally the personal
pronouns themselves :
Ilti facis 01 ed elti regardis,
Those (men) did i t , and these (women) looked on.
La matro di mea amiko, elqua ....
M y friend's mother, who-.
La matro di mea amiko, ilqua ...,
The mother of m y friend, who-.
LESSON VI.
NuMERALS.-T~~ cavdinal numbers are :
un 1 SOP 7
du 2 ok 8
tri 3 non 9
quar 4 dek 10
kin 5 cent loo
sis 6 mil 1000
milion 1,000,000
bilion 1,000,000,000,000
From these all others are formed, the adjectival -a being used t o
show multiplication and the conjunction e to show addition. Thus :
dek e un, 1 1 (ten plus one).
dek e du, 12 (ten plus two).
dek e sis, 16 ($en plus six).
dek e non, 19 (ten plus nine).
dua- dek, 20 (twice ten).
dua- dek- e- un, 21 (twzce ten plus one).
tria- dek- e- quar, 34,
quara- dek- e- kin, 45.
kina- dek- e- sis, 56,
cent- e- sepa- dek- e- ok, 178.
mil- e- sisa- dek- e- sis, 1066,
mil- e- nona- cent- e- dua- dek- e- tri, 1923.
I0
As in English, numbers may be given out, e.g., when dictating, b y
naming the digits only. The name of the digit 0 is zero. The last
two numbers given would then he :
un zero sis sis, 1066.
un non du tri, 1923.
Ordznals are formed by the suffix -esm :
unesma, 1st centesma, 100th.
duesma, 2nd milesma, 1000th.
triesma, 3rd dekeduesma, 12th.
dekesma, 10th.
omna duesma dio, every second day.
Cardinals and ordinals can be used as nouns or adverbs by adding
-0 or -e :
uno, a u n i t trio, a trio
duo, a couple dekeduo, a dozen.
un-esmo, the first one une, in one manner.
dek-esmo, the tenth unesme, firstlv.
Fractions are formed by the suffix -im :
du-imo, a half.
quar-imo, a quarter.
dek-imo, a t m t h part.
cent-imo, a hundredth.
du triimi, two-thirds.
sep okimi, seven-eighths.
Multiples are formed by the suffix -opl :
du-opl-a, double. cent-opl-a, hundredfold.
(mult-op-la, manifold. )
Distrihutives are iormed by the suffix -op :
quar-op-e, i n fours, four at a time.
(pok-op-e, little bv little. vort-op-e, word for word.)
The word tzmes in counting is translated foye :
three times, tri-foye. once, un-foye.
a hundred times, cent-foye. twice, du-foye.
When used as prefixes the numbers have special forms (except 3) :
mono-, bi-, tri-, quadri-, quinqua-, sexa-, septua-, okto-, nona-.
E.g. : mono-plano, bi-plano, tri-folio, quadri-pedo, etc.
PARTICIPLES.-The present participle active ends in -anti3 :
vid-anta, seem$.
The past participle passive ends in -ita :
vid-ita, seen.
These are the two chiefly needed ; there are six altogether, the
vowels -a-, -i-, -0- being used exactly as in the indicative and
infinitive to form a present, a past, and a future participle: both in
the active and in the passive. This gives us the complete set :
{
pres. vid-anta, seeing ;
vid-ata, being seen ;
act.
pass.
vid-inta, having seen ; act.
past {vid-1.t a, seen ; pass.
(vid-onta, about to see ; act.
fut' Ivid-ota, about to be seen ; pass.
II
How old are you ? Quante vu evas ?
I am ten (years old), Me evas dek (yari).
She was thirty (years old). El evis triadek.
When I was seven. Kande me evis sep.
He is aged (of age). I1 esas ev-oza (grand-eva),
The aged gentleman. 1.a evoza sior-ulo.
I am forty years of age. Mea evo esas quaradek yari,
The baby was five months old. La infanteto evis kin monati.
LESSON VII.
The Perfect Tenses of the verb are formed by means of the suffix
-ab-, placed after the root and before the grammatical ending :
Me parol-ab-is, I had spoken.
I1 fin-ab-os, He will have finzshed.
El en-fal-ab-us, She would hale fallen in.
Fin-ab-ez, kande me arivos, Have finished when I (shall) arric:e.
For the Present Perfect the ordinary Past is used :
Quon me skribis me skribis, W h a t I have written. I halve written.
T h e Progressive Forms ( I a m s p ~ a k i n g , I was speaking) may be
translated literally : but most languages find the simple forms of the
verb sufficient, so that these are to be preferred in Ido :
Me parolas, I speak, I am speaking.
Me parolis, I spoke, I was speaking, I hnzle spoken.
Me parolos, I shall speak, I skall be speaking.
Me parolus, I should (or wozcld\ speak, I si ould be speaking.
The future participle in -onta translates the English " t o be about
to." " t o be going to " :
Me esas parol-onta, .I a m going to speak.
I1 esls parol-onta, H e was about to speak.
Kelka homi esas sempro o manjanta, o quik manjonta, o jus
manjinta, some people are always either halting a meal, or just
going to have one, or just having had one.
The Emphatic Forms are translated by the Ido simple forms
reinforced by the adverb ya, indeed :
Me ya askoltas, I do listen, I am listening.
Me skribis ya, I did write.
Me atencis ya, I was attending.
Venez ya, Do come !
AFFIXES.-~~S-, separation, dissemination :
dis-donar, to distribute (by hand). dis-sekar, to dissect.
dis-sendar, to distribute (hv letter).
des-, the contrary (of any action, quality, etc.) :
des-honoro, dishonour. des-plezar, to displease.
des-facila, dzfficirlt. des-espero, dcspnir.
des-pruvar, to disfivo~e.
ne-, really an adverb meaning " not," is much used as a prefix to
indicate negation. I t differs widely from des-, which marks the
" direct opposite." There is all the difference in the world between
12
a piece of evidence that does not prove a charge (atesto ne-pruvanta)
and one that disproves i t (atesto des-pruvanta) :
vole o ne-vole, willv-nzlly.
sen-, a preposition meaning " without," is also used as a prefix
having the value of the English suffix -less :
sen-viva, lifelers. sen-hara, hairless.
mi-, half :
mi-horo, half-an-hour. mi-apertita, hnlf-open, ajar.
mls-, wrongly, amiss :
mls-lektar, to misread. mis-pozar, to misplace.
(Note the verb egarar, t o mislay).
-ach, pejorative, giving a bad sense :
popul-acho, populace. rid-achar, to guffaw.
skrlb-achar, to scrawl.
CONVERSATION.
You look pale, Vu aspektas pala.
Are you unwell ? Kad vu esas ne-sana ?
I have a cold, Me hava3 kataro.
I have caught cold, Me prenis kataro.
Don't stand in the draught, Ne restez en la aer-fluo.
Send for the doctor, Querigez l a mediko.
Are you often ill ? Kad vu esas ofte malada ?
No, very seldom, No, tre rare.
I don't remember being ill Me ne memoras esir malada, depos
since I was a child, mea infanteso.
Last year 1 had cold in the head, Lasta yaro, me havis nazkataro.
I had t o stay a t home two days, Me devis restar en la domo dum
du dii.
But I did not go t o bed, Ma me ne restis en la lito.
LESSON VIII.
THE PASSIVEVOICE is formed with the verb " t o be " followed
by a passive participle :
La puero esas am-ata, The boy is loved.
La puero esis am-ala, The boy was loved.
La puero esos am-ata, The boy will be loved.
The Perfect Tenses are formed with the suffix -ab :
La puero esabis amata, The boy had been loved.
La puero esabos amata, The boy will have been loved.
All these forms can be contracted by adding the verb " t o b e "
directly t o the root :
La puero am-esas, The Boy i s loved.
It is, however, advisable not to contract the -ab forms as they are
clumsy and hard to follow in conversation. Thus La puero esabos
amata is t o be preferred t o L.a puero amesabos.
The present participle passive is most used, but the others are
occasionally required. For example, the past perfect passive can
be translated with the help oi the past participle :
La puero esis amita,
The boy had been loved (literally, was a was-lolqed-person).
=3
The future in -ota is used in the same way as -0nta is in the active
voice, to translate " about to be," " going to be " :
01 esas fac-ots, I t i s about to be done.
La letro esas skrib-ota, T h e letter i s going to be written.
The contracted passive is useful in sentences like the following :
Ica vorto uzesas rare, T h i s word i s seldom used.
It is frequently neater and clearer t o avoid the passive by using
the pronoun on, one, t h e j ~people,
, with the active :
On trovas diamanti en India, Diamonds arc found i n India.
The preposition b y after a passive verb is always translated by da :
01 esas recevita da li, I t has been received by them.
The preposition of (possessive and genitive case) is di ; from is de.
T h i s i s Peter's book, received by P a u l from John.
Ita esas la libro dl Petro recevita da Paulo de Johano.
T h e reception of the President of the French Republic by the
K i n g of England.
La acepto dl la Prezidanto dl la Franca Republiko da la Rejo
dl Anglia,
Like other adjectives, the participles can be changed into nouns
of the same sense by changing the final -a into -0 or -i :
La parol-ant-o esas la urb-estr-o,
T h e man-now-speaking i s the mayor.
La kant-ant-o esas yun-in-o,
T h e person now singing i s a young lady.
La disput-ant-i aceptis arbitro,
T h e contending parties accepted arbitration.
La bat-at-o kriis, ma la bat-ant-o duris sua bat-ad-o,
T h e one-who-was-being-beaten cried, but the one-who-was-
beating h i m continued beating.
La regn-at-i expresas granda kontenteso pri la agi di sua reg-
nant-i,
T h e subjects (=those governed) express great satisfaction with
the acts of their rulers.
They can also form adverbs of manner by changing -a into -e :
Ni progresas aston-ant-e,
W e are progressing astonishingly (wonderfully).
AFFIXES.--et forms diminutives, marking smallness and changing
the idea of the root :
domo, house ; dom-eto, cottage.
rivero, river ; river-eto, brook.
kantar, to sing ; kant-etar, to hum.
ridar, to laugh : rid-etar, to smile.
I t also serves to form pet names :
matro, mother ; matr-eto, mamma.
Johano, John ; Johan-eto, Johnny, Jack.
-eg forms augmentatives (the opposite of diminutives), denoting
largeness with a change in the idea of the root :
dom-ego, mansion.
pluvo, rain ; pluv-ego, downpour.
arki- denotes pre-eminence :
arki-episkopo, archbishop. arki-anjelo, archangel
arki-duko, archduke. arki-fripono, arch rogue.
14
-estr, head of, chief of :
urb-estro, mayor. nav-estro, ship's master.
polic-estro, chief constable.
The two following affixes should be grouped with the participial
-ot " about t o be."
-ind, worthy to be-:
estim-inda, estimable. am-inda, lovable.
kred-inda, credible.
-end, that must be-, is t o be- :
lekt-enda, that must be read.
me havas nulo skribenda,
I have nothing to write (that must be written).
Thus, a problem t o be solved (solvenda) is possibly not about t o be
solved (solvota) nor even worthy of solution (solvinda).
-0s forms nouns having the sense " state, condition, quality " :
san- esar, to be healthy ; san-eso, health.
avar-eso, avarice.
bel-eso, beauty.
qual-eso, quality.
konstrukt-eso, (state o f ) construction.
[compare konstrukto, (act of) construction.]
konvert-eso, conversion, (act of being converted).
okup-eso, state of being busy, occupation.
CONVERSATION.
What is your name ? Quale vu nomesas ?
I am ealled John, Me nomesas Johano.
Where do you come from ? De ube vu venas ?
What is your father's name ? Quale nomesas vua patro ?
Where were you born ? Ube vu naskis ?
I was born in London. Me naskis en London.
When were you born ? Kande vu naskis ?
I was born in 1897. Me naskis en mil e oka-cent e
nona-dek e sep.
Where do you live ? Ube vu habitas ?
I live a t the sea-side. Me habitas an la mar-bordo.
LESSON IX.
PREPOSITIONS.-Each preposition has a well-defined meaning,
and (like all words in the International Language) must be used only
when the sense clearly requires i t ; e.g. :
I bought i t of h i m , becomes : I bought i t from him.
Me kompris 01 de 11.
He cut himself with his knife, becomes : by means o f his knife.
I1 sekis su per sua kultelo.
The preposition ye, however, has no definite meaning, and is only
to be used when no other preposition will do :
Ye la duesma (di) marto,
O n the 2nd of March.
I1 kaptis la kavalo ye la kolo per lazo,
H e caught the horse by the ~zeckwith a lasso.
Me doloras ye la kapo,
I have head-ache (= I ache a t the head).
'5
C ~ ~ j ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - - C o nare j u nfollowed
c t i o nb sy whatever mood
and tense are logically required :
( a ) Se vu e s u s malada,
I f you were (should be) ill.
(b) Se vu e s o s malada,
I f you are (will be) ill.
(c) Imperez, ke il venrz,
Order h i m to come (imperative).
( d ) Restez ti1 ke il venos,
Stay until he comes (will come).
(e) Kande il departos, dicez ad 11...
W h c n he leaoes ( = w i l l depart), tell him-
(t) Segun ke me e s o s fatigita o ne, me iros kun vu,
According as I a m (shall be) tired or not, I will go with you.
(g) Preparez chambro, por l a kazo se il Venus,
Prepare a room in case he came (should come).
( h ) En la kazo ke I1 venos, en-duktez 11,
I n case he comes (will come) show haw in.
Conjunctions are o f t e n formed f r o m prepositions b y adding ke :
pro, because of (prep.) ; pro ke, becausc (conj.).
por, for, i n order to (prep.) ; por ke, in order that (conj.).
dum, durina (prep.) ; dum ke, while (conj.).
de-pos, since (prep.) ; de-pos ke, since (conj.).
til, as far as, till (prep.) ; ti1 ke, till, until (conj.).
T h e prepositions ( w i t h o u t ke) are used before a n o u n , pronoun,
or i n f i n i t i v e ; t h e conjunctions before a v e r b (except t h e infinitive! :
De-pos mea mariajo, Since m y marriage.
De-pos ke me mariajis me, Since I got married.
LESSON X.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.--T~~ following, though belonging t o the
vocabulary, are mentioned here on account of their very frequent use :
ulo,
} some (indeterminate quality).
Ula is an adjective :
ula libro, some book.
Ulu is a pronoun :
ulu dicis, someone (a certain person) said.
Ulo is a noun (thing) :
ulo mankas, something is wanting.
Irga, lrgu, irgo, (used in the same way as ula, ulu, nlo) =any
whatever :
irgo konvenos, anything whatever will do.
Kelka, kelko, = some (an indeterminate number or quantity) :
kelka homi, some men.
donez ad me kelko, give me some (quantity of it).
Note the difference between kelka and poka ; kelka means some,
a certain amount, a few (opposed t o nula, none) ; poka means some,
but little, few (opposed t o multa, much).
omna, omnu, omno, all, every :
omna homi, all men.
Plural, omni, all :
omni dicis, they all said.
omnu kantis, every-one sang.
omno esas hike, everything is here.
Altra, altru, altro, other :
altra ioyo, another time.
altru parolos, someone else will speak.
altro montros, ke -, another thing will show that-
Nula, nulu, nulo, none, nobody, nothing (the opposite of ulu, etc.).
17
Slngla, single, each.
singla karti, single cards.
li venls single, they came singly.
dek centlmi po singla, a penny apiece.
The difference between omna and singla is slight, but clear : omna
means every (collectively), while singla means each (distributively) :
Omnu parolis, singlu en sua Iinguo.
Everyone spoke, each in his own language.
Observe that each other can be translated una la altra (in the
plural uni la altri) when the prefix Inter- is unsuitable :
Amez uni la altri,
Love one another.
Li lnterparolis longe,
T h e y talked together (with each other) long.
Li donis donaci uni a I'altri,
T h e y gave each other gifts (gave gifts each to the others).
i
havas analoga roli ; un embracilo I juntas plura
linei (dextre) ad una (sinistre). La streketo ( - ) unioAas la parti di
vorto kompozita; 01 indikas anke la seko di vorto inter du linei.
La streko (-) indikas chanjo di parolanto : 01 devas sempre uzesar
en dialogi. On ne darfas uzar 01 vice la parentezi, o vice la puntaro.
La puntaro (. . .) indikas interrupt0 di la penso. L'alineo (new
paragraph) indikas chanjo di temo o nova ordino di pensi. La noti
(infre di la pagini) devas referesar per numeri (ne per steli, kruci, etc.)
ENGLISH IDIOMS AND IDO.
LESSON XI.
POSSESSIVECASE.-(I) The English possessive case has t o be
turned round, and translated by the preposition di :
T h e father's dog (=the dog o f the father).
La hundo di l a patrulo.
T h e mothers' meeting (=the meeting of the mothers),
La asemblo di l a patrini.
A mothers' meeting ( = a meeting of mothers),
Asemblo di patrini.
A beggar's revenge (=the revenge o f a beggar).
Venjo di mendikisto.
(2) With prepositions to and at, the possessive case is translated
by preposition che :
She lives at her uncle's (house),
El lojas che sua onklulo.
H e went to his tailor's (shop).
I1 iris che sua talioro.
(3) The possessive case was formerly used with all nouns. We
still find traces of it in expressions like, a n hour's walk, where there
is no real possession, and preposition de is t o be used :
Un horo de marcho, or : marcho de (or, durn) un horo.
(4) A few expressions where the possessive case is found can be
rendered by simpler forms :
at arm's length, ye brakio-disto.
for mercy's sake, pro kompato.
a hair's breadth, har-dikeso.
to-day's news, l a ea-diala novaji.
for forw's sake, por l a formo.
(5) Another form of possessive is the adjectival noun :
a railway carriage = fer-voyala vagono.
or better, vagono di fervoyo.
the park gate = la parkala pordego.
or better, l a pordego di la parko.
POSSESSIVE= T H A T . - T ~ possessive
~ case a t the end of a sentence
often has t o be translated by the pronoun that :
He said his writing was better than his brotherls(=than that of
his brother),
I1 dicis ke lua skribajo esas plu bona, k a m t a di lua fratulo.
She liked her sister's best (=that of her sister),
El maxim prizis t a di sua fiatino.
I t i s as good as m y grandfather's ( = a s that o f m y grandfather),
01 esas t a m bona, k a m t a di mea avulo.
I t i s the old man's (=that of the old m a n ) ,
01 esos t a di l a oldulo ;
or : It belongs to the old m a n ,
01 apartenas a l a oldulo.
PARTITIVEARTICLE.-^^^^ the indefinite adjectives some, a n y ,
are used with words of quantity in place of a, a n , they are not t o be
translated :
T h e children have some bread, La infanti havas pano.
Did he get a n y money ? Kad il recevis pekunio ?
20
He w o t e without a n y ink. I1 skribis sen inko.
I n such cases the word some or a n y could easily be left out.
Did he get money ? etc.
If the word some or a n y cannot be left out, then i t is a n adjective
or a pronoun, and must be translated :
Whether he got a n y or not, I don't know,
Kad il recevis kelka o ne, me ne savas.
APPARENT PLURAL.-Note the following and all similar :
bellows, suflilo. contents, kontenajo.
breeches, pantalono. dregs, lizo.
scissors, cizo. alms, almono or almoni.
tongs, tenalio. means, moyeno or moyeni.
billiards, biliardo. news, novajo or novaji.
Some nouns of quantity remain singular in English when preceded
by a number ; they should, of course, be plural in Ido :
T h e y had three brace of partridges and s i x dozen oysters,
Li havis tri pari [de] perdriki e sis dekedui [de] ostri.
LESSON XII.
HOWTO TRANSLATE THAT.
(1) If it joins two sentences, use ke.
(2) If it means who, whom, which, use qua as subject, quan as
object (if before the verb).
(3) If it means that (person),use ita, ta.
(4) If i t means that thing, use ito, to.
(5) If it means that kind o f , use tala.
(6) If i t means in order that, use por ke (with imperative).
E.g.-
( 1 ) I see that you are here, me vidas, ke vu esas hike.
(Joins sentences " I see," " y o u are here.")
( 2 ) T h e cat that was here, La kato qua esis hike.
T h e dog that you saw, La hundo, quan vu vidis.
(3) T h a t m a n i s too old, Ita (or, ta) viro esas tro olda.
(4) That i s n o use, Ito (or, to) ne utilesas.
(5) That person I Well, I neoer !
Tala persono ! ne-kredebla I
(6) I tell you now, that you m a y be prepared,
Me dicas 01 a vu nun, por ke vu esez preparita (or pronta).
THAT SHOULD NEVER BE OMITTED.
The word that is very often omitted in English, but should NEVER
be omitted in Ido :
( 1 ) T h e book I gave you (=the book that (or which) I gave you),
La libro quan me donis a vu.
(In this case that is the pronoun.)
( 2 ) I think he will come ( = I think that he will come),
Me opinionas, ke il venos.
(In this case that is the conjunction.)
It is generally omitted in English after verbs like to think, to hope,
to wish, to believe.
I t is impossible t o pay too much attention t o this rule, as the
correct use of the word ke is the key t o a good international style
for English-speaking students.
21
OTHER WORDSOMITTED.-A11 other words omitted in English
have to be inserted in Ido :
I t was he mentioned the fact (=he who mentioned),
I1 esas t a qua meneionis la fakto.
He knew the m a n we were speaking of (=of whom we. . . .),
I1 konoois la viro pri qua ni parolis.
Do what he will (=let him do. . . .), he cannot. . . .
I1 faeez quon il volas, i l ne povas. ...
If a m a n was great while living (=while he was living),
Se homo esis famoza, dum ke il vivis.
He gave the boy a penny ( = a p e m y t o the boy),
I1 donis dek eentimi a la puero.
Show i t me (=show i t to m e ) ,
Montrez 01 a me.
WHOSE,OF WHICH.-Whose and of which are translated di qua
(or di qui) :
T h e boy whose book I saw (=the boy of whom I saw the book),
La puero di qua me vidis la libro.
T h e sword which Hector gave A j a x was that o n whose point
A j a x fell,
La glavo quan Hektor donis ad Ajax, esis t a sur la pinto di qua
Ajax falis.
T h e books, the bindhzg o f which you liked,
La libri di qui vu prizis la binduro.
INFINITIVECLAUSE.--Anothercase in which that as a conjunction
(= ke) should be used is the infinitive clause :
I want you to come, Me volas, ke vu venez.
H e ordeved them to go away, I1 imperis, ke li de-irez.
It will be noticed that such phrases occur most frequently with
verbs of command and desire.
LESSON XIII.
HOWTO TRANSLATE WHAT.
( a ) If it means that which, use to quo or to quon, according to sense :
(1) W h a t i s here i s good (= T h a t which i s here i s good),
To quo esas hike, esas bona.
(In this sentence which is the subject of is.)
( 2 ) W h a t you say i s right (=that, which you say, i s right),
To quon vu dieas, esas j u s t a
(Here which is the object of you say.)
NOTE.-^^ the correlation to quo, or to quon, the to can be omitted
after a verb :
I heard what he said, Me audis quon il dicis.
I know what they are, Me savas quo li esas.
(6) If it is a question and means what thing, use quo or quon :
W h a t i s i t ? Quo esas ?
W h a t i s the matter ? Quo eventas ?
W h a t do you want ? ( = y o u want what thing ? you subject, what
object, placed before the verb),
Quon vu volas ?
22
(c) As an adjective, use qua, quan :
W h a t carriage ? Qua veturo ?
W h a t day ? Qua dio ?
(d) As an exclamation, use qU0 !
W h a t ! i s i t true ! Quo, ka Vera ?
(e) Followed by a , translate what by quala :
W h a t a wind ! Quala vent0 !
INDEFINITEADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
Some, alzy. See Lessons X. and XI.
N o , before a noun of quantity=not before the verb :
I have n o bread (= I not have bread),
Me ne havas pano.
N o before a noun of individuality = not one : nula :
N o man will say, Nula homo dicos.
Either (=the one or the other) :
Either of them will do (=one or other will suit).
Una od altra konvenos.
Either book will do (=one book or the other will suit),
Un llbro o la altra konvenos.
[Either . . or is a conjunction, sive . . siVe.1
Neither (=%or one nor the other) :
Neither door was open,
Nek una nek la altra pordo esis apertita.
Few =poka.
A few = kelka.
Several= plura.
M a n y , much= multa (too m a n y , much = tro multa).
Such, meaning " quality " = tala,
, meaning those = ti.
Such as we are, Tala, quala ni esas.
Such as like i t , Ti qui prizas 01.
All, meaning everything= omno.
,, meaning everybody = omni.
,, as an adjective=omna.
A l l I have said, Omno, quon me dicis.
A l l were there, Omni asistis.
All trouble, all efforts, Omna peno, omna esforci.
All the, meaning the whole=la tota.
A l l the town was ablaze, La tota urbo flagris.
Each other= una altra.
One another= una altra (or verb commencing by inter-)
T h e y loved each other,
Li amis una altra.
T h e y loved one another,
Li amis una altra (or : inter-amis).
T h e y took each other's hats,
Li prenis la una la chapel0 di la altra.
Not anything,
Nothing,
.
) ne . ulo
i or, nulo.
Not anyone, ..
N o one,
None. 1 ne ulu
or, nulu.
One is translated by un as a number, una as a n adjective showing
unity, unu as a pronoun of person :
One and one make two,
Un ed un facas du.
T h e One Holy Church,
La Una Santa Eklezio.
T h e one said this, the other said that,
Unu dicis ico, la altru dicis ito.
One after demonstratives (this one, that one, the other one), and after
adjectives ( a young one, a good one) is omitted :
T h i s one said this, that one said that, and the other one said the
other thing.
Ica dicis ico, ita dieis ito, e l a altra dicis la altro.
T h e little one was tired,
La puereto esis fatigita.
One, after an adjective, is often translated by a repetition of
the noun :
She had a doll, a beautifzsl one too,
El havis pupeo, vere bela pupeo.
T h e ones as a pronoun= uni :
The ones were long, the others were shovt,
Uni esis longa, l'altri esis kurta.
Ones, after an adjective, is not translated :
Give me two small ones, Donez ad me du mikra.
Self.-The pronoun self is translated by ipsa :
W h o was there ? Only myself,
Qua esis ibe ? Nur me ipsa.
When myself, himself, etc., are used after the simple pronoun ( I
myself, she herself, etc.), or after a noun (the king himself), translate
the simple pronoun or noun, and add ipsa a s separate word :
T h e y themselves told me, Li ipsa dicis to a me.
She saw i t herseZf, El ipsa vidis 01.
She saw thz thing itself, El vidis la kozo ipsa.
I t will be noticed that the word ipsa should be placed next to the
word i t refers to.
Self as a noun is translated by persona :
M y whole self, mea tota persono.
LESSON XIV.
THE CONJUGATION.
HOWTO TRANSLATE SHALL.
(1) If i t is a simple future, use -0s :
I shall be here to-morrow, me esos hike morge.
(2) If i t means " duty," use devar or the imperative :
He shall do i t , I1 devas facar lo.
T h o u shalt not bear false witness, Tu ne false atestez.
HOWTO TRANSLATE WILL.
( 1 ) If it is a simple future, use -0s :
He will wride to you, I1 skribos a vu.
(2) If it means " emphasis," use ya with future :
I will do it, me ya facos lo.
(3) If i t means to be willing, to be so good, use voluntar :
W i l l you do me a favour ? Ka vu voluntas faear favoro
a me ?
(4) As a frequentative, i t is not translated (except by a peri-
phrase or by -ad-) :
Sometimes he will look in o f a n evening,
Kelka-foye il venas vizitar ni en la vespero (or, Eventas kelka-
foye ke il venas vizitar nl . . . or, I1 vizitadas ni vespere).
H O W TO TRANSLATE SHOULD.
(1) If it is a simple conditional, use -us :
I should be glad lo have i t ,
Me esus feliea havar 01 (or, se me havus 01).
(2) If it means ought, use devas :
Y o u should write to them, Vu devas skribar a li.
When really conditional, devus not devas is used. Compare
" You ought (devas) t o do i t if you can " and " you ought (devus)
to do i t if you could."
(3) At beginning of the sentence, use se with future :
Should you require m y seruices, Se vu bezonos mea servl.
HOWTO TRANSLATE W O U L D .
( 1 ) If it is a simple conditional, use -us :
H e would not forget it, I1 ne oblivius 01.
(2) If i t means "insistence," use volis (=did wawt) :
I tried to stop h i m , but he would do i t ,
Me probis haltlgar il, ma il volis faear 01.
(3) If i t means " habit," use -ad- :
She would sit on that little chair,
El sidadis sur ta stuleto.
(4) In the phrase would that, use either Se nur with conditional
or Deo volez ke with imperative :
Would that we were young again !
Se nur nl esus itere yuna :
Would that peace reigned eoerywhere !
Deo volez ke paeo omna-loke regnez !
H O W TO TRANSLATE MAY.
(1) If i t means perhaps, use forsan :
I t m a y rain, Forsan pluvos.
It m a y be so, Forsan esas tale.
(2) If i t means "permission," use darfar or a periphrase :
M a y I conw in ?
Ka me darfas en-venar ?
Y o u m a y not do it ( = y o u are not allowea co do i t ) ,
Vu ne darias faear 01.
[The same sentence : " y o u may not do it," meaning "perhaps
you won't do it," would be forsan vu ne facos 01.'
How TO TRANSLATE MIJST
(1) With a personal subject, use the personal verb mustar ;
I must go, Me mustas departar.
25
( 2 ) When the subject cannot, or need not, be expressed use the
impersonal verb oportar :
W e must go now, Oportas departar nun.
(3) Sometimes an adjective in -end suffices :
A book that must be read, Libro lektenda.
FREQUENTATIVE FORM -The word used to, when i t really means
" a habit," is translated by affix -ad- :
W e used to walk u p and down for hours,
Ni iradis e venadis dum hori.
CHANGEOF TENSE
( 1 ) In Ido tenses do not govern each other :
I thought i t was raining (= I thought that i t is raini~zg= " I t is
raining," I thought),
Me pensis, ke pluvas
H e found she was tired (= He found that she is tired-at the
time he found it),
I1 trovis, ke el esas fatigita.
( 2 ) The English present perfect with date is translated by present
tense and the word since.
I have known i t these four days (= I know i t from four days),
Me savas lo de quar dii.
I have been here two months,
Me esas hike de du monati.
I had been in Rome a week when I received your letter (= I was
i n Rome from a week .
. .),
Me esis en Roma de un semano, kande me recevis vua letro.
( 3 ) The English preterite with for equals a past tense with dum.
I was there for two months (=during two months),
Me esis ibe durn du monati.
She used i t for one year,
El uzis 01 durn un yaro.
TAGGED QUESTIONS AND THE LIKE.--The following examples
wiil explain better than any rule how t o translate sentences of the
sort :
Are you tired ? Ka vu esas fatigita ?
I a m not tired, Me ne esas fatigita.
Y o u are tired, aren't you ? Vu esas fatigita, ka ne ?
Y o u aren't tired, are you ? Vu ne esas fatigita, ka yes ?
I a m not tired ; are you ? Me ne esas fatigita ; ka vu (esas) ?
I a m t i r e d ; aren't you ? Me esas fatigita; ka vu ne (esas) ?
H e i s tired, isn't he ? I1 esas fatigita, ka ne ?
He isn't tired, is he ? I1 ne esas fatigita, ka yes ?
I have f i n i s h e d ; have you ? Me (ja) finis ; ka vu (anke) ?
I have ! Me anke !
Has he ? Kad il (anke) ?
He hasn't. I1 ne.
You'll come, won't you ? Vu venos, ka ne ?
She won't come : will you ? El ne volas venar ; ka vu volas ?
I don't know, I a m sure. Me tote ne savas.
Oh ! do ! please ! Ho, yes ! (venez) me pregas !
26
LESSON XV.
How TO TRANSLATE THE ENGLISH -1NG.-The English termina-
tion -ing seldom is a real present participle that can be translated
by -anta. The following rules cover most cases :
( 1 ) Use -anta only if the word in -ing is a true verbal adjective,
quallfylng a noun :
A crying child, Krianta infanto.
A gratifying result. Kontentiganta rezulto.
I n the above, the adjective in -ing can be replaced by a verb,
with who or which :
a child who cries,
a result which gratifies,
( 2 ) I n most cases, -ing is merely a noun of action, i.e., a word
expressing a n action :
to beat, a beating.
to brush, a brushing.
to institute, instituting.
Such nouns are rendered by the simple termination -4which,
when the root is a verb, precisely means action :
bat-ar, bat-o.
bros-ar, bros-o.
institue-ar, instituc-o.
If it is intended t o convey an idea of particular duration, use the
affix -ado :
T o dance, dans-ar ;
A dance, dans-o ;
Dancing, dans-ado.
Young people are fond of dancing, La yuni prizas dansado.
Angling i s a pleasant pastime,
(Angel-) peskado esas agreabla tempo-pasigivo.
Constant travelling i s bad for the nerves,
La sempra voyajado noeas la nervi.
I n the last two examples, the simple form pesko, voyajo, would
mean catching a jish (not catching f i s h ) , and a journey (not tmvelling).
(3) At the beginning of a sentence or clause, the word i n -ing
should he translated by -ante, if i t could he or is preceded by a
preposition or conjunction like while, i n , on :
Replying to your letter ( = i n reply to your letter),
Respondante a vua letro.
O n coming i n , I saw her,
En-irante, me vidis el
I spoke to h i m standing (=while standing),
Staeante, me parolis ad il.
Taking his hat, he went out,
Prenante lua ehapelo, il ek-iris.
If the word in -ing is the auxiliary to have, then the past participle
of the second verb must be used :
Having spoken thus, he sat down,
Tale parolinte, il sideskis.
27
Having been i n the place, I know i t ,
Esinte e n l a loko, me konoeas 01, or : Pro ke me esls ...
( 4 ) A f t e r a preposition, t h e word in -ing i s t h e equivalent o f a n
i n f i n i t i v e , as English prepositions, except to, govern t h e participle :
Before going away (=before to-go-away),
Ante departar.
.4fter speaking (= after to-have-spoke%),
Pos parolir.
Instead of writing (= instead-of to-write),
Vice skribar.
After answering her letter,
Pos respondir ad elua letro.
NOTE.-While i s a conjunction (during being t h e correspondixig
preposition) :
Wh.ile running, they fell down,
Dum ke li kuris (or, dum lia kuro), li falls.
( 5 ) A large n u m b e r o f cases cannot b e classified under a n y o f t h e
above heads, b u t a f e w examples will s u f f i c e :
( a ) Angry for being disturbed (=angry because one disturbed h i m ) ,
Iraoanta pro ke on trublis il.
(b) Particular ways o f doing things ( = t o d o things),
Speoala manieri faear kozi.
(c) H e was f a r from appreciating her good qualities (=he cevtainly
did not value highly her good qualities),
I1 oerte ne alte prizis elua bona qualesi.
or : He was far from alz appreciation of her good qualitiss.
I1 esis for prizar elua bona qualesi.
( d ) H e agreed with her i n liking sweets (=he agreed with her in that
thing, that they two liked sweets),
I1 akordis bun el e n to, ke Ii du prizis sukraji,
or : 11 akordis k n n el e n prizar sukrajl.
(e) I can't help loving the child (= I cannot not love the chitd),
Me ne povas ne amar l a infanto.
( f ) T h e y hindered h i m from running,
Ll impedis, ke iI kurez.
(g) She intended coming yesterday (=she intended to cotm),
El intencis venar hiere.
( h ) Out of hearing (=not able-to-be-veached by a call),
Ne-atingebla per voko,
or : Exter voko (out of call),
or : J a ne-vokebla (=already not call-able),
(i) A boarding-house, gasteyo.
A n eating-house, restorerio.
A dining-room, manjo-chambro.
'4 walking-stick, promen-bastono.
A sitting-room, saloneto.
A swimming-bath, nateyo.
A writing-table, skribo-tablo.
A drawing-pencil, desegno-krayono.
A camping outfit, acesori di kamp(ad)o.
28
(6) If the word in -ing is the subject of a verb, use either the
infinitive or the noun form :
Smoking i s bad for the health,
Fumar esas mala por la saneso.
(7) If the word i n -ing is preceded by to be, see Lesson V I I . , " Pro-
gressive Form " :
I a m calling you, Me vokas vu.
--
LESSON XVI.
LIST OF PREPOSITIONS.
De, from, since, of (in quantities) :
unu de li, one of them.
de-pos, since, after.
di, of (possession and genitive).
da, by (authorship or after passive verb).
a, ad, to (direction, object, intention) :
pensar a, to turn one's thoughts to, think of.
amo a Deo, love of God.
irar a..., to go to-
aden, into.
adsur, on to.
en, in.
ek, out of (with motion, choice, material).
vazo ek oro, a vase of gold.
irar ek la chambro, to go out of the room.
exter, outside (without motion).
sur, on.
super, above.
sub, under (with or without motion).
intre di, at the bottom or foot o f , below.
inter, between, among.
tra, through (in crossing only).
cis, this side of.
trans, the other side o f , across (with or without motion).
preter, beyond, leaving behind.
lor, at the t i w o f .
ante, before (in time).
pos, after (in time).
avan, in front of, before (in space).
dop, behind, after (in space).
koram, in the presence of.
che, at, to (the house of).
apud, ne.xi to, b ~ beside.
,
an, on, at (contiguity) :
an la tablo, at table.
an Seine, on the Seine.
cirkum, around, about (place, time, quantity, etc.).
kontre, against.
pro, because, o n account of.
por, for, in view o f , in order to.
20
per, by means o f , through.
pri, concerning, o f , about, relating to, on.
kun, wzth (in company with).
sen, without (privation).
ultre, beyond, in addition to.
proxim, near, close to (not touching).
po, for, at the price of, in exchange for.
dum, during.
til, till (prep.), as far as :
ti1 l a pordo, as far as the door.
malgre, in spite o f , notwithstanding.
vice, instead o f , i n place of.
segun, according to.
alonge, along.
vers, towards.
ye, at (indefinite preposition).
FINAL PREPOSITIONS.
Prepositions must always be placed before a noun or pronoun :
T h i s i s the book he spoke of ( = o f which he spoke),
Yen l a libro, pri qua il parolis.
.
W h a t are you talking about (=about what. .) ?
Pri quo vu parolas ?
I t is frequently possible t o combine a final preposition with its
verb, or t o form a phrase :
T h i s i s the stick he came with (=which he brought),
Yen l a bastono, quan il ad-portis.
T h e doctor was sent for (=owe caused-to-be-fetched. . . .),
On quer-ig-is la mediko.
The bag he came for (=which he fetched),
La sako, quan il queris.
T h i s will do to go o n with ( = a t the begiuning),
Ico konvenos en l a komenco.
The boat had not been intended t o be lived in,
La batelo ne esis destinita por habitado.
The church had not been preached in for m a n y years,
O n ne predikabis en l a kirko dum multa yari.
PREFOSITIONS AS ADVERBS.
A word which is a preposition, if before a noun or pronoun, may
be an adverb, if alone :
Near the brook, Proxim l a rivereto.
T h e brook ran near, La rivereto fluis proxime.
All Ido prepositions can be changed into adverbs by the addition
of a n -e :
dum, during ; dume, meanwhile.
lor, at the time o f ; lore, then.
pos, after ; pose, afterwards.
ante, before ; antee, previously.
kontre, against ; kontree, on the other hand, contrariwise.
As adjectives, antea means previous, posa, subsequent, kontrea,
opposing.
(Extere, interne, are used in place of ene, eke.)
30
SENSEACCORDING TO PLACE.
Some prepositions are used as adverbs in English with a different
sense :
(About an hour, Cirkum un horo.
1 T h e y ran about, Li kuris hike ed ibe.
!On the bell, Sur la klosho.
T h e y rang on, Li sonigadis.
I, Over the way, Trans la voyo.
( The storm was over, La sturmo esis finita (o : cesabls).
j Up a tree, Supre di arboro.
I The door i s shut up, La pordo esas tote klozita.
LESSON XVII.
PASSIVEVOICE TRANSLATED BY on.
When the speaker does not want to name, or does not know, the
author of a n action, he states i t in the passive voice i n English :
The father i s loved.
In Ido, the indefinite pronoun is used :
On amas la patrulo.
This avoids such passive constructions as :
He was not told the whole truth,
On ne dicis ad il la tota verajo.
Sometimes, instead of the passive voice, a pronoun is used in
English ; the pronoun we is used when the speaker wants to associate
himself with the statement :
We are all mortal,
Ni omna esas mortiva.
But when the statement applies t o everybody, on should be used :
W h e n we hear but one bell, we hear but one sound,
Kande on audas nur un klosho, on audas nur un sono.
The same is true of the pronouns they, you, and the expressions
people, somebody :
T h e y manage those things better in America,
On administras ta kozi plu bone en Amerika.
Y o u cannot eat you7 cake and have i t ,
On ne povas manjar sua kuko e konservar 01.
People say i t i s their own fault,
On dicas, ke 01 esas lia propra kulpo.
A m a n i s not always lucky,
On ne sempre esas fortunoza.
PREPOSITION BEFORE INFINITIVE.
Any preposition can be used before a n infinitive, as the infinitive
is the equivalent of a noun :
Loko por studiar (=loko por studio).
A place for studying ( = a place for study).
Sen dormar, without sleeping.
Sen dormo, without sleep.
Ante departar, before starting.
Ante departo, before departure.
Sen parolir, without having spoken.
Preposition to is not translated if i t is part of the infinitive :
I want to come, me volas venar.
If i t means in order to, use por :
He wrote fo come, I1 skribis por venar.
If you could use the form in -ing with nearly the same sense, the
por is not necessary :
T o be or not to be (=being or not being), Esar o ne esar.
After an adjective, preposition to means neither in order to nor
- -
an infinitive :
E a s y to learn (=easily learnable), Facile lernebla.
t understand, ~esfacilekomprenabla.
~ i f f i u l to
T h e y have only themselves to blame, Li ipsa esas sola blaminda.
For the infinitive clause, " I want you to come," etc., see Lesson XI1
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
Verbs like to rain, to snow, to hail have no real subject ; therefore
the English pronoun i t is not translated :
I t rains. Pluvas.
I t snowed. Nivis.
I t i s going to hail, Esas balde grelonta.
(See also Lesson XX.)
The same is true when the pronoun i t does not refer t o anything :
I t i s you, Esas vu.
" I A M COLD "
These are simply translated by the verb to be, the real subject
being the word that follows :
There is a hill outside the town,
Esas kolino exter l a urbo.
There are twelve hens in the cage,
Esas dek-e-du hanini en la kajo.
But when there is points to a person or thing, use yen :
There he is (= There he comes !) Yen 11 venas !
The words plus, minus, multiplied by, divided by, are translated
plus (pronounced ploos), minus (mid-00s).per (pair),sur (soor) :
2+3- 1, du plus tri minus un.
4 x 2 = 8 , quar per du facas ok.
9 t 3 = 3, non sur tri facas tri.
DAYS,MONTHS,ETC.
The names of the days of the week are (no capitals, except a t head
of sentence, etc.) :
Sundio, lundio, mardio, merkurdio, jovdio, venerdio, saturdio.
The names of the months are (capitals as above) :
Januaro, februaro, marto, aprilo, mayo, junio, julio, agosto,
septembro, oktobro, novembro, decembro.
The names of the seasons are :
Printempo, somero, autuno, vintro.
The international hotel custom is followed in naming the chief
meals :
Breakfast, dejuneto. Dinner, dineo.
Lunch, dejuno. Supper, supeo.
The corresponding verbs are : dinear, supear, etc.
33
In dating, begin with the day, end with the year.
Sept. 12th, 1914, 12-ma septembro 1914.
LESSON X V I I I .
LIST OF PRINCIPAL
CONJUNCTIONS.
Ed (e), and. ke, that.
od (o), or. se, if.
.
od . . . od, either . . or. .
sive . . . sive, whether. . or
neb, nor. whether.
.
nek . . nek,, neither . nor. se ne, if not.
or, now (in argument). se . . . nur, nur se, provided that.
nam, for (=because). ecepte se, wnless.
do, then, so (=therefore). quale se, as though.
ma, but. quankam, although.
tamen, however, nevertheless, yet. pro quo ? why ?
yen, here i s , here are. por quo ? what for ?
lore . . . lore, wow . . . then. de kande, as soon as, since when.
ka(d), (question word) whether por ne, lest (with infinitive).
COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS.
I n addition t o the conjunctions formed from prepositions by
adding ke (see Lesson I X . ) , many can be formed irom adverbs i n
the same way :
tale ke, so that, i n such a way that.
tante ke, so much that.
tam longe ke, as long as.
kaze ke, in case.
kondicione ke, olz co*zditio%zthat.
unloye ke, once (that). . .
omnafoye ke, each time (that). . .
tam ofte ke, as often as.
time ke, for fear that.
.
tante plo . . . ke, all the more . . that.
.
.
quante plu . . . tante plu, the more . . the more.
.
quante min . . tante min, the less . . the less.
tante plu bone ke, all the better . . . because.
A few examples will help t o understand the value of the most
difficult, and show how many others not given above can be formed.
The general rule is that EVERY WORD MEANS ONE DEFINITE IDEA,
and can be combined with another word also meaning O N E DEFINITE
IDEA,t o form the exact equivalent of any English phrase consisting
of two or more words that have often lost their original meaning :
se, means i f ,
nur means only,
/ se nor (=i/ only) is translated
provided that.
de means from, de kande is translated since
kande, means when, when ? or how long ?
pro means on account o f , pro quo is translated why ?
quo means what thing,
31
quik means i m w d i a t e l y , 1 quik kande is translated as
kande means when, I soon as.
pro means on account o!,
to means that (thing),
quante means so much,
min means less,
tante means thus m ~ t c h ,
E.g.--
I pro to is translated that's
why.
quante min . . . tante min
is translated the IESS . .
the less.
LESSON XX.
ORDEROF WORDS.
Generally speaking, the English order of words is the clearest,
since English, having few inflexions, has to arrange its words logically,
subject, verb, object.
Me amas il, I love him.
The adjective (if there is only one, and not too long) is better
placed before the noun :
Longa voyo, A long way.
(Voyo longa would, of course, also be correct).
Adverbs are also normally placed before the word they modify:
I1 vere dicis, ke il tote komprenas.
The adverbs ne and tre must always be placed before their word :
Me tre amas 11, I like h i m very much.
Ne tote, not entirely (=not quite).
Tote ne, entirely not (=not at all).
ACCUSATIVE.
Any noun, adjective, or pronoun can be made a n accusative, but
only when i t is the direct object of a verb and placed before the
subject. This is done by adding an -n :
A fine story, he told me ! Bela rakonton il faals a me !
I t was they that I called Lin me vokls.
38
The pronouns 11, el, 01, are abbreviations for ilu, elu, olu, and their
accusatives would be ilun, elun, olun :
Elun me tante amis ! She i t was whom I loved so !
But the accusative is not necessary, if the object is preceded
by the subject :
Me li vidis,
I saw them (= I them saw).
COMPOUND WORDS.
Nouns can be united as i n English t o do away with a proposition :
A tea-cup ( = a c u p for tea), te-taso (= taso por teo).
A steam-ship, vapor-navo.
The -0- between the words depends on the euphony :
skribo-tablo or skrib-tablo,
but tablo-tuko (not tabl-tuko).
The hyphen is often better inserted :
fervoyo-vagono (rather than fervoyovagono).
When the compound is formed with adjectives or adverbs. i t may
be useful to write the termination :
English-speaking people, Angle-parolanti.
Sky-blue, Clel-blua.
Sunburnt, Sun-brulita.
A dark-eyed, curly-headed little boy,
Nigr-okula loklo-hara pueruleto.
Compound words formed with prepositions take the prtposition
first and remain in the same order as in English :
sub-tera, subterranean.
Such compound words do not require the usual affixes, as the
relation is expressed by the preposition :
nacion-al-a, national.
inter-nacion-a, international.
Again
natur-al-a natural.
super-natur-a, supernatzdral.
I n compound words formed by a preposition and a vtrb, care
should be taken not to let the compound form alter the object of the
verb. For instance :
Me vidas la stoni di la fundo tra la aquo,
I see the stones at the bottom through the water.
becomes as a compound :
Me tra-vidas la stoni di la fundo, en la aquo (not : me travidas
la aquo).
The adjective travidebla, therefore, cannot mean transparent ;
i t only applies t o the stones, and means visible through (the water).
(The word transparent is diafana : Stoni travidebla tra diafana aquo).
MIXED VERBS.-M~~Yverbs, i n the L.I., as in English, can be
transitive or intransitive :
Mea laboro komencas, duras, cesas (intransitive) :
Me komencas, duras, cesas mea laboro or laborar (transitive).
IMPERSONALvE~Bs.-The following are used without a subject,
and are followed by an infinitive :
oportas= i t i s necessary.
importas= it is important.
39
konvenaszit 2s convenient.
decas=it i s proper.
suileas= i t i s sufficient.
Oportas levar ni frue morge,
It i s necessary to raise ourselves early to-morrow ( = W e must
get u p early to-morvow).
Other impersonal verbs can be formed by the use of esar with a n
adjective :
Esas utila vakuigar la barelo,
It i s useful to empty the barrel.
DERIVATION.
The logical relation of words must be strictly adhered t o i n deriva-
tion. We cannot, for example derive the verb to address, from the
noun address, except by means of the affix -iz, to cover with :
adres-o, adres-iz-ar.
We cannot derive the verb to brush, from brush ; the root is the
verb of action, brosar, and the noun broso can only mean the act
of brushing ; a brush requires the affix of instrument 41 : bros-il-0.
But in addition t o the affixes that can only be affixes, many roots
are used as affixes, forming then a kind of compound word. Thus
the root ag- of the verb meaning to act, do, wield, is used with many
names of instruments, when it was necessary t o take the instrument
as the first root ; e.g., we say a kammer, to hammer, the second being
evidently derived from the first. We therefore have t o use the
root -agar t o play the part of an affix :
Martel-o, martel-agar, or martel-uzar.
This verb, meaning to hammer, is a transitive verb, that can be
followed by an object.
I1 martel-agis la pikturo He hammered (at) the picture.
I n the same way we have :
klef-agar, to lock ;
buton-agar, to butto?&;
fren-agar, to apply the brake ;
pedal-agar, to pedal.
TITLES OF COURTESY.
In addressing noble persons, etc., the word Sinior(u1)o(or Siniorino)
Sinioro Rejo, me humile pregas
Sinioro Episkopo di London.
. ..
is used, and if necessary followed by the name of the dignity :
Prefixes :
arki-, pre-eminence : arki-anjelo =archangel (VIII).
bo-, relationship by marriage : bo-patro =father-in-law (i).
des-, contrary : des-honoro =dishonour; des-esperar = to despair (VII).
dis-, separation : dis-sekar = to dissect (VII).
ex-, e x - , former, late : ex-Oficiro =ex-officer (x).
ge-, unites both sexes : ge-patri=parents (I).
mi-, half : mi-horo =half-an-hour (VII).
mis-, mis-, wrongly : mis-komprenar=to misunderstand (VII).
ne-, negation, ne-utila = useless (VII).
par-, completely: par-lektar=to vead through (v).
para-, warding off: para-suno=parasol (v).
pre-, : pre-, ante-, fore- : pee-lndo, prelude ; pre-dicar, to foretell,
to preZict (ix).
prim-, primitive : prim-avi, forefathers (IX).
retro-, back : retro-sendar =to send back, return (ix).
ri-, again : ri-dicar=to say again. (ix).
sen-, devoid of : sen-viva=lifeless (vii).
Numeral Suffixes :
-esm-, ordinal numbers : un-esm-a= first ; du-esm-a=second (vI).
-Im-,fraction : tri-lm-a=third part ; quar-im-o =a qttavter (vI).
-op-, distributive : quar-op-e=in fours, four at a time (vI).
-opl-, multiplying a f f i x: du-opl-a =double (vI).
42
GRAMMATICAL INDEX.
Page Page
ACCENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ELISION . . . . . . . . . 4. 40
ACCUSATIVE ............ 38 Ever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
of qua. qui. quo . . . . . . . . . 7 FRACTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Ad.ed. od . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 GENDERS ......... 3.5
ADJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . 3 I a m cold . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Indefinite . . . . . . . . . ...4.23 -i?zg termination . . . . . . . . 27
used as verbs . . . . . . . . . 31 Just . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
ADVERBS. List of . . . . . . . . . 36 KOm and
May
c)uale
...............
...... 36
25
of manner .........
AFFIXES(List of): . . . . . . 41 MONTHS............... 33
MULTIPLES. . . . . . . . . . . . 11
AGE (Conversation . . . . . . 12 .............. . 25
ALPHABET . . . . . . . . . . . . NEGATION . . . . . . . . . 3. 12
And . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 h'or .............. . 36
Any . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. 20 o .............. . 3
(partitive article) . . . . . . 20 NOUNS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ARITHMETIC . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Possessive case of . . . . . . 20
ARTICLE.Definite ... 3. 9. 40 Participles as . . . . . . . . . 14
Indefinite . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Apparent plural of . . . . . . 21
Partitive . . . . . . . . . 20 as adjectives . . . . . . . . . 20
As . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 NUMERALS ......... 10
AUXILIARIES : do. did ... 3 On . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 1 4. 31
to have . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 One ............... 23
to be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ORDEROF WORDS ...... 38
m a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 PLACEOF WORDS (preposi-
shall. should . . . . . . 24. 25 tions as adverbs) . . . . . . 31
will. would . . . . . . 24. 25 PLURAL.Apparent . . . . . . 21
Both . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 POSSESSIVE case . . . . . . 9. 20
But . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 PREPOSITIONS. Sense of i5. 31
B y after passive verb . . . . . . 14 List of ............ 29
COMPARISON . . . . . . . . . 4 Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
COMPOUND WORDS ... I . 39. 40 before infinitive ... 28. 32
CONJUNCTIONS. List of ... 34 and - i q . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Compound . . . . . . 16. 34 as adverbs ......... 30
formed from prepositions 16 as verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Mood and tense governed PRONOUNS. Demonstrative ... 8
by . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Indefinite . . . . . . . . .8. 17. 23
CONSONANTS . . . . . . . . . 1 Interrogative and relative 7
DATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Personal . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
DAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Plural adjectives as . . . . . . 7
DERIVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Possessive ......... 6
adjectives and nouns ... 7 Reflexive . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Di. de. da . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Relative . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Do. did ............ 3 PRONUNCIATION ......... 1
43
Page Page
Puntizado (punctuation) ... 19 VERBS-
QUESTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Infinitive clause ...... 22
Self . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Mixed (transitive or in-
Shall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 transitive) . . . . . . . . . 39
Should . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Participle as a noun ...... 14
Some ............ 17.20 Passive voice ... 13. 1 4
......
TAGGEDQUESTIONS
That
Theve is. there are ...... 33
.
. . . . . . . . . . ..2U. 2 1 22
26 Passive voice translated
by on . . . . . . . . . 14
Perfect tense ...... 12. 13
TIME OF DAY . . . . . . . . . 33 Progressive form . . . . . . 12
TITLESOF COURTESY ... 43 Tense correlation ... 26
To with infinitive . . . . . . 32 VOWELS ............... 1
VERBS . . . . . . . . . 3. 5. 12. 13 What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Change of tense . . . . . . 26 Whose . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. 22
Emphatic form . . . . . . 12 Will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Frequentative form . . . . . . 26 Words omitted in English 21. 22
Impersonal . . . . . . 32. 39 Would . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Infinitive after preposition28. 32 Ye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
EXERCARO
Konsili a la Studianti.
On povas, mem sen pre-studio di la gramatiko, uzar ica Exercaro,
nam en l'unesma pagini ni separis l'elementi kompozanta di la
vorti. Tale, per simpla sercho en la lexiki Ido-nacional, on havos
la valoro di la parti formacanta, e fine la signifiko di la tota vorto.
Tamen on agos plu saje, se, ante komencar l'exerci, on aquiros kelka
konoco gramatikala, aparte pri la finali -0, -a, -e, -i, -as. -is, -os,
-us, -ez, -ar, -ir, -or, -ant, -int, -ont, -at, -it, -ot. Per t a procedo on
plufaciligos a su la koinpreno e la traduko di l'exerci (1).
Ante omno ni dicos : Euitez la hasto : konsiderez tre atencoze
mem la maxim mikra detali. La linguo internaciona devas esar
extreme facila, e fakte Ido esas tala ; ma ica facileso divenas danjero
por la ne-atencanti. Pro ke li komprenas sen esforco nek peno, li erore
imaginas, ke la formi e vorti rivenos en lia kapo kun egala, facileso,
kande li volos parolar o skribar la linguo internaciona. Ma, pro
ke li ne atencis sate, li montras lore, e sentas ipsa, ke li ne posedas
bone la linguo. Ido substitucas expresuri justa e logikala a multa
idiotismi e stranjaji di nia lingui, pro ke nur l'expresuri justa e
logikala povas esar komprenata da omni. Ma, se on ne donos
ad oli atenco suficanta, on ne aquiros li, ed on transportos en Ido
l'expresuri nelogikala e nekomprenebla di la lingui national.
L'experienco konsilas la sequanta procedo :
l e Pronuncar laute (se on povas) la vorti di la texti, tre atencante
pozav sur la konuenanta silabo I'acento lonika, qua esas plu-fort-igo,
di la voco sur t a silabo. Tale la orelo kustumeskos la soni di
la linguo, e la vorti penetros e restos plu facile, plu bone, en la
memorado.
2" Skribar la traduko di l'exerci, quin on facos sen ula omiso,
e komparar lu kun la tradukuro imprimita sur altra pagino.
3e Atinginte la 12" exerco (ma ne plu fvue), on rikonstruktos kun
grand avantajo (per la tradukuri en Angla qui trovesas en ca
libro) la texto di 1'Exevcaro. Por ica laboro on sequos tre
fidele l'ordino di la numeri, ed on ne rikonstruktos, me supozas,
la 3" exerco ante la la o la 2a.
(I) A 1' Angli ni tre konsilas kornencar per n The Elementary Grammaro, qua esas
komposita precize por preparar a 1'Exercaro.
45
4e Samtempe on finos tradukar en la linguo nacional la restanta
duimo di 1'Exercaro ; e kande t a traduko esos finita, on rikon-
struktos anke en Ido ica duesma parto.
Komparante t a rikonstrukto kun la texto, on facile povos vidar
la kulpi facita ed emendar oli.
I.
Substantivi.--Genro e nombro.
J,a hom-o nask-as infanto, diven-as puer-o ( I ) , adolecanto, adulto.
-La speco ((homo))es-as, per la sexu-o, iive hom-ul-o, sive hom-in-o.
--Homulo divenas vir-o cirkum su-a 20 yar-i.-Famili-o konten-as
du spozi (spoz-ul-o e spoz-in-o) kun li-a fili-i (fili-ul-i e fili-in-i),
qui mas reciprok-e frat-i (frat-ul-i e frat-in-i).-La filii dev-as respekt-
ar ed am-ar su-a ge-patr-i (la patr-ul-o e la patr-in-o).-Vu-a onkl-o
(onkl-ul-o od onkl-in-o) esas la frato di vu-a patr-o (patr-ul-o o
patr-in-o).-La filii di vu-a onklo esas vua kuz-i (kuz-ul-i o kuz-in-i).
-La ge-patri di vua gepatri esas vua av-i. Singl-u hav-as du
av-ul-i e du av-in-i, di qui lu esas la nepot-o (nepot-ul-o o nepot-in-0).
-Inter la rej-i di Anglia existis eminent-a rej-in-i ; ma Francia
hav-is nur rej-ul-i.-Letr-o komenc-as per : Sior-ul-o, o per : Sior-
in-0.-Sior-i, dic-as orator0 a la sioruli ed a la siorini, qui askolt-as
1u.-Me vid-as ge-siori M....--Me-a fratulo esas profesoro, e mea
fratino esas sekretario di advokat-in-0.-Inter la besti-i on disting-as
maskul-i e femin-i, exempl-e bov-ul-i e bov-in-i ; ma ordinar-e on
union-as li per la nom-o komun-a ctbovi)).-La nomo ctfeminon
ne konven-as por homino : on uz-as I11 nur por besti-o femin-a.
On uz-as -ul e -in nur se to esas absolut-e neces-a por indikar la
sexuo di bestio o persono. Nam esas ordinar-e tre komod-a parol-ar,
mem pri homi, sen distingar la sexui, exempl-e pri su-a frati, pri
sua profesori, pri sua amiki, qui povas esar homuli o homini.
11.
Adjektivi ed adverbi. -La kontreaji.
La filio di vua kuzino esas tre fort-a ; kontre-e, la filii di vua
fratino, vua ge-nevi, esas feblx ; mem li semblas ma1ada.-No,
111.
Pronomi personala e posedala.
Me amas mea frati.-Tu ne sat respektas tua olda patru10.-
Vu esas tro severa por vu-a filii.-Il(u) deziras trovar en la domo
sua patrino e sua fratini.-El(u) esas tre bona por omna sua serv-
ist-i.-La kavalo esas tro fatigita : ol(u) ne plus povas tir-ar la veturo.
-La afero semblas bona, ma forsan 01 ne esas tala, e ni saje ag-os,
se ni ne aceptos lu blind-e.-La komenco di la voyajo es-is agreabla,
ma lua fino esos forsan des-agreab1a.-El(u) ed il(u) venos kun nia
kuzini.-Vu akompanos mea onklulo e lua filii, se li arivos sat frue.
-Pro quo vu prenas elua libri ? Lekt-ez la vui e lasez la e1ui.-
I1 ne amas mea filiulo, e me ne amas la i1ua.-Vua servisti ne fre-
quentas la mei, e la mei ne frequentas la vui.-Pardonez a tua
filiini, quale me pardonas a la mei.--I1 ri-trovis elua libri, ma il ne
povis ritrovar la sui.-Ili departis plu fru-e kam eli, e tamen ili
arivis plu tarde.-Pueruli e puerini su propoz-is por guidar me :
ili postulis de me tri franki, ed eli konsentis po du franki; me do
elektis eli e refuzis i1i.-Me venos morge kun mea frati e lia amiki.
-Prenez elia manteli kun la vii, narn vi retro-venos erste nokte
kun e1i.-Me renkontris viri, qui duktis kavali ; la viri e la bestii
ne konkordis inter su, e mem forte luktis, narn ili tiris ad-dextre, dum
ke oli tiris ad-sinistre ; ma fine li pac-esk-is, e me vidis ili ed oli irar
en la sama direciono.
IV.
Konjugado aktiva-Chefa tempi.
Me ne pov-as amar ilu, narn il odias me.-Tu sempre devas obediar
tua gepatri e respektar 1i.-El dicas, ke el preferas restar hike.-
Se l'infanto volas, 01 darfas akompanar vu por manjar.-Hiere
ni labor-is dum la tota jorno.-Vu dicis a me, ke il esas malada,
e me renkontris lu en la publika gardeno.-I<ad vu trovis vua amiki ?
Yes, me trovis li che la imprim-ist-0.--La homuli e la homini kon-
sentis, ma ili plu rapide kam eli.--I1 sempre admiris su ipsa, ma
nun il divenas tote netolerebla pro sua fier-es-o e superbeso.-
La lekt-er-i di nia jurnalo certe kompren-os, ke 01 bezonas pekunio
por vivar : li do pagos fidele sua abono e mem esforcos (por) atraktar
ad ol(u) altra lekt-er-i.-Se vu depart-os ca-matin-e, vu ne povos
vidar mea patrulo, nam il arivos erste ca-vesper-e.-Vi parol-us
altre, kara amiki, se vi savus la ver-aj-0.-Forsan la servisti obedius
plu bone sua mastri, se ici esus plu polita, plu afabla en sua maniero
imperar.-Me ne povus kredar (i)to, se me ne vidus o1u.-Ka t u Venus
kun me che mea ge-onkli, se tua fratulo akompanus ni ? Yes, me
quik venus.-Askolt-ez me.-I1 venez, e me aceptos lu bonkordie.-
Ni laborez kuraj-oz-e por la triumfo di nia ideo.-Havez fido a li ;
li meritas lo.-Esez sempre bona por omna homi, quale vi deziras
ke li esez (tala) por vi.-Nature omna homo amas su ipsa, e tre facile
pardonas su.-Ka vu vidas vu en t a spegulo ? Yes, me vidas me
ed anke vu ipsa.-Me lavos me en la dormo-chambro, e t u lavos
tu en la tualet-al-a kabineto.-Vu vest-iz-os vu hike, e me vestizos
me che mea kuzu10.-I1 laudas su pri omno.-Nun el gratulas su
pro la kurajo quan el havis en t a cirkonstanco.-Li jenus su ipsa,
se li tale agus.-Lu deziras lektar t a 1ibro.-Nun esas la tempo
ludar e repozar, ne la tempo 1aborar.-Luktar por nobla idealo esas
bela e laud-ind-a.-Mentiar a pueri e trompar li esas plu grava kam
trompar homi matura.-Plu bona esas exist-ir kam exist-ar od
exist-or, dicis pesimisto.
VI.
Konjugado pasiva-Formi analizala e sintezala.
Me nun esas punisata (punis-es-as) pro kulpo quan me ne facis.
-Esez quieta, nam hike t u esas amata (am-es-as) da omna habitanti.
-11 esas omna-foy-e honor-iz-ata per longa aklami.-Ni esis laudata
(laudesis) da la multa asistanti.-Ta libro esas editita en Amsterdam.
-Vu esos rekompensata o punisata mem en vua vivo.-Esez male-
dikata da omna vivanti, hipokrito !-Me tre dezirus, ke la kozo
esez des-kovrata (des-kovresez) en omna detali, por ke vu esez
judikata (judikesez) segun vua menti.-Yes, ni pensas esar plu
amata (plu amesar) kam e1i.-El opinionas esir sat rekompensata (sat
rekompensesir).-Me esis felica, nam me esis amata da mea gepatri
e da mea instrukt-er-i.-I1 laboris tante male, ke il esis sempre
punisata.-Quik kande me facis maxim mikra kulpo, me esis batata.
-Kad vu ja esis reprochata da nia mastrulo ?-Se vu olim ne men-
tiabus (esus mentiinta), vu ne esus kondamnita.-Esas necesa, ke
t a debaji esez balde pagata.-Kande ni esis punisata, il konsolacis
ni tam dolce kam matro.-Batata (batate) da sua fratulo, la puer-
in-o kriis e ploris bitre.-Klozita (klozite) en la matino, la pordo
restas klozita ti1 la mezo di la jorno.-Amata (amate) de la benigni
e timata (timate) da la maligni vu havas la influo necesa por ito.-
Kad la konstrukt-ot-a palaco kustos multa pekunio ? No, 01 kustos
nur poka pekunio, nam on urns materialo di la incendiita.-Ta
49
ri-nov-ig-it-a atesto augmentos lia forteso kontre lia enemiki.-
Vere, kad la posedo di ruinita kastelo igas lu tante richa ?-La
arest-it-o esas nun questionata (nun questionesas), ed il esos balde
punisata (balde punisesos).
VII.
Pasiva substantivi.
I1 su okupas pri la konstrukto di la nova teatro.-Me regardas
la palaco ed admiras lua konstrukt-es-0.-Kad vu asumas la instrukto
di t a infanto ?-El posedis instrukteso tote astonanta.-Lia aban-
dono lasis ni en granda danjero.-Quon me povis facar en tala
abandoneso ?-Ni sempre laudis lua talent0 di konvinko e konverto.
--La konvinkeso quan produktis en me lua argumenti, efekt-ig-is
mea konverteso.-Kad la civilizo praktikata dal Europani sur la
sovaji esas vere kapabla produktar en li la deziro di la civilizeso ?-
La eduko di la pueri e lia morala formaco ne esas kozo faci1a.-
En t a cirkonstanco il donis pruvo di perfekta edukeso.-La organizo
di la kongreso obligis ni abandonar omna altra 1aboro.-Vere nula
societo prizentas tam bona organizeso.-La orno di t a chambro
kustos de vu multa pekunio.-Ha ! quante bela orn-es-o-n posedas
nun tua salono !-La preso di la fingri sur mola vaxo sempre lasas
traci.-La konstanta preseso, en qua N vidas la organo, explikas
lua funcionado ne-regul-oz-a.-Segun mea opiniono, vua interpret0
esas ne-justa; la texto parolas pri la krueleso quan t a rejulo uzis
en la submiso di la rebe1i.-La submiseso di t a populi esas nur sem-
blanta.
VIII.
Komparativi e superlativi.
I1 esas plu obedi-em-a e laboras plu diligente karn vu.-Tu esis
min richa, en (i)ta tempo, e posedis min mlilta kapitalo kam nun.-
Kad il voyajis tam o plu multe kam vu ? I1 ne tam multe voyajis
karn me, ma vizitis plu lnulta 1andi.-El esas min bela ma plu afabla
karn vu.-Se vi laboros tam fervor-oze karn li, ni donos a vi la sama
rekompenso karn a 1i.-Petro esas la maxim bona puero sur la tero ;
il laboras maxim diligente ek omni.-Mea pueruli esis la maxim
respektema ek (de, inter) la sam-eva pueri, ma anke li esis la minim
laborema.-Me rekompensas lu maxime, nam il maxim kurajoze
kombatis.-Ilus instrukt-er-i amas lu minime, nam il laboras maxim
male.-Ni trovis du exempleri pluse en la kesto de libri, ma tri glasi
minuse en la kesto de vazi.-Venez tam rapide karn posib1e.-Vokez
lu maxim forte posib1e.-Parolez minim rapide posib1e.-Pluse me
dicos, ke se vu venabus (esus veninta) plu frue, ni povabus (esus
povinta) finar ante la nokto.-Admaxime il refuzos, ma tre certe
nia invito ne ofensos il(u).-Adminime vu devus konfesar, ke vu
plene eroris.
XI
Pronorni generala.
Me vartis ilu durn kelka tempo ; ma vidante ke nulu venas, me
departis.-Advere ni ne esis multa, ma tamen plura, nam ni esis
du en la komenco e tri en la fino.-Omnu qua volos venar esos bone
aceptata (bone aceptesos).-I1 invitis omni quin il renkontris.--
Kad vu komprenis omno quon el dicis ? Me komprenis nulo.-
Se irgu prizentos su pos la di-mezo, vu dicos, ke me ne esas hike.-
Ne multi ma kelki tale opinionas.-Ube vu pozis omna mea libri ?
Me pozis li en ula angulo, ma me ne plus memoras en que.-Uli
prizas la danjero, ma nuli (prizas) la morto.-To esas certa : uli
preferas esar judikata (judikesar) maligna kam stupids.-Se vu ne
volas pro irga motivo aceptar mea invito, vu adminime devas dicar
a me pro qua.---I1 esas tam bona kam brava, e tam brava kam
prudenta.-I1 montris tanta maligneso, ke nulu volas frequentar
il p1use.-La varmeso esas tala, ke ni omna ne plus povas ek-irar
dum la jorno ; ni restas inkluzita ti1 la nokto.-Omni qui venos
kun me ne regretos lo.-En irga qua dio vu me advokos, me quik
adkuros a vu.
52
Kardinala nombri.
La homo havas un boko, du oreli, quar membri.-La hom-al-a
manuo havas kin fingri, ed omna fingro tri falangi, ecepte la polexo,
qua havas nur du.-La tri filiini di vua kuzulo esas plu bela, kam
on povas imaginar.-Quanta uceli-n vu kompris de la ucel-ist-o ?
Me kompris de lu sis kolombi.-Sep plus non facas dek-e-sis, e dek-
e-sis minus quar facas dek-e-du.-Dua-dek plus dek-e-tri facas tria-
dek-e-tri, e kina-dek minus dek-e-kin facas tria-dek-e-kin.-La
nombro di la habitanti diminutas omna-yare en nia urb-et-o ; nun
01 esas nur mil e oh-cent e quara-dek-e-du.-En un horo esas sisa-dek
minuti, ed en omna minuto sisa-dek sekundi.-I1 ganis dua-mil
franki.-Un homo ne povas facar tanta laboro ; du adminime esas
necesa por (i)to.-La ordinara yari havas tria-cent e sisa-dek-e-kin
dii.-El retrovenos pos dek-e-quar dii de la longa voyajo, quan el
entraprezis non monati ante nun.-Cent personi asistis la festo, e
li esis tre presata, nam la salono povas apene kontenar sepa-dek
o sepa-dek-e-kin sen-jene.-Kad me povas komprar naz-tuki en t a
butiko ? Me bezonas un dek-e-duo de 1i.-Duo esas la du-opl-o di
1'nno.-Cent yari facas yar-cento, e mil yari facas yarmilo.
XIV
Adverbi.
Kad ja vu asistis kunsido akademi-al-a ? No, me ne ja asistis
tala kunsido. -Ka vua filio esas ankore malada ? No, me dankas
vu (o danko), lu ne plus esas malada ; lu ja rikomencis levar su de
tri dii.-Vu vizas ankore tro alt-e ; pro to vu ne povas atingar la
skopo.-Irez ti1 la kirko, e de ibe vua vido embracos un de la maxim
bela e maxim vasta panorami.-Pos-e ni arivis hike, ube ni restis, quale
vu konstatas.-Nun, se vu volos, ni iros a la komon-domo por querar
diversa paperi quin me bezonas.-I1 apene parolis, e nur mi-voce.-
Kad vu havas sat multa pano ? Me havas ne nur sate ma tro multe.
-Forsan el ne komprenas bone, ke olim el esis for ni, dum ke nun
el esas proxim ni.-Nultempe, nek nun nek olim, me volis to.-
Anke il opinionas, ke vu povos retro-venar erste matin-morge e
ne ca-vespere.-Quanta lakto-n vu deziras ? Ho ! tre poka, me
pregas, nam la mediko imperis (preskriptis) ke me drinkez ne-multe.
-Kad il ja retrovenis ? No, il ne ja retrovenis ; probable il retro-
venos erste vesper-morge (morge vespere).-Quante joyoza esas vua
fratulo cadie ! I1 kantis dum la tota matino ; il cesis nur ye la dimezo
por manjar.-Quanta homi-n me vidas sur la placo ! On pensus, ke
esas dio votala por ula e1ekto.-Frue o tarde la mali esos punisata.
-La puerino ploras, quale se on batus lu, o quale se el sentus tre
granda chagreno.
xv
Prepozicioni.
Ni iras a1 urbo che la mediko, nam nia patrulo esas grave malada.
Che qua vu lojis, kande vu habitis Madrid ?-La soldati ne lojos
che la habitanti dil urbo, ma en kampeyo, ye du kilometri de ibe.
-Me kombatos por la linguo internaciona e kontre lua enemiki ti1
mea lasta sopsiro.-Pos nia leciono, ni iros ad-sur I'agro, qua esas
dop la domo, por koliar vio10.--Ante la nuna yaro, me ankore povis
venar avan la fenestro, an la gardeno, e sidar ibe.-Ube il esis ? I1
esis en sua laboratorio, ube il iris (marchis) per granda pazi, de un
extrem-aj-o a 1'altra.-Ad-ube vu iras ? Me iras a rnea chambro
por querar rnea mantelo, quan me obliviis en 1u.-La muso kuris
tranquile sub la lito ; ma la hundo en-venis e su jetis ad 01; lore
la besti-et-o pavorante saltis desub la lit0 adsur la tablo.-Portez
to (ad)en la salono ;vu pozos lu sur la kanapeo.-Omn-ube vu habitos,
me habitos anke, ed (ad)omnube vu iros, (ad)ibe me iros kun vu.-
De la domo il klamis, ke ni venez ; ma regret-ind-e ni ne audis.-
E k la barelo en qua la hundo celabis su, lu jetis krio a ni, e tale atraktis
nia atenco.-De la matino ti1 la nokto on vidas lu sidanta an sua
tablo e skribanta sen-cese.-Cirkum la gardeno e trans la muro esis
vidata (videsis) soldati kun fusili en la manui.-De Paris a Lyon
il dormis dum la tota voyajo.-De nun me ne plus pagos vua deb-
aj-i.-Quik pos la morto di sua patrulo il iris ad Amerika.-El ne
povis venar, pro ke el esas malada de du dii.-Kad vu vidas t a
amaso de pueri avan nia pordo ?-Me kompris du metri de drapo
e mi-deb-e-duo de tasi.-Ek quo esas la tasi ? Li esas ek porcelano.
--I1 drinkis granda glaso de vino ed il departis a la staciono.-Da
qua esas t a libro ? 01 esas da me e da Petro.-Di qua esas t a
naztuko ? 01 esas rnea (di me).-A (o pri) quo vu pensas nun ? Me
pensas a rnea gepatri.-Cadie me recevis de nia fratino la vesti di
Henriko.-Da qua vu esas sendita ? Da rnea ge-mastri, qui deziras
respond0 pri la letro quan li skribis a vu de Paris.--Me venos che
vu inter la dimezo e la vespero.-Cis la muro esas nu1 danjero, ma
trans olu vu riskus la vivo.-Pri t a temo ni parolos pos 1'asemblo.-
Departinte ante ni, la amiki arivis pos ni ; nam ni rajuntis li e
preteriris li ; konseque li arivis pose e dope.-Pro rnea povreso, il
pagis vice me por la voyajo quan ni facis kune.-Segun vua reko-
mendo e malgre lua nepoliteso, me restis po1ita.-Vice laborar, vu
dormis o repozis dum la tota jorno.--Vartez rnea retroveno, e ni iros
kune (por) abonar t a jurna10.-Apud la muro e kontre vua domo
il haltis dum adminime du 11ori.-Dextre e sinistre dil kameno,
an la muro, pendis du tre bela portreti.-Me facis omno per rnea
propra manui.
XVI
Akuzativo ed eliziono.
Nulo-n altra il volis dicar a me.---To-n me naracos a vu detale,
kar' amiko, pos kelka dii, kande ni esos plu quieta karn nun.-
Quante bel' vetero ! mem 1'Jtaliani ne havas plu klar e plu blua
cielo karn esas cadie la nia.-Del fenestro a1 pordo me kontis dek
e sis pazi.-Nova seminon ankore plu o min perdata ni semadas
tra la mondo : ma tam certe karn la sun0 lumas super nia kapi,
t a semino ne sempre perdesos ; pos kelk o mult yari 01 jerm-if-os,
kreskos, e kovros la tero. Advere, la final vinkon ni ne havos tam
rapide karn opinionas uli ; ma la kombaton ni ne livos, e, se ni la
triumfon ne vidos, per quo to importas ? Olun vidos a1tri.-
Quon vu kompris en la merkato ? Terpomin, napin, kaulin,
rapin, pizin e fungin me kompris de vua vendistino ; sika
prunin, figin, oranjin, nucin de vua olda protektati, quin vu konoc-
-ig-is da me en la lasta semano.-Blamin, mokin, persekutin, tor-
mentin, omno ton il sufris por restar fidel' a sua kredo.-Omnon
kredas l'infanti, ni devas do tre atencar por ne trompar 1i.--Bona,
simpla e modesta, el esas amata da omni.-Simpla, flexebla e t)elsona,
vere internaciona en sua elementi, t a linguo prizentas a1 mondo
civilizita la sole Vera solvo di la linguo internaciona, nam, tre facil
por homi poke instruktita, 01 esas komprenata sen pen0 da
omnu bone ednkita.-((To esus ne nova linguo, ma nur kelke chanjit
Esperanto ! Konseque la tota question0 pri la futuro di la linguo
internaciona reduktesas nur a co, kad Esperanto aceptesos sen-
chanje en lua nuna formo, o kad en 01 facesos ul-tempe kelka chanji.
56
Ma ca question0 por 1'Esperantisti ne plus havas ul graveso ; li
protestas nur kontre to, se aparta personi volas chanjar Esperanto
segun sua arbitrio ; ma se ultempe yur-iz-ita kongreso od akademio
decidos facar en la linguo tal od altra chanji, 1'Esperantisti ton
aceptos kun plezuro e nulon perdos pro to.)) (Kvestomatio di
DrOZarnenhof, p. 312).
XVIII
XXIV
public garden. Did you find your friends ? Yes, I found them a t
the printers. The men and the women consented, but the former
(they, masc.) more quickly (readily) than the latter (they, fern.)
He always admired himself, but now he is becoming quite intolerable
with (on account of) his pride and conceit. The readers of our paper
will certainly (surely, of course,) understand that it needs money t o
(in order to) live ; they will, therefore, faithfully (duly) pay their
subscription and even endeavour (make efforts) to attract to it (the
paper) other readers. If you leave this morning you will not be able
t o see my father as he will not arrive before this evening. You
(plural) would speak otherwise, dear friends, if you knew the truth.
Perhaps (the) servants would obey their masters better if they (these)
were more polite, more affable in their manner of giving orders
("manner to order "). I could not have believed that had I not
69
seen it. Would you come with me to my uncle and aunt's if your
brother would (or should) accompany us ? (tu, tua, familiar forms).
Yes, I would come a t once. Listen to me. Let him come and I will
give him a hearty reception. Let us work courageously for the
triumph of our idea. Have faith in them, they deserve it. Be
always good to all men (every man) as you desire that they should
be t o you. Naturally every man loves himself and very easily
pardons himself. Do you see yourself in that mirror ? Yes, I see
myself and so do you (so do you see yourself). I shall wash myself
in the bed-room and you (familiar form) will wash yourself in the
dressing-room. You will dress yourself here and I shall dress myself
a t my cousin's (cousin, masc.) He praises himself about everything
(takes praise for everything). Now she congratulates herself for
(on account of) the courage she had (displayed) on t h a t occasion.
They would inconvenience themselves if they acted (should act)
thus (in such a manner). He (or she) desires (wishes, wants) t o read
that book. Now is the time to play and to rest, not the time t o
work. To strive for a noble ideal is beautiful and praiseworthy.
To lie to young persons (the young) and t o deceive them is more
serious than to deceive mature persons (the mature). I t is better t o
have lived than t o be living or to be about t o live, said a pessimist.
v.
Active Conjugation.-Secondary Tenses.-Participles.
When I entered he was writing a very long letter which he gave
to me to read. The girl very much wanted to come, but she could not,
for her mother did not (Eng. would not) let her. Why did yon cry
so violently ? Because my brother beat me. But why did he beat
you ? He beat me because I had unintentionally broken his Punch
(puppet) and he was so furious that he did not even hear my mother
come in, who, fortunately for me, saved me from his hands. When
we had worked well we were permitted to play with our little cousins
(fern.) I am quite sure (certain) that I had still two francs ; I, there-
fore (must have) lost them (or I lost them then) as they are no longer
in my purse. As soon as he had learned (or, on having learned) his
lesson he ran to me t o recite it and I rewarded him if he recited it
well. Yes, you may go out when you have finished (shall have
finishedl the task I gave you (gave to you). If you had told (should
have told) of the matter to your father and mother with all its
details (in full detail) they probably would not have punished you.
I would have loved him if he had been (or, had he been) more just
towards me. When they have paid their debts we will willingly
receive them ; but until then (until that time) we do not wish them
t o come t o our place or to speak to us. If we had known (had we
known) the facts we would never have associated with them. Do
not put yourself out ; I will wait patiently until you have finished
(until that you shall have finished). Under such circumstances we
should have acted quite differently. I should like you to have
repaired that before their return. He would have wished, had they
(people) allowed it, that his permission should have been asked about
everything. If I had wanted (needed) that he should have finished
earlier (sooner) I would (should) have said so. Do you see that old
woman sitting in the corner of the court and attentively reading a
70
paper ? I met them walking with their boys (or girls, or boys and
girls) ; they seemed to me (to be) sad. Past time is ours no more,
the future is not yet ours, and, perhaps, will never come for us ;
therefore, we should occupy ourselves only'with the present. Lying
on the bed and having closed the (his) eyes, he seemed dead, so pale
and thin was he. Having eaten a piece of bread, he left for his
warehouse (store). I think I showed (I think t o have shown) you
all the buildings in our town worth seeing. The subscribers of this
journal (paper) will probably understand that the more readers we
have (the more we have many readers) the more we shall be able to
improve it. The translators of (those who have translated) those
works are not known. To what purpose to have worked so hard
if we are to lose (going to lose) the whole fruit of our labour. I hope
to come (that I shall come) to-morrow morning. Being about to
come two days hence I will bring you that a t the same time.
VI.
Passive Voice-Analytical and Synthetic Forms.
I am now being punished for an offence which I did not commit.
Be calm, for you (familiar) are beloved by all the inhabitants here.
He is always (every time) honoured with (by) prolonged cheers. We
were praised by the numerous persons present. That book was
edited in Amsterdam. You will be rewarded or punished even in
your life (time). May you be cursed by all living, you hypocrite !
I much desire that the thing may be exposed in all its details, so that
you may be judged according t o your merits. Yes, we think our-
selves more beloved than they (fern.) She thinks herself t o have been
sufficiently recompensed. I was happy, for I was beloved by my
parents and by my teachers. He worked so badly that he was
always being punished. When I had committed the slightest
offence I was immediately beaten. Have you yet been reproved
by our master (masc.) ? Had you not (should you not have) pre-
viously lied you would not have been condemned. I t is necessary
that those debts should soon be paid(shou1d be paid soon-esez,(l)
subjunctive mood). When we had been punished he consoled us
as gently as a mother. Beaten by her brother, the girl cried (out)
and wept bitterly. Having been closed in the morning the door
remains closed until the middle of the day. Loved by the kindly
(well-disposed) and feared by the ill-disposed, you have the influence
necessary for that. Will the palace about t o be built cost much
money ? No, it will cost but a small sum, as the material from the
one burnt down will be made use of. That renewed attestation will
increase their strength against their enemies. Does the possession
of a ruined castle really make him (or her) so rich ? The person
arrested is now being questioned (interrogated) and he will soon
be punished.
VII.
Substantives Expressing State of Quality.
He occupies himself with (concerning) the construction i f the new
theatre. I look a t the palace and admire its construction (-eso, --
( I ) In Ido the so-called imperative mood does duty for the subjunctive and con-
junctive moods.
71
state or quality). Do you assume (take upon yourself) the instruc-
tion (instrukto, act of instructing) of that young child ? She pos-
sessed quite an astonishing amount of learning. Their desertion
left us in great danger. What could I do (was I able to do) in such
a state of abandonment ? We always praised his (or her) talent
for (of) convincing and converting. The (state of) conviction which
his (or her) arguments produced in me caused my conversion (-eso,
state of). Is the civilizing process (as) practised by Europeans on
savages capable of producing in them the desire ior (of) civilization ?
The education of boys (and girls) and the moulding of their moral
character is not an easy matter. In that case (in that circumstance)
he gave proof of a perfect education. The organizing of the congress
compelled us to abandon all other work. Indeed, no society presents
so good an organization. The decoration of that room will cost you
(from you) a great deal of (much) money. Oh ! what (how) beautiful
decoration (obj. case) your drawing-room has (possesses), or How
beautifully your drawing-room is ornamented I The pressure of the
fingers on sott wax always leaves traces. The constant (state of)
pressure in which we see the organ explains its irregular action. In
(according to) my opinion your interpretation is incorrect ; the text
speaks of (concerning) the cruelty which the king used in (the)
subduing (of) the rebels. The (state of) submission of those peoples
is only apparent.
VIII.
Reciprocal Verbs and Substantives.
Love one another (or, reciprocally) as I have loved you (plural),
enjolned Christ upon (to) his disciples. Those men do not wish t o
bear with one another; they are always disputing and fighting
(against one another). If we were truly men we should show it by
not injuring, but helping one another. Well, won't you (plur.) come
and (to) settle up the business ? Yes, we will come, but we are
afraid that an agreement (mutual arrangement) will not be possible.
Boys (and/or girls), why are you always striking one another ? Do
you not know that man was not placed on the earth by God for
reciprocal injury, but for mutual aid and even for love ? Now (argu-
mentative) starting life by quarrelling, you prepare yourselves to do,
till death, exactly the opposite of your duty. Mutual forgiveness
is more beautiful than mutual revenge. Do not flatter, but help
one another, for flattery is bad, to be condemned, while mutual help
is inculcated on all men. The members of your family are, indeed,
very helpful (inclined to serve) ; they are always ready to serve
(render service to) each other. I foresee that my two brothers will
soon quarrel (be involved in a dispute with each other), as they
already regard one another angrily ; that will end badly. Had I
known (if I had known) that in that house there always reign discord
and mutual contention most certainly I would not have come in (to)
it. One would, indeed, think that here the rule is always t o quarrel.
Those men have injured (harmed) one another through (by means of)
(their) envy and jealousy. They threw themselves on one another
and fought furiously.
72
IX.
Comparatives and Superlatives.
He is more obedient and works more diligently than you. You
(familiar) were not so rich a t (in) that time and had not so much
capital as now. Has he travelled as much or more than you ? He
has not travelled as much as I have, but has visited more countries.
She isless handsome (beautiful), but more affable than you. If you
work (shall work) as earnestly as they do we shall give you the same
reward (remuneration) as we do to them. Peter is the best boy on
(the) earth ; he works the most diligently of all. My boys were the
most respectful among (out of) the children of the same age, but,
also (it must be added that), they were the least inclined to work.
I rewarded him the most, for he contended the most couragcously.
His teachers liked him least, because he worked the worst. We found
two copies (in excess) in the chest of books, but three tumblers
(drinking glasses) less (short) in the chest of table-ware (china and
glass, etc.) Come as quickly as possible. Call him (or her) as loudly
as possible (most strongly possibly). Speak as slowly as possible
(least rapidly possibly). Furthermore, I will say that if you had
come earlier we should have been able to finish before night. At
most, he will refuse, but, it is very certain (very certainly), our
invitation will not offend him. At least you should confess (ownj
that you were entirely mistaken.
XX.
Affixes -OZ, -lV, -EM, -IND, -END, -ATR,
-ES, -ESK.
This water is very chalky, because chalk abounds (is abundantly
found) here. On the contrary, in our country, the ground surface
is sandy ; on that account we have very clear and pure water. No
danger daunts him ; one cannot meet with a more courageous man
than he is. She gave me such convincing arguments, in answer t o
your objections, that I am very sure of converting you. This is not
nourishing, but easily digestible. Although that work is not in-
structional, it is nevertheless very instructive. He is very sensitive,
and has no resisting power (reGstivity). I bring you Eonsolatory
(consolincr) news. Your responsibilitv in this affair is extremelv
heavy ; & your place, I shouid not accept. The person who has thk
inclination t o believe everything is credulous ; and, if he has also
the inclination to be angry, he is irascible as well. He is one of the
80
most industrious men in the world. My children are not like the
rest ; they are very studious. Perhaps that was impossible. Possible
or ~mpossible, the thing happened ; it is an indisputable fact,
nct only credible or worthy of being believed, but which must be
believed. That writing is quite illegible. I can affirm that his
conduct was always dignified and worthy of respect. How do you
wish that I should write ? I have nothing with which t o write,
neither ink, pen nor even a pencil ; and yet, I must write, for I have
indeed an important letter of three days standing which must be
written. Have you anything which must be done to-day ? Yes,
I must visit my parents. That is not green, but only greenish, Sir.
That food has a sweetish taste very disagreeable to my palate. That
wood has remained in the water such a Iong time that it has become
spongy. Her sensitiveness is extreme and her power of resistance
n ~ l . Moreover a feverish activity has overtaken her for the past two
months and makes me fear it more than the other (complaint).
His avarice cannot be given a name to. You cannot imagine how
gre t his emotion was. Isolation, illness, misery, all these attacked
h:m for a long series of years. With regard t o that structilre I prin-
clpally admire its vastness ; the remainder of the construction does
not appeal t o me so much. Do come, he is dying ! Last night I
could not get to sleep. Then he began to be angry and began t o cry
out furiously. At first she saw nothing, but afterwards she began
to see a form, which little by little took a definite shape. Many
exercises are necessary for a child, t o enable it to become an adult.
At first they did not love me in that family ; but after four months
I began t o be loved by them, and now I am loved very much by all.
She flushes red with anger ; she begins to rage, I see that very well.
If you want t o become strong, you should move, walk, run, etc.
XXI.
Affixes -IG, -IZ, -IF, DIS-, RI-, RETRO-, DES-,
MI-, -EC, -ET, -UM, -ACH, MIS-, -AD.
I n order t o clean the room, you will ask for John's help. That
wine was good ; what then has someone put into it in order t o make
i t so bad ? Dear friend, you enfeeble yourself and risk losing your
health, working thus from morning till evening, and often even
during the night. Did you cause the doctor to come ? Yes, I
fetched him myself. Put the baby t o sleep ; it is already going t o
sleep. I caused two rabbits and three wood-pigeons to be sent to
you by Peter yesterday morning. By whom are you having your
children instructed ? I am having them instructed by our school-
master, who teaches them reading, writing and arithmetic, etc.
We have already shown Henry our house ; now we will show i t to
you. When my horse is old. I will feed him up ; however, I will not
make him eat too much corn, because I do not want him t o become
ill. He concealed himself so well, that he was not seen by the
enemies. When a child is washed by another person, one may say
say that he is washed ; but when he is washed by himself, one ought
t o say : " he washes himself," in order t o show clearly (well) that he
does the act for himself. Consequently, whenever a person or a beast
8I
does an act for himself or itself do not use the suffix -es-. She gets up
and puts herself to bed without help, for she is now no longer a baby,
but a girl. Stand up, children; your professor is coming in. At
last the cauldron is clean, for two hours I have been washing and
polishing it. You cleaned up my room, but forgot to put it straight
again. She amuses herself by colouring printed pictures. Dress
yourself quickly, for we must go out before noon. Did you add
pepper t o the salad ? No, I only added salt t o it. In order to
preserve meat, some put sulphur on it. Do not touch that machine,
for owing to its electrification it might kill you. The blosson~ingof
all trees precedes their fruit-bearing. What has happened t o you ?
Oh : nothing much ; only my nose is bleeding. He versifies very
well ; he is a very remarkable verse-maker. Would you like to visit
the arms factory with me ? Yes, with pleasure. (The) shoemakers
make shoes, and (the) hatters make hats or sell them. I sent away
or distributed all small brochures which I received for that (purpose).
At what time do they distribute (deliver) the letters here ? At ten
and three o'clock. On entering I found littered upon the table my
papers which I had tidied (had put in order) so well. I told and
reminded you of that many times, but you always forgot it. He
ceded to me all his legal rights, and I afterwards restored them t o
him. Begin again, people cannot understand you (familiar). He is
not young, and still he is not yet old. I s smoking alldived here ?
No, Sir, it is prohibited. Since she is very conceited, she will suffer
very much, by giving offence. He is ill-natured towards all, hence
he is hated by all. The truth is just the opposite of your statement.
I studied (the) singing and (the) dancing. Although he did not make
even one short speech, nevertheless since he had talked with us
during the whole day, he is suffering in his throat this evening. Do
you hear the shooting ? Yes, but not very well ; I might say that
I hear i t faintly. Why does he always speak in a low voice ? Why
does he shout everything that he says ? I t seems t o me that I heard
a loud cry. Cease your uproar ; you deafen me. That is very
warm, and even hot. We came across some brooks ; afterwards
a river ; and finally arrived a t a river running into the sea (an
estuary). A small mount is greater than a hill and not so big as a
big mountain, which is bigger than a very big mount. He is very
joyful to-day ; he smiles on all and hums incessantly. Papa, have
I your permission t o go out in the afternoon ? That is not a house,
but a hovel. Oh ! I am not afraid on account of the rabble, who do
not represent the people a t all. I did my d u t y ; whether I am
praised or blamed, that will be a great consolation to me. He always
misunderstands what we say to him. That is much too dear ; cer-
tainly i t has been wrongly valued or you have miscalculated. Take
off your things. otherwise while working yon will soil your new
garment. The soldiers were disarmed and imprisoned.
XXII.
Affixes PRE-, -ED, PAR-, -ER, -I, ARKI-, ERI-,
PARA-, -E, -ARI.
Our forefathers are also the forefathers of our great-grandparents.
My grandfather's brother is my great-uncle. They are not my
82
cousins, but my great-cousins. I am going t o my great-grand-
mother's room, and shall enter it if I hear no noise. He ate only one
mouthful of bread and drank one glass of wine. We shall assemble
to-morrow evening t o read through the serious letters which I have
received. You say that you have thoroughly learned your lessons,
but that is very doubtful, for you cannot recite them. One can
easily see that those dancers are not trained dancers, for they dance
very badly. The vicar of that parish is a very skilful fisherman and
huntsman. The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg is a very picturesque
country. The pre-historic is very uncertain. A wise man has no
prejudices, and does not foretell success or failure depending on more
or less baseless ideas. This pot is not full, but that one is empty.
Without doubt (certainly) he will come ; but with regard t o the
coming of my aunt there exists only a probability. One can remain
motionless and yet be very ready t o move (or be moved). Pronounce
those words very distinctly ; you need lessons in pronunciation and
declamation very much ; the sounds do not get out of your mouth,
that is to say, you do not speak feebly or in a low voice, but con-
fusedly. I undoubtedly ought t o have acted as I did act, and t o
have done what I did. In Russia the brothers of the Emperor were
Grand Dukes, and in Austria they are Archdukes. Arch-deacons
are priests, on the other hand, deacons are not yet priests. Finding
Miss N., I questioned her about her father's condition. She told
me that he was very well and was in perfect health in spite of his age.
Well ! what is his age ? Oh ! he is very old ; he is ninety-seven
years of age. My son is general manager of a very large refinery,
but previously he managed an important distillery. I shall install
a lightning-conductor on the roof of our house. My sister is looking
for her sunshade, and I am looking for my umbrella. Button up
the collar of your overcoat ; we shall feel the cold on the bridge
directly. Roses are rose-coloured and violets violet-coloured.
What colour is my gown ? I t is brownish ; no, chestnut-coloured.
Usually cats are more or less striped (tiger-coloured), but this one has
a pearl-gray coat. I should not trust t o your confidant ; he is too
talkative t o keep secrets. The legatee did not accept the inheritance,
because he was aware that the debts of the legator exceeded the
value of his property. Not having found the adressee, the post
(authorities) sent back the letter to me.
XXIII.
xxv.
Syntax.
Each one seeks before everything else his own'profit, and everyone
desires t o be his own master. The phrase : To each his due "
inculcates that we should deal with every one according t o his work
and merit. The houses from which the masters are absent usually
remain closed. All groups, t o the heads of which the president
85
issued that circular, responded with a warm approval. We hope
that the men, whose interests we favour, will show themselves grateful
to us and will protect us in every way. That employer, for whose
profit we laboured so long, in no wise rewarded us. Avoid whenever
possible cumbersome sentences such as these : " Here are the books
which I wish that you should read," " Where are the garments which
you wish that I should patch ? " Say, for example : " Here are
the books I advise you Ao read " ; " Where are the garments which
you want me to mend ? Better late than never, says a well-kno wn
proverb. So far as we can go back in history, our ancestors in-
habited this country. So long as thou art well t o do thou wilt count
many friends ; as soon as fortune deserts thee, thou wilt remain alone.
So often does the pitcher go t o the well that a t last it is broken. He
is so avaricious, that he gives no alms to the poor. If anyone
reproaches him on account of his avarice, he has the audacity to reply,
" I am too poor," or " I am not rich enough to give great alms,"
while all know that he is a millionaire. You will be so much the
richer as you have fewer needs. One is only rich according as one
has a greater revenue than needs. We bought so many provisions,
that we shall certainly have sufficient to eat and live upon for a
month, however many we may be. That unfortunate queen said
to her persecutors : " If you do not respect me as a queen, a t least
regard me as a mother." Too benign, the king said to his son, who
had revolted : " As a sovereign I condemn you, but as a father I
pardon you." He ought surely in his capacity as a father to have
imposed a punishment and to have pardoned only afterwards.
Considering how he acted towards you, I judge him as being dishonest.
He was proclaimed as king. If I should succeed, I should be as
happy as a king. He had no right t o act as president, and yet he
acted as though he were a president. We all make projects, as
though we should live a hundred years ; and we are uncertain even
about the morrow. He behaved himself a t my house as if he were
in his own. He seems as though he were mad. No, but he acts
almost like a madman. She looked like a dead person, and in fact
she was as though dead from fright. I will follow you anywhere.
Wherever you go, I will follow you. We will help you a t any time.
Whenever you (phv.) call us, we will immediately run to you. From
whom did you buy this painting ? I bought it from my cousin (m),
who had acquired it from a very poor old painter. He no longer
knows from whom to borrow the sum which he needs, for no-one
wishes t o lend to him. Do not mock the old, for you will become
old, and perhaps you also will be mocked. We should pardon those
who have committed offence against us, in order t o be pardoned
for our own faults. Be attentive, children, if you want to profit by
the good lessons of your instructors. You will not escape danger if
you continue to be so imprudent.
XXVI.
The Order of Words.
I most certainly did that (not another). Why do you not reply ?
You surely know I do ! Why did you come in ? You surely see
that I am busy ! I t is true that hammer is not strong ; but to drive
86
in this nail it will do. That child is not, i t is true, very strong, but
he is never ill. I t was not you who did that work (but someone else).
I see that very well. You did not do that work (which you ought
t o have done). You did not do that work, but something else quite
useless. This book is quite uninteresting (not a t all interesting) ;
i t is even not quite correct (it is not quite accurate). He very much
wishes t o become rich soon. He wishes t o become rich very soon.
He desires t o become very rich soon. Only she (not another) can
sing so. She only can sing so (that is, power only not will). She
can only sing so (she cannot do anything else). She can sing only so
(and not otherwise). During the holidays, he only walks (he does
nothing else). In the middle of the hottest days it is only he who
walks (the others remain in their home). Say : " I received a letter
written in a language not known by me," and not " I received in a
by me not known language written a letter." Say : " She is loved
and praised by all those who appreciate beauty and affability," and
not " She is by all those who appreciate beauty and affability loved
and praised." Say : " That town is abundantly provided with
things useful for (the maintenance of) life," and not " " That town
is for the (maintenance of) life with useful things provided." Say :
" A table covered with an old red torn cloth," and not " A table
with an old red torn cloth covered." Say : " We refuted all objec-
tions presented by incompetent persons and often based on insuffi-
cient knowledge of our language," and not " We refuted all by in-
competent persons presented and often on insufficient knowledge of
our language based objections." Say : " I propagate the auxiliary
language Ido, constructed on logical principles and unceasingly
developed by means of scientific discussion," and not " I propagate
the auxiliary, on logical principles constructed and by means of
scientific discussion unceasingly developed, language Ido." Say :
" The auxiliary language is the most useful invention for the develop-
( I ) The derivative adjectives are those which possess a suffix (-a1 -iv -oz etc.) or
even as the participle adjectives, a grammatical sufflx : -ant -int -o;tt .'-at lit -ot.'
(2) Consequently the accent remalns on the syllable which boie it i n t i e Anelided
adject~ve. But because that syllable, y y i o u s l y the last but one, became the last
after the elision, every adjective elided as In fact the accent on the last syllable. It
isnoticeable that the substantives in Esperanto in the same way bear the accent on
thc last syllable when it is elided.
88
IDO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
This vocabulary is not exhaustive, but contains most oi the roots
usually met with, though many useful derivatives have had t o be
omitted. To recognise the root-part o f a word, i t is iiecessary to
know the rules of word-building, i.e., the grammatica! terminations,
prefixes and suffixes given elsewhere.
The roots preceded b y a n asterisk (*) do not require a ternlina-
tion, though they may also be used with such terminations or affiscs
as may be useful. E.4. apud, which is a preposition, gives tlle
adverb apud-e (=besides), the adjective apud-a ( = v e . u t ) , the verb
apud-esar ( = t o he ~zez-tto), etc.
I
ample, ampl-a apart (adj.), separ-ita,
to -amputate, amput- apart-a;(adv.),aparte archbishop, arki-epis-
aDe. simi-o
ar
to amuse, amuz-ar to apologise, exkuz-ar -
kop-o
arch~pelago,arkipelago
analogy, analog-eso su architect, arkitekt-o
to analyse, analiz-ar apology, apologi-o ; architecture, arkitek-
anarchy, anarki-o exkuz-o tur-o
ancestor, ancestr-o apostle, apostol-o archives, arkiv-o
anchor, ankr-o apparatus, aparat-o ardent (to be), ardor-ar
anchovy, anchov-o appeal ( i n law), apel-o ; (lit. and fig.)
ancient, antiqu-a (charity, etc.), ad- area, are-o
and, * e ( d ) vok-o arena, aren-o
anecdote, anekdot-o to appear, apar-ar ; to argue, argument-ar
angel, anjel-o (seem),, sembl-ar ; to arise, stac-eskar ;
anger, irac-o (look lzke), aspekt-ar lev-ar su
angle, angul-o to appear through, aristocratic, aristo-
to be angry, irac-ar transpar-ar krat-a
anguish, angor-o appetite, apetit-o arithmetic, aritmetik-o
animal, besti-o to applaud, aplaud-ar ark, arch-o
to animate, anim-ar apple, pom-o arm (part of body,
annals, anal-i application (for place, b r a h - o ; (weapon),
to annex, anex-ar ; etc.), demand-o arm-o ; fire-, paf-ilo
annex, anex-ajo to apply (on),aplik-ar ; armament. arm-12-0
to announce, anunc-ar (address oneself), arm-chair, stul-ego
to annoy, agac-ar; turn-ar su armistice, armistlc-o
i n t-ar to appoint (to a post), arm-pit, axel-o
annuity, rent-o nomin-ar army, arme-o
to annul, kasac-ar appointment (with around (pre*.), *cilh-
to anoint, uncion-ar someone), rendevu-o um
anonymous, anonim-a to apportion, repartis- to arouse, vek-igar
another, altr-u, -a, -0 ar arquebus, arkabuz-o
to answer, respond-ar to appraise, evalu-ar to arrange, arranj-ar
ant, formik-o to appreciate (tr.), arrangement, aranj-
anthem, antifon-o priz-ar ur-o, -es-o
anthropoid, antro- apprentice, aprentis-o arranging (act.),arani-o
poid-a approval, aprob-o to arrest, halt-igar ;
to anticipate, a n t i c i p to approve, aprob-ar (tech.) arest-ar
ar approximate, proxim-a to arrive, ariv-ar
ant-lion, mirmeko- to approximate (tr.), arrow, flech-o
leon-o ( a d ) proxim-igar ; arrow-root, arorut-o
antiquated, arkaik-a (intr.) proxim-eskar arsenic, arsen-o
anvil, ambos-o (ad) art, art-o
anxiety, anxi-o, ne- apricot, abrikot-o artesian (well), artez-a
quiet-eso April, april-o artful (crafty), ruz-oza
anxious to, dezir-ema apron, avantal-o (also artichoke, artichok-o
any, ul-a (indetermi- of carriage) article (newspaper,
nate), irg-a ; -one, apse, apdd-o grammar), artikl-o ;
irg-u aquatic, aqu-ala (commerce), var-o
anybody, irg-u to arbitrate, arbitr-ar artifice, artific-o
anyhow, irg-e arbitrary, arbitri-ala artillery, artileri-o
anything whatever, arbor, laub-o artizan, mestier-isto
~rg-o arbor vitte, tuy-o artless, naiv-a,
anywhere, irga-lok-e arcade, arkad-0 kandld-a
'31
as, qual-e ; ( i i t th at (someone's house of averse, antipati-oza
capacity o f ) , *kom place), che ; (pvice) (ad)
(because),pro Ire ; ( i f po ; !of place). *an to avert, deturn-ar
comparison), kam ( ; f i e f . pvep.),, ye avidity, avid-eso
...
as...as, tam kam at a tlme (distrrbutivs) to avoid, evit-ar
as though, quale se -0p- to awake, vek-ar ; to
such as, tala quala at once , *quik be-, vigil-ar
to ascend, acens-ar at the earliest, maxin aware(to be-of), sav-
ascent, acens-o frue (posible) ar
to ascertain, cert-igal at the time of, *lor away ( f a r ) , for-e
su pri ; konstat-ar atheist, ateist-o awful, teror-iganta
ascetic, asket a, -0 athletic, atlet-ala axle, ax-o
to be ashamed, sham-a atlas, atlas-o axe, hak-ilo
ash(es), cindr-o to atone for,penitenc-a:
ash-tree. fraxin-o to attack, atak-ar
aside, later-e (di) to attain, ating-ar
to ask for, demand-a1 to attempt, atent-ar
asparagus, asparag-o to attend (be pvesen
aspect, aspekt-o at), asist-ar
aspen, tremul-o attention (to give, pay)
to aspire, aspir-ar atenc-ar
ass, asn-o to attest, atest-ar
to assassinate, asasin. attic, mansard-o
ar dtitude (posture of
to assault, asalt-ar body), postur-o
to assemble, (tr.) ;o attract, atrakt-ar to babble, balbut-ar
kolekt-ar, asembl- ;O attribute, atribu-a1 baby, infant-et-o
ar ;(intr.)kun-ven-a1 ruction sale, aucion-o bachelor, celib-o
assembly, asembl-o, rudacity, audac-o back (of body), dorso ;
-aj-o SO augment, augment- (of coin, etc.), revers-
to assert, asert-ar ar o ; (adv.), retre;
assiduous, asidu-a &ugmentntive, -eg (adj.,of behind), dop-
assistance, help-(ad)o bugust, aqost-o a
assistant, adyunt-o runt, onkl-ino back-bone, spin-o
to associate, asoci-ar rurochs, uros-o backgammon, trik-
association, asoa-o, ~uthor, autor-o trak-o
-111-0 : (pevsmsl ruthority, autoritat-o 5ack, retro-
a3oci-it-aro o authorize, (pevson to bacon, lard-o
to assort ( t r . ) , asort-ar do), yur-izar bad, mal-a
to assume, asum-ar ; ~utomobile, auto- badge, insign-o
(suppose), supoz-ar mobil-o badger, dax-o
assumption (vehg.) rutumn, autun-o bag, sak-o
asuncion-o ,uxlllary (adj.), help- )aggage, bagaj-o
assurance (cevtainty), ant-a ( n . ) help-anto baggage-cart, furgon-o
cert-es-o ; (self con- ,vailable, valid-a ; dis- )agpipe, kornamuz-o
fidence), aplomb-o pon-ebla )ail, kaucion-o
to assure, cert-ig-ar ; valanche, avalanch-o ~ailiff,balif-o
(insure), asekur-ar ,varicious, avar-a baker, pan-if-ist-o
asthma, astm-o o avenge, venj-ar o bake, bak-ar
to astonish, aston-ar venue, avenu-o balance (equilibrium),
astringent (to have the verage (value), mez- equilibr-o ; (scales),
effect of), astrikt-ar valor-o ; (damage), balanc-o ; (account),
(ty.1 avari-o bilanc-o
132
to balance (accounts) basin, basen-o bed, lit-o : Gourden),
sald-ar badn (of fountai~cj, bed-o
balance-sheet, bilanc-c vask-o bed-room, dormo-
balcony, balkon-o basket, korb-o chambro
basset-hound, basot-o bed-sheet, lit-tuk-o
bald, kalv-a bat (creature), vesper- bee, abei-o
ball, bul-o : ( t o y ) ,balon- tili-o beech, fag-o
et-o ; (dalzce), bal-o; to bathe, baln-ar (tr. beef, bovo-karn-o ;
(of thread), pelot-o and intr). -steak, bifstek-o
ballast, balast-o bathing costume, beer, bir-o
balloon, balon-o malyot-o beet, bet-o
balm, balzam-o battalion, batalion-o before ( i n time), *ante ;
balm-mint, melis-o battery, bateri-o ( i n space), *avan
battle, kombat-o ; beetle, skarabe-o
banana, banan-o (great), batali-o ; (to beetroot. betrav-o
band, ligil-o ; rimen-o ; gave-to), batali-ar ; to beg (ask), preg-ar ;
(company), band-o ; (battlefield), batali- -for, demand-ar
(cloth), bend-o ; agr-o, kombat-agr-o beggar, mendik-isto
(clothing), h a g - o battlement, krenel-o to begin, komenc-ar
bands (botan.), bay (~eog.),bay-o t o behave, kondut-ar
nervatur-o bazaar, bazar-o behind (prep.), *dop
to banish, exil-ar to be, es-ar ; ( i n health, behold, * y e n
i n condition), stand- being (entity), ent-o
bank, eskarp-aj-o,pent- to belch, rukt-ar
o , ramp-o ; (river, ar
etc.), r ~ v - o; (establ.) to be (so many years) to believe, kred-ar
old, ev-ar bell, klosh-o (also bell-
bank-o glass, dish-cover)
beach, plaj-o
bankrupt (to become a ) , beadle, bedel-o to bellow, muj-ar
bankrot-ar beak, bek-o bellows, sufl-ilo
bankruptcy, bankrot-o beam (house,ship, etc.), belly, ventr-o
banner, baner-o trab-o ; (of scales), to belong, aparten-ar
banquet, festin-o vekt-o belonging to, *di
to baptise, bapt-ar )can (bean-stalk), fab-o beloved, kar-a
bar (of iron, etc.), kidney, fazeol-o ; )elow (prep.), infr-s
stang-o French, verda fazeo- (di)
to bar, bar-ar lo mlt, 'zon-o ; (mach-
barbarous, barbar-a bear (animal), U ~ S - o inery), rimen-o
barbel, barbel-o o bear, port-ar ; (toler- )enoh, benk-o
bare, nud-a ate), toler-ar ;o bend (tr.), flex-ar
to bargain lor, mar- )card, barb-o )end (bending, curve),
chand-ar bearing (children), kurv-o
barge, bark-o partur-o ~eneath, *sub
to bark, aboy-ar least, besti-o benediction, benedik-o
bark (of a tree), kortic-o to beat (materially) benefaction, bon-fac-o
barley, horde-o bat-ar o benefit (by), bene-
barn-owl, noktu-o to beat a retreat, fic-ar
baron, baron-(ul)o retret-ar ~enevolence,bon-vol-o
barracks, kszern-o beautiful, bel-a o be benumbed,
barrel (cask),barel-o beaver, kastor-o torpor-ar
barrier, bar-il-o mause, pro k e ; ~enzoin,benzo-o
base, basis, baz-o m a u s e of, *pro 1;o beaueath.
. leaac-ar
basement, basament-o ;o become, diven-ar ; berry, ber-o -
basll, bazil-o -esk- (suffix) beside, *apud
besides. ultr-e
to besiege, sreg-ar
best, maxim bon-a
block, blok-o
to block UD. inkombr-ar
to blockade, blokus-ai
1 bouquet. buket-o
bourse, . bors-o
to bow,flex-ar; salut-ar
to bet, pxi-ar blonde, blond-a bowl, bul-o ; (vase),
to betray, trahiz-ar blood, sang-o bol-0
better (adj.), plu bon-a blood-vessel, vaskul-c bow net, nas-o
between, inter to bloom, flor-if-ar bowsprit, busprit-o
bevel, bizel-o to blot out, efac-ar box (cardboard), bux-o,
to bewail, deplor-ar to blow, sufl -ar ( t r u n k ) , kofr-o ; (of
to bewitch, sorc-ar blowpipe, shalm-o theatre), loji-o
beyond, *trans ; blue, blu-a to box (pugilism), box-
(further), *ultre blunt (nbrupt, brusque), ar
bicycle, bicikl-o brusk-a boxwood, bus-o
to bifurcate, bifurk-ar board ( p l a n k ) , plank-a boy or girl ( f r . 7 to 15),
big, gros-a, grand-a to boast, fanfaron-ar puer-o
bigam-ous, -ist, bigam- boat, batel-o to boycott, boikot-ar
a , -0 bodice, korsaj-o bracelet, bracelet-o
bilberry (ved), vacini-o body, korp-o braces, bretel-o
bile (gall), bil-o t o boil (intr.), boli-ar brain, cerebr-o
bill (account), faktur-o ; boiler, kaldron-o ; brake (tech.) fren-o
(poster), afish-o (steam), kaldier-o bramble, rov-o
billet, leni-o boldness, audac-o bran, bran-o
billiards, biliard-o bolster, polster-aj-o; to branch, branch-o
to bind, lig-ar; (books), bolster, polster-iz-ar brandy, brandi-o
bind-ar bolt (door), rigl-o ; brass, latun-o
binding upon everyone, ( p i n ) , bolt-o brave, brav-a
solidar-a bond . (finance), obli- breach, brech-o
birch (tree), betul-o ; gacion-o bread, pan-o
(rod), bisk-o bone, ost-o to break, rupt-ar
bird, ucel-o bonnet (women's) kofi-o to break in (animals),
birth, nask-o book, 11br-o dres-ar
biscuit, hisquit-o book-case, bibliotek-o breakdown (stoppagu),
bishop, episkop-o book-seller, libr-ist-o, pane-o
bit (horse's), mors-o libro-vendist-o to breakfast, dejun-ar
to bite, mord-ar boot, bot-o ; half-, breast, pektor-o ;
bitter, bitr-a botet-o (gland), mam-o,
bitters, vermut-o borage, borach-o breastplate (armour),
bitumen, bitum-o to bore (pierce),bor-ar ; plastron-o
to bivouac, bivak-ar (afflict wzth enlzui), lo breathe, respir-ar
black (adj.), nigr-a ted-ar breeches, brach-o
blackbird, merl-o to be born, nask-ar to breed, genit-ar
blacking ( f o r boots). borough, burg-o ~reeze, briz-o
c~raj-o to borrow, prunt-ar )rick, brik-o
blade, lamen-o to botch (work),fush-ar bride, spa-in-o ;
t o blame, blam-ar both, la du, due (ni, -groom, spoz-ul-o
t o blaspheme, blasfem- vi, li) bridge, pont-o
ar bottle, botel-o to bridle, brid-iz-ar
to blaze up, flam-if-ar bottom, fund-o ; (of brief (Pope's), brev-o
to blend, mix-ar bodv), kul-o, sed-o brigand, rapt-ist-o
to bless, benedik-ar boudoir, buduar-o brill, pleuronekt o
blind, blind-a ; (cur- bough ( b m n c h ) , ~rilliant (adj.), bnl-
tain), kurten-o branch-o ant-a ; (diamond),
blissful, beat-a boundary, limit-o briliant-o
'34
to bring, ad-port-ar ; to burst, krev-ar to call, vok-ar
to bav. akul-ar to bury, sepult-ar calm, kalm-a
briquette, brik-et-o bush, bush-o to calumniate, kalum-
brisk, brisk-a (of per bushel, bushel-o ni-ar
sons only) business, afer-i calx, kalk-o
to bristle up, heris-ar business firm, firm-o cambric, batist-o
broad, larj-a busk, bu sk-o camel, kamel-o
brocade, brokat-o busy, okup-at-a camera, kamer-o (tech.)
brokers' business, but, *ma ; (except) camisole, kamizol-o
kurtaj-o ecept-e camp (place),kamp-ey-
bronchial tube, butcher, buch-ist-o o ; to-out, karnp-ar
bronki-o butter, butr-o campaign (to go o n a ) ,
bronchitis, bronkit-o butterfly, papilion-o kampani-ar
bronze, bronz-o buttock, glute-o camphor, kaml'ur-u
brooch (jewellery) button, buton-o can, bidon-o
broch-o buttress, kontrafort-c can {to he able), pov-nr
to brood (over),kov-a]L' to buy, kompr-ar canal, kanal-o
brook, river-et-o to buy up, akapar-ar canary bird, serin-o
broom (plant), ginest-cI to buzz, zum-ar candid, kandid-a
broth, bulion-o by (after passive verb) candle, kandel-o ;
brother or sister, frat-c, *da ; ( b y means o f ) , (taper), cer-o
brougham, kupe-o *per; (before),*ante ; cane, ka11-o (bot.)
brow, brov-o (near), *apud to make a cannon
brown, brun-a (billiards), karam-
to bruise, kontuz-ar bol-ar
to brush, bros-ar; a cannon, kanon-o ;-ball,
brush, bros-il-o ; kugl-eg-o
(painting), pinsel-o canoe, kano-o
brute, brut-o canon, kanonik-o
bubble, aer-, gas-, bul- canopy, dosel-o
o ; to-up, ebuli-ar caoutchouc, kauchuk-o
bucket, sitel-o cap (joy men and boys,!,
buckle, bukl-o kasqnet-o ; (for
buckthorn, ramn-o cab, kabriolet-o women or infants),
bud, burjon-o cabbage, kaul-o kofi-o; (lined with
buffalo, bufal-o cabin-boy, mos-o f u r , etc.), shapk-o
buffer, bufr-o cabinet, kabinet-o :apable, kapabl-a
buffet, bufet-o cable (telegraph), kabl- :apacity, kapac-es-o
bug, cim-o o ; (rope), kord-eg-o :ape (geog ), kab-o
bugle (mil.), klariou-o cafe, kafe-ey-o :aper (bota~z.), kaper-o ;
to build, konstrukt-ar cage, kal-c, (to cut a ) , kabriol-ar
bull, taur-o caisson, kason-o xipercailzie, urogal-o
bullet, kugl-o ,ake, kuk-o :apital (archit.),
bulletin, buletin-o :alamity, kalamitat-o kapitel-o ; (town),
bullfinch, buvrel o ,o calculate, kalkul-ar chef-urb-o ; ( m o ~ z e y ) ,
bunch, buket-o, grap-o, :aleulus (mrdzc.), kapital-o
fask-o, lig-aj-o kalkol-o :apital letter, mayus-
bundle, fask-o, pak-o, :alendar, kalendari-o kul-o
lig-aj-o :alico (printed), o capitulate, kapitu-
buoy, boy-o indien-o lac-ar
to burden, charj-ar 'alf ( o f leg), sur-o :apon, Icapon-o
burgess, borgez-o o calk, kalfat-ar aprice, kapric-o
burn, brul-ar (naut.) mapstan, kapstan-o
I35
captain, kapitan-o casual, kazual-a ; challenge, defi-o
to captivate, charm-ar (profit),kazual-o to challenge ( ~ u r o re,f c . )
facin-ar, ravis-ar cat, kat-o rekuz-ar
car, char-o catalogue, katalog-o chamber, chambr-o
carbine, karabin-o catarrh, katar-o chamois, chani-o
carbon, karb-o catch (mechan.),klik-c champagne wine,
carbuncle (dzsease) to catch, kapt-ar champani-o
karbunkl-o to catechise, katekiz-a1 chance (good or bad),
carcase, kadavro catechism, katekism-a chanc-o
card, kart-o caterpillar, raup-o chancellor, kanceler-o
cardboard, karton-o to cause, efekt-ig-ar to change, chanj-ar ;
cardon (Fr.! (plant) cause, kauz-o (money), kambi-ar
kardun-o caution, prudent-es-o ; channel, kanel-o
cardoon, kardun-o (money), kaucion-o to chap, krevis-ar
care, sorg-o ; to-foi cave, kavern-o chapel, kapel-o
(miad), sorg-eg-ar to caw, kroas-ar chaperone, duen-o ;
to caress, karez-ar cayenne pepper, protekt-ant-in-o
to caricature, paprik-o chapter (of book),
karikat-ar to cease, ces-ar chapitr-o
caries, kari-o to cede (give u p ) , ced-ar character, karakter-o
carnation, karnacion -0; ceiling, plafon-o charade, sharad-o
(flower),diant-o celibate, celib-a, -0 to charge (with), charj -
carnival, karnaval-o to celebrate, celebr-ar ar ; ( a ~ Y Z ' C P ) , kont ar
to carpenter, karpent- celebrity (fame),fam-o, charity(nota1msgiing).
ar OZ-es-o; (person), karitat-o
carpet, tapis-o fam-oz-o, glori-oz-o charity lottery, tom-
carriage, vetur-o ; (rail- cell, celul-o bol-0
way), vagon-o cellar, keler-o chariot, char-o
carriage (gun), afust-o cello, violoncel-o charity, karitat-o
carriage-pole, timon-o cement, cement-o charlatan, sharlataii-o
to carry, port-ar cemetery, tomb-ey-o charm (quality),
to carry off by force, to cense (incense), in- charm-o ; (spell),
rapt-ar censig-ar sorc-o
cartridge, kartoch-o !o censure (tr.),censur- to charm (delight),
to carve (meat, etc.), ar charm-ar ; (bewitch),
tranch-ar :ensus, cens-o sorc-ar
cascade, kaskad-o :entral, centr-al-a chart, map-o ; (sheet),
case, kaz-o :entrey centr-o tabel-o
case (needle), etuy-o :eramics, ceramik-o to chase, chas-ar
easement, postig-o :erebellurn, cerebel-o chaste, chast-a
cash (payment), :erebrum, cerebr-o to chatter, babil-ar
kontant-a :eremany, ceremoni-o cheap, chip-a
to cash, inkas-ar :ertain (sure),cert-a ; to cheat, tromp-ar (fri-
cash-box, kas-o (some particular one), pone), fraud-et-ar
cashier, kasist-o, -er-o ul-a to check (chess), ech-
cask, barel-o :ertificate, diplom-o ek-ar
cassock,. sutan-o :hafing-dish (plad-), cheek, vang-o
to cast, jet-ar; (metal), varm-ig-il-o to cheer (acclaim),
gis-ar :hain, katen-o aklam-ar
to cast lots lor, lotri-ar :hair, stul-o ; (profes- cheese, fromaj-o
caste, kast-o sor's), katedr-o cheesecake, fromaj-
castle, kaqtel-o :halice, kalic-o kuk-o
to castrate, kastr-ar :halk, kfet-o chemise, kamiz-o
136
ohembt,
(dispensing), far-
I
kemi-ist-o : to churn. plaud-ar ;
(make bwlicr), butr-
cllff, klif-0
to climb, klim-ar
maci-ist-o I if-ar to clip, tranch-ar, re-
chemist's shop, cicada, cilcad-o kort-ar
apotek-o cider, cidr-o cloak, mantel-o
cheque, chek-o cigar, sigar-o clock, horloj-o
to cnerish, entraten-ar cigarette, sigaret-o clock bell, timbr-o
cherry, ceriz-o cinder, cindr-o clod, gleb-o
cherub, kerub-o cinnamon, cinam-o cloister, klostr-o
chervll, cerfoli-o circle, cirkl-o close, *proxim ; -by,
chess, shak-o circular (adj.), cirkl-a, *apud ; -to, rez-e ( d i )
chest (trunk), lcofr-o ; -al-a, -atr-a ; (notice) to close, kloz-ar
(breast), pektor-o cirkuler-o clot, grumel-o
chestnut (edible), to circulate, cirkul-ar cloth, tuk-o ; (woollen)
maron-o to qircumcize, cirkon- drap-o
chic, chik-o c~z-ar clothes, vest-i, vest-
chick-pea, garbanz-o circumspect, cirkon- ar-o
chicory, cikori-o spekt-a clothes-press, armor-o
chief (head), chef-o circumstance, cirkon- cloud, nub-o
chief o f , -estr- stanc-o clove, kariofil-o
chiefly, precipu-e circus, cirk-o clover, trifoli-o
chignon, chin~on-o cistern, cistern-o clown, klaun-o
child (little), infant-o citadel, citadel-o club (association),
chimera, kimer-o to cite, cit-ar klub-o ; (mace),maz-
chimney, kamen-o citizen, civit-an-o o ; (cards), tref-o
chin, menton-o city, civit-o clue (clew), guid-fil-0.
to chirp (birds),gorge-ar civil (not milit., relig., tras-o
chip (wood, efc.), span-o or crim.), civil-a clumsy, plump-a
to chisel, cizel-ar to civilize, civiliz-ar coach, karos-o
choaolate, chokolad-o to clack, klak-ar coal, (ter)-karbon-o
choice, selekt-o ; to to claim, postul-ar ; coarse, vulgar-a,
make a-, selekt-ar pretend-ar grosier-a
choir, kor-o ; (place), clamour, klam-o coast, riv-o
kor-ey-o clan, klan-o coat, vest-o
cholera, koler-o to clank, clash, klikt-ar to coat, indut-ar
choleric, irac-em-a to clap, aplaud-ar cochlea (anat.),kokle-o
to choose, selekt-ar clasp, agraf-o cock (fowl).han-(ul)o;
chop (mutton,etc.), kot- class, klas-o (of a gun), han-o;
let-o to classify, klasifik-ar (for pipes), robinet-o
to chop, hack-ar clavichord, klavikord-o cockatoo, kakatu-o
chorister, kantor-o claw, ungl-o cockchafer, melolont-o
Christ, Krist-o clay, argil-o cockroach, biat-o
Christianity (doctrins), clean, net-a cocoa-nut, kokos-o
krist-an-ismo clear, klar-a (lit. and code, kodex-o, legaro
Christianity (quality), k.) codex, kodex-o
krist-an-eso cleave, fend-ar cod-fish, moru-o
Christmas, Kristo- clematis, klematid-o coffee, kafe-o;-pot,
nask-o clement, klement-a k a f e-krucho
church (building), to clench, klem-ar coffer, kofr-o
kirk-o ; (institution), clergyman, klerik-o coffin, sark-o
eklezi-o clerk, klerk-o cognac, konyak-o
churl, rustik-ach-o, cliche, klish-o cog-wheel, pinion-o
grosier-o client, klient-o coin, monet-o
137
coke, kok-o to commit, fac-ar to concede, konces-ar
cold (adj.), kold-a to commit a crime conceited, superb-a
(n.), frigor-o (tech.) krimin-ar t o conceive, koncept-ar
collar (coat, shirt, etc.) to commit a fault t o concern, koncern-ar
kolum-o; (round th, kulp-ar concerning (about), pri
neck), koliar-o committee, komitat-c concert, koncert-o
cellarette, kolaret-o common, komun-a concession, konces-o,
oollation, repast-et-o to communicate -aJ-0
colleague, koleg-o komunik-ar to conciliate, koncili-ar
t o collect (alms), communion, komu (not reconcile)
quest-ar nlon-o conciliator, koncili-
to make a collection community (state), ant-o; -er-o
kolekt-ar komun-es-o t o conclude, konkluz-ar
to collect one's community (goods) conclusion, konkluz-o
thoughts, rekolec-ai komun-aj-o concord, concordance,
colldctiue. -ar- companion, kompan-c konkord-o
college, kolegi-o to compare, kompar-a] concrete, beton-o
colonel, kolonel-o compartment, fak-o to condemn, kondamn-
colony, koloni-o compass, busol-o ar
colossal, kolos-al-a compassion, kompat-c to condense,kondens-ar
-atr-a to compel, koakt-ar condition (state),stand-
colour, kolor-o ; (tha, compensation, k o m - o ; (stipulation),kon-
which i s used to givc pens-o dicion-o
colour), farb-o to compete, konkurs-ar to be in a . . . condition,
colouved, -e- competence, kompe- stand ar
colouring, kolorit-o tent-es-o conditional, -us
column, kolon-o competent, kompe- t o condole (with), kon-
coma, komat-o tent-a dol-ar (tr.)
to comb, pekt-nr competition (business), to conduct (lead),dukt-
t o combine, kombin-ar konkur-o ; (fov ar ; (heat, etc.), kon-
combustion, kombust prize), konkurs-o dukt-ar ; (behave),
-(ad)-o to compile, kompil-ar kondut-ar
to come, ven-ar;- to complain, plend-ar conductor (person),
back, retro-ven-ar;- complete, komplet-a dukt-er-o ; - k t - o ;
in, en-irar to complicate, kom- (of omnibus, train,
to come to terms, plik-ar etc.), konduktor-o
konvencion-ar to compliment, k o m - cone, kon-o
comma, kom-o pliment-ar confectioner, konfit-
to command, dispon-ar to complot, komplot-ar ist-o
t o commence, komenc- to compose, kompoz- confectionery (fv., fon-
ar ar ; (set u p type), dant), konfekt-o
commencement, kom- kompost-ar confederation, feder-
enc-o :ompote, kompot-o ur-0
t o commend, laud-ar compress (nzed.), k u m - ;o confer (discuss),kon-
t o comment, koment-ar pres-o fer-ar ; (bestow),
to commerce, komerc- to compress, kompres-. grant-ar
ar ar :onference (not be-
commerce, komerc-o :ompromise (surrender stowal), konfer-o
commission, komis-o of one's principles), ,O confess(tr.),konfes-ar
commission (assembly). kompromis-o ; (settle o confide (entrust),
komis-it-ar-o went), transakt-o konfid-ar ; (impart
commissioner, komi- .omrade, kamarad-o confidentially), kon-
sit-o o conceal, cel-ar fidenc-ar
138
confidential, konfi-
denc-a,-al-a
to be confined (child
1 tototo consider,
konsider-ar
consign,
consist,
lconsigu-ar
konsist-ar
I to genuity),
contrive (invent, de-
vise, make b y h-
injeni-ar
birth), partur-a.r to console, Ironsolac-ar to control (check, veri-
to confirm, konfirm-ar consonant, konsonant-o f y ) , kontroi-ar
to confiscate, kon- to conspire, konspir-ar to controvert, kontro-
fisk-ar constant, konstant-a vers-ar
conflict (to be in), to consternate, kon- to contuse, kontuz-ar
konflikt-ar stern-ar contusion, kontuz-o,
to. conform, konform- to constitute, Bonsti -uro
ig-ar tuc-ar convalescent (lo be),
to confront,konfront-ar constitution (physiol.), konvalec-ar
to confuse (mistake for konstitucion-o convenient, komod-a
another), konfund-ar constitution (polit.), convent, kuvent-o
( m i x ) , intermix-ar ; konstituc-o convention, konven-
(render indistinct, to constrain, koakt-ar clon-o
disconcert), konfuz- to construct, kon- to converse, konvers-ar
ig-ar strukt-ar to convert, konvert-ar
contused (phys, and consul, konsul-o to convey, transport-ar
mor.), konfuz-a to consult, konsult-ar conviction (belief),kon-
to confute, refut-ar to consume, konsunl-ar vink-eso ; (act of con-
to congeal (tr.), konjel-
to
ar, glaci-ig-ar, frost-
ig-ar ; (intr.). konjel-
es-ar, glaci-esk-ar,
frost-ar
congratulate,
I contact (to be i n ) , kon-
takt-ar
to contain, lionten-as
to contemplate, kon-
templ-ar ; medit-ar,
projet-ar
vincing), konvink-o
to convince, konvink-
ar
to convoke, kun-vok-ar
to convoy, konvoy-ar
to cook, koqu-ar
grat111-ar content, kontent-a cool, kold-eta ; (of per-
congestion, konjes- to be content (with), son), kalm-a
tion-o sacies-ar to CO-operate, kun-
congress (to w e t i n a to contest, kontest-ar labor-ar ; (society),
congress), kongres-ar contiguous, kontigu-a kooper-ar
to connect, konekt-ar continent ( n . ) , kon- to co-ordinate, koordin-
connecting rod, biel-o tinent-o ar
to connive, konivenc-ar continuance, -a<!- copper (metal), kupr-o
to conquer, konquest- continuation, dur-(ad)o coppice, copse, kops-o
ar, vink-ar to continue, dur-ar to copy, kopi-ar
conquest (act), kon- continuous, kontinu-a coquetry, koket-eso
quest-o ; (that which contraband, Bontra- coral, lrorali-o
is conquered), kon- band-o cord, kord-o
quest-aj-o contract, kontrat-o cordon, kordon-o
conscience, koncienc-o to contract, kontrakt- cork, kork-o ; to-(a
conscious of (to be), ar ; (to make a ) , kon- bottle), stop-ar
konci-ar trat-ar corn (on foot), kal-o;
conscription, kon- contradiction, kontre- (wheat), frument-o
skript-o dic-o corn flower, acian-o
to consecrate, lion- contrary, kontre-a ( a d ) cornice, kornic-o
sakr-ar contrary, des- corps, of engineers,
to consent, konsent-ar to contrast, kontrast-ar jenl-o
consequence, kon- to contravene, kontra- corpse, kadavr-o
sequ-o venc-ar corpulent, korpulen t-a
conservation, kon- to contribute, lrontri- correct, korekt-a
serv-(ad)o but-ar to correct, korekt-igar
139
correlation, korelat-o coward, poltron-o crown, kron-o ; to-,
to correspond,
spond-ar
kore-
poltron:eso
..
cowardice. des-kurai-o. kron-izar.
crucible, kruzel-o
to corrupt, korupt-ar COW-pox,vacin-o cruel, kruel-a
corset, korset-o to crack, krevis-ar cruet, oil-, ole-uyo
corundum, korund-o cracknel, kraknel-o to cruise, kroz-ar
to cost, kist-ar cradle, bers-ilo to crumble, krul-ar
costume, kostum-o cramp, kramp-o to crunch, krok-ar
cotter, kel-o (bch.) cramp (-iron), kram- to crush, aplast-ar
cotton, cottonwool, pon-o crust, krust-o
koton-o crane (bird), gru-o ; crutch, gruch-o
to cough, tus-ar (much.), kran-o to cry (shout) kri-ar ;
could (was able), pov- cranium, krani-o (weep), plor-ar
is ; (would be able), crank, manivel-o crystal, kristal-o
pov-us crape, krep-o cube, kub-o
council (of the church), crash (fig.), krak-o cuckoo, kukul-o
koncil-o ; (of a city, to crawl, repl-ar cucumber, kukumbr-o
county, etc.), konsil- crayfish, kankr-o to cuddle (tr.), dorlot-ar
ant-aro to creak (intr.), krak-ar cuff, parament-o ;pug-
to counsel, konsil-ar cream, krem-o no-frap-o
count (earl), komt-(ul)o cream-cheese, kaze-o to cuff (tr.), pugno-
to count, kont-ar to create, kre-ar frap-ar
countenance, vizaj-o, creche, infant-azilo cuirass, kuras-o
vizaj-expres.0 to credit, kredit-ar to cull, koli-ar
to counterfeit, kontra- creed, kred-ajo cult, kult-o
fakt-ar to creep, rept-ar to cultivate, kultiv-ar
counterfort, kontra- creeping of the flesh, culture (intel. and
fort-o ganso-pel-o moral), kultur-o
country (opp. of town), to cremate, kremac-ar to cumber, incombr-ar
rur-o ; (land), land-o cremation, kremac-o cup, kalic-o ; kup-o ;
county, komt-i-o crescent, Icrecent-o tas-o
couple (of animals or cress (water), kres-o cup and ball, bilboket-o
symmetrical objects), crest (cock's comb, brow, cupboard, armor-o
par-o ridge), krest-o cupping glass, ventuz-o
to couple (link), lig-ar ; crib, h i p - o curator,kurat-anto,-ero
union-ar ; mariaj-ar : cricket (insect), grili-o cure, kurac-o ; (rem-
(sexually), kopulac- crime, krimin-o edy), remedi-o
a r ; (tech.), kupl-ar crippled, kripl-a, -0 curious (pers.), kurioz-
courage, kuraj-o crisis, kriz-o a ; (thing), vid-inda,
courier, kurier-o crisp, krisp-a atenc-inda, stranj-a
course (studies, com- to croak, kroas-ar curl, lokl-o
merc.), kurs-o to crochet, kroch-ar to curl, friz-ar
court (of a sovereign, crockery, fayenc-o curly, lokl-oza
house, justice), kort- crop (of birds), krop-o currant, rib-o
o ; (homage), kurtez- cross, kruc-o ;to -,tra- current, flu-o
(adlo ; to+a lady), ir-ar ; (roads, etc.), curry-comb (horse),
kurtez-ar kruc-um-ar strigl-0
courteous, polit-a to cross-hatch, hacli-ar to curse, maledik-ar
cousin, kuz-o to crouch, blotis-ar to curtail, rekort-ar
to cover, kovr-ar ;-up croup (rump), grop-o ; curtain, kurten-o
(a bed, a piece of (disease), krup-o curve, kurva lineo,
furniture), teg-ar crow, kornik-o kurv-o
cow, bov-in-o crowd, turb-o cushion, kusen-o
140
custard, flad-o day (of 24 hours), di-o; decrepit, dekad-ant-a,
oustom, kustum-o (day-time); jorn-o kaduk-a
austomer, klient-o to day-dream, rev-ar to dedicate, dedik-ar
customs (dutv),dogan-o deacon, diakon-o to deduce, dedukt-ar
to cut, sek-ar; -off, dead, mort-int-a to deem, reput-ar
tranch-ar ; -deep, to deaden, des-fort- deep, profund-a
sesg-ar ; -down, igar ; febl-igar ; ne- deer, cerv-o
low, dekolt-ar ; -out sent-iv-igar to defame, difam-ar
tali-ar ; -throat, deaf, surd-a; and defeat, vinkes-o
egorj-ar ; -UP, dumb, surda-muta to defeat, vink-ar
hach-ar to deafen, aturd-ar defect, deiekt-o
eutlet, kutlet-o deal, quant-o, part-o defective, defekt-oz-a ;
cuttlefish, sepi-o to deal, don-ar, dis- (gram.), defektiv-a
czar, car-o tribut-ar ; (with a to defend, defens-ar
subject), trakt-ar deference, deferenc-o ;
dealer in second-hand (to show), deferenc-ar
goods, brokant-ist-o, (tr.1
-er-o deflanee, defi-o
dean, dekan-o to define, defin-ar
dear (beloved), kar-a ; to deform, deform-ar
( i n price), cher-a to defraud, fraud-ar
death, mort-o to defy, defi-ar
to debate, debat-ar to degrade, degrad-ar
to dabble, barbot-ar debauchery, deboch degree, grad-o
daffodil, narcis-o (+)-o to deign, degn-ar
dagger, poniard-o deblle, debil-o delegate, deleg-it-o
dally, omna-di-a debit, debet-o to delegate, deleg-ar
dalnty (dish), friand-a debt, deb-o, deb-aj-o to deliberate, deliber-ar
daisy, margrit-o decanter, karaf-o delicate, delikat-a
dam (dike), dig-o decay, dekad-o delighted (to be), joy-ar
to damage, domaj-ar to deceive, tromp-ar delightful, delic-oz-a
Pr.1 December, decembr-o delinquent, delikt-ant-
damask ( f d r i c ) , dam- decent (to be), dec-ar a, -0
ask-o to decide, decid-ar to deliver (foods),
.- . livr-
to damn, damn-ar to decimate, decim-ar ar
damp (adj.), humid- to decipher, dechifr-ar deluge, diluvi-o
et-a decision (act.), decid-o; to demand, postul-ar
to dance, dans-ar (decided characfer), demented, dement-a
to dare, audac-ar decid-em-eso ; (re- democratic, demo-
dark, obskur-a solve), rezolv-o krat-ala
darling, liar-ulo, -in0 deck (of a ship), to demolish, demolis-ar
to darn (up), darn-ar ferdck-o demon, demon-o
darnel, loli-o to declare, deklar-ar to demonstrate, de-
dash (stroke of pen), declension (gram., phys. monstr-ar
strek-o deklin(-ad)-o den, k a v e m - o
to dash (oneself), pre- to decline (refuse), re- denial, neg-o, refuz-o
cipit-ar ( s u ) fuz-ar to denounce, denunc-
date (fnrit), datel-o ; to declutch, des-em- ar
(time), dat-o brag-ar dense, dens-a
to darn, darn-ar to decorate, dekor-ar dentifrice, dentrifric-a,
daughter, fili-in-o to decoy, lur-ar, ruze -0
dauphin, delfln-o atrakt-ar dentist, dentist-o
dawn, auror-o to decree, dekret-ar to denude, nud-ig-ar
141
to deny, neg-ar, des- to diagnose, diagnoz-ar to disavow, reneg-ar
agnosk-ar, des-kon- diamond, diamant-o ; to disband, konjed-ar
fes-ar, refuz-ar (cards), karel-o to discern, dicem-ar
to depart, depart-ar diarrhcea, diare-o disciple, dicipul-o
to depend, depend-ar dice, lud-kub-i to discipline, diciplin-ar
to depict, pilct-ar; des- to dictate, dikt-ar to discount, diskont-ar
kript-ar did (with verb), -is ; to discourage, sen-kur-
to deplore, deplor-ar (question), ka(d) aj-ig-ar
to deport, deport-ar to die, mart-ar discourse, diskurs-o
to depose (tr.), revok- to differ, difer-ar discreet, diskret-a
ar, des-tron-iz-ar ; difference, difer-o to discuss, dlskut-ar
(bear witness), atest- different, difer-ant-a discussion,diskut-(ad)o
ar to differentiate, difer- disease, morb-o
to deposit, depoz-ar enci-ar disembark, des-em-
d ~ p r e c i o t ~ v -acll-
r, diWcult, des-facil-a bark-ar
to depress, depres-ar to diffuse, difuz-ar to disgust, repugn-ar
to deprive, privac-ar to dig, spad-ag-ar (tv.)-
to derive, deriv-ar to digest, digest-ar dish, dish-o
to descend, decens-ar to digress, digres-ar dishonest, des-honest-a
descendant o f , -id- dike (embankment), to dishonour, sen-
t o describe, deskript-ar dig-o ; (water-way), honor-ig-ar
description, protokol-o dren-o, flu-ey-o to dislocate, dislok-ar
desert (adj.), dezert-a ; diligent, diligent-a to dismiss, konjed-ar
(n.), dezert-o to dilute, dilut-ar disorder, des-ordin-o
to desert, desert-ar dimension, dimension-o to disparage, denigr-ar
to deserve, merit-ar diminution (act.), despatch, depesh-o
design, desegn-o diminut-o ; (state), to dispense with (tr.),
to desire, dezir-ar diminut-eso dispens-ar ; (intv.),
desk, pupitr-o diminutive, -et- kare-ar
to desolate (make to dine, dine-ar to displace, diplas-ar
wretched), dezol-ar dinner, dine-o to display (corn.), estal-
to despair, des-esper-ar to dip, tremp-ar (tr.) ; ar
to despoil, spoli-ar plunj-ar (intr.) to dispose (prepare),
dessert, deser-o direct, diret-a dispoz-ar ; -01, dis-
to destine, destin-ar to direct, direkt-ar pon-ar (not to sell)
to destroy, destrulct-ar direction ( a straight line disposition (tempera-
detail, detal-o between two points), ment), humor-o
to detain, diten-ar direcion-o ; (towards dispute, disput-(ad)-o
to determine, deter- one point), sins-o ; to dispute (intr.), dis-
min-ar in the direction of, put-ar
t o . dethrone, des-tron- *vers to dissemble, disimul-ar
iz-ar directions (fay doing to dissolve, .solv-ar
to devastate, devast-ar things), instrucion-o, distaff, ruk-o
to develop (tr.), de- -i listance, dist-o
velop-ar directly (at once), quik listinct, disting-at-a,
development, develop-o dirt, fang-o, kras-o -ebl-a ; (not the
60 deviate, deviac-ar dirty, sordid-a same), distint-a
devil, diabl-o to disappear, des-apar- to distinguish, disting-
to devise, injeni-ar ar ar
devoted, devot-a to disappoint, decept-ar iistraction, distrakt-o,
devotion, devoc-o to disarm, des-arm-iz- -es-o
to devour, devor-nr ar listress, ditres-o ; to be
dew, ros-o disaster, dizastr-o in-, mizer-ar
to distribute, distribut- double, du-opl-a ; drop, gut-o
ar eye-glass, naz-bin- dropsy, hidrops-o
district, distrikt-o okl-0 to drown (tu.), dron-ar
to disturb, trubl-ar to doubt, dub-ar drowsiness ( f v o m nar-
disturbance (riot), douche, dush-o cotic!, narkot-o
sedici-o doughty, prod a drug (med.), drog-o
ditch, fos-at-o down (below), infr-e ; drugget, druget-o
to dive, plunj-ar (wool), lanug-o ; t o drum. tambur-o
diver (havd), kolimb-o go-, decens-ar drunk (person), ebri-a
diverse, divers-a to drag, tran-ar dry, sik-a
to divert, distrakt-ar dragon, drak-o duck, anad-ino
to divide, divid-ar to drain, dren-ar duel (to fight a ) , duel-ar
divine, de-a, de-al-a ; drake, anad-ul-o duet, duet-o
to-, divin-ar drama, dramat-o duke, duk-(ul)o
to divorce, divorc-ar to drape, drapir-ar dull ( o f colozcr, souizd),
dizziness, vertij-o draughts (game),dam- matid-a
do (before verb), -as ; 0, -1 to (be) dull, blaz-ar
(question), ka(d ) to draw ( p u l l ) , tir-ar ; dumb, mut-a
to do, ag-ar ; ( a thinp), (pictures),desegn-ar ; dumbbell, halter-o
fac-ar ; (be suit- (water), cherp-ar ; dung, sterk-o
able), konven-ar (corn.), trat-ar ; -off durable, dur-iv-a, -ema
to do away with, (liquids), rak-ar ; during (prep.), *durn
eskart-ar -up, redakt-ar dust, polv-o
to do without, kare- drawer, tir-kest-o ; -s duty (to be on), dejur-ar
ar (garment), kalson-o dwarf (adj.), nan-a
doctrine, -ism- arawing, desegn-o ( n . ) ,nan-ul-o, -in-o
docile, docil-a drawing-room, salon-o to dye, tint-ar
dock, dok-0 to dread, tim-ar dying (to be), agoni-ar
doctor, doktor-o to dream (asleep),
doctrine, doktrin-o sonj-ar
to dodge, ruze eskap- to dredge (clean out
ar, dud-ar with dredger), drag-
dog, hund-o ar
dogberry, kornel-o dregs, liz-o
dog-days, kanikul-o to dress ( a n animal),
doing habitually, -er- dres-ar ; ( a sore),
dogma, dogmat-o pans-ar ; (hair),
domain, domen-o kuaf-ar ; (attire),
doll, pupe-o vest-iz-ar
dolphin, delfin-o dress (n.),vest-ar-o
domain o f , -i- dress-coat, frak-o each, singl-a
to dominate, dominac- to drift, drift-ar eagle, agl-o
ar drill (mechan.), dril-o ear, orel-o; ( o f corn),
donkey, asn-o to drink, drink-ar spik-o
don't (bejore verb), ne .
to drink . 's health, earl, komt-(ul)o
early (adj.), fru-e
-as ; (command), ne tost-ar
-ez to drive ( i n a vehicle) earth, ter-o
door, pord-o veh-ar earthworm, lombrik-o
door-sill, soli-o droll, drol-a earwig, forfilrul-o
doorway, portal-o drollery, drol-ajo, bu- east, est-o
dormouse, glir-o fon-ajo Easter, pask-o
dose, doz-o dromedary, drome- easy, facil-a
dot, punt-o dar-o to eat, manj-ar
'43
ebb and flow. mare-o to elect by ballot. emulate, emul-es-ar
ebonist, eben-ist-o balot-ar (ad) ; rival-es-ar (ad,
ebony, eben-o electricity, elektr-o pn)
ecclesiastical, klerik-a elegant, elegant-a emulation, emul-es-o
echo, ek-o element, element-o (ad)
to eclipse, eklips-ar elephant, elefant-o to emulsify, emuls-ar
ecloque, eklog-o to elevate, elev-ar enamel, emali-o
economic (of econo- elf, kobold-o to enamel, emali-iz-ar
mics), ekonomik- to elide, elizion-ar enamoured, amor-ant-
al-a ; (household). elite, eminent-ar-o a, -oz-a, -em-a
ekonomi-al-a elk, alk-o encore ! bis !
economical (saving), ell (measure), uln-o to encounter, ren-
spar-iv-a, -em-a elm, ulm-o kontr-ar
to economise, spar-ar eloquent, eloquent-a to end, fin-ar
economy (manage- to elude, elud-ar to endeavour, esforc-ar
ment, system). to emanate, eman-ar to endorse (fan.),
ekonomi-o ; (act), toembalm,balzam-iz-ar indos-ar
spar-o, -aj-o ; (dis- to embank, reten-ar, enemy, enemik-o
position), spar-em- protekt-ar per ter- energy, energi-o
es-o ; political-, plen-aj-o ; dig-iz-ar to engage (a servant),
politikala ekon- embankment, ter-plen- engaj-ar ; (oneself),
omik-o ajo ; protekt-o per amuz-ar su
edifice, edific-o ter-plen-aj-o to engender (trans.),
to edify, edefik-ar to embarass, embaras- genit-ar
edition, edit-o, -ur-o ar engine, mashin-o, loko-
editor (of a book), edit- to embark, embark-ar motiv-o
ant-o, -ero, -isto ; embellish, bel-ig-afr engineer, injenior-o
(newspaper and embers, brez-o, -1 to engraft, greft-ar
magazine), chef-re- to embrace, embrac-ar to engrave, grab-ar
dakt-ist-o, direkt- to embroider, brod-ar to engrave on wood,
ist-o, -er-o to emend, emend-ar xilograf-ar
to educate, eduk-ar emerald, smerald-o enigma, enigmat-o
eel, anguil-o to emerge, emers-ar to enjoy, ju-ar;-one-
to efface, efac-ar emery, smeril-o 5311, amuz-ar su
effect, efekt-o to emigrate, ek-migr-ar to .enlarge, (p1u)grand-
to effect, efekt-ig-ar eminent, eminent-a ig-ar
efficacious (to be), to emit, emis-ar enough, *sat, sat-e
efik-ar emotion (to feel), emoc- to enounce, enunc-ar
effort (to make an), ar to enrish, rich-ig-ar
esforc-ar to empale, empal-ar to ensue, konsequ-ar
egg, 0%'-0 emperor, imperi-estr-o to entangle, intrik-ar
egg-plant, berenjen-o empire, imperi-o entente, konkord-o
eiderdown, ederdun-o empiricism (method), to enter, en-ir-ar
eight, *ok empirik-o ; (doc- enterprise, entraprez-
either . . . or, *sive . . . trine), -ism-o 0, -a]-0
sive to employ (means), uz- to entertain (amuse),
to eject, ejekt-ar ar ; (person), em- amuz-ar
elastic, elastik-a, -0 ploy-ar enthusiasm, entuzi-
elbow, kud-o employee, employ-at-o asm-o
elder, eldest (adj.),sen- employer, employ- enthusiastic (to be)
ior-a ;senior(u1)o($1.) ant-o, mastr-o es-ar entuziasm-oz-a
elder (tree), sambuk-o emporium, stapl-o (pri, por) ; entuzi-
to elect, elekt-ar empty, vaku-a asm (-esk)-ar
I44
to entice, lur-ar even (adv.), *mem ; expense, spens-o
entire, tot-a ; (mntlz.) (numbers), par-a expensive, kust-oz-a
integr-a evening, vesper-o experience, experienc-o
entity, ent-o event, event-o experiment, experi-
entrance (act), en-ir-o ; eventual, eventual-a ment-ar
( a way), en-ir-ey-o ; ever, ul-temp-e expert, expert-a
(permission, power), every, omn-a to expiate, expiac-ar
en-ir-yur-o everybody, omn-u to explain, explik-ar
to entreat, suplik-ar evident, evident-a to export, export-ar
to envelope, envelop-ar evil (adj.), mal-a, ma- to expose, expoz-ar
envelope (of letter), lign-a ; ( n . ) , mal- to exploit, explot-ar
kuvert-o aj-o express (train),es-
to envy, envidi-ar to evoke, ek-vok-ar pres-o
epic, epik-a, -atr-a evolution, evolucion-o to express, expres-ar
episode, epizod-o exact, exakt-a expression (phrase),ex-
epistle, epistol-o exactness, exakt-es-o, pres-ur-o
epoch, epok-o rigor-o expulsion, ek-puls-o
equal, egal-a to exaggerate, exajer- to extend, extens-ar
equality, egal-es-o ar extent (space), extens-
eq%p, eqwp-ar to exalt (intensify), ex- es-0, -a]-o ; (large
eyultabie, yust-a alt-ar space), ampl-es-o,
equality, egal-es-o to examine, examen-ar vast-es-o
equitable, equitat-oza (person) to extenuate, extenu-ar
equity, equitat-o sxample, exempl-o exterior (adj.), exter-a
equivocal, du-senc-a, to excavate, eskav-ar to extinguish, exting-ar
ambigu-a to exceed, eces-ar to extort, extors-ar
era, er-o to excel, ecel-ar to extract, extrakt-ar
to erect, erekt-ar Excellency, ecelenc-o extraordinary, exter-
ermine, ermin-o to except, ecept-ar ordinar-a
to err, eror-ar sxcept (prep.), ecept-e extreme, extrem-a
BROr, eror-o exchange, bors-o extremity, extrem-aj-o
erudite (adj.),erud-it-a to exchange, kambi-ar to exult, exult-ar
(n.), erud-it-o to excite, ecit-ar eye, okul-o
to erupt, erupt-ar to exclude, exkluz-ar eye-brow, brov-o
to escape, eskap-ar sxcrement, fek-o eyelid, palpebr-o
escort, eskort-o sxcursion (to make an),
escutcheon, skud-o exkurs-ar
espalier, espaler-o to excuse, exkuz-ar ;
esparto, espart-o (pardon), pardon-ar
esplanade, esplanad-o to execute, exekut-ar
essence, esenc-o sxereise book, kayer-o
to establish, establis-ar to exhaust, exhaust-ar
establishment (act), io exhibit, expoz-ar
establis-0.; (thing), ;o exhort, exhort-ar
-ur-0, -en-o ;o exile, exil-ar fable, fabl-o
to esteem, estim-ar ;o exist, exist-ar lapade, fasad-o
to estimate, evalu-ar ,xotic, exotik-a lace, vizaj-o
eternal, etern-a ;o expand, expans-ar lacet, facet-o
ethlcs, etik-o ;o exnect, expekt-ar lacile, facil-a
to etiolate, etiol-ar ,xpedition (milit., nav.) to facilitate, facil-ig-ar
to evacuate, vaku-ig- expedition-o lact, fakt-o
a r ; (milit. tech.), o expel, ek-puls-ar lactious, sedici-ant-a,
evaku-ar o expend, spens-ar -em-a
145
faculty (all senses), fat (adj.), gras-oz-a ; fern, filik-o
fakultat-o (n.) gras-o, -ajo ferocious, feroc-a
to fade, velk-ar fatal, fatal-a ; (de- ferry-boat, parom-o
to fail, fali-ar structive), funest-a fertile, fertil-a
fair (market), feri-o ; fatality, fate, fat-o fervour, fervor-o
(beautiful), bel-a ; father, patrul-o ; -in- to fetch, quer-ar
(iust), yust-a ; law, bo- fete (to be e n ) , fest-ar
(clean),net-a ; (clear) fatherland, patri-o fever, febr-o
klar-a ; (unblem- fathom (measure), few, pok-a
ished), sen-makul-a ; brac-o flanc6, -c6e, fianc-it-o,
(abundant), abund- to fathom, sand.-ar -111-0, -in-o
ant-a ; (blonde), to faint, esvan-ar fiction, fing-o, -ur-o
blond-a ; (cloudless), to fatigue, fatig-ar fief, feud-o
sen-nub-a, seren-a fault, kulp-o field, agr-o
fairy, fe-(i11)o favour, favor-o ; to-, field (magn., elec.,opt.),
faith, fid-o ; (one's favor-ar f eld-o
belief), kred-(aj)-o ; favourite, favor-at-o ; Efe, fifr-o
fidelity), fidel-es-o -at-ul-o, -at-in-o to flght, kombat-ar
faithful; fidel-a to fear, tim-ar flgure, figur-o ; (arith.)
falcon, falkon-o feast, fest-o ; (ban- cifr-o
to fall, fal-ar quet), festin-o filament, filament-o
fallow, falv-a feat (exploit),prod-aj -0
fallow-deer, daim-o (di fort-es-o, habil- Ale (line),seri-o ; (tool),
false (not true), ne- es-o) lim-10 ; to- (rub
ver-a ; (sham, spztri- feather, plum-o down with a fzle),
ous, artificial), fals- feature, trait-o lim-ar ; (documents,
a ; -note, ne-just-a, February, februar-o etc), seri-ig-ar
not-o fecundity, fekund-es-o film (photo<.), film-o
to falsify, fals-ig-ar federation, feder-o, -uro to fllter, filtr-ar (tr..
fame ( Y ~ I Z O W I Z ) ,iam-o fee, honorari-o intr.)
familiar, familiar-a feeble, febl-a filth, kras-o
family, famili-o to feed (tr.), nutr-ar ; fin (of a fish), flos-o
famine, famin-o (pasture), pastur-ar flnance, financ-o
famous, fam-oz-a to feel, sent-ar ; ( b y [inch, fink-o
to fan (winnow), fan-ar touch), palp-ar ; to find, trov-ar
fanatic, fanatik-a, -0 -one's way, tast-ar; flne, rafin-it-a, di alt-a
fancy (phantasy), fan- -sick, nauze-ar ;
qual-es-o, pur-a,
tazi-o -emotion, emoc-ar delik-at-a, subtil-a,
to fancy (take the to feign (pretend), fing- alt-a, grand-a, bel-a,
fancy o f ) , fantazi-ar ar
fantastic, fantastik-a fell, fel-o bel-et-a ; (thin), ten-
felloe, felly, felg-o u-a ; ( a money
far away, for-e penalty), amend-o
far from (prep.). *for fellow, kerl-o, kompano
farce, fars-o felt, felt-o [inger, fingr-o
fare-Well, adi-o female, femin-o to finish, fin-ar
farm (house), farmo- feminine, -in- fir, abiet-o
dom-o, farm-aj-o fence ( a n enclosure), lire, fair-o ; (house),
fascinate, facin-ar fenc-o ; to- (sport), incendlo
faseine, fashin-o skerm-ar to fire a volley, salve-ar
fashion, mod-o, fason-o fennel. fcnikul-o Ere-brand, brand-o
to fast, fast-ar ferment, ferment-o ; to Cire-dog, morili-o
to fasten, lig-ar, fix- -, fermentac-ar (also fireside, herd-apudajo,
igar, ferm-igar fig.) herno-vivo
146
firm (opp. to loose, to flourish, paraf-ar forget-me-not, mio-
flabby), ferm-a (lit. flourish (of trumpets), zot-0
and fin.) ; (business) fanfar-o to forgive, pardon-ar
firm-d .
' to flow, flu-ar
flrst, un-esm-a flower, flor-o fork, fork-o ; (table-),
first fruits, premic-o flower-bed, bed-o fork-eto
fish, fish-o fluid, fluid-a, -0 form (shape), form-o ;
to fish, pesk-ar flute, flut-o (seat), benk-o : to-
fishplate, (rails) lash-o fly (ilzsect), mush-o (to make), formac-ar;
fist, pugn-o to fly, flug-ar (give a particular
flt (adj.), konven-ant-a ; foam, spurn-o form to), form-iz-ar ;
(healthy), en bona fodder, forej-o (person), eduk-ar ;
stand-o foetus, fet-o (animal), dres-ar
to fit ( o f dress, jewel), fog, nebul-o ; it is former, ex-, ex-
fit-ar (intr.)
. . foggy, nebul-as
five, *kin to fold, fald-ar formerly, *olim
to fix, fix-ig-ar folding door, klap-oz-a formula, formul-o
fixed, fix(-it)-a pord-o to forswear, reneg-ar
flag, flag-o to follow, sequ-ar fort, fuort-o
flagon, flakon-o folly, fol-es-o to fortify, fort-ig-ar ;
flame, flam-o fond of (to be), afecion- (town), fortifik-ar
flamingo, flaming-o a r (tr.) fortress, fortres-o
flank, flank-o food, nutr-iv-o forward, ad-avan-e ;
flannel, flanel-o foolish, stult-a to- (letter, etc.) ,trans-
to flash, fulmin-ar foot (all senses), ped-o send-ar
flat (adj.), plat-a footman, lake-o fossil, fosil-a, -0
flat car, kamion-o lop, dandi-o to found, fond-ar ;
to flatter, flat-ar lor (prep.) *por ; (at (metal), gis-ar
flatulence, flatu-o the rate o f ) , *po foundation (basis), fun-
flavour, sapor-o ; to-, ( i n order that), por dament-~
sapor-ar ke ; *nam ; (because fountain, fonten-o
flax, lin-o o f ) , *pro four, *quar
flea, pulc-o forage, forej-o ox, fox-0
to flee, fug-ar, eskap- to forbid, interdikt-ar fractional, -im-
ar (tr.) force (mechan.), forc- fragile, frajil-a
fleet, flot-o o ; (strength), fort- frame (picture),kadr-o;
flesh, karn-o es-o (machine), fram-o
flight of steps, peron-o to force (door, key, etc.), franc, frank-o
to fling (tr.), lans-ar; fors-ar ; (constrain), frank, honest-a, sincer-
(intr.), kik-ar koakt-ar a ; (naive), naiv-a
to float (be afloat), to ford, vad-ar free, liber-a; (gratis),
flotac-ar ; (trans.), lore- (prefix), pre-, gratuita
flotac-ig-ar ante- freedom, liber-es-o
flock, bur-o (fov pad- foreign, stranjer-a freemason, framason-o
din?) forest, forest-o freestone, quadr-o
to flog, flog-ar to forfeit, perd-ar la free trade, liber-
to flood, inund-ar ; yur-o ; privac-es-ar ; kambi-o
flood, inund-o, di- mustar pag-ar ; (to to freeze (ilztr.), frost-ar
luvi-o (lit. and fig.) take a s forfeit), kon- to freight, fret-ar
floor (story), etaj-o; fisk-ar frenzy, frenezi-o
(floor of room), plank- forge, forj-eyo frequent, frequ-a
0-snl-0 to forge, foj-ar to frequent, frequent-ar
flour, farin-o to forget, oblivi-ar fresh ( n e w ) , fresh-a
147
Friday, venerdi-o future, futur-a garret, mansard-o
friend, amik(-u1)-o, future indicative, -0s garrison, gamizon-o
-in-o future infinitive -or garter, garter-o
future pavticip. active, gas, gas-o
frieze, fris-o -out- gate, pord-eg-o
fright, teror-o future particip. passive, to gather, kolekt-ar ;
to frighten, teror-ig-ar -0t (flowers, fruit), koli-
frill (shirt), jabot-o ar; -in, rekolt-ar
fringe, franj-o gauze, gaz-o
frippery, frip-o gay, gay-&
gazette, jurnal-o
to frisk about, frisk-ar gear (mech.), dento-
frivolity, frivol-es-o rot-ar-o
frock, frok-o to. gear (put into),
frog, ran-o ingran-ar
from, *de to geld, kastr-ar
*avan
-
front, front-o ; in of, gable, gebl-o gem, gem-o
gad-fly, taban-o gendarme, jendarm-o
frontier, frontier-o gage, gaj-0 gender (grammat),
frost, frost-o galety, gay-es-o genr-o
to frown, kontrakt-ar to gain over, atrakt-ar, general (adj.), general-
(la brovo) ad-dukt-ar ( a d ) ,per- a ; (officer),general-
frugal, frugal-a suad-ar, aquir-ar(por 0
fruit, frukt-o sua interest0 o judiko) generous, jeneroz-a
fruitful, fertil-a to gain, gan-ar genius, geni-o
to fry, (tr.) frit-ar gait (pace), alur-o gentle, lentil-a
frying pan, padel-o gaiter, getr-o gentleman, sior(-u1)-o
to fulfll, plen-ig-ar ; gall (bile), bil-o geography, geografi-o
(satisfy),satisfac-ar gall-nut, gal-o geometry, geometri-o
full, plen-a gallant (to ladies), gal- germ, lerm-o
to full, ful-ar ant-a ; (brave), brav- to germinate, jerm-if-
to fulminate, fulmin-ar a ar
fulvous, falv-a gallery, galeri-o to gesticulate, gest-ar
fun, amuz(-es)-o to gallop, galop-ar gerund, gerundi-o
funeral (ceremony), gallows, jibet-o to get, obten-ar, aquir-
fuller-o to gamble, lud-ar ar (see also become,
funnel, funel-o to gambol, gambol-ar buy, catch, have, etc.);
funny, drol-a game (pla?), lud-o ; -out, ek-ir-ar
fur, fur-o (wzld), vlld-o giant,. gigant-o
fur-cloak, fur-mantel-o gang, gang-0 gibberish, gallmatias-o
furious, furioz-a gap, lakun-o, brech-o gibbet, jibet-o
furnace, furnaz-o to gape, be-ar ; (yawn), giddy (to feel), vertij-ar
to furnish (provide), ocit-ar gift, donac-o
furnis-ar ; (house), garden, garden-o to gild, or-iz-ar
mobl-iz-ar to gargle (tr.), gargar- gill (branchia),branki-o
furniture, mobl-ar-o ; ar gilly-flower, jllflor-o
( a piece o f ) , mobl-o garlic, ali-o gin, jin-0..
furrow, sulk-o garlic (kind of), cibol-o ginger, l~njer-o
garment, vest-o gipsy, cigan-o
further (adv.), ultr-e garnet (gem),granat-o girdle, zon-o
fury, furi-o to garnish, orn-ar, dek- girl, puer(-in)-o ; (mai-
to fuse, fuz-ar or-ar, (p:u)bel-ig-ar den), yun-in-o. celib-
fustian, fusten-o garniture, garnitur-o in-o
girth, gurt-o
to give, don-ar: -a start,
tresay-ar ; -alms,
1 togourd, gurd-o
gout (dzsrasc), got-o
govern, guvern-ar
1 to grieve (itztv.), chag-
ren-ar
to grill, gril-ar
almon-ar ; -way, government, guvern to grimace, grimas-ar
(fall), fal-ar, krul-ar (-ad)-o ; country), to grind (corn, etc.),
-birth to partur-ar ; guberni-o muel-ar ; (metal),
-the lie to, dementi- gown, rob-o grind-ar ; (noise),
ar grace (charm), graci-o ; grinc-ar
gland, glan-o (theolog.), grac-o to groan, jem-ar
glass ( f o r drinking), gracef ul, graci-oz-a grocer, spic-ist-o
glas-o ; (material), to graduate, grad-iz-ar groin, inguin-o
vitr-o grain, gran-o groom, grum-o
glass-case, vetrin-o grammar, gramatilc-o groove, kulis-o
glass-jar, bokal-o granary, granari-o to grope, tast-ar
to glaze, glac-ar, grandchild, nepot-o gross, grosier-a ; (qara~z-
glez-ar grand-daughter, nepot- t i t y ) , gros-dek-duo
to glean, glin-ar ~n-o ground (soil), sul-o ;
to glide, glit-ar grand-father, av-ul-o (for building, tilling),
globe, glob-o ; (the grand-mother, av-in-o teren-o
earth), la ter-glob-o grand-son, nepot-ul-o group, grup-o ; to-,
gloom, tenebr-o to grant, grant-ar ; grup-ig-ar
glory, glori-o (prayer), exauc-ar ; to grow, lrresk-ar
to gloss (tr., nzake -amnesty, amnesti- to growl, grun-ar
glossy), glac-ar ar grub, lombrik-o
glove, gant-o grape, vit-ber-o grudge, rankor-o
glow-worm, lampir-o grape-shot, mitrali-o to grunt, grun-ar
glucose, glikos-o grass (turf), gazon-o guarantee, garanti-o
glue, glu-o grasshopper, akrid-o to guarantee, warrant,
to glue, glutin-ar to grate, rasp-ar garanti-ar
glutton, gurmand-o grate, gret-o guard (milit.), guard-o
gnat, kulc-o to gratify, kontent-ig- to guard, gard-ar
to gnaw, rod-ar ar to be the guardian of
to go, ir-ar gratis, gratuit-e (someone), tutel-ar
to go back, retro-ir-ar ; gratitude, gratitud-o gudgeon, gobi-o
(fig.), regres-ar gratuitous, gratuit-a to guess, divin-ar
to go for a walk, gratuity, gratifik-o guest, gast-o
promen-ar grave (ad?.), grav-a; to guide, guid-ar
goat, kapr-o (tomb), tomb-o guillotine, gilotin-o
God, De-o gravel, gravl-o guilty, kulp-oz-a
god-son, bapto-fili (-ul) to graze, pastur-ar gulf, golf-0
-0 grease,. gras-o ; to-, gum (adhesive),gum-o ;
gold, or-o gras-iz-ar (of teeth), jenjiv-o
golden oriole, oriol-o great, grand-a gun (cannon), kanon-o
goldfinch, kardel-o great horned owl, to gurgle, glug -ar
good, bon-a, benign-a guf-0 guttling, krapul-o
goods, var-i greedy, avid-a ; ( f o r gymnastics, gimnastik-
goose, gans-o food), gurmand-a 0
gooseberry, grozel-o green, verd-a
gorge (geog.), fauc-o green-house, teplic-o
gospel, evangeli-o to greet, salut-ar
to gossip, babil-ar grenade, grenad-o
got (after have not :rey (adj.), griz-a
translated) rreyhound, levrier-o haberdashery, mercer-o
= 49
to be in the habit of, harsh (rough to the heat, varm-eso, ( k c h . ) ,
kustum-ar touch), asper-a ; (to kalor-o
hackney coach, fiakr-o the taste), akr-a ; (to to heat ( t r . ) , varm-
had (with past parti- the ear), akr-a (fig.), igar ; ( i n t r . ) , varm-
c i p b ) ,esis -inta, -abis acerb-a, akr-a, rigid- eskar
had to, dev-is a, sever-a heathen, pagan-a, -o
to hail, grel-ar to harvest, rekolt-ar heather, erik-o
hair, har-o ; (collec- hash, hach-aj-o heavy, grav-a, pez-oz-n
tion), har-aro ; (of to hash, hach-ar Hebrew, hebre-a, -0
animal), pil-o to hasten, hast-ar hedge, heg-o
hair-dressing, kuaf-o, hat, chapel-o hedgehog, herison-o
-ur-0 to hate, odi-ar heel, talon-o
half, du-imo ; (prefix), to haul, haul-ar hell, infern-o
mi- haunch, hanch-o hem, orl-ur-o ; to-,
half-breed (person), haunted, obsed-at-a orl-ar
mestic-a, -0 to have (possess),hav- helmet, kask-o
hall (all senses), hal-o a r ; (as auxiliary, to help, help-ar,
to halt, halt-ar not translated, see hemlock, cikut-o
ham (food), shink-o grammar) ; -to, hemp, kanab-o
hammer, martel-o (ought), dev-ar her (acc. of she), el(u) ;
hammock, hamak-o to have a holiday, (possessive), elu-a
hand, manu-o vakanc-ar herald, herald-o
handcuff, manot-o to have a horror of, herb, herb-o
handicraft, mestier-o horor-ar herb-tea, tizan-o
handkerchief, naz- to have a movement of herbarium, herbari-o
tuko translation, trans- herb-tea, tizan-o
handle, manch-o ; lac-ar here, hike ; -is, yen
(round), ans-o ; to-, to have a smell, odor-ar heresy, herezi-o
manu-agar ; (man- to have in view, viz-ar hero, hero(u1)o
age), dukt-ar, direkt- to hawk (goods), kol- herpes, herpet-o
a r ; (treat o f ) , trakt- port-ar ( f i g . ) herring, haring-o
a r ; (trade i n ) , hawthorn, krateg-o hers, (e)lu-a ; su a
komerc-ar ( p r i ) hay, fen-o herself, (subject of verb),
hand-lever, manet-o hazard, hazard-o ipsa ; (object of verb),
handwriting, skrib- hazelnut, avel-o SU
manier-o he, him, *il-(u) to hesitate, hezit-ar
to hang, pend-ar he, she, or it, *lu to hew (with a x e ) ,
hangings, tapet-o head, kap-o ; (chief), hak-ar
to happen, event-ar chef-o to hiccup, hip-ar
happy, felic-a to heal, (tr.), ri-san- hide (dressed skin), fel-o
harbour, portu-o igar ; (inlr.), ri-san- to hide, cel-ar
hard, hard-a ; (severe). eskar high, alt-a
sever-a health (state of), stand- hill, kolin-o
to harden, hard-ig-ar o ; good-, san-eso ; to hinder, imped-ar
hare, lepor-o bad-, malad-eso hinge, charnir-o ;
harl, filas-o healthy (person),san-a ; (door), gond-o
to harm, noc-ar (thing), salubr-a hip, hanch-o
harmony, harmoni-o heap ( p i l e ) , amas-o to hire, lokac-ar,
harness, harnes-o to hear, aud-ar his, (i)lu-a
to harness, harnes iz-ar to hear and grant, to hiss, sis-ar
harp, harp-o exauc-ar history, histori-o
harpoon, harpun-o heart, kordi-o to hit, frap-ar
harrow, hers-o hearth, herd-o hoar frost, pruin-o
150
hoarse, rauk-a
to hoax, tromp-ar, rnis.
- 1 houseleek, semperviv-t
how, qual-e ; -many I
tifik-ar -much, quant-e I, *me
hoe, hau-o (adj.), quant-a ice, glaci-o
to hoist, his-ar however, tamen idea, ide-o
to hold, ten-ar (meanwhile), dum-I ideal, ideal-a, -0
hold (of a ship), hold-c how great, quant-a identical, ident-a
hole, tru-o to howl, ulul-ar idiom (language), idi-
holiday, vakanc-o hub, nab-o om-o ; (peculiar
hollow, kav-a to hum, zum-ar form), idiotism-o ;
hollow rail, tram-o human (of m n ~ z ) , (special character),
holly, ilex-o horn-al-a spec-al-a karakter-o
hollyhock, malvaroz-c human being, hom-o idiotic, idiot-a, -0
holy, sant-a human nature, idle, van-a, sen-baz-a ;
home, hem-o hom-es-o (not employed), ne-
honest, honest-a humane, human-a uz-at-a, ne-okup-at-
honey, miel-o humanity (feeling) a ; (slothful), indo-
honeycomb, vab-o human-eso; (whole), lent-a, oci-em-a, -er-
honeysuckle, kapri- homar-o a ; to-, oci-ar, flan-
foli-o humble, humil-a ar
honour, honor-o humble bee, burdon-c idol, idol-o
hood, kapuc-o humid, humid-a to idolise, idol-ig-ar ;
hoof, huf-o humiliation (state), (fig.), am-eg-ar,
hook, hok-0 vexes-o amor-eg-ar, ador-
to hook on, akroch-ar humour, humor-o ; (ach)-ar
hoopoe, upup-o (wit), humur-o ; to-, idolatry, idol-kult-o,
hop (plant), lupul-o konform-ig-ar su, -ism-o ; (fig.), a m -
to hope, esper-ar konlorm-esk-ar. in- eg-o, amor-eg-o,
horn, korn-o dulg-ar, konces-ar, ador(-ach)-ad-o
horn beam, karpin-o komplez-ar a (la idyll, idili-o
hornet, hornis-o humoro d i ) i.e. (that i s ) , t.e. (to
horse, kaval-o hump (on body), gib-o esas)
horse-hair, krin-o hundred, cent-o if, se ; (whether),*kad
horse-radish, rafan-o hungry (to be), hungr-ar to. ignore (wilfzrlly),
horse-tail (botan.), io hunt, chas-ar ignor-ar
equiset-o hurdle, hurd-o ill, malad-a
hospice, hospic-o hurricane, uragan-o (11 with, -ik-
hospital, hospital-o ,O hurt ( t r . ) , vund-ar, illiterate, iliterat-a
hospitality (act), gast- lez-ar ; (zntr.), dolor- llusion, iluzion-o
!go ; (quality), gast- ar ;o illustrate? ilustr-ar
~g-em-es-o o hurtle, shok-ar (tr.) mage, 1ma1-o
host (who receives), iusband, spoz-ul-o ;o imagine, imagin-ar
host-o iygiene, higien-o ;o imitate, imit-ar ;
hostility (act.), Iymn, himn-o (corn.), kontra-fakt-
enemik-aj-o ; (state). iypnotic state, hip- ar
enemik-es-o not-o o immerse, imers-ar
hot, varm-eg-a o hypnotize, hipnot- mmune, imun-a
hotch-potch, popurit-o ig-ar mpartial, sen-partis-a
hotel, hotel-o ~ypocrite, hipokrit-o, o impede, imped-ar
hothouse, teplic-o -a mpel, impuls-ar
hour, hor-o mperative, -ez
house, dom-o mperfect (gmm.),
housekeeping, menaj-o imperfekt-a
impetuous, impetu-oz. income, revenu-o to inherit, hered-ar
a indeed, ver-e, *ya to injure, lezar, domaj-
implement, instru- indemnity, indernn-o ar, noc-ar
m e n t - ~ ,utensil-o independent, ne-de- ink, ink-o
to implicate, implik-ar pend-ant-a inlaid floor, parquet-o
to implore, implor-ar india-rubber, kau- to inlay, inkrust-ar
to import (mean), signi- chuk-o inn, alberg-o, hotel-o
fik-ar ; (express), ex- to indicate, indik-ar innate, inat-a
pres-ar ; (concern), indicative present, -as innocent, inocent-a ;
koncern-ar; (be oj indifferent, inclifere~lt- (not guilty), sen-
importance), im- a kdp-a
port-ar ; (introdz6ce, indigenous, indijen-a to inoculate, inokul-ar
com.), importac-ar indigent, indij-ant-o inquest, inquest-o
import(ance), import-o indignant (to be), in- to inquire, inquest-ar
important, import-ant- dign-ar (pri) insane, dement-a
a indirect, ne-diret-a insanity, dement-es-o
to impose, impoz-ar individual, individu-o ; insect, insekt-o
impossible, ne-posibl-a (adj.), -al-a to insert, insert-ar
impost, impost-o ; indolent, indolent-a inside (adj.), intern-a ;
(arch.), empost-o to indorse, indos-ar (adu.), intern-e ;-of,
impotent (physiolog.), to induce, persuad-ar ; interne di
impotent-a (give rise to), genit-ar to insinuate, insinu-ar
imprecation, imprek-o efekt-ig-ar ; (log., insipid, insipid-a
to impregnate, im- phys.), indukt-ar to insist, insist-ar
pregn-ar to indulge, indulg-ar insolent, insolent-a
to impress, impres-ar indulgent, indulg-ant- to inspect, inspekt-ar
to imprison, en-karcer- a, -em-a to inspire, inspir-ar
ig-ar industry, industri-o ; to install, instal-ar
to improve (tr.), plu- (of a person), labor- instalment (part pay-
bon-ig-ar ; (intr.), em-es-o ment) akont-o
plu-bon-esk-ar inert, inert-a instance (for),exempl-e
to improvise, im- infallible, ne-eror-iv-a; instant, instant-o
proviz-ar (unfailing),infalibl-a instead of, *vice
impulse, impuls-o infamous, infam-a instinct, instint-o
to impute, imput-ar infantry, infantri-o to institute, instituc-ar
in, *en ; -exchange to infect, infekt-ar to instruct, instrukt-ar
for, *po ; -order to infer, infer-ar instrz~mentfor, -il-
to, *par ; -spite of, inferior, sub-a, inferior- insular, insul-an-a
*malgre ; -such a a; (person), in- to insulate, izol-ar
way (so), tal-e ferior-~ to insure, aselrur-ar
infinitive present, -ar infinite, infinit-a
to incarnate, korp-ig- inflrm, infirm-a integrity, integr-es-o
ar ; (theol.), inkar- to inflame, inflam-ar intellect, intelekt-o
nac-ar to inflate, infl-ar intelligent, inteligent-a
incense, incens-o to inflict, impoz-ar to intend, intenc-ar
incest, incest-o to influence, influ-ar intense, intens-a
incident, incident-o influenza, grip-o intention, intenc-o
to incite, incit-ar to inform, inform-ar
to incline (tr.), inklin- to infringe, violac-ar intercede, interces-ar
a r ; (intr.), inklin- ingenuity, injeni-o to intercept, intercept-
es-ar ingenuous, kandid-a ar
inclined to, -em- to inhabit (tv. and i n f r . ) to interdict, interdikt-
to include, inkluz-ar habit-ar ar
1.52
interest (taken in a inward, intern-a jointure, doari-o
thing), interes-o ; iris, irid-o to joke, jok-ar
(advantage and o n iron, fer-o journal, jurnal-o
money), interest-o irony, ironi-o journey, voyaj -0
to interfere, interfer-ar to irrigate, irig-ar joy, JOY-0
interior, intern-a to irritate, irit-ar to judge, judik-ar
intermittent (to be) island, insul-o to judge judicially,
intermit-ar to isolate, izol-ar judici-ar
internal, intern-a to issue (tr.), emis-ar ; jug, kruch-o
to interpellate, inter- (publish), edit-ar ; to juggle, jongl-ar
pel-ar (intr.), ek-ir-ar juice, suk-o
to interpose, inter- it, *ol(u) July, juli-o
poz-ar to itch, prurit-ar to jump, salt-ar
to interpret, interpret- its, (o)lu-a juncture (of events),
ar ivory, ivor-o konjuntur-o
Interpreter, interpret- ivy, heder-o June, luni-o
ant-o, -er-o, -kt-o jungle, jungl-o
to interrupt, inter-rupt- junior, junior-a
ar juniper, juniper-o
interspace (intervening jurisdiction, judici-o ;
space), inter-spac-o to be under the juris-
interval (time), inter- diction, resortis-ar
temp-o ; (space), in- jurist, yur-isto
ter-spac-o ; ( m u s i c ) , jury, jurl-o, judici-ant-
interval-o
intimate (adj., n . ) , in- ,
J ar-o
just (just n o w ) , *jus ;
tim-a, -0 ! jackdaw, chuv-o (correct), just-a ;
to intimate, notifik-ar, / jacket (loz*nge, tight), (rightful), yust-a
deklar-ar I veston-o justice, yustes-o
to intone, inton-ar jaconet muslin, to justify, justifik-ar
to intoxicate, ebri-ig-ar jakonet-o to jut out, sali-ar
to intricate, intrik-ar jail, karcer-o
to intrigue, intrig-ar jam, konfit-ajo
to introduce, en-dukt- January, januar-o
a r ; (make known in jar ( j u g ) , kruch-o
intuition, intuic-o
to inundate, inund-ar
i
formal manner one : jargon, jargon-o
person to another), jaw, maxil-o
introdukt-ar jay, je-o
jealous, jaluz-a
jelly (cookery), jelat-o
K
to invade, invad-ar i jersey (garment), jerze- keel, kil-o
invalid, invalid-a, -0 ; o keen, akut-a
(not valid), ne-valid- Jesus, Jesu to keep, konserv-ar ;
a jet, gagat-o (guard), gard-ar ;
invective, invektiv-o Jew, jud-o (manage), direkt-ar ;
to invest, invest-ar ; jewel, juvel-o (support), nutr-ar.
(money), kolok-ar i jeweller, juvel-isto entraten-ar ; -an eye
investigation, explor- I to jingle (intr.), tinkl- on, survey-ar ; -In
(ad)-o ar ; (tr.), tinkl-igar mind, -up, manten-
invidious, ofens-ant-a ; to join (tr.), junt-ar ar; -silence ( o n ) ,tac-
odi-ind-a joiner-work (to do), ar (tr.)
to invent, invent-ar , menuz-ar kernel, kern-o
invoice, faktur-o 1 joint (anat.), artik-o / kettle-drum, timbal-o
I53
key (uf a lock), klef-o to lacerate, hcer-ar law suit, proces-o
(of a keyboard) to lack (tv.), indij-ar lax, lax-a
klav-o ; (much.) lackey, lake-o lay (adj.), laik-a
kel-o lacquer, lak-o to lay (tr.), poz-ar ;
to kick (beast), kik-a] ladder, skal-o kush-ar, stern-ar ;
kidney, ren-o lady-bird, kocinel-o -down (deposit),de-
kidney-bean, fazeol-c lake, lag-o poz-ar ; -over, in-
to kill, ocid-ar lamb, muton-yun-o ; dut-ar
kind (adj.), afabl-a ; (fig.), agnel-o layer (stratum),strat-o
benign-a ; (sort), lame, klaudik-ant-a, to layer (oines),
sort-6 -er-a ; to be-, to go-, markot-ar
kindly, afabl-e klaudik-ar layman, laik-ul-o
king, rej-(u1)o to lament, lament-ar lazy, oci-er-a, indo-
kinship, parent-eso lamp, lamp-o lent-a
kiosk, kiosk-o lamprey, lampred-o lead (metal), plumb-o
to kiss, kis-ar lance, lanc-o to lead (guide),guid-ar,
kitchen, koqu-eyo land (country), land-o ; dukt-ar
kitchen sink, evier-o (ground), teren-o to lead a dissolute life,
kite, kait-o landing (staircase), deboch-ar
knave, fripon-o, ras- flur-o ; (place for leaf, foli-o
kal-o Zandi?zg),desembark- league, feder-o, -ur-o ;
to knead, petris-ar ey-o (covenant), pakt-o
knee, genu-o ; knee- landlord, propriet-ant- to leak (tr. and intr.),
cap, patel-o 0, -er-o lik-ar
knickerbockers, brach- landscape, peizaj-o lean (meagre), magr-a
0 language, lingu-o to lean one's back,
knife, kultel-o to languish, langor-ar ados-ar su
knight, kavalier-o lap, gremi-o leap (year), bisextil-a ;
to knit, trikot-ar larch, laric-o ( a jump), salt-o
to knock down, lard, saim-o to learn, lern-ar
asom-ar larder, despens-o learned, cienc-oz-a
knot, nod-o; ( i n wood), lark, alaud-o to lease (only, grant
tuber-o larynx, laring-o I. o f ) , (farmo-)lug-ar
to know (by acquaint- lascivious, laciv-a ( o n l v : take 1. of),
ance), konoc-ar ; (by assitude, fatig-es-o (farmo-) lokac-ar;
learning), sav-ar ; asso, laz-o farme-don-ar, farme-
let me-, inform-ez ast (adj), last-a; at-, pren-ar
me fine least, minim-a, -e ; at-,
knowledge, sav-o ,o last, dur-ar ad-minim-e
atch, klink-o leather, ledr-o
ate (adj.). tard-a to leave, las-ar, liv-ar
ately, nov-e, recent-e leek, porel-o
ater (adj.), pos-a leech, sanguisug-o
ath, lat-o to leer, ogl-ar
Latin, latin-a lees, liz-o
,o laugh, rid-ar left, sinistr-a
label, etiket-o aunch (boat),shalup-o leg, gamb-o
to labour (tr., intr.), ;O launch, lans-ar legacy, legac-aj-o ; to
labor-ar aurel, laur-o leave a-to, legac-ar
laboratory, laboratori- ava, lava-o egal, leg-al-a
0 o lavish, prodig-ar egend, legend-o
lace, dentel-o ; (fov aw, leg-o ; (science), eggings, cetr-i
shoe, etc.), lac-o yur-o-cienc-o egion, legron-o
'54
legitimate (adj.), legi- light, lum-o ; (in litmus, tornasoi-o
tim-a ; (to make I.), weight), lejer-a, to-, litter, litier-o
legitim-ig-ar (lamp, slc.), acend-ar little, mikr-a ; (not
leisure, liber-temp-o ; lighthouse, far-o much), pok-e ; a-,
to be at-, havar lightning, fulmin-o kelk-e
liber-temp-o like, -atr- littoral, litor-o
leisurely, sen-hast-e like, (similar), simil-a to live, viv-ar ; -dis-
lemon, limon-o (ad) solutely, deboch-ar
lemonade, limonad-o to like, p ~ i z - a r lively (active), vivac-a
length, long-es-o likely, probabl-a liver, hepat-o
to lend, prest-ar liking for (to have a livid, livid-a
lens, lens-o great), dilet-ar lizard, lacert-o
lent, karesm-o (relig.) lilac, lilak-o to load (person or thing
lentil, lens-o lily, lili-o with something),
leprosy, lepr-o lily of the valley, charj-ar (per);
less, * m i n ; (arith.), maiflor-o (something on to a
minus limb, membr-o boat, vehicle, person
to lessen, diminut-ar lime, kalk-o or animal), barg-ar
lesson, lecion-o lime-tree, tili-o (sur)
to let (allow to be), limit, limit-o ; to-, to loaf, flan-ar
las-ar ; ( a house), limit-izar ; restrikt- to loan, prest-ar
lug-ar ; -down, ar lobby, (green-Ioonl),
abas-ar ; -in the to limp, klaudik-ar foyer-o
clutch, embrag-ar linden (lime-tree), tili-o lobster, homard-o
letter, letr-o ; (of line, line-o ; (series), local (adj.), loli-al-a
alphabet), liter-o ; seri-o to localise, lok-iz-ar
capital-, mayuskul- linen ( f l a x article), lin- locomotion, lokomoc-o
o ; small-, minu- a]-o ; (cloth), tel-o ; lock (for key), serur-o ;
skul-o (a piece), tub-o ; (of hair), lokl-o ; (in
lettuce, latug-o (clothes), linj -0 river), sluz-o
level (n.), nivel-o ; (in- lingual, lang-al-a to lock (door, etc.),
strument), libel-o, linguist, lingu-ist-o klef-kloz-ar ; -agar
nivel-iz-il-o ; (adj.), linguistic, lingu-al-a, locust, lokust-o
plat-a, sen-inklin- linguistik-al-a to lodge, loj-ar
es-a, horizont-al-a, linguistics, linguistik-o lodgings, loj-ey-o
sam-nivel-a ( k u n ) lining, futer-o log (wood), leni-o
lever, lever-o links ( c u f f ) ,buton-i loin(s), lumb-o, -i
lewd, laciv-a linnet, kanabin-o lonely, sol-a
lexicon, lexik-o lint, sharpi-o long, long-a ; a-time
liar, menti-er-a, e r - o ; lion, leon-o (adv.), longa-temp-e
-em-a, -em-o lip, lahi-o longboat, shalup-o
liberty, liber-es-o liqueur, liquor-o to look at, regard-ar ;
library, bibliotek-o liquid (adj.), liquid-a ; -like, aspekt-ar
to license, licens-ar (F.), liquid-o (quale); -on (as a
lichen, liken-o to hquldate, liquidac-ar spectator), spekt-ar ;
to lick, lek-ar liquorice, regolis-o -after, sorg-ar ; sur-
to lie (position), jac- to lisp, zeze-ar vey-ar (tr.),; -for,
ar ; -down, kush-ar list (roll), list-o serch-ar
su ; (tell lies), menti- list(el), listel.-o looking glass, spegul-o
ar to Iisten lo, askolt-ar lord, sinior-(ul)o
lieutenant, lietnant-o literature, literatur-o to lose, perd-ar
life, viv-o to lithograph, lito- lot (allotment, share
lift (clt.vator),awns-il-o graf-ar allotted to one), lot-o
155
lottery, lotri-o magic, magi-o mankind, hoin-ar-o
loud (voice), laut-a magnet, magnet-o manna, mana-o
to lounge, flan-ar magpie, pig-o manner, manier-o
louse, laus-o mahogany, mahagon-c manners, mor-i
to love, am-ar ; (have maiden, virgin-o mannikin, manekin-o
tender and passiorz- maid servant, servist- to manoeuvre,
ate affection for owe in-o manovr-ar
of the opposite sex), to maintain, manten-a1 mantel, mantel-o
amor-ar maize, maiz-o manure, dung-o,
loving, am-oz-a, amor- majesty, majest-o sterk-o ; to-, dung-
oz-a ; (tender) major (avnzy), mayor-o izar
tener-a majority, major-es-o ; many, mult-a
low, bas-a (ralzk o f a major), map, map-o
to lower, abas-ar mayor-es-o ; (greater maple, acer-o
lower part, bas-o number or part o f ) , to maraud, marod-ar
low spirits, depres-es-o majoritat-o marble, marmor-o
loyal, loyal-a to make, fac-ar ; (ren- March (month), mart-o
lozenge (geom.), romb-o der), ig-ar ; -a to march, march-ar
lubric, laciv-a noise, bruis-ar ; -a margin, marlin-o
luck, chanc-o compact, pakt-ar ; marigold, kalendul-o
luggage, bagaj-o konvencion-ar ; -a marine, mar-al-a
lukewarm, tepid-a mistake, eror-ar ; marjoram, maloran-o
to lull, lul-ar -fun of, mok-ar (tr.); mark, mark-o
lumbar region, lumb-o -the most of, spar- to mark, mark-iz-ar ;
luminous, lum-oz-a ar ; -one's first (to observe), remark-
lump, mas-o, blok-o appearance, debut- ar
lunch, dejun-o ar ; -up one's mind, market, merkat-o
luncheon, repast-et-o rezolv-ar ; -war, marl, marn-o
lung, pulmon-o milit-ar marmalade, marme-
lute (chem.), lut-o ; male, maskul-a, -0 lad-o
(mus.), liut-o malice, malic-o marquee, marquiz-o
luxury, lux-o mall(&), mali-o, malio- marquis, markez-(ul)-0
to lynch, linch-ar lud-o, malio-plac-o to marry ( t r . ) , mariaj-
lynx, linc-o man ( h u m a n being), ar ; (get nzarried),
lyre, lir-o hom-o ; ( a male). mariaj-ar su (bun)
hom-ul-o ; (adult
male), vir-o marsh, marsh-o
manacle, menot-o marshal, marshal-o
;o manage, direkt-ar. marshmallow, mal-
administr-ar, jer-ar ; vavisk-o
( a n i m a l ) , dres-ar mart (trade-centre),
nane, krin-ar-o stapl-o
mace (club), maz-o nanege, manej-o marten, martr-o
machination, mashi- nangsnese, mangan-o martyr, martir-ul-o,
nac-o nanger (crib), krip-o -in-o
machine, mashin-o nania, mani-o Imarvel, marvel-o
mackerel, makrel-o ,o manifest, manifest- 1rzasculzne, -ul-
mad, fol-a ar 1mash, pure-o
madam, sior-in-o ; nanifold, diversa- 1nass (quantity), mas-o;
(noble l a d y ) , sinior- form-a, divers-aplik- (R.C.) mes-o
in-o a, multa e diversa : 1,O massacre, masakr-ar
madder, rubi-o (multifarious), mult- 1,O massage. masai-ar
madness, fol-es-o opl-a mast, maitio
156
master, maestr-o ; (of meat-pie, pastet-o mien, mien-o
the house, etc.), mas- mechanics, mekauik-o method, metod-o
tr-ul-o medal, medall-o tO mew ( a s a cab),
to masticate, mastik-ar to mediate, mediac-ar miaul-ar
mastiff, dog-o mediation, mediac- microbe, mikroh-o
mat, mat-o (-ad)-o mid-day, di-mez-o
match (Zlscifer), medium, mez-3 middle, mez-a, -0
alumet-o medicine (art), niecli- midnight, nokto-mez-o
to match (tr.), mariaj- cin-o ; (drug), medi- might (could, perhaps),
ar (asorte) ; lukt-ar kament-o pov-uq ; (power,
(kun) ; egal-es-ar ; to meditate, medit-ar strength), potent-o
(tr.) asort-ar ; (intr.) medlar, mispel-o mighty, potent-a
mariaj-ar su ; es-ar to meet, renkontr-ar ; mignonette, rezed-o
asort-it-a, inter-kon- (intr.), kun-ven-ar to migrate, migr-ar
ven-ar meeting, asembl-o mile, mili-o
material ( n . ) , materi-o, melody, melodi-o milk, lakt-o
-ar-o ; melon, melon-o to milk, melk-ar
matter, materi-o ; -of to melt (tr.), fuz-ar mill, (machine), muel-
fact, fakt-o ; it does member, membr-o 1 0; (building),
not matter, ne im- membar o f , -an- muel-ey-o; to-,
port-as membrane, membran-o muel-ar
mattress, matrac-o memory (the act), to mimic, mim-ar
mature, matur-a memor-o ; (the ;o mince, hach-ar
mauve, malv-o ; (adj.) , faculty), -ad-o ; ( a mind, ment-o
mnlv-a good, bad, elc., mem- ;o mind, atenc-ar ;
maxim, sentenc-o ory), memor-es-o ; ( a (look after), sorg-ar
maximum, maxlm-o, recollection), memor- nine (of m e ) , me-a
-a aj-o ;o mine, min-ar
May (month), m a y o to menace, minac-ar ,o mingle, mix-ar
may (verb),forsan-s ; to mend, repar-ar ninimum, minim-o
(have a right to-), mental, ment-al-a ninister, ministr-o ;
darf-as ; (can), pov- to mention, mencion-ar (eccl.), pastor-o
as menu, menu-o ninor, minor-a
mayor, komon-estr-o mercenary (soldier), ninority (numerical),
me, *me mercenari-o minoritat-o
meadow, prat-o mercer, mercer-ist-o nint, monet-if-eri-o ;
meagre, magr-a merciful, mizerikordi- (plant), mint-o
meal, repast-o ; (grain) oz-a ; klement-a ninute, minut-o ; (adj.,
farin-o mercy, mizerikordi-o, small) mikr-a,tenu-a
mean, tro spar-ema, klement-es-o niracle, mirakl-o
avar-em-a ; (poor), mere, pur-a, nur-a nirage, miraj-o
povr-a ; (bad tem- merely, *nur nirror, spegul-o
pered), mal-humor-a merino ( a n i m a l ) , mer- o miscarry, abort-ar
to mean, signifik-ar ; in-o ; (material), nischievous, petul-
(person), oplnlon-ar merino-lan-o, mer- ant-a (person)
meaning, senc-o ino-drap-o niser, avar-o
means, moyen-o to merit, merit-ar nisery, mizer-o
meanwhile, dum-e merry (adj.), gay-a nisfortune, des-for-
measles, morbil-o mesh, mash-o tun-o
meaSUr8, mezur-o message, mesaj-o o mislay, egar-ar
(also m u s . ) ; to-, messenger, kurier-o Kiss, damzel-o
mezur-ar Messiah, Mesi-o o miss, fali-ar, indij-ar
meat, karn-o metal, metal-o, -a ( i n t r . ) , mauk-ar
I57
mission, mision-o to multiply (tr.), ( p l u )
mist. nebul(-et)-o
mistake, eror-o ; to
1 moreover, ceter-e
morning, matin-o
Morocco leather, moro-
mult-igar ; (math.),
multiplik-ar ; (intr.),
make a-, eror-ar kin-o (v1u)mult-eskar
.A .
mistletoe, mistel-o mortal (a), mort-iv-o ; mummy, mumi-o
to misuse, mis-uz-ar (adj.), -a municipality, muni-
mite, akar-o mortar (for buzlding), cip-0
mitten, miten-o morter-o muscle, muskul-o
to mix up, mix-ar to mortify, mortifik-ar museum, muze-o
to moan, jem-ar mosquito, m o s k ~ t - o mushroom, fung-o
mob, popul-ach-o moss, musk-o music, muzik-o
mobile, mov-em-a most, * m a x i m ; the-, musk (perfume),
to mock, molc-ar maxim-e mosk-o
mode, mod-o moth, tine-o musket, I~isil-o
model, model-o mother, patr-ino, muslin, muslin-o
to model, modl-a]. matr-o mussel, musl-o
to moderate, moder-ax mother-of-pearl, must ( n w wine), most-
modern, modern-a perlomatr-o o ; (to be obliged).
modest, modest-a motion, mov-o must-ar ; (have to).
modesty, modest-es-o ; motive, motiv-o dev-ar
pudor-o motley, bunt-a mustard (food), mus-
modification (act.), motor (nzechalz.), t a r d - ~; (plant),
modifik-o ; (effect). motor-o sinap-o
modifik-ur-o motor-car, automo- to mutilate, mutil-ar
to modify, modifik-ar bil-o mutton, muton-o
moist, humid-a motto, mot-o mutual, mutual-a
mole (animal), talp-o ; to mould (cast i n plas- muzzle, muzel-o
(on skin), spot-o ter, etc.), muld-ar my, mea
moment, instant-o mouldy (musty), mold- mystery, misteri-o
momentum, moment-o inta, -oza
Monday, lundi-o to moult, mu-ar
money, pekuni-o ; to mount (tech.),
(coin), monet-o n~unt-ar
monk, monak-ul-o mountain, mont-o
monkey, simi-o mourning (to be i n ) ,
monopoly, monopol-o traur-ar
monster, monstr-o ; mouse, mus-o
(great, immense), moustache, labio-bar-
grand-eg-a bo nail (of nzetal), klov-o ;
month, monat-o mouth, bok-o (on finger), ungl-o ;
monument, monu- to move, mov-ar to- (fasten with
ment-~ movement, mov(ad)-o nails), klov-agar
moon, lun-o to mow, falch-ar klovo-fix-igar ; (fur-
moor, marsh-o, vild- Mr., sior-(u1)o nish, bedeck wzth
ey-o Mrs., sior-(in jo nails), klov-izar
moral, mor-al-a ; (mor- mucus, muk-o naive, naiv-a
ally good), etik-al-a ; mud, fang-o naked, nud-a
(n.), etik-o muff (for hands), m u f - o name, nom-o ; to-
more, *plu ; no more, mulatto, mulat-o (call, mention, by n.),
ne plus ; the-, the-, mulberry, morus-o nom-ar ; (give a
quaute plu, taute plu mule, mul-o distinctive n . to!,
morel (kind of mush- mullein (hot.), ver- nom-izar ; (nomz-
room), morel-o bask-o nate), nomin-ar
158
nape of the neck, nuk-o new, nov-a ; recent-a, I nowhere, nul-loke
napkin, bok-tuko fresh-a noxious exhalation,
to narrate, narac-ar newspaper, jurnal-o fume, mefit-o
narrow, stret-a next,sequ-ant-a, -ant-e; nude, nud-a
nasal, naz-ala la maxim proxim-a, number (quantity),
nasty, des-agreabla la apud-a nombr-o ; (order),
nation, nacion-o nib, bek-o numer-o
national, nacion-al-a nice (dish), friand a ; numerous, mult-a
nationality, nacion- (perhon),afabl-a nun, regulier-ino
eso ; (nation), na- nickel, nikel-o nuncio, nunci-o
c~on-o niece, nev-(in)o to nurse (infant,
to nationalize, nacion- night, nokt-o patient), fleg-ar
al-ig-ar nightingale, naktigal-o nut, nuc-o
native, indijen-a, -0 nimble, ajil-a nutmeg, muskad-o
nature, natur-o nine, *non
nausea, nauze-o to nip, pinch-ar
to nauseate, nauze.ar ; nitric acid, aquafort-o
(affect with n.), no, *no
nauze-igar no more, ne plus
naval, nav-ala no, not any, nul-a
nave, nab-o no one, nul-u
navel, umbilik-o noble (by bzrth), nobel-
to navigate, navig-ar a,-o; (nzornlly),nobl-a
nobody, nul-u oak, querk-o ; (Eng-
near (prep.), *proxim ; noise, bruis-o lish), rovr-o
(adv.), proxim-e ; to nominate, nomin-ar oar, rem-ilo
(adj.), proxim-a oath, jur-o
none, nul-a
nearly (almost), preske noon, di-mez-o oatmeal, gruel-o
neat, net-a north, nord-o oats, aven-o
necessary, neces-ar nose, naz-o ; to blow to obey, obedi-ar
neck, kol-o one's-, mung-ar su object, objekt-o
to need, bezon-ar (tv.) not, *ne to object, objecion-ar
needle, agul-o notary, notari-o objective (adj.), ob-
negative, neg-ala notch, noch-o jekt-ala ; (n.), ob.
to neglect, neglij -ar note, not-o (also mus.) jekt-a10 (opt.),
to negotiate, negoci-ar to note, not-ar ; (an- skop-o
negro negr-o, -a notate), not-iz-ar to oblige (to force),
neighbow, vicin-o notice, aviz-o, notic-o ; oblig-ar ; (to serve),
neither . . . nor, *nek to-, remark-ar sew-ar
... nek
nephew, nev-(u1)o
notion, nocion-o obliging, sew-ema
oblivion, oblivi-o, -eso
notorious, uotor-a
nerve, nerv-o nought, nul-o ; (arith.), oblong, oblong-a
nest, nest-o zer-o oboe. Iloboy-o
net, ret-o noun sing., -0 obscene, obcen-a
nett (price, etc.), net-a to nourish, nutr-ar obscure, obskur-a
nettle, urtik-o novel, nov-a ; a-, observatory, observa-
neutral, neutr-a novelette, novel-o, tori-o
neutralization, roman-o to observe, observ-ar
neutr-ig-o November, novembr-o to obsess, obsed-ar
neutrality, neutr-es-o now (at present), *nun ; obstacle, obstakl-o
to neutralize, (in argument), or ; obstinate, obstin-era,
neutr-ig-ar -...now, lore. ..lore ; -ema
never, nul-tempe -then !, n u I to obstruct, obstrukt-ar
I59
to obtain, obteu-ar one-eyed, tuert-a outline, kontur-o
obvious, evident-a onion, onyon-o outside ( p ~ e p . ) ,*exter
occasion, okazion-o only (adv.), *nnr ; oven, forn-o
occident, westo, oci- (adj,) sol-a over (prep.), *super
dent-o to open, apert-ar overcoat, surtut-a
occult, okult-a opera, oper-o overcome, vink-ar
to occupy, okup-ar to operate, operac-ar to overtake, rajunt-ar
to occur, event-ar opinion, opinion-o ; to to overthrow, renvers-
ocean, ocean-o hold the-,opinion-ar ar
o'clock, klok-o, -i opportune, oportun-a to overwork, surmen-ar
October, oktobr-o to oppose, opoz-ar (tr.) to owe, deb-ar
octopus, polp-o to oppress, opres-ar owing to, *pro
odd, barok-a ; ( n u m - optics, optik-o owl (Savn), strig-o
ber), ne-para or (conj.), o(d) own, propr-a ; to-
odoriferous, odor-anta oracle, orakl-o (possess), posed-ar,
of (possession), *di ; oral, parol-a,, -al-a propriet-ar
(mode of or contain- orange, oranl-o owner, propriet-er-o
i n g ) , *de ; concern- orator, orator-o OX, bov-o
i n g ) , *pri orchestra, orkestr-o oyster, ostr-o
offence (unlawful act), to order (goods),
delikt-o komend-ar ; (com-
to offend, ofens-ar m a n d ) , imper-ar
to offer, ofr-ar order (relig., chival.),
office ( d u t y , function), orden-o
ofic-o ; (local), kon- ordinary, ordinar-a
tor-o ; (relig.),ofici-o ore, erc-o
officer (milit.), oficir-o organ (of body, etc.),
official, ofic-isto ; (adj.) organ-o ; (music),
ofici-ala orgen-o pace, paz-o ; (gait),
offspring, genit-uro organization (act.), alur-o
often, oft-e organ-iz-o; (arrange- pacific, pac-em-a
ogee, cimas-o m e n t ) , organ-iz-ur-o; to pack, pak-ig-ar
to ogle, ogl-ar (state), organ-iz-es-o packet, pak-o, -et-o
oh fie ! *fi ~rient, orient-o packet-boat, paketbot-
oil, ole-o wigin, origin-o 0
oil-cake, turt-o ~rnament, om-iv-o, to pad (door, window),
ointment, unguent-a ornament-o pad-iz-ar
old (in years), old-a ; lrphan, orfan-a. -0 pad (for doors, win-
(in date), ancien-a ; lrthography, ortografio dows), pad-o, pol-
how - are you ? o oscillate, ocil-ar ster-o
qnant-e vu ev-as )sier, ozier-o pad, pad-o
olive, oliv-o Istentation, ostent-o to paddle, barbot-ar
omelet, omelet-o lstrich, struch-o padlock, padlok-o
to omit, omis-ar Ither, altr-a pagan, pagan-o
omnibus, omnibus-o Itherwise, altr-e page ( o f book), pagin-o ;
on, sur ; -account of, Itter, lutr-o (boy), paj-o
Pro. ~ught,dev-us pail, sitel-o
on this side of, *cis lunce,. unc-o pain (to be in-, to
once (one time), un- Iur, nl-a feel-), dolor-ar
foy-e ; at-, *quik ; ~ u tof, *ek pains, pen-o
-upon a time, *olim ~utlandish, altra-land- painstaking, sorg-er-a,
one, un(a) ; (indefinite a ; (fig.), stranj-a, -em-a
protzoun), on(u) barok-a to paint, pikt-ar
I 60
paint, farb-o ; (for parlour, salon-o, kon- pavement, pav-ar-o
face), fard-o vers-eyo 1 pavilion, pavilion-o
paint brush, pinsel-o to parody, parodi-ar paving stone, pav-o
pair, par-o parquet, parquet-o to paw, trampl-ar;
palace, palac-o parrot, papagay-o (horse), piaf-ar
palate, palat-o to pamy, pare-ar pawn, pion-o
pale, pal-a ; ( n . ) ,palis-c parsley, petrosel-o pawnbroker, lombard-o
paling, palis-ar-o, palis parsnip, pastinak-o to pay, pag-ar ; -at-
fenc-o part, part-o tention to, atenc-ar;
palissade, palisad-o to partake, partc -court to, knrtez-
to pall, blaz-ar pren-ar (tr.) ar ; -a salary to,
palm, palm-o (also o, participation, partc salari-ar ; -regard
hand) pren-o to, egard-ar (tr.)
to palp-ar particulars, detal-i
to palpitate,, palpit-ai partridge, perdrik-o pea, piz-o
paltry, m e s h n - a partisan, partis-ano peace, pac-o
pamphlet, pamflet-o partner, partener-o to be in peace, pac-ar
(booklet), brosh-ur-c party, partis-o peach, ( f r u i t ) ,persik-o
pan (frying), padel-o to pass (tr., intr.), pas peacock, pavon-o
panel, panel-o ar pear, pir-o
panic, panik-o passable, pasabl-a pearl, perl-o
pansy, panse-o passage ( i n house),kori peat, torf-o
to pant (gasp for dor-o ; (on ship) peasant, rur-an-o
breath), anhel-ar pasaj-o pebble, ston-o
pantry, despens-o lassenger, pasaj-ant-o peculiar, partikular-a
pap, pap]-o er-o pedal, ped-al-o
paper, paper-o ; (news- lassion, pa~ion-o; (o, pedant, pedant-o
paper), jurnal-o Christ), sufr-ad-o pedestal, piedestal-o
papyrus, papir-o 'assover, Pask-o pedigree, genealogi-o
to parade, parad-ar lassport,, pasport-o pedlar, kolport-kt-o
paradise, paradiz-o last indzcatzve, -is peel, shel-o
paradox, paradox-o last infinitive, -ir peer,. per-o
parafin, parafin-o last particip., active, leew~t, vanel-o
paragraph, paragraf-o -int- leg, s t i f t - o
parallel, paralel-a, -0 'ast particip:, passive, leg-top, t u p - o
to paralyse, paraliz-ar -it- )elisse, pelis-o
parasite, parazit-o ast, pasint-a, -0 lellet, bul-et-o
parasol, para-suno aste, past-o bell-mell, pelmel-e
Parca ( f a t e ) , Parc-o D paste, glutin-ar lelvis, pelv-o (anat.)
parcel, pak-o, -eto astor, pastor-o ten, plum-o
parchment, perga-
ma-o
astry, kuk-aj-o lenance (to do for),
penitenc-ar
-
3 pasture (tr., intr.),
to pardon, pardon-ar pas tur-ar lencil, krayon-o
to pare (tr.), sen-shel- patch, rapec-ar enetrate, penetr-ar
igar ; (clip),rekort-ar atent, patent-o eninsula, peniusul -0
parent ( f a t h ~ ror ath, voy-et-o enitence, penitenc-o
mother), patr-o atient, pacient-a ension, pension-o
parents, ge-patri atriarch, patriark-o eony, peoni-o
parish, komon-o ; atrician, patrici-o eople, popul-o; horn-i ;
parok-i-o atriot, patriot-a, -0 (one, anyone), o n ( u )
parish priest, parok-o atrol, patroli-o epper, pipr-o
parliament, parla- attern, shablon-o perceive, percept-ar
ment-o I pause, pauz-ar ercentage, procent-o
161
to perch, perch-ar philately, filateli-o pineapple, ananas-o
perch (/or n bzrd), philosophy, filozofi-o pink (flower), diant-o ;
perk-o phonograph, fonograf- (adj.), roz-ea
to percuss, perkut-ar il-o pint, chopin-o
perennial (bot.), peren-a phosphorus, fosf-o pioneer, pionir-o
perfect, perfekt-a photograph, fotograf- pious, pi-a
perfidious, perfid-a uro pip (poultry disease),
to perforate, perfor-ar phrase, fraz-o pips-o ; (in fruit).
to perform, (nzus., etc.), to physic, drog-iz-ar kern-et-o ; (on dice,
exekut-ar physician, medik-o dominoes, etc.), punt-
perfume, parfum-o physics, fizik-p 0
perhaps, *forsan pianoforte, plan-o to pipe (birds), pipi-ar
period, period-o to pick (gather), koli-ar
to perish, peris-ar
periwig, peruk-o
pickaxe, pikon-o -
to pickle (vegetables),
pipe (smoking), pip-o ;
(tube), tub-o ; (mus.),
shalm-o
periwinkle, pervink-o vinagre, konserv-ar ; pipette, pipet-o
permanent,permanant- (fish, meat), marin-ar pirate, pirat-o
a pickles, pikl-i pirouette (to perform
to permeate, perme-ar pic-nic, piknik-o a), piruet-ar
to permit, permis-ar p!e, pastet-o piscene, balno-basen-o
permitted (to be-, piebald, bunt-a pisciculture, fish-eduk-
may), darf-ar piece, pec-o; (cotton or ad-o
perpendicular, per- linen), tuk-o pisciform, fish-form-a,
pendikl-a to piece up, rapec-ar -atr-a
perpetual, perpstu-a to pierce (bore), bor-ar pistol, pistol-o
perplexed, perplex-a piety, pi-eso piston, (much.), piston-
to persecute, perse- p!g, pork-o 0
kut-ar pigeon, kolomb-o pit, fos-o ; (thedre),
to persevere, persever- Bike, piquo ; (fish) parter-o
ar luci-o pitch (tar), pech-o
to persist, persist-ar pile (heap), amas-o pitcher, kruch-o
person, person-o lilgrim, pilgrim-anto,
to perspire, sudor-if-ar -ero place, (town square),
to persuade, persuad-ar Iilgrimage (to go on a), plac-o ; (spot), lok-o ;
pert,liber-ega,temerara pilgrim-ar (for person), plas-o ;
to pertain, resort-es-ar )ill, pilul-o (suffix), -ey-
(ad ) ~illar,pilastr-o to plagiarize, plaji-ar
to peruse, lekt-ar ;o pilot, pilot-ar plague, pest-o ;
Peruvian bark, quin-o ~imento,piment-o (plague-spot), plag-o
perverse, pervers-a Bimple (acne), akue-o (also fig.)
pet, favor-at(ul)o, ;o pin, ad-lig-ar, ad-
-(inlo ; to- dorlot-ar junt-ar, fixig-ar (per plain (n.), plan-aj-o ;
to petition, petition-ar pinglo) ; tra-pik-ar (adj.), (distinct),
petroleum, petrol-o (per pinglo, lanco, klar-a, evident-a ;
petticoat, sub-jupo etc.) ; (tech.). stift- (simple), simpl-a ;
petulant (to be), petul- ag-ar, stift-union-ar (flat), plat-a ; (not
ar )in (ordinary), pingl-o ; ornamented), sen-
phalanx, falang-o (cotter), splint-o ; ornament-a
phantom, fautom-o (tech.), stift-o plain-chant, plan-
pharmacy, farmaci-o hoe-nez, naz-binokl-o kant-o
pharynx, faring-o ,o pinch, pinch-ar plaintiff, plend-ant-o
pheasant, fazan-o o pine away, langor-ar plaintive, plend-ant-a,
phial, fial-o pine, pin-o -em-a, -atr-a
162
plait, plis-ur-o ; to-, plural (adj.), plural-a ; POPPY, papal'er-o
~115-ar; plekt-ar, in- ( t i . i?if lexion), -i populace, popul-ach-o
ter-plekt-ar ; (hnzr) plus (wath.), *plus popular, popular-a
tre,-ig-ar plush, plush-o population (prople),
to plan, prtljct-ar pocket, posh-o popul-o ; (peopl-
plane (ad? ), plan-a ; poem, poem-o z9zg). popul-iz-o ;
(tool), rabot-o poet, poet-o (densitv), popul-oz-
planet, planet-o poetry, poezi-o ey-o
plank ( n . ) , plan1;-o to point ( t o ) , apun1.-a1 porcelain, porcelan-o
plant, plant-o ; to-, point (sharp), pint-o ; porch, p o r t ~ k - o
plantac-ar (dot, place), punt-o porcupine, porkespin o
plantain, plantag-o pointed, pint-a, -oz-a, pork, pork-o(-kam-o)
plaster, p p s - o -atr-a ; (shavp), porous, por-oz-a
plate ( e a l i i ? ~ )pla.1-o
, ; akut-a porridge-pot, rnarmll-o
(photo, of metal, etc ), poison, vencn-o porringer, eskudel-o ;
plak-o polarized, pol-ar-(ig- (of soldzers), gamel-o
platform, platform-o it)-a port (harbour), portu-o
to play, lutl-ar ; ( m l ~ s z c , ole (qeog.), pol-o ; portal, portal-o
theatre), ple-as ; (stick) stang-o portion ( a part), part-o;
( ~ a m b l t lml-ar,
), lutl- polecat, putor-o ( a heleing of food,
riik-ar polemics, polemik-o etc ), porcion-o
play, lutl-o ; (dv, m a ) , police? polic-o ; -man portrait, portret-o
dramat-o pollc-1st-0 to pose, po,tur-ar
to plead, pled-ar policy, politik-o positive, pozitiv-a
pleasant, agreabl-a to polish, polis-ar position, lok-o, punt-o ;
to please (gzue plea- polite, polit-a situ-es-o ; rang-o ;
sztre), plez-ar ; be politics, politilr-o ofic-o, employ-es-o ;
pleased u~zth), esar to pollute, polut-ar poz-e-;-o ; postur-o ;
kontenta ( d e ) ; if poltroon, poltron-o propozicion-o
you-, m e preg-a\ ; polygamist, poligam-
-write, volunt-ez a , -0 to possess, posed-ar
5krib-ar polyglot, poliglot-a, -0 possibility (qzhality),
pleased, kontent-a ( d e ) polygon, poligon-o posibl-ey-o ; (what
pleasure, plezur-cl polynomial, polinomi-o i s possible), -aj-o
plebiscite, plebic~t-o polype, polip-o possible, posibl-a
plenty, abund-o polysyllable, plur-silab- post, fost-o ; ( f o r lrt-
pleurisy, p l e v r ~ t - o a, -o t ~ r s )post-o
, ; (milit.),
plomb, plomb-o ; -line, polytheism, politeism-o posten-o
aplomb-o pomade, pomatum, postage, airank-o
to plot, komp!ot-ar pomad-o poster (placard), afish-o
to plough, plug-ar posterity, decedent-ar-
ploughshare, sok-o pomegranate ( f l u i t ) , 0
t o pluck, koli-ar grennd-o postern, postern-o
plug, t a m p o n - o (spec. ~ o m m e l ,pomel-o postilion, postilion-o
sure.) lamp, pomp-o posture, postur-o
plum; 'prun-o (iiot a ~ o n d e r , ponder-ar pot, pot-0
raisin ) )oniard, poniard-o potato, ter-pom-o
plume, penach-o )ontiff, p o n t ~ f i k - o poultry, pultr-o
plummet (plz~mb-lirze), )oodle, pudel-o to pound, pist-ar
aplomb-o loop, pup-0 to pour, vars-ar
plump, plump-a loor, povr-a, -0 to pout, bud-ar
to plunge (intrntzs.), powder, pulver-o ;
plunj-ar (toilet), pudr-o
power, pov-o ; (influ- pres. pnrticiple, passive. proboscis, rostr-o
ence, aztthority, as- -at- proceedings (legal),
cendancy), potent-es- preponderance, pre- proced-ur-o
0 ponder-o process, proces-o ;
powerful, potent-a to prescribe, preskript- (way), proced-o
practical, praktik-al-a ar procession, procesion-o
to practise (use prac- prescription (recipe), to proclaim, proklam-
tically), praktik-ar ; recept-o ar
(exercise), exerc-ar presence of (in the), to procure, prokur-ar
to praise, laud-ar *koram prodigal, prodig-ant-a.
to prance, kabr-ar present (adj.), prezent- -em-a; -ant-o em-o
to pray, preg-ar a ; (y~ft),donac-o ; to produce, produkt-ar
to preach, predik-ar at-, nun ; -time, profane (atij ) profan-a
precaution(s), pre- prezent-o ; to make to profane, profanac-ar
sorg-o a-, donac-ar to profess, profes-ar
precedence, preced-o to present, prizent-ar profession, profesion-o
precedent, precedent-o present a t (to be), professional (adj.) pro-
precentor, kantor-o asist-ar fesion-al-a ; (%.)
precept, precept-o to preserve, prezerv- profesion-an-o ;
precious, prec-oz-a ; ar, konserv-ar (suffix) -kt-
-stone, lapid-o to preside, prezid-ar professor, profesor-o
precipice, precipis-o president, prezid-ant-o, to proflt, profit-ar
precise, preciz-a -er-o profound, profund-a
precocious, prekoc-a to press, pres-ar prognostic, prognoz-o
predecessor, preced- to presume, supoz-ar (med.)
ant-o presomption, prezunt-o programme,program-o
to predict, pre-dic-ar pretence, pretext-o to progress,.progres-ar
to predominate, pre- to prevent, prevent-ar ; to prohibit, interdikt-ar
dominac-ar, pre- impecl-ar project, projet-o
ponder-ar previous, ante-a to project (tr.) projekt-
pvr-~minencc, arki- price, prec-o ar ; (ft:.) projet-ar ;
pre-eminent, super-a, to prick, prikl-ar (intr.), sali-ar
ecel-ant-a, pre- pride, fier-es-o projectile. projekt-il-o
valor-ant-a, pre- priest, sacerdot(-u1)-o prolix, prolix-a
ponder-ant-a primary, primar-a to prolong, prolong-ar
to prefer, prefer-ar primitive, primitiv-a ; promenade, kors-,o
preferential, prefer-al-a (not derived), prim-a to promise, promis-ar
preflx, prefix-o primrose, primroz-o to promote (~levatc,
preynant, gravid-a principal, precipn-a advance), promoc-ar
prejudice, (pre-judg- principle, principo prompt, quik-a, rapid-a
went), pre-judik-o to print, imprim-ar to prompt (thent ), sufl-
preliminary, prelimi- prism, prismat-o ar
nar-a prison, karcer-o to pronounce, pro-
to prelude, pre-lud-ar private, apart-a, nunc-ar
(intr.) privat-a proof, pruv-o
premature, pre-matur- privateer, korsar-nav-o proof against, espruv-a
a privilege, privilej-o to prop up, apog-ar
premise, premis-o prize (vewavd), premi-o to propagate, propag-ar
premium, premi-o to vrize, priz-ar propeller (scfew),
to prepare, prepar-ar probable, probabl-a helic-o
to prepay, afrank-ar to probe, sond-ar (also proper, just-a, korekt-a
pres. particip., active, fig.) dec-ant-a
-ant- problem, problem-o property, propr-aj-o
prophet, profet-o to pull, tir-ar quadrant, quadrant-o
proportion, propor- to pull out, arach-ar quadrature (math.),
clon-o pulley, puli-o quadrat-ig-o ; (astr.),
proposal (act.), pro- pulp (of fruit), pulp-o quadratur-o
poz-0 pulpit, katedr-o quadrille, quadril-o
to propose, propoz-ar to pulsate, puls-ar quadrumane, quadri-
proposition, propoz- to pulverise, pulver-ig- manu-o
a]-o ar quadruped, quadri-
proprietor, propriet- pumice-stone, pumic-o ped-o
er-0 to pump, pump-ar to quadruple (tr.),
to proscribe, proskript- pumpkin, kukurbit-o quar-opl-ig-ar: lintr.)
ar pun, kalembur-o quar-opl-esk-ar
prose, proz-o Punch, pulchinel-o quail, quali-o
to prosecute, per- to punch, punc-ar to quake (shakf with),
sequ-ar punctual, akurat-a trem-ar (pro, de)
prospectus, prospekt-o to punish, punis-ar to qualify (as), qualifik-
to prosper, prosper-at pupU (school), lem-ant- ar (kom).
to prostrate one's self, o ; (eve), pupil-o . qualitative, qual-es-al-a
prostern-ar puppet, pupe-o, mario- quality, qual-es-o ;
prostration (great net-o ( s u f f i x ) , -es-
depression), pros- to purchase, kompr-ar quantitative, quant-
trac-o pure, pur-a (also es-al-a
to protect, protekt-ar nzorally) quantity (couc~cte),
to protest, protest-ar purgatory, purgatori-o quant-o ; (abstract),
protestant, protest- to purge, purg-ar quant-es-o .
ant-0 to purify, pur-ig-ar quantum (appointed,
proud, fier-a purple, purpur-o prescrihpd), quant-o
to prove, pruv-ar purport, skop-o ; quarantine, quaran-
proverb, proverb-o (sense), senc-o ten-o
to provide, proviz-ar purpose, skop-o to quarrel (dispute).
providence, providenc- purse, burs-o inter-dis nut-ar
0 to pursue, persequ-ar quartan, quartan-a
providing that, se nur pus, pus-0 quarte (l~?tci?zg), quart-
province, provinc-o to push, puls-ar, o
provisional, provizor-a shov-ar quarter (year), tri-
to provoke, provok-ar to put, POZ-ar; -off, mestr-o ; (town),
provost, prevost-o ajorn-ar ; -on quarter-o ; (arith.1,
prowess, prod-aj-o (clothes), met-ar ; quar-im-o
proximity, proxim-es-o -out (Eight), exting- quartet, quartet-o
prudent, prudent-a ar ; -in gear, in- quartz, quarc-o
prudish, prud-a gran-ar ; -in order, to quash { l a w ) ,kasac-ar
to prune, emund-ar ordinar quasi (used as an
psalm, psalm-o to putrefy, patr-ar adj.), quaz-a, quaz-e
psychic, psik-ala puzzle, enigmat-o
pubescent, puber-a pyx, cibori-o quaternary, quater-
public, publik-a, -0 nar-a
public-bouse, tavern-o quatrain, quatren-o
to publish, publik-ig- quay, kay-o
ar ; (book, etc.), edit- queen, rej-in-o
ar Q queer, drol-a, barok-a
pudding, puding-o quack, sharlatan-o question, question-o
puff ! plump quadrangle, quadri- questions btgin by kad
puff, puf-0 angul-0 to quibble, shikan-ar
'65
quick, rapid-a ; race (running), kur-o to rasp, rasp-ar
oltce),*quik
quickly
*quik
(sfieedil,y),
quicksilver, merkuri-o
(at I -ad-o ;
ras-o
(human)
to race, kur-lukt-ar
kur-konlrur+ar
raspberry, framb-o
rat, rat-o
rate (o/ iutevest, dis-
G O Z ~ procent-o
Z~),
quicunx, quikunc-o racer, kur-lukt-er-o rather, prefer-e ; ( i n -
quid pro quo, quipro- rack, roto-tornieirt-o terj.), cert-eg-e !
quo tre,t-o ; ra.,telier-o to ratify, ratifik-ar
quiet (not a,%xin*ts), trofe-o ; hurd-o ration, porcion-o
quiet-a ; (?tot ~ L I Y - to rack off, ralr-ar rational, raciou-al-a
bulent), tranquil-a racket, raket-o (also math.), racion-
to quilt (stitch), stch-ar to radiate, 1x5-ar oz-a
quince, quing-o radiograph, radiograf. rattan, rotan-o
quinine, quinin-o ur-o to rattle (to h.ave tlid
quinquagenarian, kin- radiography, ralio. death--). stertor-ar
a-dek-yar-a graf(-a[!)-o to ravage, dtvast-ar
quint ( m z ~ s . ,cards), radish, rafan.et-o to rave, delir-ar
quint-o rafi, raft-o raven, li-orv-o
quintal (metric), quin- rzg, I-as-o ravine, raven-o
tal-o rage, furi-o to ravish, ravis-ar
quintessence, quin- to rage (be i7? a v q e ) , raw, krud-a
tesenc-o (lit. and fig.) furi-ar ray ( o f light), radi-o
to quintuple ( t ) ragout, ragut-o razor, raz-il-o
kin-opl-ig-ar ; (z?ztr.), raid, inkurs-o to reach, ating-ar
-esk-ar rail, rel-o to react, I-eali-t-a.r
to quit (ieave), liv-ar, railway, fer-voy-o to read, lekt-ar
for-las-ar railway carriage, readily (willi~~@'~~)
quite, tot-e, plen-e, 1 vagon-o volun t-e
komplet-e to rain, pluv-ar ready, pront-a ;
quittance, quit-ig-o, rainbow, pluv-ark-o ; -money, kontant-o
-1g-ur-o ciel-ark-o real, real-a ; -estate,
to quiver, fremis-ar ; to raise, (lift), lev-ar imobl-o
trem-et-ar
to quiz (ridicule), rid-
ind-ig-ar
, to rake (collect, gather
up with rake), rast-ar
i to ram (tech.), rekalk-ar
reality (ahst.), real-es-
o; ( C O I I C Y .real-
aj-o ; in-, real-e
),
quorum, minima nom- to ramble, divag-ar to realize, real-ig-ar ;
bro (11ece;a por va11- rampart, rempar-o (conoevt ,i?zto fact),
deho di voto) rancid, ranc-a uz-ebl-ig-ar ; exeknt-
quota, quot-o rancour, rankor-o ar, fakt-ig-ar ; (con-
quotation (conz.. /in .), rank ( p l a : ~ ) ,rang-o ceive c l ~ a ~ l v )con- ,
kot-iz--o rape, li-olz-o cept-ar, kompren-ar
to quote (corn., fill.), rapid, rapid.a imagin-ar klar-e
kot-iz-ar rare ( ~ z o t frcquelzt. ream (01 ~ ( ~ I I Pl'lsm-0
Y),
seldonz jozigzd), rar-a ; to reap, relrolt-ar
I1 (/lot nhulzdnnt), rear, (adj.), dop-a
skars-a ; (?rotdclzse), to rear (horse, etc.),
(lei-dens-a kabr-ar
, to rarefy, des-dens-ig- reason, racion-o ; (for
ar, --esk-ar doing a thing), mo-
rascal, raskal-o tiv-o , to -, rezon-ar
to rase, frol-ar rebate, rahat-o
rabbit, kunikl-o rash (reckless), tern- rebel, rebel-o ; to-,
rabies, rabi-o erar-a revolt-ar
I 66
to rebuke, repdmanrt reef ( o f sail), r e f - o ; to relieve (make light),
ar (vocks, aand), rif-o alej-ax
to recapitulate, re. io refer, refer-ar religion, religi-o
kapitul-ar reference to (in), *pri to relish, savur-ar
receipt, quit-ig-o ; on- to reflne, rafin-ar to rely (on, upon), fid-
of, ye recev-o di to reflect, reflekt-ar ar (ad)
to receive, recev-ar ; to reform, reform-ar to remain, rest-ar
-(nzoney), inkaq-ar ; to refract, refrakt-ar ; to remark (not s+enk),
(person appointea to be refracted, re- remark-ar
to-), recev-irt-n frakt-es-ar to remedy, remedi-ar
receiver, recev-ant-o, to refrain (intr.), reten- to remember, memor-
-int-o ar su, absten-ar ( d e ) ar
recent, recent-a to refresh with meals, to remlnd, (ri-) memor-
vrceptacle for, -uy- restor-ar ~g-ar
recipe, recepk-o refreshment room to remit (sin),remis-ar
reciprocal, reciprok-a bufet-o remonstrance, re-
to reciprocate (mech.), refreshments (to take), monstr-o
altern-ar ; (person,). restor-ar su remorse (to feel), re-
ag-ar reciprok-e (acl) refuge (to tnke), refuj- mors-ar
to recite reprat aloud), ar remote (to be), dist-ar
recit-ar ; (dcclnim), io refuse, refuz-ar (per, d e )
rleklam-ar to refute, relut-ar to remove (tr.), for-ig-
to reckon, kalkul-ar to regale, regal-ar ar, de-pren-ar ;
to reeognise, ri-konoc- regard, egartl-o; to, (push uside), eskart-
ar; (~o'mit),agnosk-ar pay-to, egard-ar ; ar ; (intr.), for-ir-ar,
to recollect, nlemor.ar to-, regaru-ar liv-ar ; depart-ar
to recommend, reko- .egarding, *pri We)
mend-ar .egards (hind), salut-i Renaissance,
to recompense, lrom- .egent, regen t-o Renesanc-o
pens-ar : rekom- 'egiment, regiment-o to render, ig-ar; (suffix),
pens-ar or punis-ar ; -egion, region-o -1g-
inclemn-iz-ar 'egister, regis tr-o rendez-vous, rendevu-o
to reconcile (vestore to ,o regret, regret-ar to renounce, renunc-
harn~onv),ri-lroncili- 'egular, regul-oz-a ar
ar ; (harmonize, o regulate, regul-iz-ar ; renown, fam-o
vnake coentible), (tech.), regul-ar rent, lokac-o prec-o ;
koncili-ar o reign, regn-ar (periodical profit),
record ( s p ~ e dc, ~ c . )re-
, o reimburse, rimbori- rent-o ; to-, (tnke
kortl. o ar at a-), lokac-ar ;
recourse (LO haae-), eindeer, rentir-o (grant use lor-), lug-
rek~lrs-dr o reiterate, iter-ar ar
to recover, rekul~eral- o rejoice, joy-ar .o repair, repar-ar
to recruit, rekrut-ar o relapse, recidiv-ar *epast, repast-o
rectangle, rekt-angul-o o relate, rakont-ar ,o repay, rimbors-ar
to rectify, rectifih-ar (tr.); -to, lroncern-ar o repeat, repet-ar
rector, rektor-o elated to (to be), relat- o repent, repent-ar
red, red-a ar .o repercuss, reperkut-
red-haired, r u f - a , -o a l a t l ~ t gto, -al- ar
red tape ( f i g . ) , paper- elative (pcrs.), parent- ;o replace (put back i n
ach-1, burokrat-lsm-o 0 Place), ri-poz-ar, ri-
lo redeem, redempt-ar elaxed (phvsiol.),lax-a lok-iz-ar ; (take the
to reduce, redukt-ar elic (of saints), reliqm- place of, st@@& the
reed, kan-o o ; rest-aj-o want of), remplas-ar
'67
replete, replet-a rest. (vemainrler), rest- revolver, revolver-o
to reply, respond-ar ; &]-o; (the others), to reward, rekompens-
(to a rep!y), replik-ar ceter-i ; to-, repoz- ar
report, raport-o ar rheumatism, reuma-
to report, raport-ar restaurant, restor-eri-o tism-o
to repose, repoz-ar to restore, repar-as. rhyme, rim-o
to represent, repre- restaur-ar rib (a%&.), kost-o
zent-ar to restrict, restrikt-ar ribbon, ruband-o
representative (Person) to result, rezult-ar rice, riz-o
reprezent-ant-o result, reziilt-aj-o, re- rich, rich-a
to repress, repres-ar zult-0 ridge, arist-o (anat,
reprisals (to wmke), resurrection. ri-viv-ig- geom.)
reprezal-ar o ; (one's self-), riddle. kribl-o
to reproach, reproch-ar ri-viv-esk-o ; (fig.), to ricle, kavalk-ar
republic, republik-o ri-nask-o ridiculous, rid-ind-a
to repudiate, repudi-ar retail ( n . ) detal-o ; riding switch, kravach-
repugnant (to 5 e ) , re- (adj.) detal-a ; by- 0
pugn-ar (tr.) iletal-e rigging, rig-o
to repulse, repuls-ar to retain, reten-ar ; (not right (handside),rlextr-
reputation, reput-es-0 fovget) memor-ar a ; (correct),just-a ;
to repute, reput-ar retipence, tac-o, tac- (morally), yu5t-a ;
to request, demand-ar
to require, postul-ar
a]-o
to retire, retret-ar
-angle, ort-o ; -
side, avsrs-o ;to the-,
to requisition, re- retort (vessel), retort-o ( a d ) dextr-e ; a
quisit-ar to retract, retrakt-ar right, yur-o
rescript, reskript-o to retreat, retret-ar rigid, rigid-a
research, explor-(ad)o to return ( c o w back), rim, felg-o
to resemble, simil-es-ar retro-ven-ar ring, ring-o
(tr.1 reunion, ri-union-o ; to. ring ( a bell), son-
to reaerve, rezerv-ar (state),ri-union-es-o ; ig-ar ; (intr.),son-ar
to reside, rezid-ar (assembling), asem- to rinse, rim-ar
residue, rezidu-o bl-o, -uro riot, sedici-o
to resign ( a post), to reveal, revel-ar ripe, matur-a
demision-ar revenge, revanch-o ; to rise (cet n p ) , lev-ar
resigned (to be), rezign- to take-, revanch- su
ar ar to risk, risk-ar
resin, rezin-o to revenge, venj-ar rite, ritu-o
to resist, rezist-ar (tr.) (tr.) ; to-one's self river, river-o ; (large),
resolution, dis-wlv-o ; on, veuj-ar su (ad, fluvi-o
(sol~~ing of doubt, pro- person ; pri, thing) roach, gardi-o
blem, elc.), ~ o l v - o , revenue, revenu-o road, voy-o
-ur-o ; (resolve), reverse, revers-o roadstead, rad-o
rezolv-o ; (deter- to reverse, invers-ig-ar road-way, chose-o
wtnsd temptr). review (publication), to roar (animals),bram-
rezolv-cm-es-o revu-o ; to-, (book),
to resolve, dis-solv-ar ; recens-ar ; (milit.), ar ; (winds, sea),
(solile), solv-ar ; (de- revu-ar muj-ar ; (thunder,
cide), rezolv-ar to revile, insult-ar cannon), tondr-ar ;
to respect, respekt-ar to revise, reviz-ar (of horse : disease),
to respire, respir-ar to revolt, revolt-ar ror-ar
responsible, respons- revolution, revolu- to roast, rost-ar
anta, -iva ; to be- cion-o robber, rapt-ist-o
respons-ar to revolve, turn-ar robe, rob-o
I 68
rock (solid part of to rule, guvern-ar, salad, salad-o
earth's crust under- direkt-ar salary, salari-o
lying soil), rok-o ; ruler (drawing),lineal-o sale, vend-o
(mass of this project- rum, rum-o saline, salin-o, -a
ing or standing u p ) , to rumble, grond-ar salmon, salmon-o
rok-aj-o to ruminate, rumin-ar saloon, salon-o
to rock, bers-ar rump, rump-o salt, sal-o
rocket, fuze-o rumour, rumor-o salubrious, salubr-a
rod, verg-o to rumple, Brumpl-ar salutary, salutar-a
roebuck, kapreol-o to run, kur-ar ; (of to salute, salut-ar
rogue, fripon-o, ras- water. etc.), flu-ar salvage (act), salv-o ;
kal-o to run aground, (malerial), salv-aj-o
roll, volv-aj-o ; list-o ; strand-ar (intr.) same, sam-a ; the
(bread), pan-et-o to run away, fug-ar same (thing),la sam-
to roll (intr.), rul-ar ruse, ruz-o o ; in the - way,
to roll UD, volv-ar rush ( b ont), junk-o sam-e
roller blind, stor-o to rush, precipit-ar su the same, sam-o
rondeau, rondel-o rusk, biskot-o to sanction, sancion-ar
roof, tekt-o Russia leather, yuft-o sanctuary (the most
rook, frugileg-o rust, rust-0.; to-, rust sacred part of any
room (extent of space), -mar, -1g-ar ; (tr.), religious building),
lok-o ; (clear space --esk-ar. -iz-es-ar santuari-o
for person), plag-o ; rye, sekal-o sand, sabl-o
(part of house), sandal, sandal-o
chambr-o sandstone, gres-o
root, radik-o sap, sapt-o
rose, roz-0 to sap, sap-ar
rosemary, rosmarin-o sarcophagus, sarko-
to rot (intv.), putr-ar; fag-o
(tv.), pub-ig-ar sardine, sardin-o
rough, rud-a sardonic, sardonik-a
to rough-cast, esbos-ar sarsaparila, sarsa-
rough cony, klad-o parel-o
round (adj.), rond-a ; Sabbath, sabat-o sash (silk, etc.), zon-o ;
(prep. around), sable, zibehn-o (window), fram-o
*cirkum sabre, sabr-o satan, satan-o
roundelay, rondel-o sack, sak-o satchel, skol-sak-o
routine, rutin-o sacrament, sakrament- satellite, satelit-o
row (line), rang-o ; 0 to satiate, satur-ar
(tumult), tumult-o sacred, sakr-a satin, satin-o
to row (intr., use oars to sacrifice, sakrifik-ar satire, satir-o
i n rowing a boat), sacrilege (to commit satisfied, kontent-a (de)
rem-ar a), sakrilej-ar to satisfy (fulfil desire,
sacristy, sakrist-i-o request, obligation,
royal, rej-al-a sad, trist-a etc., make atonement
to rub, fricion-ar saddle, sel-o for sins), satisfac-ar
rubbish, eskombr-o safe ( a i l . ) , sekur-a to saturate, satur-ar
ruby, rubin-o sage (plant), salvi-o Saturday, Saturdi-o
rude, grosier-a sail (01 a shifi), segl-o satyr, satirus-o
to rufae (turn u p ) , to sail, navig-ar sauce, sauc-o
aruf-ar sailor, navist-o sauce-boat, sauc-uy-o
to ruin, ruin-ar sainfoin, esparset-o saucepan, kasrol-o
rule, regul-o saint, sant-o. -1110, -in0 sausage, socis-o
169
savage, qovaj-a, -0 scissors, CIZ-o 1 sea-weed, f u k - u
to save ( f o r future use) to scold, reprimailil at second (of tz111eov w c ) ,
spar-ar; (from de scope (end a i m d at), sekund-o ; (adj.),
structzon), salv-ar skop-o ; vid-o-felcl-o tlu-esm-a
saviour, calv-ant(u1)c ag-o-feltl-o, ag-o- to second (irz a duel or a
-into, ---onto, --ere sfer-o ; atiilg-o, - marvinge), sekoucl-ar
to savour. 5avur-a] aj-o, -+list-o ; liber- secondary, sekuntlar-
Savoy cabbage, sabc a spac-o, feld-o ; a
lik-o oportun-a okaziou-o secondary school, gin!-
to saw, seg-as scoundrel, kanali-o naz1-o
to say, die-ar to scour, skur-ar secretary, seliretari-o
scab, skabi-o scourge (fig.), plag-o secret (adj.), sekret-a ;
scaffold, eshafod-o to scourge, flog-ar ( i t . ~ e k r e t - a j - o;
to saald, eskald-ar to scout (milit.), e x - (mystery), mi:-teri-o;
scale (measure, prices), plor-ar moyen-o
skal-o ; (music, to scowl, regard-ar secret writing, chifr-o
clzromatic), garn-o ; tlesafabl-e, sever-e, sect, sekt-o
(tartar), tartar-o ; irac-oz-e, mal- section, secion-o
(fish,shiia), squam-o; humor-e ; lrontrakt- secular (not S ~ L L I , C I / ) .
scales, Irralanc-o ; on ar la brov-i seklllar-a
a large-, grantia- scrap, pee-o, rezi(1u-o, t o secrete, selirec-at
skal-e ; on a small- fragment-o, rest-aj-o secure, sekur-a
mikra-skal-e to scrape, skrap-ar sedentary, setiei~tar-a
scapula, skapul-o to scratch, sltrac11-ar sedition, setlici-o
mar, cikatr-(I screech-owl, noktu-o to seduce, >edukt-ar
scarce (not abundauzt), screen, skrcn-o to see, vid-ar
hkars-a ; (?lot fre- to screen (shelter), seed, scmin-o
quent), rar-a shirm-ar to seem, sembl-ar
scarcely, *apene screw, skrub-o to seesaw, baskul-ar
scarf, sharp-o to screw (fastell, to seize (to lay I~old ot
to scarify, skarifik-ar tighter1 by meavls of folflciblj! or si~ddcirly),
scarlet, skarl:tt-a s ) skrub-ag-ar, hiz-ar ; (luzw), e m -
to scatter, tlis-sem-ar, skrub-lig-ar ; ( t i r ~ , ~ ~ barg-ar
dispens-ar -), vis-ar to select, selekt-ar
scene, cen-o scrupulous, .\ksupul- self, ipsa ; the-, ego ;
scenery, (b%xdsmafi~), oz-a oneself, himself, her-
peizal-o ;O sculpture, skult-ar self, itself, them-
sceptic, skeptik-a, -o scum, spum-o ; to-, selves, su
sceptre, ceptr-o (ti,.),.en-spurn-ig-rtr ; ;elfish, egot-ist-s
scheme (pla~a), projet-o (intr.), spum-if-ar to sell, vend-ar
scheme, skem-o scurf, tini-o to sell by auction,
schism, skism-o scurvy, skorbut-o nuciori-ar
schist, skist-o sea, mar-o semestrer, ~ e n l c s t r - o
scholar, cieiic-ist-o, iea-gull, muev-o Semite, Semid-o
erud-it-o leal, mar-hunti-o semolina, scmol-o
scholarship, stipendi-o o seal, sigl-ar senate, sellat-o
school, skol-o ,earn, sut-ur-o ,o send, sellcl-ar ; -
sciatic (adj.), ciatik-a #earnan, mar-ist-o for, quer-ig-ar ; -off,
sciatica, ciatik- o search (for), serch-as expedi-ar
nevralgi-o ~eason, sezon-o senile, (wed.), senil-a
science, cienc-o ,eat (to sit o n ) , sid-il-o ; sensation (feelk~zg), sen-
scientific, cienc-al-a to -, sid-ig-ar t o ; (eager ilztcrest),
rdentist, cienc-ist-o ea-urchin, cliiri-u seasacion-o
170
sense (the five-s),sens severe, sever-a to shear, tond-ar
o ; (sense, percep to sew, sut-ar sheath, galn-o
tion, fetling), senc-o sewer, liloalr-o shed, hangar-o
(judgment), saj-a sex, sexu-o sheep, muton-o
rekt-a, bon-a judik-c sextet, sestet-o sheer, pur-a
sensible (reasonable) shabby, meskin-a sheet, foli-o
sal-a to shackle, cntrav-ar shelf, tabul-o
sensual, sensual-a shade, ombr-o ; (dark- shell, shel-o ; (of
ness), obskur-es-o, oystev, tortozse),
sentence (wise saying) 5kall-o ; ( o f cannon),
5enteac-o ; to - tenebr-o ; (of colour)
nuanc-o obus-o
kondamn-ar to shelter, s111in1a1
to shade off, nuanc-iz-
sentiment, sentiment-c ar, grad-iz-ar shelves (set o'), et'ljcr-o
sentry, sentinel-o shadow, ombr-o shepherd, pastor-o
sentry-box, garit-o shield, shild-o
to be 021 sentry duty: shaft (of a carriage), to shine, bril-ar
lacion-ar brankartl-o ; (of a shingle, sh~ndolcr
to separate, scp;~r-ar lance), shaft-o ; (of a shio, nav-o
September, >eptembr-L mirze), shakt-o ; (of ship-boy, mo5-o
septet, septet-i) a colt~mlz),fu3t-o shio-owner, iim,rtr~c
septic, s(*pt-:t to shake, agit-ar, shipwreck, 11aufraj-o;
sepulchre, tomb-o sulius-ar to be -d, naufraj-ar
sepulture, sepult-o to shake ( t v e ~ l ~ b l e ) , shirt, kamlz-o ; -front,
seraph, seraf-o t ~ ~ l l lL.- R plastron-o
serene, seren-a shall (ftrttrre in-as) ; to shock, shok-ar
serf, serf-o shall be, es-os shoe, shu-o
serial story, folieton-o shallot, shalot-o shoot ( o f a ' h u t ) .
series, seri-o to sham, tromp-ar, spros-o
serious, scrior-a simul-ar to shoot, paf-ar
sermon, predik-o to shame, sham-ar (pri) shoo, butik-o
serpent, serpent-o shampooing, s11ar11- shore, riv-o ; (spec
serum (7iattcral),ser-o ; pun-o land skzrtzng sea),
(med.), serum-o shanty, kaban-o litor-o
servant, serv-ist-ul-o ; to shape, fason-ar short, kurt-a
maid-, serv-ist-in-o to shape (tr.), kre-ar, shorthand, ytenograf-
to serve, serv-ar form-ig-ar ; (corr- art-o, -ad-o
serviette, bok-tuk-o ceive), imagin-ar ; short-siqhted, miop-a
session, se,ion-o (adapt), adapt-ar
to set, pox-ar 1 h 0 ~ 1 (ought),
d dev-uz ;
to set alight, ;t(:cncl-al- ihare, part-o, porcion- (condzt~onal mood),
to set fire to,incrndi-ar o ; (finance), acion- -us
o ; (of n. pZozigA), ihoulder, shultr-o ;
to set up (,ti8pi>),liom- sok-o ; (iprota),ri uoi -
post-ar -belt, baildolier-o
0
shoulder-blade,
to settle (tr., esticblisic). ihark, zl~;l~.h-o skapul-o
ehtablis-ar ; (quiet), ;harp, aku t-a ;o shout, klam-ar
kalm-ig-ar, cert-ig- ,o shatter (tr.), frakas- ;o shove, shov-ar
ar ; (pacify), pac- itr ;hovel, shovel-o
ig-ar ; (arvalzge), .O shave, raz-ar .o show, nlontr-ar,
ara~ij-ar; (-an ac- ;having (I k i p ) , span-o pru~,-ar
count), sald-ar ihawl, shai-o 1.o show off, ostent-ar
seven, *sep ;he *el(u) shrew, meger-o
several, plur-a ,heaf, garb-o shrimp, krevet-o
17'
to shrink (tr.), stret-ig- to simulate, simul-ar ; sleepy (to be), somnol-ar
ar ; (intr.), kontrakt- (imitate),. fing-ar . sleeve, manik-o
es-ar to sin, psk-ar slender (thing),tenu-a ;
shroud (supporting since (prep.) de-pos ; (pers.), gracil-a
nzast), vant-o -(co~zj.), de-pos ke ; slice, lonch-o
(because), pro ke to slide (intr.), glit-ar
shrub, arbust-o sincere, sincer-a slide valve, shibr-o
to shudder, fremis-ar sinciput, vertic-o slime, slam-o
to shut, kloz-ar to sing, kant-ar sling ( f o r thvowing
shutter, shutr-o single (not double ov stoner), frond-o ; (to
sick (ill), malad-a ; to multiple), un-opl-a ; support the a r m or
feel-, nauze-ar simpl-a ; unik-a ; hand), sharp-o
sickle, s~kl-o apart-a ; privat-a ; slip (of a screw), slip-o
side, later-o ; ( f l a n k ) , (unmarried), celib-a to slip (intr. slide),
flank-o ( m i l . and singular, singular-a glit-ar ; in a furtive
nav.) ; (geom.), edr- to sink, sink-ar manner), insinu-ar
o ; (of coin, etc.), sink (kitchen), evier-o su ; (tr.), glit-ig-ar
avers-o, revers-o ; sinuous, sinu-oz-a siipper, pantofl-o
(face, back) ; -scenes, sir, sior-fu1)o to slobber, bav-ar
kulis-o ; -walk, siren, (math. instr.), slope, pent-o
trotuar-o siren-o slow, lent-a
siege (to lay-to), siej- sister, frat-in-o slug, limak-o
ar to sit, sid-ar sliiice, sluz-o
sieve, siv-o ; (riddle), site, situ-o, --so sly, ruz-oz-a
kribl-o situation, situ-o, -es-o ; to smack (intr., of
to sift, siv-ag-ar, kribl- (employee's office), whip or lips), klak-
ag-ar employ-es-o ar ; (tr.), klak-ig-ar
t3 sigh, sospir-ar six, %is small, mikr-a, tenu-a
sign, sign-o sixth (n ), sexto; (ov- small bell, sonali-o
to sign (tr., a f f i x one's dzna ) , sis-esm-a smart (chic), chik-a
signature to), signat- size, dimension-o smell, odor-o ; (sense
ar ; (make a-), to skate, sket-ar of-), flar-ad-o ; to
sign-if-ar ; (mark skate (,fish), rap-o -(tr.), flar-ar ; (intr.),
with a sign), sign-iz- to sketch, slris-ar odor-ar
ar skilful, habil-a smith, forj-ist-o
signal, signal-o skin, pel-o smoke, fum-ur-o ; to
signature, signat-ur-o -, (emit s.), fum-ar ;
to signify, 5ignifik-ar to skin (tr.), sen-pel- (smoke a pipe, etc.),
silence, silenc-o ; (ab- ig-ar ; cover as with. fum-ar pip-o, etc. ;
sence of mention), skin), pel-iz-ar ; (apply s. to), fum-
tac-o (intr.), pel-iz-es-ar ag-ar
to silence, silenc-ig-ar skirt, jup-o smooth, glat-a
silent, silenc-oz-a ; ( u n - skittle, kegl-o to smuggle, kontra-
uttered), tac-it-a ; to skull, krani-o band-ar
be-, silenc-ar ; to skull cap, kalot-o snail, helik-o
be-about, tac-ar (tr.) sky, ciel-o snake, serpent-o
silk, s~lk-o slang, slang-o to snap up, snap-ar
silly, spirit-febl-a, slate, ardez-o to snare, insidi-ar
stult-et-a, stult-a to slaughter, masakr- to snatch, siz-ar
silver, arjent-o ar ; (butcher), buch- to sneeze, sternut-ar
silvered pine, pini-o ar to sniff, snifl-ar
similar, simil-a (ad) slave, sklav-o snob, fatu-o
simple, simpl-a to sleep, dorm-ar to snore, ronk-ar
172
to snort, snort-ar (only son. fili-ul-o to spend, spens-ar
of a horse) song, kanson-o 8pherq sfer-o
snow, niv-o, -ad-o ; sonorou6, sonor-a spice. spic-o
(spec. the thing), niv- soon, bald-e to spice, spic-iz-ar
ur-o ; to -, niv-ar soot, fuligin-o spider, arane-o
so (in such a way), sorb-apple, sorb-o spigot, stopil-et-o
tal-e ; (in compari- sorcery, sorc-o. - a d - o spike, spik-o
son), tam ; -as to, sore (to be), dolor-ar to spin, iil-ig:ar, -if-ar
Par sorrel, oxal-o spinach, sp~nat-o
to soak (saturate, and sort (kind), sort-o spinal marrow, myel-o
be saturated in a soul, anm-o spindle, sp~ndel-o
fluid), tremp-ar sound (n.) son-o ; (adj.) spine, spin-o
soap, sap011-0 san-a spiny lobster, langust-o
to sob, singlut-ar to sound (intr.), son-ar ; spiral (adj.), spiral-a ;
sober, sobr-a (tr.), son-ig-ar (n.), spiral-o
social, soci-al-a soup, sup-0 spirit, spirit-o
society (natural), soci- sour-krout, surkrut-o spirits, alkohol-aj-o
o ; (special group), south, sud-o spiritual (of spirit as
soci-et-o sovereign, suveren-a ; opposed to matter),
sock (garment), kalz- (fzg.),supr-a,-eg-a ; ment-al-a
et-0 (person). suveren-o to spit, spnt-ar
soda, sod-o space, spac-o spit (fop cooking).spis-o
sofa, sofa-o
soft, mol-a ; (gentle,
spade, spad-o
spangle, flitr-o
spite, despit-o ; in
of, malgre
-
sweet, not harsh), je~i- spaniel, spaniel-o spittle, saliv-o
til-a, dolc-a to spare, spar-ar ; (per- to splash, (of water),
soil (suvfacc), sul-0 ; sons), indulg-ar plaud-ar
(earth), teren-o spark, cintil-o spleen, splcn-o
to solder, sold-ar sparrow, paser-o splendid, splendid-a
soldier, soldat-o ; milit- ~parrow~hawk, to splice (two ropes or
ist-o sparvier-o parts of a rope),
sole (adj.), sol-a ; (a., to spawn (of fish, frog, splis-ar
fish), sole-o ; (of mollusc, crustacean). splinter, split-o ; (surg.),
shoe), suol-o fray-if-ar lash-o
solemn, solen-a to split, fend-ar
to solicit, solicit-ar to speak, parol-ar to splutter, barbuli-ar
solid, solid-a special, specal-a to spoil, spoli,-ar
solidary, solid-ar-a species, spec-o sponge, sponj-o
solitary, solitar-a (loko) specimen, specimen-o spontaneous, spontan-
solution (nct.), solv-o ; specious, bon-, ver- a
(result), solvnr-o sembl-ant-a spool, bobin-o ; to -,
to solve, solv-ar speckled, makul-(et)- spul-ar
solvent (finan.), sol- oz-a
spectacles, binokl-o spoon, kulier-o
vent-a
some (quantity), kelk- to speculate, spekul-ar sport, sport-o ; sports-
a ; (indeterminate), to make a speech, man, sport-ist-o
ul-a ; (a little), kelk diskurs-ar spot, lok-o ; (stain).
-e speech (to make a-), makul-o
somebody, someone, diskurs-ar
ul-u speed, rapid-es-o ; hast- spouse, spoz-o
somersault, kulbut-o 0 to spout (intr., gush
something, ul-o to spell, espel-ar out), spric-ar ; (tr.),
sometimes, kelkafoy-e spelling, ortografi-o spric-ig-ar
I73
to spread (tr.), extens. stall (stabk), fak-o ; steamer, paketbot-o
a r ; (p1u)vast-ig-ar (seat), klap-sid-il-o steamship, vapor-nav-
difuz-ar ; (intr.), to stammer, balbut-ar 0
extens-es-ar, extens. stamp, stamp-il-o, steel, stal-o
ar- su, difuz-es-ar -uro ; (postage), steep, abrupt-a,
spring (leap, bound), posto-mark-o, mark eskarp-a
spring-o ; (season), -0 post-al-a steeple, klosh-turm-o
printemp-o ; (metal), to stamp (with i n k stem, stip-o
risort-o ; (of match), stamp), stamp-ar ; step (walking), paz-o ;
font-o ; -blind, stor-o ped-o-frap-ar ; (staircase), grad-o ;
trampl-ar -(brother), stif-a
to spring (leap, bound), to stanch (tr., blood,
spring-ar ; ( a stream (frat-ul-o)
etc.), estanch-ar
from its source), to stand (be set u p - steppe, step-o
spric-ar ; (grow), right), stac-ar sterile, steril-a
nask-ar, ven-ar (de) standard (distinctive stern (poop), pup-o
to sprinkle, aspers-ar flag), standard-o ; sternum, sternum-o
sprite, kobold-o (rule, model), norm-o stew, ragut-o
spruce-fir, pice.-o standpoint, vid-punt-o; to stew, stuf-ar
spur, sporn-o !fig:), opinion-o, stewed fruit, kompot-o
to sputter, barbuli-ar lu~llk-o stick, haston-o
to spy, spion-ar standstill (to be at a-), to stick (tr.), pik-ar,
squadron (milit.), es- atagii-ar (politics, stek-ar ; (with a n ad-
kadron-o ; (naval), trade) hesive), glutin-ar
eskadr-o star, stel-o ; astr-o sticky, glutin-em-a,
squall, I-lurask-o starch, amil-o visk-oz-a
square, quadrat-a, -0 ; to starch, starch-ar stiff, rigid-a
(instr)., squadr-o starling, sturn-o to stifle, sufok-ar (tr.,
to squash, aplast-ar ;o start (surprise, sud- intr.)
to squat down, squat-ar den fear), tresay-ar ; still (adv.), ankor-e;
to squeeze, klem-ar (go o f f ) , depart-ar ; (quiet), kalm-a
squint-eyed, strab-a start-ar (tech.) stilt, stelt-o
squirrel, skurel-o to stimulate, stimul-ar
stable ( f o r lodging itate (condition of beiuzg) to stink, mal-odor-ar
cattle), stabl-o stand-o ; (nation, to stipulate, stlpul-ar
stack of wood, lign- part of feder : resp :), stirrup, estrib-o
amas-o ; (stake), rog- ehtat-o ; (suffix), to stitch, steb-ar;
0
-es-o (hooks), brosh-ar
stadium, stadi-o ; ( o f o state, asert-ar, stock (corn.), stok-o
disease), periotl-o ; afirrn-ar stockade, estakatl-o
etap-o, grad-o ,tatement (of accottlzt, stocking, kalz-o
staff (milit.), stab-o etc.) , etat-o Stock Exchange, Bors-
stag, cerv-(u1)o (genus tation, stacion-o, 0
ceruus) posten-o stock-jobbing, ajiot-o,
to stagnate, stagn-ar tationer, paper-ist-o -ad-o
(not of persons) tatue, statu-o stole, stol-o
stain, makul-o tature, statur-o stomach, stomak-o
stained-glass window, tatute, statut-o
vitrali-o D stay, rest-ar stone, petr-o ; (ronnd
staircase, cskaler-o teady, ferm-a pebble), ston-o ; pre-
stake, palis-o ; !fig., teak, lonch-o cious-, lapicl-o
death by burnzng), o steal, furt-ar stool, skabel-o ; (sflec.
rog-o team, vapor-o for feet), taburet-o
174
to stop (intr.), halt-ar strike (to obtain morc to submerge, submers-
(a hole, etc.), stop pay, etc.), strik-o ar
a ; ( r ) halt-ig to strike, frap-ar- (lit to submit (tv.), sub-
ar ; (tech.), arest-a and fig.) ; strik-ar mis-ar
stopper, tampon-o string, kord-et-o to subordinate, sub-
storey (floor), etaj-o string-board, trampo. ordin-ar
stork, cikoni-o lin-o to subscribe, suskript-
storm, tempest-o stripe, stri-o ; bend-c ar ; (-to a paper),
thunder-, sturm-o to strive (make efforts), abon-ar (journal)
to storm (tr. milit.) esforc-ar ; (con. to subsidize, subsidi-ar
adt-ar ; (intr.) tend), lukt-ar ( k o n - to subsist, exist-ar, dur-
furi-ar tre) ar ; nutr-es-ar
story, rakont-o ; (0, stroke, bat-o, frap-o ; substance, substanc-o
past events), histori-c (single effort put substitute (to serve as
stout (corpulent), kor fovth ; feat), strok-a -for), remplas-ar
pulent-a, obez-a strong, fort-a to substitute, substi-
stove (for heating an6 strophe, strof-o tuc-ar
cooking), furnel-o to struggle, lulit-ar subterfuge, subterfuj-o
(tech.), stuv-o stud (shirt),buton-o subtle, subtil-a
to stow, stiv-ar student, student-o to subtract (arith.).
straight, rekt-a studious, sbudi-em-a sustracion-ar
to strain (tr.), tens-ar ; ;o study, studi-ar suburb, suburb-o
(constrain), koakt- $tuff, materi-o ; stof-o to subvention, subven-
ar ; (intr. strive), to stuff, polster-iz-as cion-ar
es forc-ar io stumble, mis-paz-ar, succedaneous, suro-
straits, stret-aj-o fal-et-ar gat-a
to strand (rutz aground) ~tump, stump-o succedaneum, suro-
strand-ar ,o stun, aturd-ar gat-o
strange, stranj-a ,o stunt, stunt-ar to succeed (be success-
stranger, straujer-o itupid, stupid-a ful), suces-ar ; (fol-
to strangle, strangul-ar ~tupor, stupor-o low), suced-ar
strap, rimen-o iturgeon, stusg-o
stratagem, milit-ruzo- o stutter, stoter-ar success, suces-o
stratum, strata, strat-o, ityle, stil-o ; tO-, to succumb, sukomb-ar
-1 qualifik-ar ( k o m ) such, tal-a
straw, pali-o o subdue, submis-ar ; to suck, sug-as
strawberry, frag-o vink-ar to suckle, alakt-ar
streak, stri-o sudden, subit-a
stream, flu-o, aqu-o ubject (gram., log.), to suffer, sufr-ar
flu-o ; fluvi-o, river- subject-o ; matter to suffice, sufic-ar
0
treated of), tem-o ; sumx, sufix-0
street, strad-o (of study, love, etc.), to suffocate, sufok-ar ;
to strengthen, plu- objekt-o ; (member asfixi-ar
fort-ig-ar ; (milit.), of a State), regn-at-o,
submis-it-o ; (ndj.), suffrage, v o t - o ; (right
rinforc-ar submis-it-a, expoz- of voting), vot-yur-o
to stretch, tens-ar it-a ; to-, submis- iugar, sukr-o
stretcher (for carrying ar, expoz-ar iugar-candy, kandi-o
disabled person ow), iugar-plum, draje-o
kamil-o ubjective, subjelc-
tal-a ;o suggest, sugest-ar
to strew, dis-sem-ar, ubjunctive, subjunk- luicide, su-ocid-o
tra-sem-ar (sur) tiv-o suit (at law), proces-o ;
strict, strikt-a ;exakt-a ublime, sublim-a (of clothes), vest-ar-o
775
to suit (be suitable), to survey, konsider-ar, syndicate, sindikat-o
konven-ar ; (be pro- examin-ar ; inspekt- synod, sinod-o
per), dec-ar ar, survey-ar synonymy, sinonim-es-
sulphur, s ~ ~ l f - o susceptible, kapabl-a 0
sum (amount), sum-o ( d e ); sent-iv-a,- synoptic, sinoptik-a
to sum up, rezum-ar em-a (pri) (also gospels)
summer, somer-o to suspect, suspekt-ar syntactic, sintax-al-a
summersault (to throw to suspend (hang u p ) , synthesis, sintez-o
a-), kulbut-ar suspend-ar ; (defer), syringe, sering-o
summit, somit-o; kolm- ajorn-ar ; (debar), system, sistem-o ; (suf-
o (lit. and fig.) suspens-ar fix),-ism-o
to summon, sunin-ar suspici~us, suspekt-
sun, sun-o ind-a, suspekt-em-a
Sunday, snndi-o to sustain, susten-ar
sunflower, tornasol-o suzerain, suzeren-o
to sup, supe-ar swaddling clothes,
superficial, surfac-al-a; lanj-o
ne-profund-a, ne- to swagger (intv.),
serioz-a fanfaron-ar
superfluous, superflu-a swallow, gutur-o ;glut-
superior, super-a (ad) ; ed-o ; (bird),hirund- tabernacle, tabernakl-o
(pew.), superior-o o ; to-, glut-ar table (furnilure), tabl-
superstition, super- swan, cign-o o ; (on which an in-
stic-o swart ( ~ i land dirt), scviptiolz, drawinf,
supper, supe-o : to unt-o etc., may be produced;
-
take , supe-ar
to supplant, suplant-ar
swarm (hem), esam-o
to swarm, pulul-ar
list, table of con-
tents), tabel-o
supplement, suplement to swear, jur-ar to tack (sewing), im-
-0 sweat, sudor-o bast-ar ; to-about,
to supplicate, suplik-ar to sweep, balay-ar borde-ar
to supply, furnis-ar to swell (tr.), infl-ar tact, takt-o (lit. and
to support, suport-ar sweet, dolc-a fig.)
(lit. and fig.) to swim, nat-ar taffeta, taft-o
to suppose, supoz-ar t!, swindle, eskrok-ar tag (of a lnce), tag-o
to suppress, suprm-ar to swing (intr.), ocil-ar tail, kaud-o
sure, cert-a sword, glav-o tailor, talior-o
surety (thing), kau- syllable, silab-o to take (lay hold of),
cion-o ; (person), syllogism, silogism-o pren-ar ; (cavry),
garanti-ant-o symbol, simbol-o port-ar ; -care of,
surface, surfac-o to symbolize (tr.), sim- sorg-ar (tr;); -one's
surge, ond-o, ond-eg-o bol-iz-ar ; (intr.), revenge, revanch-ar ;
ond-agit-es-o simbol-es-ar (da) -steps, demarch-ar ;
surgery, kirurgi-o symmetry, simetri-o -down in short-
to surmise, konjekt-ar sympathetic, simpati- hand, stenograf-ar
al-a ; simpati-oz-a ; tale, rakont-o
to surmount (fig., harmoni-ant-a, kon- talent, talent-o
crown), kron-iz-ar ; kord-ant-a ( k u n ) ; to talk, parol-ar
(conquer), vink-ar -nerve, simpabk-a tall, grand-a
surname, sur-nom-o, (nerv-o) -0 tallow, seb-o
to-, sur-nom-iz-ar symphony, sinfoni-o to tame, domt-ar ; (do-
to surprise, surpriz-ar symptom, simptom-o mesticate), amans-ar
to surrender, renunc-ar syncope, sinkop-o tamtam, tamtam-o
to surround, cirkum-ar (gvam., mus.) tan, tan-0
176
tandem, tandem-vetur- temerarious (rash), term, termin-o (boun-
o ; tandem-bicikl-o temerar-a dary, gram., log.) ;
tangent (adj.), tangent- temper, humor-o terms (conditions),
a ; (n.), tangent-o to temper, temper-ar kondicion-i
tangible, tush-ebl-a, temperament, tem- termite, termit-o
palp-ebl-a perament-~; (mus.) terrace, teras-o
to tangle, intrik-ar temper-o terra-cotta, terakot-o
tank, tank-o ( a large temperance, temper- terrible, teror-ig-ant-a,
closed, artificial re- em-es-o, moder-em- -1v-a
ceptacle for Izqzdids) es-o ; (zn eatzng and to be terrified, teror-ar
tap, robinet-o drinking), sobr-es-o territory, teritori-o
to tap (screzer), tap-ar temperate, moder-at- to test, prob-ar
tape, lin-ruband-o, a ; (abstemious i n testament, testament-o
hoton-ruband-o food and drink), testimony, atest-o,
tapestry, tapet-o sobr-a -ur-0
tapioca, tapioka-o temperature (of the tetanus, tetan-o
tar, gudr-o atmosphere), tem- text, text-o
tardy, tard-a ; (slow), peratur-o texture, tex-ur-o ; (fig.)
lent-a tempest, tempest-o lig-es-o, junt-es-o
tariff, t a r ~ f - o temple (building), -th (orri?nal ?:ulnber),
tarot (cards), tarok-o templ-o ; (anat.), -esm-
tart (fruit pie), tort-o tempor-o than, *kam
tartar, tartar-o temporal, temp-al-a, to thank, dank-ar
task, task-o pens-iv-a, --em-a thankful (to be), grati-
taste (flavour), sapor-o (opp. to eternal) tud-ar
to taste, gust-ar temporary, kelk-a- thankfulness, grati-
tavern, tavern-o temp-a, provizor-a, tud-o
tax, tax-o ; (zmpost), ne-kons tant-a that (copzj.), ke ; (212
impost-o to temporize, temporis- order that), por ke ;
tea, te-o; -pot, te- ar (adj.), ita, ta ;
kruch-o to tempt, tent-ar (thing),ito, to ; (who,
to teach, instrukt-ar ten, *dek which), qua ; (sing.),
(person) ; doc-ar tenacious, tenac-a qui (plur.) ; (thing
( a subject) tenant, 1okac-ant-0,- which), quo.
teal, sarcel-o er-o that can . . . -1r-
tear, lakrim-o tench ( f z s h ) ,tench-o that must be . . d,
to tear, lacer-ar ; to tend to, tendenc-ar -end-
-away, arach-ar tendency, tendenc-o to thaw, des-frost-ar
to tease ( f i g . ) ,vex-et-ar tender (of locomotive), (tv.), des-frost-ig-ar
technique ( n . ) ,teknik-o tenclr-o ; (adj.), mol- the, la ; (le, plural,
tedious, ted-ant-a a ; (sensitive), sent- only to be used when
telegram, telegraf-ur- iv-a, -em-a ; (affec- there zs no other sign
o, telegram-o tionate, lovzng), ten- of the plural, e.g.,
to telegraph, telegraf-ar er-a the ayes and the
telepathy, telepati-o tendon, tendin-o nays, le yes e le n o )
to telephone, telefon-ar tennis (lawn), tenis-o theatre, teatr-o
telescope, lorn-o ; (as- tenor, tenor-o (voice thelr, lia
tron .), teles kop-o and person) theme (mzts. and grnm )
to tell (a story), rakont- tense (n.), temp-o temat-o; (treated o f ) ,
ar ; -me, dicez a tent, tend-o tem-o
me ; -a lie, menti- tentacle, palp-il-o themselves, *su
ar ; -a secret, kon- tenuous, tenu-a then (at that time), lore ;
fidenc-ar tepid, tepid-a (therefore), do
177
theocracy, teokrati-0 three, *tri to tinkle, tinkl-ar
theology, teologi-o threshold, soli-o tip,. pint-o ; extrem-
theorem, teorem-o thrifty, spar-em-a a]-0
theory, teori-o throat, gutur-o tippet, pelerin-o
therapeutics, terapi-r to throb, puls-ar tired, fatig-it-a
there, *ibe ; -is (point- throne, tron-o ; to en-, tithe, dism-o
ing), *yen en-troll-ig-ar title, titul-o ; to-,
thermal, term-al-a through (prep.), *tra ; titul-ie-ar ; qualifik-
these, ci, ici ; (followeii ( b y means of), * p e r ; ar ( k o m )
by noun), ca, lca (adw.),tra-e to, *aid)
they, li, ili (masc.), eli to throw, jet-ar ; to- toad, rosp-o
(fern.),oli (neuter) down (overthrow), toast, rostita pan-o
thick, dik-a ; (big), renvers-ar toast (to give a), tost-ar
gros-a thrush, turd-o tobacco, tabak-o
t o , thicken (plu-)dik- thumb, polex-o to-day, (i)ca-di-e
~g-ar; (plu-)dens- to thunder, tondr-ctr together, kun-e
ig-ar ; (intr.), (plu-) Thursday, joi~di-(1 toilet, tualet-o ; (al-
dik-eik-ar, tiens- thus, tal-e tire), vest-ar-o
esk-ar thyme, timinart-o to tolerate, toler-ar
thicket, dens-a kop5-o; tibia, tibi-n tomb, tomb-o
bush-ar-o tic, tik-o to-morro w, morg-e
thief, furt-ist-o tick (insect), zek-o ; tomtit, parn-o
thigh, krur-o (mite), akar-o ton ( m n ~ . )tun-o
,
thimble, (sewing), to tie, lig-ar tongs, tonali-o
fingr-o chap-o ticket, biiiet-o to-night, (i)ca-nokt-e
thin, din-a (not thick) ; to tickle (I?.), iitil-nr tone, ton-o, son-o
tenu-a, (of small tide, mare-o tongue (anat.), lang-o
diameter) ;iger, tigr-o tonic ton-ala ; tonic
thing, koz-o :o tighten, klem-ar accent, acent-o to-
to think, pens-ar ile, karel-o ; (roof), nik-a
third, tri-esm-a ; (n.) tegul-o tonnage, tun-ar-o, tun-
terc-o (of time or ,ill ( n.), kas-(tir-keit) konten-o
angular mensure- -0 ; (prep.), *ti1 ; tonsil, tonsil-o
melzt ; mus.) : tri- (conj.),t i 1 ke too (also), *anke ; (too
im-o ;o till, plug-ar mztch), *tro
thirst, durst-o ; to be lit, vetur-teg-il-o, tego- tool, utensil-o
thirsty, durst-ar tel-o, gudr-o-tel-o tooth, dent-o ; -pick,
this, *ca, *ica imber, lign-o dento-pik-il-o
this ( t h i ~ g )*CO,
, *icn ime, temp-o ; (repeti- top (summit),somit-o ;
thistle, kardon-o tiotz of act . . . . . (naut.), top-o ; -of
thorax, torak-o times),fay-o ; (Izour), a carriage, em-
thorn, dorn-o klok-0 perial-o ; top-knot,
thoroughly, komplet- imely, oportun-a, -e pompon-o
e ; (prefix),par- imid, timid-a topic, tem-o
those, *ti, *iti ;(followed in (metal), stan-o ; toque, tok-o
by noun), *ta. *ita (tin-plate), lad-o torch, torch-o
though, *quankam incture (pharm.),dis- to torment, torment-ar
thousand, *mil ; (noun) solv-ur-o ; (fig.), torpor, torpor-o
mil-o nuanc-o ; quant-et- torrid, torid-a
to thrash, drash-ar o, nocion-et-o tortoise, tortug-o
thread, fil-o (filametrt), inder, tindr-o LO torture, torment-ar
filament-o o tinge, tint-ar ; kolor- to toss in a blanket,
to threaten, minac-ar mar mante-ar
178
total ( a d j . ) , tot-a ; (n.), LO transfer, transport- trifle, bngaiel-o, min-
sum-o ar ; (corn. law). uci-o
to totter, sliancel-:ir transfer-ar to trim, 1:ortl-iz-ar,
to touch, tush-ar to transform, trans- reko:t-ar
to touch up, retush-ar form-ar trimming ((7; :old or
touchy, des-afabl-a ; to transgress, violac-ar; silk), p a s r n c ~ ~ t - ( I
~rac-em-a ( s i n ) , pek-ar Trinity, Tri-un-o
tough, hard-a ; (tena- transit (corn.),tranzit-o trinket, berlolc-o
cious), tenac-a to translate (into a n - trio ( ~ I z z ~ tcrcet-o
s.),
tour (short joztrney, other language), tra- to trip up, jiaml~it-nr
walk), tur-o tluk-ar tripe, trip-o
tournan~ent, turnir-o to transmigrate, trans- triple, tri-opl-a
tow, filas-o : (oakzinz), migr-ar triplet ( p o e i r ~ , )tercet-I)
.
stup-0 to transmit, tranymis- to triturate, tritur-ar
to tow, remorlc-nr ar to triumph, triumf-ar
toward(s) (prep.), *vers transparent, dia fan-n trivial, trivial-a
towel, tualet-tnk-o to transport, trans- troop, trup-o
tower, tnrni-o port-ar tropic, tropik-o
town, urb-o to transpose, trans-poz- to trot, trot-ar
toy, lutl-il-o (lit. nnd a r (also nztrs.) t o . trouble, irulll-nr,
fig.) transverse, transvers-a ]en-ar
trace ( t m c k ) , trac-o trap, kapt-il-o ; -door, trough, trog-o
to trace, tras-ar ; ( d m w trap-o trousers, pantalon-o
through tratzsparent to travel, voyxj-at. trout, trut-o
paper), kalgu-ar to traverse, tra-ir-ar trowel, trul-o
track, trac-o, -i ; to-, to travesty, traveqti-ar truck ( a n oprn railroad
sequ-ar la trac-o (c!i), tray, plat-o !wight cav), truk-o
sequ-ar (animal, per- treacle, melas-o true, ver-a, sincer-a
son, thing) segun- treason, trahiz-o truffle, trufl-o
trac-e treasure, trezor-o truly, ver-e, *ya
trade, komerc-o ; to-, to treat (act towards, trump (cnrds), trump-o
komerc-ar behave to ; subject i n trumpet (inst.), trum-
tradition, tradition-o liter. or art), trakt-ar pet-o
trafRc (vehicznlar, etc.), treaty, kontrat-o trunk (of t r e , ~ )trunk-o;
,
trafik-o tree, arbor-o (box), kofr-o; (PIP-
trefoil, trifoli-o $ha.nt, insfct .t' oitr-o
train (railway),tren-o ; trellis, trclis-o to, truncate, stump-
(of dress, etc.), trau- to tremble, trem-ar ig-ar ; (grow.),
aj-o ; to-, (break trench, tranche-o trunk-ig-ar
ilz), dres-ar trepan ( s u r f . ) , trepan-
trait, trait-o ag-ar trust, fitl-o (ad) ; (com-
trestle, trest-o mission), lromis-o ;
trajectory, trajektori-o (pers., thing i~cwhich
tram-car, tram-vetur-o trial, prob-o ; (at lnw). confidence i s w-
to trammel, etltrav-ar jud~ci-o
triangle, tri-angul-o posed), fitl-ind-aj-o ;
to trample, ful-ar, pede- fconz. cvedit), lcredii-
prey -ar (also mzrs.)
tribulation, tribulac-o o; (association),
tramway, tram-voy-o trust-o ; on-, kredit-
tranquil, trauquil-a ; tribune (pers.), tribon- e ; to-, fid-ar (ad.)
o ; (thing), tribun-o
kalm-a ; (not tributary, tribut-ant-a to try, prob-ar
a?zxious), quiet-a (ad); (n.), -ant-o, tub, kuv-o
to transcribe, trans- --er-o tube, tub-o
skrib-ar, kopi-ar trick, artific-o tubercle, tuberkul-o
tuberculosis, tuber- unity, un-es-o ; (con-
klos-o cord), konkord-o,
to tuck-up, trus-ar ubiquitous, ubiqu-a harmoni-o ; (thing
Tuesday, rnardi-o ugly, led-a that forms a com-
tufa, tof-o uhlan, ulan-o plete whole), un-aj-o ;
tuft, tuf-o ; (bird's) ulcer, ulcer-o (the number I ) , un-o
penach-et-o ultramarine, ultra- universal, univers-al-a
tulip, tulip-o mar-o, -a universe, univers-o
to tumble down (intr.), umber, umbr-o university, universitat-
krul-ar umbrella, para-pluv-o 0
tumour, tumor-o unanimous, unanim-a unless, sen ke, se ...
tune, ari-o ; akord-o ; unarmed, sen-arm-a, ne ; ecept-e se
ar
-
to (tr.), akord-ig ne-arm-iz-it-a
uncle, onkl-(u1)-o
unmarried, celib-a
unpolished, matid-a ;
tunic (also milit., anat.), unclean, des-net-a, sor- (fig.),grmier-a, brut-
tunik-o did-a, des-pur-a a
tunnel (subterranean uncooked, krud-a until (prep.), *ti1 ;
passage way), tunel- under (prep.), *sub (conj.),ti1 ke
o ; funel-o to undergo, subis-ar unusual, rar-a, ne-kus-
tunny, atun-o to undermine, min-ar ; turn-al-a, ne-orcti-
turblne, turbin-o ( f i g . ) , sub-destrukt- nar-a
turbot, turbot-o ar up (upstairs), supr-e ;
turbulent, petul-em-a to undersign, sub- to go-, acens-ar
tureen, terin-o signat-ar to uphold, susten-ar
turf, gazon-o to understand, kom- upper, supr-a
turkey, dind-o pren-ar upright, rekt-a
to turn (tr., intr.), to undertake, entra- to uproot, extirp-ar
turn-ar ; (with ro- prez-ar to upset, renvers-ar
tary motion), rotac- underwear, linj-o upstairs, supr-a, -e
ar ; (--about, veer upstart, par-ven-int-o
to. undress, des-vest- urohin,
round). jir-ar ; mar bub-o, - - 4 - 0 ;
(mech.), torn-ar ; to undulate (intr.),ond- (animal),heris-on-o
-aside, sustrakt-ar ; if-ar, fluktu-ar ;(tr.), urgent (to be), urj-ar
-up tras-ar, (hair), ond-iz-ar US, nl
aruf-ar unfortunately, regret- usage, use, uz-ad-o
to use, uz-ar
turnio, nap-o ind-e
turnspit spis-o-turn- unicorn (the fabulous useful, util-a
il-o animal), unikorn-o useless, ne-util-a
turquoise, turkez-o miform, uniform-a ; usher, bedel-o
turtle-dove, turtur-o ( n . ) , uniform-o usual, ordinar-a, kus-
twelve o'clock (day), ;o unify, un-ig-ar tum-al-a ; uz(ad)
di-mez-o at-a
twilight, krepuskul-o inion, union-o ; -ur-o,
twin, jemel-o --es-o ; Postal usufruct, uzufrukt-o
twist, torsad-o Union,Post-Union-o, to usurp, uzurp-ar
to twist ( f r . ) ,tord-ar ; postal-union-o usury (to practise),
iord-e-volv-ar mique, unik-a uzur-ar
two, *du init, un-o utensil, utensil-o
type, tip-o ;o unite (tr.),union-ar ; utmost, extrem-a ;
to typewrite, mashin- (materially), junt- maxim alta, grand-a
skrib-ar ar ; (intr.), union-ar utopian, utopi-al-a,
typhus, tif-o su, union-es-ar ; kimer-al-a
tyrant, tiran-o juntes-ar utopbt, utopi-ist-o
180
to utter, emis-ar (also vapour, vapor-o ventricle, ventrikul-o
phys. and f i n . ) ; ex- to varnish, varnis-iz-ar ventriloquist, ventr-o-
pres-ar, pronunc-ar various, divers-a parol-er-o
uvula, uvnl-o varix, varik-o venture, risk-entra-
to vary (tr.), alter-ar, J prez-o ; (corn.),
chanj-ar vari-ar ; pakotili-o
( i f . ) , alter-es-a.r, to venture, risk-ar
chanj-ar, vnri-ar verb, verb-o (also the
vase, vaz-o word)
uassal, vaeal-a, --o verbal, verb-al-a ;
vast, vast-a I (oral), voc-al-a,
vat, knv-o parol-a
V vault, vult-o 1 verbatim, vort-op-a,
veal, bov-yun-karn-o 1 vort-ope
vacancy, lakun-o, vedette ( m i l . ) , vedet-o, verbena, verben-o
vakn-aj-o ; (leisztre), ( T I U P . )veciet-batel-o
, verbosity, paroI-
sen-okup-es-o, liber- to ,,veer (intr.. naut.), abund-o, parol-oz-
tenlp-o 11r-ar es-o, ---em-es-o
vacant (to be), vak-ar vegetable, legum-o ; verdant, verd-a, verd-
to vacate, las-ar vakn- ( ) 1-ejet-ant-~, aspekt-a
a, ne-okup-at-a ; -1v-o verdict, verdikt-o
valtu-i g-ar vegetarian, vejet-ar- verdigris, verdigris-o
vacation ( h o l i d ~ y ) , ant-o, -ant-ul-o, to verify, verifik-ar
vakanc-o , -ant-in-o vermicelli, vermicel-o ;
to vacillate vacil-ar to vegetate, vejet-ar German-, nudl-i
(lit. and iz:.) 1
vegetation (act ou pro- vermilion, cinabr-o
t o , vaccinate, vacin- cess), vejet(ar1)o ; versatile, van-em-a
12-ar (plantr rollt.ctiveZy), verse, liuplet-o
vacuum, vaku-o vejet-ant-ar-o to versify ( t u r n ,$rose
vagrant (n.), vag-er-o ; vehement, impetu-oz- into u.), vers-ig-ar ;
(adj.), vag-em-a, a, ---em-a (make vevses), vers-
-ant-a vehicle, veh-il-o if-ar
vain (irzritless),van-a ; veil, vel-o vertebra, vertebr-o
(conceited), superb-a vein, vein-o vertical, vertik-al-a
to validate valjtl-ig-ar vellum, velen-o verve, verv-o
valley, val-o velocipede, velocipecl-o very, *tre ; -much
value, valor-o, merit- velvet, velur-o (before verb), *tre ;
o; prec-o ; to- velveteen, koton-vel- ( b y itself), mu1t.e
evalu-ar ; ( p r i z ~ ) , ur-o ' vesicle, vezik-et-o
priz-ar vendor, vend-ist-o, vespers, vespr-i
valve, valv-o (tech,, komerc-ist-o vespiary, vesp-ey-o,
bot., 2001.) to venerate, vcnerac-ar vesp-o-nest-o
vanguard, avan-guard- venereal, vener-al-a ; vessel, vaz-o
o -ilc-a (nzrd.) to vest, vest-iz-ar
to vanish, des-apar-ar ; venetian blind, jelozi-o vestibule, vestibul o
(be annihilatrd cr venetian shutter, per- vestige, trac.0, (re-
lost), nihil-ig-es-ar. / slen-o m a i n s ) , rest-aj-o
nihil-eik-ar, - perd- vengeance, venj-o
es-ar venial, v e n d - a
I veteran, veteran-o
vanity, van-e,-o ; ( o f venom, venen-o (Zd. veterinarian veteri-
perscn : empty and f i q . ) nar-o
pride), vanitat-o
to vanquish, vink-ar
to ventilate, ventil-ar
ventral, ventr-al-a
I to veto, vet-ar
vexed (to be), despit-ar
viable, viv-iv-a, viv. visionary, vizion-er-a, to wade, vad-ar (only
kapabl-a --em-a ; ( n . ) , vizion walk throztgll wotev)
viaduct, viadukt-o -er-o wafer (cookery),vafl-o ;
viaticum, viatik-o to visit, vizit-a! ( f o r sealing letters).
(prof. and relig.) to vitiate, VICI-iz-ar, ohlat-o
to vibrate, vibr-ar korupt-ar, alter-ar wages, salari-o
viburnum, vibern-o vitreous, vitr-atr-a wagon (railway),
vicar, vikar-o to vitrify (tr.), vitr-ig- vagon-o ( f o r goods
vice, vici-o ar ; (antr.), vitr-esk- or persons)
victim, viktim-o ar wagonette, brek-o
victory, vink-o vitriol, vitriol-? wagtail, motacil-o
victuals, viktuali-o vivaflous, vlv-oz-a, waif, abandon-it-o
vicuna, vikun-o auim-oz-a to wail, vajis-ar
to vie (intr.), rival-es- vixen, meger-o wain, chariot-o
ar, lukt-ar (pri) vocabulary, vort-ar-o wainscot, panel-0,-ar-
view (act), vid-o ; vocation, vok-es-o 0
(scene), vid-aj-o voice, voc-o waist ( o f borl,,), tay-o
opinion-o ; to-, volcano, volkan-o waistcoat, jilet-o
vid-ar, regard-ar, volley, salve-o to wait for, vart-ar
konsider-ar volume (book), tom-o ; waiter, garson-o
vigil (being awake), (geom.), volumin-o to wake (vigil),vigil-ar ;
vigil-o ; (eccl.), vigi- voluntary (not cox- (cease to sleep), vek-
li-o ; (religious strained) volunt-al-a ar
seruice), vigili-ofici-o volunteer, voluntari-o to walk ( f o r pleasure),
vigilant, .;urvey-em-a, voluptuousness, o- promen-ar ; (not
observ-em-a, atenc- upt-0 r u n ) , march-ar
em-a to vomit, vom-ar wallet, ledr-o-sak-et-
vignette, vinyet-o vortex, vortic-o o ; utensil-uy-o
vigorous, vigor-oz-a to vote, vot-ar wall, mur-o
vile, sen-valor-a ; des- to voyage, voyaj-ar walnut, nuc-o
nobl-a, abjekt-a navlg-ar to waltz, vals-ar
vine, vit-o to vow, vov-ar to wander, vag-ar
vinegar, vinagr-o rowel, vokal-o to want (tr.), inaij-ar
viol, viul-o vulgar ( n t d e ) trivial-a (be deficieqit i n ) ; de-
to violate, violac-ar vulture, vultur-n zir-ar
violence (act),violent-o to war,milit-ar(kontre)
(qunlrty), violent- warbler (hedge), silvi-o
em-e5-o to ward (guard), gard-
violet, vio!-o ; ( a d j . ) , ar defens-ar (dt3,
viol-e-a kontr?)
violin, vinlin-n wardship, tutel(ad)-o
virgin (adj.)! virg-a ; ware, var-o
( n . ) , virg-in-o warehouse, magazin-o
virtue, vertu-o warm, varm-a
virulent, virulent-a to warn ( p u t on gltard),
virus, viru.;-o avert-ar ; (notify,
visa, vist-o inform), aviz-ar, in-
viscera, vicer-o wad, fen-, pali-o-, vat- form-ar ; (admoaish),
viscount, viskomt-(ul)n o--, filas-maset-o ; exhort-ar
viscous, visk-oz-a (in g u n ) , bur-o, felt- to warp, urd-ar
vision, vid(ad)-o; (thing o-disk-o ; to-, bur- to warrant, garanti-ar
seen), vid-aj-o ; (ap- iz-ar ; vat-iz.ar warrantee, garanti-ari-
parition), vizion-o wadding, vat-o 0
I 82
warranter, garanti-ant- weary ( o / ) , ted-at-a ; whey, selakt-o
0 (tiresome), ted-ant- which, qua, qui (subj.),
warranty, garanti-o a ; to be weary, quan, quin (obi.)
warrior, mlit-ist-o enoy-ar ; tea-es-a1 while, temp-o ; after
wart, veruk-o weasel, vizel-o a-, kelka tempe
wary, cirkonspekt-a weather, veter-o pose ; between -s,
to wash, lav-ar weatherboard, shin- inter-tempe. dume ;
to wash in lye, lesiv-ar dol-0 (cowj.),dum ke
washerwoman, lavist- to weave, tex-ar to whip, flog-ar
in-o to wed, niariaj-ar (tr.), to whisper (tr.), mur-
wasp, vesp-o mariaj-ar s u mur-ar ; susur-ar
to waste, disip-ar wedge, koni-o whist, uist-o
watch (i+~strztment), Wednesday, merkur- to whistle, sifl-ar
horloj-et-o, posh- di-o white, blank-a
horloj-o week, seman-o white lead, cernz-o
to watch ( s p y ) , guat- to weep, plor-ar whiting (fish),merlan-o
ar ; -over survey- weft, weft-o Whitsuntide,
ar to weigh ( i n t m n s . ) , pentekost-o
water, aqu-o pez-ar ; ( t ~ . ) ,pon- who (sing.)! qua ;
water-cress, Itres-o der-ar (plur.), qul
waterfall, aqu-o-fal-o, weight (of a thing), whole, i~itegr-a,lot-a
kaskad-o pez-o wholesale, engros-a. -e
waterproof (adj.), aqu- welcome ( P I . ) , bou-ven- wholesome, salubr-a,
espnlv-a o ; (adj.), bo~i-ven- (fig.), salutar-a
water-spaniel, pudel-o ant-a ; -, you are-, whom, quan (object),
waterspout, tromlj-o vu esas plezure a qua
water-sprite, nix-o acept-at-a wick, mcch-o
wave (hair, etc.), ond- welcomer, boil-ven- wicked, malign-a
o ; (sea), ontl-o- ant-o wicker, ozier-o
eg-o ; to-, (inlr.), to weld, weld-ar wicket, gichet o
ond-if-ar, fluktu-ar well ( a d i . ) , Don-e ; -! wide, laria
wavy, ond-if-ant-a, (znterj.), nu ! widow (ad?.), viclv-a ;
-oz-a well, a, pute-o ( n . ) , vidv-in-o
wax, vax-o ; -candle, west, west-o wife, spoz-in-o
light, buji-o ; -taper, wet, humid-a wig, peruk-o
cer-G whale, balcn-o wild, sovaj-a
to wax and polish, whalebone, bart-tr wild-boar, apr-<I
frot-ar wharf, xvarf-o wild celery, api-o
way (road or track, lit. what, quo (subject) ; wild cherry, meriz-o
or /ig.), vcy-o ; (man- quon (object) wild thyme, serpol-o
ner, method), man- whatever, irgo-quo will (act of willing),
ier-o, metod-o whatnot, etajer-o vol-o ; (faculty of
w.c., latrin-o wheat, frunienl-o willin.;), vol-ad-o ;
we, ni wheel, rot-o free--, arbitri-o ;
weak, febl-a wheelbarrow, bruet-o (testament), testa-
wealth, rich-es-o when, *kande ment-~
to wean, ablakt-ar where, *ube to will, vol-ar ; (with
weapon, arm-o whereas, koiltre ke ; zerb), -0s ; -be,
to wear (tr.), port-ar (law), konsiderite es-os ; will have
( a s a garment, a he, pro ke -ed, ea-os-int-a, or
weapon, jewellery), whether (in indirect . . . ab-os
etc.) ; to-out, kon- questions), kad ; willing (be), volunt-ar
sum-ar . .
-. .or, sive . .sive willingly, volunt-e
183
willow. salik-o work (rrrtisfir, etc.),
wimple (dvess), verk-o
vimpl-o to work, labor-ar yacht, vakt-o
to win, gan-ar to work timber, Bar- yard, kort-o
wind, vent-o pent-ar yawl, yol-o
to wind (from), tles- workman, labor-ist-o to yawn, ocit-as
spul-ar (de) world, mond-o ; (soci- year, yar-o
winding (adj.), +u- ty), montl-um-o yeast, hef-o
oz-a world (adj.),mond-al-a; yellow, flav-a
windlass, vind-il-o mond-um-sl-a yellow-amber, sucin-o
window, fenestr-o worm, verm-o yes, *ycs
window-fastener, worship, kult-o yesterday, hier-e
spanyolet-o ' to worship, kult-ar yet, tamen ; (in time),
wind-pipe, trake-o worth valor-o ; (ndj.), ankore
windy (to be), vent-ar valor-ant-a yew-ti'ee, t s s u s - o
wine, vln-o to be worth, valor-ar to yield, produkt-ar,
wing (all senses), al-o worthy, dign-a (ye, de) furnis-ar ; (acknow-
to winnow, fan-ar 7c~ovtlq~u/ beilig . . . ,-<I
ledge), agnosk-ar
winter, vintr-o -in d-
to yodel, yotl1.-ar
to ripe, vish-ar would,-US yoke fharifcss), vng-o
to wipe one's nose, to wound, v ~ ~ n t l - a r to yoke (tr.), jung-ar
mung-ar su to wrangle inter-dis- yolk ( o f a?: r,cr). vitel-n
wise, saj-a put-ar you, vu ; (plz~ral),vi
to wish, dezir-ar wreath, girlaiid-o young, yun-a
wit, esprit-n to be wrecked, nau- young lady, damzei-o
witchcraft, sorc(ad)o fraj-ar younger, junior-a
with, *Bun wren, regol-o
your(s), vu-a ; vi-a
within (prep.), en, in- wrench, tord-ur-o
tern-e di to wrestle, lukt-ar
without (prep.), sen ; to wring (tv.), tord-ar ;
(adv .), exter-e (press), pres-ar,
witness, test-o klem-ar
wolf, volf-0 to wriggle, frisk-ar
woman, homin-o wrinkle, rug-o
wonder, marvel-o ; wrist-band, ponyet-o
(amazement), aston- to write, sksib-ar
es-o ; to- aston- to write out, redakt-a!.
es-ar wrong (adj.), ne-just-a
wood (the matter), lign- wry motion, tik-o zeal, zel-o
o ; (treeland), bosk- zealous, zel-oz-a
0 zero, zer-o
woodland, silv-o to zigzag (ilztv.),zigzag-
wood-louse, awl-o ar
woodpecker, peg-o cinc, zinlr-r)
wood-plgeon, palum- X cocle, sokt-o
b-0 done, zon-o
wool, lan-o tilography, xilograf- coologist, zoolagi-ist-o
word, vort-o ad-o, -art-o zoophyte, zoofit-o
APPENDIX.
GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.
IDO-ENGLISH.
Abisini-a, Abyssinia ; -ano, Asturi-a, Asturias ; -ano, As-
Abyssmian. turian.
Acori (insuli), the Azores. Atlantik-a, -0, Atlantic (oceavt).
Adriatik-a, Adriatic. Australi-a, Australia ; -ano, Aus-
Adriatika, -0, Adriatic. tralian.
Atgano, Afghan. Austri-a, Austria ; -ano, Austrian.
Afganistan, Afghanistan. Azi-a, Asia ; -ano, Asiatic ;
Afrik-a, Africa ; -ano, African. Avan-Azia, Asia Minor.
Albani-a, Albania ; -ano, Alba-
I
nian. Badeni-a, Duchy of Baden.
Alenti (i~zszllz),Alentian (islands). Bahama, Bahama (islands).
Algarvo, Algarve. Baleari, Balearic Isles.
Aljer, Algiers (the town) ; -ano, Baltik-a, -0, Baltic (sen).
of Algiers. Barbados, Barbadoes.
Aljeri-a, Algeria ; -ano, Algerian. Bavari-a, Bavaria ; -ano,
Alpi, Alps. Bavarian.
Alzaci-a, Alsace ; -ano, Alsatian. Belgi-a, Belgium.
Amerik:a, America ; -an0 (a%), Belgo, Belgian.
Amer~can. Beludjo, Beloochi.
Anatoli-a, Anatolia. Beludjistan, Beloochistan.
Andaluzi-a, Andalusia ; -ano, Bengal, Bengal.
Andalusian. Berberia, Barbary.
Andl, (the) Andes. Berbero, Berber.
Andoro, Andorra. Bermudi. Bermudas.
Angli-a, England. ~esarabia,Bessarabia.
Anglo, English(man). Biskay, Biscay.
Angola, Angola Blanka Monto, Mont Blanc.
Anam, An(n)am ; -ano. Bohemi-a. Bohemia ; -ano, Bo-
Anhalt, Anhalt. hemian:
Antili, (the) Antilles. Bolivi-a, Bolivia ; -ano, Bolivian.
Apenin-i, (the) Apennines. Borneo, Borneo.
Arabia, Arabia. Bosni-a, Bosnia ; -ano, Bosnian.
Arabo, Arab. Brabant, Brabant ; -ano, Bra-
Aragon, Aragon ; -ano, of Aragon bantese.
Arden-o, -i, Ardennes. Brazili-a, Brazil ; -ano, Brazilian.
Argentini-a, Argentine (Republic) Bretonia, Brittany.
-ano, of the Argentine. Bretono, Breton.
Armeni-a, Armenia ; -ano, Britani-a, Great Britain.
Armenian. Britano, a Briton.
185
Brunsvig-o, Brunswick (Duchy o f ) Flandr-o, Flanders ; -ano,
Bukhari, Bokhara. Flemish.
Bulgari-a, Bulgaria : -ano, Bul- Formoza, Formosa.
garian. Francia, France.
Burgundi-a, Burgundy ; -ano, Franeo, French(man).
Burgundian. Frizi-a, Friesland ; -ano, Fries-
Burm-a, Burmah ; -ano, Burmese. lander.
Ceylon, Ceylon ; -ano, Cingalee. Galici-a, Galicia ( A ustuia) ; -ano,
Champani-a, Champagne (pvo- Galician.
z~ince); -ano, of Champagne. Galile-a, GaliIee ; -ano, Galilean.
Chili, Chili ; -ano, Chilian. Galisi-a, Galicia (Spain): ; -ano,
Chini-a, China ; -ano, Chinese. Galician.
Chipr-0, Cyprus ; -ano, Cyprian. Gailia, Gaul.
Cirkasi-a, Circasia ; -ano, Cir- Gall-i, Gauls.
casian. Gambia, Gambia.
Gaskonia, Gascony,
Dalmati-a, Dalmatia ; -ano, Gaskono, Gascon.
Ddl matian.
Germania, Germany.
Dania, Denmark. Germano, German.
Dano, (a) Dane. Glacial-a,-o, Glacial.
Danubin, Danubc. Gold Coast (ocenrr), Ora Rivo.
Dardaneli, Dardauclles. Gotia, Gothiand.
Dominga Republiko, San Domln- Goto, Goth.
go (in Havti).
Doming-ano, Don1:n:can (oi the Grekia, Greece.
Greka, Greek.
IlepttOlic o/ Donzzlzgo).
Dominika, Dominica ( Islar~d). Grenland-o, Greenland : -ano,
Greenlander.
Egadi (i~lsnlz),Egadcs (islaiid\., Guadelupa, Guadeloupe.
Sicily). Guatemala, Guatemala.
Guayana, Guiana.
Egipti-a, Egypt ; -ano, Egyptian. Guinea, Guinea.
Epir-o, Epirus ; -ano, Epirot.
Equador, Ecuador.
Eritrea, Erythrea. Haiti, Hayti.
Eskipok-o, -i, Eskimos. Havayi, Hawaii.
Estoni-a, Esthonia ; -ano, Es- Hebridi, Hebrides.
thonian. Helveti, Helvetians.
Etiopi-a, Ethiopia ; -ano, Ethio- Helvetia, Helvetia.
pian, Ethiop. Hesi-a, Hesse ; -ano, llcssial~.
Etruri-a, Etruria ; -ano, Etrurian Herzegovina, Herzegovina.
Europ-a, Europe ; -ano, European Hinduo, Hindoo.
Hispania, Spain.
Fair-tero, Tisrra drl J'uego. Hispano, Spaniarcl.
Falkland (itzstilr), Falltlarid Holand-o, Holland ; -ano, Ilutch
(isl~izris). (man).
Fernandopo ( i l ) Fcrnan- Honduras, Honduras.
tlopu. Hungari-a, Hungary ; -ano,
Fidji, Fiji. Hungarian.
Filipin-i, Philippines (i.sl[~i~i/s)
;
-ano, Philippine (nzu~z). Indi-a, India ; -ano, Lndiar~.
Finland-o, Finland ; -ano, Fin- Ioni-a, Ionia ( 'lsia Miliov) ;
lander. -ana, Ionian,
Irland-o, Ireland ; -ano, Irish Lago di quar Kantoni, Lake of the
(man). Four Cantons (Switzerland).
Istn-a, Istria ; -ano, Istrian. Lagos, Lagos.
Itali-a, Italy ; -ano, Italian. Laponia, 1,apland.
Ivora rivo, Ivory coast. Lapono, Laplander, Lapp.
Jamaika, Jamaica. Leman-a,-o, Lake Leman.
Japoni-a, Japan ; -ano, Japanese. Libano, Lebanon.
Jav-a, Java ; -ano, Javanese. Liberi-a, Liberia ; -ano, Liberian.
Jude-a, Judea ; -ano, Judean. Libi-a, Libya ; -ano, Libyan.
Judo, a Jew. Liguri-a, Liguria ; -ano, Ligu-
rian.
Kab-lando, Cape Colony. Lituani-a, Lithuania ; -ano,
Kabo de Ban-Espero, Cape of Lithuanian.
Good Hope. Livoni-a, Livonia : -ano,
Kaboverdo, Cap Verd. Livonian.
Kalabri-a, Calabria ; -ano, Cala- Lomhardi-a, 1,ombardy ; -ano,
brian. Lombard.
Kalde-a, Chaldza ; -ano, Lotringi-a, Lorraine ; -an0
Chaldean. (man) of Lorraine.
Kaliforni-a, California ; -ano, Luxemburgi-a, Luxemburg
Californian. ( O u r h ? ~ 01) ; -ano, Luxem-
Kambodj-a, Can~bodia; -ano, burger.
Cambodian. Luxemburg, Luxemburg (town) ;
Kamchatka, Kamtchatka. -ano, Luxemburger
Kamerun, Cameroons.
Kampania, Campania, Madagaskar, Madagascar.
Kanad-a, Canada ; -ano, Cana- Madeira, Madeira.
dian. Makedoni-a, Macedonia ; -ano,
Kanal-0, (English) Channel. Macedonian.
Kanarii, Canary ( Isla??d.q). Malay o, Ma!ay.
Karpati, Carpathian EIountains. Malt-a, Malta ; -ano, Maltese.
Kashmir, Cashmere. Mandjuria, Manchuria.
Kaspfa, Caspian (Sea). Mariani, Mariana Islands.
Kastili-a, Castile ; -ano, Castilian. Marok-o, Wrorocco ; -ano, Mo-
Kataluni-a, Catalonia ; -ano, roccan.
Catalonian. Marquesas, 1LIarcluesas Islands.
Kaukazia, Caacasia. Martinika, Martiniclue.
Kaukazo, Caucasus. Maurioo, Xlauritius.
Khiva, Khiva. Mayorka, RIajorca.
Kolumbi-a, Co1uml)ia ; -ano, Medi-a, Media.
Columblan. Med-i, Medes.
Kongo-lando, Congo ; -&no, Mediterane-a, -0, &Ieclilerranean
Congolese. (Sen).
Kordilieri, Cordilleras. Mexiki-a, Mexico (ru1(11tvi) ; -ano,
Kore-a, Korea ; -ano, Icorean.
Kornwal, Cornwall.
Korsik-a, Corsica ; -ano, Car-
1 Mexican.
Mexiko, Mexico Ciiu ; -.no.
can.
Mexi-
scan. Mezopotamia, Mesopotamia.
Koshinchini-a, Cochin-China ; Minorka, Minorca.
-ano, Cochin-Chinese. Moldavi-a, Moldavia ; -ano,
Kostarika, Costa-Rica. Moldav~an.
Kroati-a, Croatia ; -ano, Croatian. I Monak-o, &Ionaco; -ano, (man)
Kub-a, Cuba ; -ano, Cuban. of Monaco.
187
Mongolia, Mongolia. Pomerani-a? Pomerania ; -sno,
Montenegr-o, Montenegro ; -ano, Pomeranian.
(man) of Montenegro. ' Porto-Riko, Porto-Rico.
Moravi-a, lMoravia ; -ano, Portugal, Portugal ; -ano, Portu-
Moravian. guese.
Mortinta Maro, Dead Sea. Posni-a, Posen (province) ; -an0
Mozambik, Mozambique. (man) of Posen.
Prezidii, Presides (islands).
Natal, Natal. Principe, Principe (island).
Navara, Navarre. Provenc-o, Provence (in France) ;
Nederland-o, Netherlands ; -ano, -ano, Provenpl.
Dutch. Prusi-a, Prussia ; -&no, Prussian.
Nigeria, Xigeria.
Nigra Maro, Black Sea. Quinsland-o, Queensland ; -ano,
Nikaragua, Nicaragua. Queenslander.
Normandia, Normandy.
Normando, Norman. Reda Maro, Red Sea.
Norvegi-a,, Norway ; -ano, Reunion, Reunion or Bourbon
Norwegian. (island).
Nova Guinea, New Guinea. Reus, Reuss.
Nova Kaledonia, New Caledonia. Rheno, Rhine.
Nov-Land-o, Newfoundland ; -ano, Rodezia, Rhodesia.
Newfoundlander. Rokoza Monti, Rocky Mountains.
Nov-Sud-Wals, New South Rumani-a, Rouniania ; -ano,
Wales. Roumanian.
Nov-Zelando, New Zealand. Rumeli-a, Roumelia ; -ano,
Nubi-a, Nubia ; -ano, Nuhian. Roumelian.
Rusia, Russia.
Ruso, Russian.
Oceania, Oceania.
Ora Rivo, Gold Coast. Sahara, Sahara.
Oranjia, Orange River Colony. Samari-a, Samaria ; -ano,
Orkadi, Orkncy Islands. Samaritan.
Samoa, Samoa (islands.)
Paeifik-a, -0, Pacific (Ocean). San Domingo, San Domingo.
Palatenio, Palatinate. San-Gall, Sain Gall.
Palestina, Palestine. San-Marino, San Marino.
Panama, Panama. San-Salvador, San Salvador.
Paraguay, Paraguay. San-Thome, San Thomas (island).
Partia, Parthia. Sant-Helena, Saint Helena.
Parto, Parthian. Sardini-a, Sardinia ; -ano,
Patagonia, Patagonia. Sardinian.
Persia, Persia. Sarmatia, Sarmatia.
Perso, Persian. Sarmato, Sarmatian.
Peru, Pern ; -ano, Peruvian. Savoy-a, Savoy ; -ano, (man) of
Piemont, Piedmont ; -ano, Pied- Savoy.
montese. Saxonia, Saxony.
Pikardia, Picardy. Saxono, Saxon.
Pirenei. Pvrenees. Senegal, Senegal ; -ano, Sene-
~olinezia,* ~ o l y n e s i;a -ano, galese.
Polynesian. Serbi-a, Serbia ; -ano, Serbian.
Polonia, Poland, Siam, Siam ; -ano, Siamese.
Polono, Pole. Siberi-a, Siberia ; -ano, Siberian.
Sieili-a, Sicily ; -ano, Sicilian. / Transilvani-a, Transylvania ;
Sierra-Leone, Sierra Leone. 1 -ano, Transylvanian.
Silezi-a, Silfsia ; -ano, Silesian. Transval, Transvaal ; -an0 (man)
Siri-a, Syria ; -ano, Syrian. I of the Transvaal.
Skandinavi-a, Scandina.via ; Trinidad, Trinidad.
-ano, Scandinavian. I Tripolis, Tripoli (towgz).
Skita, Scythia. Tripolit-o, Tripoli (coulztry); -ano,
Skitio, Scpthian. Tripolitan.
Skotia, Scotland. Tunis, Tunis (town).
Skoto, Scotch(man), Scot. Tunizi-a, Tunis [prov~nce); -ano,
Slavonia, Slavonia. 1 Tunisian.
Somal-o, -i, Somali . I Turkestan, Turkestan.
Somali-lando, Somaliland. , Turkia, Turkey.
Sporadi, Sporades (islamis). Turko, Turk.
Stiri-a, Styria ; -ano, Styrian. Turingi-a, Thuringia ; -ano,
Suabi-a, Swabia ; -ano, Swabian Thuringian.
Sudan, Soudan ; -ano, Souda.nese
Suedi-a, Sweden. Ural-o, -i, Ural (vrv., nzouv~t.).
Suedo, Swedish. Uruguay, Urnguap.
Suisi-a, Switzerland ; -ano, Usa, t United States of N.A. ;
Swiss. Usano, Yankee, American.
Sumatra, Sumatra.
Surinam, Surinam (Dutch
Guiana). Valaki-a, \qTalachia; -ano, Wala-
chian.
Tartarla, Tartary. Venezuel-a, Venezuela ; -ano,
Tartaro, Tartar. Venezuelan.
Tasmani-a, Tasmania ; -ano, Vestfali-a, Westphalia ; -ano,
Tasmanian. Westphalian.
Tesali-a, Thessaly ; - a m , Thes- Viktoria, Victoria (Australia).
salian. Vogesi, Vosges (mo~dntains).
Tibet, Tibet, Thibet ; -ano, Volini-a, Volhynia ; -ano,
Thibetarl. Volhynian.
Tirol, Tyrol ; -ano, Tyrolese.
Togo, Togo ('Cogoland). I Wurtemberg, Wurtemberg ;
Tonga, Tonga (zsla?zds). 1 -ano, bvurtemberger.
Tonkin, Tonquin ; -an0 (man)
of Touquin. Zanzibar, Zan~ibar.
Toskania, Tuscany. Zulu-land, Zululand.
TosKano, Tuscan. Zuluo, Zulu.
Trakia, Thrace. - -
- - -- --
Trako, Thracian. t U.S.A.
ENGLISH-I DO.*
I
Carpathian Mountains, Karpati. Dutchman, Holanclano
Cashmere, Kashmir.
Caspian (Sen), Kaspia. Ecuador, Equador
Castile, Kastilia. Egades (isln,7d$, .Sici(~,),Egadi
Castilian, Kastiliano. (insuli)
Catalonia, Katalunia. Egypt, Egiptia
Catalonian, Kataluniano. Egyptian, Egiptiano
Caucasia, Kaukazia. Epirot, Epirano
Caucasus, Kaukazrt. Epirus, Epiro.
Ceylon, Cevlon. Erythrea, Eritrea.
Chaldea, Kaldea. Eskimos, Eskimok-o, -i.
Chaldean, Kaldeano. Esthonia, Estonia.
Champagne ( p r o v i ~ ? ~ : ~Cham-
), Esthonian, Estoniatlo.
pania, Chan~paniano. Ethiopia, Etiopia.
Channel ( E ~ f l i s h )Iianalo.
, Ethopian, Ethiop, Etiopiann.
Chili, Chili. Etruria, Etruria.
Chilian, Chiliano. Etrurian, Etrurians.
China, Chinia. Europe, Europa.
Chinese, Chiniano. European, Europano.
Cingalee, Ceylonano.
Circasia, Cirkasia. Falkland ( Islnr~d,$), Fa! kland
Circasian, Cirkasiano. (insnli).
Cochin-China, Koshinchinia. Fernandopo, Fernandopo (insnli).
Cochin Chinese, Koshinchiniano. Fiji, Fiji.
Columbia, Kolumbia. Finland, Finlando.
Columbian, Kolumbiano. Finlander, Finlandano.
Congo, Kongo-lando. Flanders, Flanaro.
Congolese, Kongo-iandano. Flemish, Flandrano.
Cordilleras, Kordilieri. Formosa, Formoza.
Cornwall, Kornwal. France, Francia.
Corsica, Korsika. French(man), Franco.
191
Friesland, Frizia. Jamaica, Jamaika.
Frieslander, Friziano. 1 Japan, Japonia.
Japanese, Japoniano.
Gaiicia ( '1 rlstr in), Galicia. Java, Java.
Gaiician, Galiciano. Javanese, Javano.
Galicia (Spain), Galisia. Judea, J udea.
Galician, Galisian. Judean, Judeano.
Galilee, Galilea. Jew (n), Juilo.
Galilean, Galileano.
Gallea, Gallia. Lagos, Lagos.
Gambia, Gambia. Lake Leman, Leman-a, -0.
Gascon, Gaskono. Lake of the four Cantons (Switcev-
Gascony, Gaskonia. Innd), Lago di quar Kantoni.
Gaul, Gallfa. Lapland, Laponia.
Gauls, Galli. Laplander, Laponiano.
German, Germano. Lebanon, Libano.
Germany, Germania. Liberia, Liberia.
Glacial (ocecz~),Glacial-a, -0. Liberian, Liberiano.
Goth, Goto. Libya, Libia.
Gothia, Gotia. Libyan, Libiano.
Greece, Grekia. Liguria, Liguria.
Greek, Greko. Ligurian, Liguriano.
Greenland, Grenlando. Lithuania, Lituania.
Greenlander, Grenlandano. Lithuanian, Lituaniano.
Guadeloupe, Gaadelupa. Livonia, Livonia.
Guatemala, Guatemala. Livonian, Livoniano.
Guiana, Guayana. Lombard, Lombardiano.
Guinea, Guinea. Lombardy, Lombardia.
Lorraine, Lotringia, Loiringiano.
Hayti, Haiti. Luxemburg, (town), Luxemburg,
Luxemburgano.
Hawaii, Havayi. Luxemburg (Duchy o!), Luxem-
Hebrides, Hebridi. 1 burgia.
Helvetia, Helvetia.
Helvetians, Helveti. 1 Luxemburger, Luxemburgiano.
Hesse, Hesia.
Hessian, Hesiano.
Herzegovina, Herzegovina.
Hindoo, Hinduo.
!
I
Madagascar, Madagaskar.
Macedonia, Makedonia.
Macedonian, Makedoniano.
Madeira, Madeira.
Holland, Holando. Malay, Malayo.
Honduras, Honduras. Malta, Malta.
Hungarian, Hungariano. Maltese, Maltano.
Hungary, Hungaria. Manchuria, Mandjuria.
1 Mariana Islands, Mariani.
India, India.
Indian, Indiano.
Ionia, ( .4sia Minov), Ionia.
Ireland, Irlando.
I Marquesas Islands, Marquesas.
Martinique, Martinika.
Mauritius, Maurico.
Mayorca, Mayorka.
Irish(man), Irlandano. Media, Media.
Istria, Istria. Medes, Medi.
Istrian, Tstriano. Mediterranean (Sen), Meditera-
Italian, Italiano. ne-a, -0.
Ivory Coast, Ivora Rivo. Mesopotamia, Mezopotamia.
192
Mexico (country), Mexikia. Poland, Polonia.
Mexican, Mexikiano. Pole, Polono.
Mexico City, Mexiko. Polynesia, Polinezia.
Mexican, Mexikano. Polynesian, Polineziano.
Minorca, Minorka. Pomerania, Pomerania.
Moldavia, hloldavia. Pomeranian, Pomeraniano.
Moldavian, Moldaviano. Porto-Rico, Porto-Riko.
Monaco, Monako, Monakano. Portugal, Portugal.
Mongolia, Mongolia. Portuguese, Portugalano.
Montenegro, Montenegro, Mon- Posen, ( p ~ o v i n c e ) , Posnia, Pos-
ienegrano. niano.
Horavia, Moravia. Presides (islands), Prezidii.
Moravian, Moraviano. Principe (island), Principe.
Morocco, Maroko. Provencal, Provencano.
Moroccan, Marokano. Provence (in F v a ~ z c ~Provenco.
),
Prussia, Prusia.
Natal, Natal. Prussian. Prusiano.
Navarre, Navara.
Netherlands, Nederlando. Queensiand, Quinslando.
New Caledonia, Nova Kaledonia. Queenslander, Quinslandano.
Nicaragua, Nikaragua.
Nigeria, Nigeria.
Norman, Normando.
Normandy, Normandia.
I Red Sea, Reda Maro.
Reunion or Bourbon (island). Re-
Norway, Norvegia. union.
Norwegian, Norvegiano. Reuss, Reus.
Nubia, Nubia. Rhine, Rheno.
Nubian, Nubiano. Rhodesia, Rhodezia.
Newfoundland, Novlando. Rocky Mountains, Rokoza Monti.
Newfoundlander, Novlandano. Roumania, Rumania.
New Gulnea, Nova Guinea. Roumanian, Rumaniano.
New South Wales, Nov-Sud-Wals. Roumelia, Rumelia.
New Zealand, Nova Zelando. Roumelian, Rumeliano.
Russia, Rusia.
Oceania, Oceania. Russian, Rusiano.
Orange River Colony, Oranjia.
Orkney Islands, Orkadi. Sahara, Sahara.
Samaria, Samaria.
Pacific (Ocean), Pacifik-a, -0. Samaritan, Samariano.
Palatinate, Palatenio. Samoa (zslarrds), Samoa.
Palestine, Palestina. Saint Gall, San-Gall.
Panama, Panama. Saint Helena, Sant Helena.
Parazuay, Paraguay. San Domingo, San Domingo.
Parthia, Partia. San Marino, San Marino.
Parthian, Partiano. San Salvador, San Salvador.
Patagonia, Patagonia. San Thomas ( ~ s l a n d )San
, Thome.
Patagonian, Patagoniano. Sardinia, Sardinia.
Peru, Peru. Sardinian, Sardiniano.
Peruvian, Peruano. Sarmatia, Sarmatia.
Philippines (islands), Filipini. Sarmatian, Sarmato.
Philippine ( m a n ) , Filipinano. Savoy, Savoya, Savopano.
Piedmont, Piemont. Saxon, Saxono.
Piedmontese, Piemontano. Saxony, Saxonia.
193
Scandinavia, Skandinavia, Skan- Thracian, Trako.
dinaviano. Thuringia, Turingia.
Scotland, Scotia. Togo (Togoland), Togo.
Scotch(man), Scot, Skoto. Tonga (islands). Tonga.
Scythia, Skitia. ~ o n i u i n ,~ o n k i n o ,yonkinano.
Scythian, Skito. Transylvania, Transilvania.
Senegal, Senegal. Transylvanian, Transilvaniano.
Senegalese, Senegalano. Transvaal. Transvalo, Transval-
Serbia, Serbia. ano.
Serbian, Serbiano. Trinidad, Trinidad.
Siam, Siam. Tripoli, (tow~z),Tripolis.
Siamese, Siamano. Tripoli (co~cvtrv), Tripolito.
Siberia, Siberia. Tripolitan, Tripolitano.
Siberian, Siberiano. Tunis (tow?), Tunis.
Sicily, Sicilia. Tunis (Prm~i~ice),Tunizia.
Sicilian, Siciliano. Tunisian, Tuniziano.
Sierra Leone, Sierra 1.eone. Turk, Turko.
Silesia, Silezia. Turkestan, Turkcst an.
Silesisn, Sileziano. Turkey, Turkia.
Slavonia, Slavonin. Tuscan, Toskano.
Somali, Sornalo, -i. Tuscany, Toskania.
Somaliland, Somali-lando Tyrol, Tirolo.
Soudan, Sudan. Tyrolese, Tirolano.
Soudanese, Sudrtnario.
Sporades (zslnr~N'c),Spirradi. Ural (riv., moziwt.), TTral-o,-i.
Styria, Stiria. Uruguay, Uruguay.
Styrian, Stirinno. United States of N.A., U.S.A.,
Sumatra, Sumatra. Usa: Usano ( Y n ~ ? k e e .<-I
uneri-
Surinam (Dutch G~richi?n),Suri- can).
nam.
Swabia, Suahia. Venezuela, Venezuela.
Swabian. Suabiano. Venezuelan, Venezuelano.
Sweden,. Suedia, Victoria, (Aztstralin), Viktoria.
Swedish, Suedo. Volhynia, Volinia.
Swiss, Suisiano. Volhynian, S'oliniano.
Switzerland, Si~isia. Vosges (nzorintair7~),Vogesi
Syria, Siria.
Syrian, Sirinno.
Waiachia, T'alakia.
Tartar, Tartaro. Waiachian, Valakiano.
Tartary, Tartaria. Westphalia, Vestfalia.
Tasmania, Tasmania. Westphallan, Vestialiano.
Tasmanian, Tasnlaniano. Wurtemberg, Wurtemberg.
Thessaly, Tesalia. Wurtamberger, \Viirteml>ergano.
Thessalian, Tesaliano.
Thibet, Tibet, Tibet. Zanzibar, Zanzi1,ar.
Thibetan, Tihet ano. Zulu, Zuluo.
Thrace, Tralria. Zululand, Zul ul and.