UNIT-1

FLUID PROPERTIES

Short Answer Questions

1. Differentiate between u-tube and inverted u-tube differential manometers?
2. Explain the terms surface tension and vapour pressure?

3. State newton’s law viscosity and explain how viscosity varies with temperature for
liquids and gases?

4. What is a liquid? Calculate the specific weight, specific mass, specific volume
and specific gravity of a liquid having a volume of 10 m3 and weight of 50 kn.
5. Define atmospheric,gauge and vacuum pressures with examples?

6. Find the pressure represented by a column of (i)12cm of water (ii)7cm of oil of relative
density 0.75.
7. Derive an expression for surface tension on a liquid droplet?
8. Derive an expression for surface tension on a liquid jet?
9. Define specific gravity,specific volume and weight ?
10. How do you measure the pressure by using manometers and mechanical gauges?

11. Why does the viscosity of a gas increases with the increases in temperature while that of
aliquid decreases with increase in temperature?

12. Define all physical properties:- density,specific gravity,vapour pressure,surface

tension,compressability,viscosity(with formulae)?

13. Define and explain vapour pressure?

14. What are the different types of fluids?
15. Define and explain compresability and bulk modules?
16. State and explain pascal’s law?
17. Mention types of mechanical gauges?
18. Explain piezo manometer and u-tube manometer?
19. What are differential manometers?
20. Define centre of pressre?
21. Explain total pressure?
22. Where centre of pressure lie with centre of gravity?
23. Explain pascal’s law? Write the expression?
24. Explain hydrostatic law?
25. Explain why water rises in a small glass tube when inserted in water.
Long Answer Questions
1.The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of the plate
is 720 mm. The thickness of the oil film is 15 mm. The upper plate, which moves at 3m/s
requires a force of 120 N to maintain the speed. Determine: i) The dynamic viscosity of the
oil. ii) The kinematic viscosity of oil if the specific gravity of oil is 0.95.

2.Derive the expression for total pressure and centre of pressure for vertical
plane submerged body?

3.A U-tube differential manometer is connected two pressure pipes A and B. Pipe A contains
Carbon tetrachloride having a specific gravity 1.594 under a pressure of 11.772 N/ Cm2 and
pipe B contain oil of specific gravity 0.8 under pressure 11.72 N/ Cm2 . The pipe A lies
2.5 m above pipe B. Find the difference of pressure measured by mercury as a fluid
filling U- tube.

4.Derive the expression for total pressure and centre of pressure for inclined plane
submerged body?

5.Derive the Expression for pascal’s law?

6.Define and Derive the Expression for Hydrostatic law?

7.List all fluid properties and derive Newton’s law of viscosity.

8.Find the height through which water rises by capillary action in a glass tube of 2mm
bore if the surface tension at the prevailing temperature is 0.075 N/m
UNIT-2
FLUID KINEMATICS
Short Answer Questions
1. Define stream line?
2. Differentiative between laminar and turbulent flow?
3. Explain the terms path line and streak line?
4. State steady and unsteady flow?
5. Define stream tube?
6. Derive one, two and three-dimensional flow?
7. Define equation of continuity?
8. Define uniform flow?
9. State non- uniform flow?
10. Define rotational flow?
11. Distinguish between rotational and irrotational flows?
12. Explain stream function?
13. Define velocity potential function?
14. What are the different types of flows?
15. Define Equipotential line?
16. State and explain line of constant?
17. Explain about stream tube?
18. Explain about streak line?
19. Explain about compressible and incompressible flow?
20. Define studyflow?

Long Answer Questions

1. Derive an expression for continuity equation for 3-D flow?

2. Water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 30 cm and 15 cm at the bottom and
upper end respectively. The intensity of pressure at the bottom end is 29.43 N/cm2 and the
pressure at the upper end is 14.715 N/cm2. Determine the difference in datum head if the rate
of flow through pipe is 50 lit/s.

3. Show that velocity potential function and equipotential line orthogonal to each other?

4. If the expression for the stream function is given by x3 – 3xy2, indicate

(a) whether the flow is rotational or irrotational.
(b)Calculate the velocity at P (4,5)
(c) If the flow is irrotational determine the value of the velocity potential function.

5. Derive an expression for continuity equation for 3-D flow?

6. Derive the expression for Rate of flow?

7. (a) Explain the Relation between stream function and velocity potential function?
(b)The velocity potential function is given by ϕ= 5(x2-y2). Calculate the velocity components
at (4,5).
UNIT-3
FLUID DYNAMICS
Short Answer Questions
1. Write different types of surface and body forces
2. Write euler's equation
3. Define and write bernoulli's equation
4. Write the moment equation for fluid
5. Explain about pitot tube
6. Explain about coefficient of discharge ,coefficient of velocity
,coefficient of contractions
7. Explain about venturi meter
8. Explain about orifice meter
9. Write the equations in pipebend
10. Differentiate between orifices and mouth piece
11. Explain the classification of orifices
12. What is a notch and a weir
13. What is nappe
14. What is crest
15. Classification of notch's and weirs
16. What is a cipoletti weir
17. What is end contaction
18. Differentiate between broad crested weir and narrow created weir
19. What is the equation for discharge through a right angled triangle
Notch
20. What is the discharge through trapezoidal notch
21. What is vena contarct

LongAnswer Questions

1. Define fluid dynamics and derive the equation of forces and its types.
2. Derivation of Bernoullis equation with Eulers equation and its assumptions.
3. The water is flowing through the pipe having diameter 30 cm at the top and 15 cm of the
bottom. The pressure intensity at the bottom is 30.28 N/m2 and pressure intensity at top
is 14.72 N/m2. Calculate the difference in the datum heads. Assume that the discharge of
flowing through the pipe is 50 Liter/Sec.
4. (a). Derive Bernoullis Equation for the ideal fluid
(b). An oil of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing through the pipe. The change in the diameter of
the pipe from 300 mm to 500 mm at B and which at a height of 5 m above the air. The
pressure intensity at the A is 19.42 N/cm2 and the pressure intensity at B is 14.50 N/cm2. If
the rate of flow in the pipe is 150 lit/sec. Calculate the loss of energy in the pipe.
Determine the direction of flow.
5. Define Venturi meter and derive an equation for venturi meter.
6. An oil of specific gravity 0.9 is flowing through the venturi meter having inlet of
diameter 40 cm outlet of diameter 20 cm. The oil – mercury differential manometer is 20
cm.
7. Define Orifice meter and derive an equation for it.
8. An Orifice meter of 15cm diameter is inserted in the pipe of 30 cm diameter. The
mercury – oil difference in manometer is 50 cm of mercury. If actual rate of flow of an
coefficient of collected in the tank is 134 lit/sec. Calculate the discharge. Take specific
gravity of oil is 0.9 .
9. Explain the classification of orifices.
10. Write a short note on Notches ,Weirs,Nappe and Sill.
11. Write about broad crusted wiers.
UNIT-4
CLOSED CONDUIT FLOW
Short Answer Questions

1) What are major losses?

2) What are minor losses?

3) Explain Dracy-Weisbach equation?
4) What is hydraulic mean depth?
5) Explain Chezy’s formula?
6) What are the expression for head lost due to sudden contraction and sudden expansion?
7) Write dupit’s equation?
8) What is total energy line and hydraulic gradient line?
9) Draw the velocity distribution and shear stress distribution for a flow of viscous fluid
through circular pipe?
10) What is the relation between maximum velocity and average velocity in case of flow of
viscous fluid through circular pipe?
11) What are the laws of fluid friction?
12) Differentiate between smooth and rough boundaries?
13) What is compound pipe?
14) What is total head loss in compound pipe?
15) What is an equivalent pipe?
16) What is water hammer in pipe?
17) What is Hagen-Poiesuillie equation?
18) Find head lost due to friction in a pipe of dia 300mm and length 50M through which

water is flowing at a velocity of 3m/s using Darcy’s formula? Take V=3m/s.

19) What are major losses?

20) Explain pipes in series and parallel?

Long questions
1. Find the head loss due to friction in a pipe of diameter 250mm and length 60m, through
which water is flowing at a velocity of 3.0 m/sec using (i)darcy formula (ii)chezy’s
formula for which C=55. Take v for water = 0.1 stoke.
2. An oil of kinematic viscosity 0.5 stoke is flowing through a pipe of diameter 300mm at
the rate of 320 liters per sec. Find the head lost due to friction for a length of 60m of
the pipe.
3. The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.3 meter cube per sec.The
diameter of the pipe is suddenly enlarged from 250 mm to 500 mm. The pressure
intensity in the smaller pipe is 13.734 N/cm2. Determine (i) loss of head due to sudden
enlargement. (ii) The pressure intensity in a large pipe and (iii) Power lost due to
enlargement .
4. A syphon of diameter 150 mm connects two reservoirs having a difference in a elevation
of 15 m. The length of the syphon is 400 m and summit is 4.0 m above the water level in
upper reservoir. The length of the pipe from upper reservoir to the summit is 80 m.
Determine the discharge through the syphon and also pressure at the summit. Neglect
minor losses. The coefficient of friction f = 0.005.
5. Defie the term : Viscosity, kinematic viscosity, velocity gradient and pressure gradient.
6. Prove that the maximum velocity in a circular pipe for viscous flow is equal to two
times the average velocity of the flow.
7. A fluid of viscosity 0.5 poise and specific gravity 1.20 is flowing through a circular pipe
of diameter 100 mm. The maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is given as 147.15 N/m2,
find : (a) pressure gradient, (b) the average velocity, and (c) the Reynolds number of the
flow.
8. Determine (a) the pressure gradient , (b) the shear stress at the two horizontal parallel
plates and (c) the discharge per meter width for laminar flow of oil with a maximum
velocity of 1. 5m/s between two horizontal parallel fixed plates which are 80 mm apart.
Take viscosity of oil as 1.962 Ns/m2.
9. Calculate : (a) the pressure gradient along the flow, (b) the average velocity , and (c) the
discharge of an oil of viscosity 0.02 Ns/m2 flowing between two stationary parallel plates 1
m wide maintained 10 mm apart. The velocity midway between the plates is 2.5 m/s.
UNIT-5
BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY
Short Answer Questions

1) What is boundary layer theory?

2) What is laminar in boundary layer?
3) What is turbulent boundary layer?
4) What is laminar sub-layer?
5) What is boundary layer thickness?
6) What is displacement thickness?
7) What is momentum thickness?
8) What is energy thickness?
9) What is drag on a flat plate?
10) What is van Karman momentum integral equation?
11) Explain separation of boundary layer?
12) Explain methods to prevent boundary layer separation?

13) Explain boundarylayer separation?

14) Control methods of boundary layer separation?

15) Explain boundary layer?

16)Explain von karman momentum integral equation?

17)Effect of pressure gradient on B.L?

18) Effect of velocity gradient on B.L?

19)Methods to prevent B.L?

20)Explain boundary layer thickness

Long Answer Questions

1. (a). What do you understand by the terms boundary layers, and boundary layer theory ?
 (b). Define laminar boundary layer, turbulent boundary layer, laminar sub-layer and
boundary layer thickness.
2. Obtain Von Karman momentum integral equation.
3. Reynolds Approximate solution of Navier Stoke`s Equations.
4. (a)Find the ratios of displacement thickness to momentum thickness and momentum
thickness to energy thickness for the velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by
u/U=2(y/ɕ)-(y/ɕ)2
where u=velocity in boundary layer at a distance y
U=free stream velocity
ɕ=boundary layer thickness
 (b)find the displacement thickness ,the momentum thickness and energy thickness for the
velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by
u/U=2(y/ɕ)-(y/ɕ)2

5.water is flowing over a thin smooth plate of length 4.5meter and width 2.5 m at a velocity of

0.9m/s.If the boundary layer flow changes from laminar ti turbulent at arenolds number

5×100000 ,find (i)the distance from leading edge upto, which boundary layer is laminar

(ii)thickness of the boundary layer at the transition point and (iii)the drag force on one side of the

plate .the viscosity of water as 0.01 poise.