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H. Goldenstein
P. R. Mei
E. Albertin
R. Fuoco
C. L. Mariotto
I
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i •... iito de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de S5o Paulo S.A. - IPT
ò;oao'e Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira - Bulantã - CEP 05508 - S3o Paulo-SP
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(11) 83144 INPT BR - Telefax (011) 869-3353 - Telefone (011) 268-2211
DivisSo de Metalurgia
Coordenador: Cláudio Luiz Mariotto
Trabalho publicado nos Anais do 55g International Foundry Congress, Moscow: CIATF, 1988. p.4.1 -4.17.
A série "Comunicação Técnica" compreende trabalhos elaborados por técnicos do IPT, apresentados em eventos ou
publicados em revistas especializadas, sendo seu conteúdo de responsabilidade da respectiva área técnica.
S o l i d i f i c a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d o n 3 0 m m d i a m e t e r test
p i e c e s of w h i t e i r o n s c o n t a i n i n g 1 5 or 2 0 % c h r o m i u m a n d 2,3 , 3,0
a n d 3 , 6 % c a r b o n , w i t h a d d i t i o n s o f z e r o , 1 , 5 o r 2 , 5 % m o 1 y b d e n u m for
each carbon content.
M e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e made o f : a u s t e n i t e and. e u t e c t i c temperature
a r r e s t s ; n u m b e r o f e u t e c t i c . c a r b i d e p a r t i c l e s r e l a t i v e to total v o L -
u m e a n d to e u t e c t i c v o l u m e ; v o l u m e f r a c t i o n o f p r i m a r y austenito.
It w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t i n c r e a s i n g c a r b o n c o n t e n t s c a u s e d lower
a u s t e n i t e a n d e u t e c t i c f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a r r e s t s , reduced number
o f c a r b i d e p a r t i c l e s i n e u t e c t i c v o l u m e a n d s m a l l e r v o l u m e fraction
of p r i m a r y a u s t e n i t e .
T h e a d d i t i o n o f m o l y b d e n u m l e d to l o w e r a u s t e n i t e a n d e u t e c t i c
f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a r r e s t s , l e s s c a r b i d e p a r t i c l e s in t o t a l a n d
in e u t e c t i c v o l u m e , and l a r g e r v o l u m e f r a c t i o n of p r i m a r y austenite.
A s c o m p a r e d to 1 5 % c h r o m i u m a l l o y s , t h e 2 0 % c h r o m i u m alloys
showed higher eutectic temperature arrests, more carbide particles
b o t h in the t o t a l v o l u m e and in the e u t e c t i c v o l u m e , and smaller
v o l u m e f r a c t i o n of p r i m a r y a u s t e n i t e .
F i g u r e 7 s h o w s h o w c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n i n f l u e n c e s a u s t e n i t e and
e u t e c t i c f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a r r e s t s ( T a m e a s u r e m e n t s r e l a t i v e to
1 , 5 % M o a d d i t i o n s d o n o t s h o w u p i n f i g u r e 7 ) . It m a y b e clearly
s e e n h o w c a r b o n and m o l y b d e n u m l o w e r the e u t e c t i c a r r e s t , while
F i g u r e 8 s h o w s h o w t h e a u s t e n i t e v o l u m e f r a c t i o n is d e c r e a s e d
by increasing carbon and/or chromium contents, and/or suppressing
mo 1ybd enum.
A c c o r d i n g to M a r a t r a y a n d N a n o t (1) t h e a m o u n t of primary
a u s t e n i t e f o r m e d at the s o l i d i f i c a t i o n d e t e r m i n e s the m i c r o s t r u c -
t u r e o f t h e e u t e c t i c . F o r t h e s e a u t h o r s , if t h e v o l u m e fraction o f
p r i m a r y a u s t e n i t e is l a r g e , t h e n t h e c a r b i d e t e n d s to " s e g r e g a t e "
a l o n g the g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s . S h o u l d the v o l u m e t r i c f r a c t i o n of c a r
b i d e s reach as m u c h as 20 or 3 0 % , then the m o r p h o l o g y of th^e
e u t e c t i c c o u l d be d e s c r i b e d as e u t e c t i c cells or c o l o n i e s . A third
k i n d of m o r p h o l o g y is d e s c r i b e d by M a r a t r a y for alloys whose
a u s t e n i t e d o e s n o t r e g u l a t e e u t e c t i c f o r m a t i o n , a s o c c u r s in a l l o y s
w i t h n e a r - e u t e c t i c c o m p o s i t i o n s . T h e s e a r e s a i d to exhibit lamellar
structures (1).
By r e m o v i n g t h e a u s t e n i t e w i t h a d e e p e t c h , P o w e l l ( 2 ) was a b l e
to o b s e r v e t h e e u t e c t i c c a r b i d e s t r u c t u r e s in a s c a n n i n g electron
m i c r o s c o p e . T h e c a r b i d e w a s s h o w n to b e i n t e r c o n n e c t e d within e a c h
eutectic cell, intermingling w i t h a u s t e n i t e , m u c h in the same
w a y as s i l i c o n a p p e a r s in t h e e u t e c t i c of m o d i f i e d A l - S i a l l o y s .
M a t s u b a r a ( 3 ) f o u n d o u t t h a t to a r i s e i n c h r o m i u m content f r o m
15 to 3 0 % c o r r e s p o n d e d a d e c r e a s e in e u t e c t i c c e l l d i a m e t e r a n d ,
at t h e s a m e t i m e , s m a l l e r i n t e r - c a r b i d e s p a c i n g s at t h e e d g e of
the e u t e c t i c c e l l . T h e s e t w o e f f e c t s w e r e a s c r i b e d to the reduc-
tion of the e u t e c t i c s o l i d i f i c a t i o n r a n g e .
A l t h o u g h t h e e f f e c t of c a r b o n is n o t d i s c u s s e d b y Matsubara ( 3 )
i t m a y b e i n f e r r e d f r o m h i s e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s that h i g h e r c a r b o n
c o n t e n t s p r o m o t e the e n l a r g m e n t of both the e u t e c t i c c o l o n i e s d i -
ameter and the i n t e r - c a r b i d e s s p a c i n g at cell e d g e .
Other authors found out that the larger the cooling r a t e , the
finer the eutectic morphology ( 4 ) .
T h r e e d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h e s to t h e s t u d y of t h e s e m a t e r i a l s c a n
be i d e n t i f i e d in the t e c h n i c a l l i t e r a t u r e , e a c h one considering
part of the p h e n o m e n a w h i c h a r e i n f l u e n t i a l o n eutectic morphology.
O n e of t h e s e a p p r o a c h e s , d u e to M a r a t r a y a n d N a n o t ( 1 ) , is based
on the p a r t i t i o n of space d u r i n g s o l i d i f i c a t i o n . From this point
of v i e w the a u s t e n i t e v o l u m e b e i n g s m a l l or l a r g e , c o n d i t i o n s t h e
e x t e n s i o n o f t h e g r o w t h of e u t e c t i c a g g r e g a t e . A n o t h e r approach a t -
t r i b u t e s e u t e c t i c s h a p e c h a n g e s to a l l o y c h e m i s t r y differences ,
particularly explaining M7C3 eutectic refinement as an
e f f e c t of c h r o m i u m content v a r i a t i o n ( 3 ) . F i n a l l y the refinement
of c u t e c t i c s t r u c t u r e is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f a s t e r c o o l i n g r a t e s ( A ) .
M o l y b d e n u m h a s b e e n e x t e n s i v e l y e m p l o y e d as a l l o y i n g clement in
h i g h c h r o m i u m w h i t e c a s t i r o n s m a i n l y in o r d e r to e n h a n c e h n r d e n a b i I i ty
w i t h o u t s u b s t a n c i a l r i s i n g o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f s t a r t of m a r t e n s ite
f o r m a t i o n t h u s a v o i d i n g l a r g e r a m o u n t s o f r e t a i n e d austenite after
quench. This accounts formany research works which have bucn
carried o u t o n t h eeffect of molybdenum o n heat treating, whereas
o n l y s c a r c e s t u d i e s a r e t o be. f o u n d i n l i t e r a t u r e dealing with
m o l y b d e n u m e f f e c t o n solidification m icro structurc o f F e - C r - C a l l o y s .
T h e m e t a l w a s p o u r e d d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e s i l i c o n c a r b i d e crucible
into the thermal analysis cups. This practice allowed adequate
p o u r i n g t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l , w h i c h w a s k e p t between 1 4 5 0 a n d 1 4 6 0 ° C
for 1 5 % C r a l l o y s a n d 1 4 8 0a n d 1 5 0 0 ° C f o r 2 0 % C r a l l o y s .
A s c o m p a r e d to z e r o m o l y b d e n u m c o n d i t i o n , a d d i t i o n s of 1,5 o r
2 , 5 % M o l e a d to s m a l l b u t s i g n i f i c a n t d e c r e a s e in a u s t e n i t e t e m -
p e r a t u r e a r r e s t for the 2 , 3 % C a l l o y . No e f f e c t of t h i s kind is
o b s e r v e d for 3% C a l l o y p r o b a b l y as a r e s u l t of the s t r o n g i n f l u
ence w h i c h s m a l l v a r i a t i o n s of b o t h the c a r b o n c o n t e n t and the
c o o l i n g r a t e e x e r t o n a u s t e n i t e t e m p e r a t u r e a r r e s t (T a ) .
S i m i l a r d i f f i c u l t i e s w e r e m e t w i t h 2 0 % c h r o m i u m alloys, although
d e c r e a s e s in a u s t e n i t e t e m p e r a t u r e a r r e s t s w i t h m o l y b d e n u m a d d i -
t i o n s a r e r e p o r t e d b y K i r k a l d i ( 6 ) f o r s t e e l s a n d by J e l l i n g h a u s (5)
for F e - C r - C - M o a l l o y s .
It m a y be c l e a r l y n o t i c e d in f i g u r e 1 a p r o g r e s s i v e reduction
of e u t e c t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a r r e s t as m o l y b d e n u m a d d i t i o n s are made
at s a m e c a r b o n l e v e l . Q u i t e s i m i l a r r e s u l t s w e r e o b t a i n e d by
M a t s u b a r a ( 7 ) : b y a d d i n g M o to 15 a n d 3 0 % c h r o m i u m a l l o y s , lie
d e t e c t e d l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s of s t a r t a n d end of eutectic solidi-
fication.
It c a n t h u s b e s t a t e d t h a t m o l y b d e n u m a d d i t i o n s u p to 2,5%
a l t e r s t h e s o l i d i f i c a t i o n p a t h o f t h e a u s t e n i t e , c h a n g i n g the F e - C r - C
t e r n a r y p h a s e d i a g r a m , t h o u g h not s e v e r e l l y r e s t r a i n i n g its use
as a t e c h n o l o g i c a l t o o l for the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of s o l i d i f i c a t i o n
p r o c e s s in c o m m e r c i a l a l l o y s .
v
Quantitative metallography: Austen itc volume fraction ( a)
and Car b i d e ' v o l u m e f r a c t i o n ("V v k ) .
F i g u r e 3 s h o w s a l s o t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f m o l y b d e n u m e n t a i l e d an
i n c r e a s e in a u s t e n i t e v o l u m e f r a c t i o n , but no s i g n i f i c a n t c h nn ye
o f ^ v a c a n b e d e t e c t e d w h e n m o l y b d e n u m a d d i t i o n i s r a i s e d from 1 , 5
t o 2 , 5 %. T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s s u g g e s t t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f c h a n g e s in
the s o l i d i f i c a t i o n p a t h s w h e n m o l y b d e n u m is a d d e d , so that the
e u t e c t i c l i n e w o u l d b e r e a c h e d o n l y w h e n a l e s s e r q u a n t i t y of liquid
would remain for the e u t e c t i c s o l i d i f i c a t i o n . A p p a r e n t l y , t h o u g h ,
some mechanism l i m i t s t h i s a u s t c n i t e p r o m o t i n g e f f e c t of molyb-
denum.
As s t a t e d in the l i t e r a t u r e ( 1 , 8 ) , the c a r b i d e v o l u m e f r a c t i o n
v k i n c r e a s e s a s c a r b o n c o n t e n t i s i n c r e a s e d , but m o l y b d e n u m a p p a r e n t l y
d o e s n o t i n f l u e n c e ^ v k ; t h e s a m e c o n c l u s i o n c a n be d r a w n by com-
p u t i n g d a t a f r o m M a r a t r a y (1) and Z u m - G a h r ( 8 ) .
A s s h o w n in T a b l e 3 a n d f i g u r e A , t h e c a r b i d e p a r t i c l e count in
t o t a l v o l u m e ( N t £ ) i n c r e a s e s w i t h c a r b o n c o n t e n t up to eutectic
c o m p o s i t i o n , b o t h in a l l o y s w i t h and w i t h o u t m o l y b d e n u m . This
f e a t u r e w a s p r e d i c t a b l e s i n c e it is a d i r e c t c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e d e -
c r e a s e of v v a as the c o m p o s i t i o n c o m e s n e a r e r the e u t e c t i c l i n e .
In o r d e r to a s c e r t a i n t h e e f f e c t s o f c a r b o n a n d m o l y b d e n u m on
the s o l i d i f i c a t i o n s t r u c t u r e s of the e u t e c t i c microconstituents
i n d e p e n d e n t l y of the a u s t e n i t e v o l u m e f r a c t i o n , the n u m b e r or car
b i d e p a r t i c l e s per u n i t l e n g t h of l i n e in the e u t e c t i c r e g i o n w a s
c o m p u t e d as
N
e£ = Nt£/(1-Vva)
When p l o t t e d a g a i n s t % C a r b o n , f i g u r e A , ^ e£ c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s
e x h i b i t a v e r y p r o n o u n c e d d e c r e a s e w h i c h , t o g e t h e r w i t h the con-
c u r r e n t d e c r e a s e o f ^ v a , r e f l e c t a c o a r s e n i n g o f t h e e u t e c t i c cajr
b i d e s . A n a n a l o g o u s b e h a v i o u r is e n c o u n t e r e d a m o n g g r e y cast i r o n s
w h e r e the v e r y b r a n c h e d u n d e r c o o l e d g r a p h i t e m o r p h o l o g i e s (types
D and E ) g i v e w a y to the c o a r s e r A t y p e w h e n c a r b o n equivalent
a p p r o a c h e s the e u t e c t i c v a l u e , o t h e r f a c t o r s as b a t h c o n d i t i o n an
cooling rate kept unchanged.
T w o f a c t o r s m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d to i n f l u e n c e t h e r e f i n i n g of
e u t e c t i c c a r b i d e s . T h e f i r s t o n e r e l a t e s to t h e p a r t i t i o n of
space among the a u s t e n i t e d e n d r i t e s and the e u t e c t i c : the more
h y p o e u t e c t i c the a l l o y , the less w i l l be the v o l u m e of liquid
r e m a i n i n g f o r e u t e c t i c s o 1 i d i f i c a t i o n ,. g i v i n g s m a l l e r eutectic
c e l l s . T h e s e c o n d f a c t o r i s a c h e m i c a l o n e : the m o r e h y p o e u tec tica
t h e a l l o y , tlic h i g h e r w i l l b e b o t h t li G e u t e c t i c a r r e s t and the
c h r o m i u m c o n t e n t of the l i q u i d at the e u t e c t i c f r e e z i n g , as may
be s e e n in f i g u r e 2. T h i s c o u l d c a u s e c a r b i d e r e f i n i n g s i n c e ,
a c c o r d i n g to M a t s u b a r a ( 7 ) , the h i g h e r the c h r o m i u m c o n t e n t of
e u t e c t i c a l l o y s , the finer will be the c a r b i d e s and the shorter
w i l l be the s o l i d i f i c a t i o n r a n g e .
2) t h i c k e r c a r b i d e s at i n c r e a s i n g d i s t a n c e s from e u t e c t i c cells'
c e n t e r s ; t h i s c o a r s e n i n g is m o r e m a r k e d f o r t h e 3 , 0 % C alloy
than for the 2,3% C o n e .
T h e i n c r e a s i n g i n t e r - c a r b i d e s p a c i n g s as t h e e u t e c t i c cell bound-
a r y is a p p r o a c h e d c a n b e e x p l a i n e d m a k i n g r e f e r e n c e t o t h e s o l i d i f i
c a t i o n s e q u e n c e of a e u t e c t i c a l l o y . S o l i d i f i c a t i o n s t a r t s witli
n u c l e a t i o n of e u t e c t i c c o l o n i e s ; as the e u t e c t i c c e l l s become
l a r g e r , the t e m p e r a t u r e and the c o m p o s i t i o n follow the eutectic
l i n e f r o m U ] t o e-^ , f i g u r e 2 . I n o t h e r w o r d s t h e e u t e c t i c s o l i d i -
f i c a t i o n w o u l d t a k e p l a c e a t d e c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s if equili-
b r i u m w e r e to b e a t t a i n e d . H o w e v e r , t h e s o l i d i f i c a t i o n actually
t a k e s p l a c e , at l e a s t p a r t i a l l y , at a c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e (the
e u t e c t i c a r r e s t ) . T h e r e f o r e the a c t u a l s o l i d i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s o c -
c u r s at g r a d u a l l y s m a l l e r u n d e r c o o l i n g s a s e u t e c t i c solidification
p r o c e e d s , a s r e p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e 6. S m a l l e r u n d e r c o o l i n g s r e d u c e
the c a r b i d e b r a n c h i n g f r e q u e n c e and, consequently inter-par-
.ticle s p a c i n g s are increased as the e u t e c t i c c e l l b o u n d a r y a d -
v a n c e s . A n o t h e r p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e o b s e r v e d i n c r e a s e in
c a r b i d e p a r t i c l e s p a c i n g s m i g h t b e tlie s o l u t e g a t h e r i n g a t l i q u i d
e u t e c t i c c e l l i n t e r f a c e , t h u s c h a n g i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n a l undercooling.
The c a r b i d e t h i c k e n i n g and the p r e s e n c e of h e x a g o n a l carbides
at cell b o u n d a r i e s a d m i t a s i m i l a r e x p l a n a t i o n . At the s t a r t of
e u t e c t i c f r e e z i n g , when higher u n d e r c o o l i n g s p r e v a i l , the driving
f o r c e i s l a r g e a: i < • u g h t o s u p p o r t t h e h i g h b r a n c h i n g f r e q u e n c y a n d
the c r e a t i o n of interfaces b e t w e e n a u s t e n i t e and car-
b i d e at the e u t e c t i c c e l l . B o t h c a r b i d e and a u s t e n i t e a d o p t then
the m o r p h o l o g y w h i c h is a d e q u a t e for f a s t g r o w t h . A f t e r w a r d s , at
l o w e r u n d e r c o o l i n g s , t h e d r i v i n g f o r c e is l e s s i n t e n s e , causing
t h e c a r b i d e s to c h a n g e tlieir s h a p e i n o r d e r to s p e n d l e s s s u r f a c e
e n e r g y . A n e v i d e n c e w h i c h c o r r o b o r a t e s tliiy e x p l a n a t i o n is the
p r e s e n c e at c e l l b o u n d a r i e s of c a r b i d e s h a v i n g h e x a g o n a l cross-sec-
t i o n , w h i c h is t h e e q u i l i b r i u m f o r m of C r 7 C 3 -
N o c l e a r d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c a r b i d e p a r t i c l e c o u n t s is noted f o r
the two d i f f e r e n t m o l y b d e n u m a d d i t i o n s (1,5 and 2 , 5 % M o ) , s u g g e s t i n g
t h e e x i s t e n c e of s o m e s o r t of l i m i t for t h i s e f f e c t of m o l y b d e n u m ,
m u c h i n t h e s a m e l i n e o f w h a t w a s s a i d a b o v e in r e l a t i o n to the
austenite volume fraction. This limiting mechanism will recur in
2 0 % c h r o m i u m a l l o y s , so t h a t , w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f t h e s e experi-
ments, V v a , e£ and c
£ a r e s e n s i t i v e to m o l y b d e n u m p r e s e n c e but
a p p a r e n t l y i n s e n s i t i v e to i t s a c t u a l c o n t e n t .
T h e w i d e n i n g of i n t e r - c a r b i d e s p a c i n g s as a r e s u l t of molybde-
n u m a d d i t i o n h a s b e e n a t t r i b u t e d by M a t s u b a r a a n d c o - w o r k e r s ( 7 ) t o
a n e n l a r g e m e n t o f t h e e u t e c t i c f r e e z i n g r a n g e c a u s e d bu this e l e m e n t .
T h i s e f f e c t i s p r o b a b l y r e l a t e d to t h e s e g r e g a t i o n o f m o l y b d e n u m to
the liquid d u r i n g f r e e z i n g .
T h e m a n n e r in w h i c h c a r b o n a n d m o l y b d e n u m a f f e c t t h e variables
m e a s u r e d is the s a m e f o r 2 0 % c h r o m i u m - as f o r 1 5 % c h r o m i u m a l l o y s .
A s c a r b o n c o n t e n t is i n c r e a s e d , a u s t e n i t e and eutecli. c a r r e s t s b e -
c o m e p r o g r e s s i v e l y l o w e r , ^ v a and N e £ d e c r e a s e , w h i l e " v k increases.
T h e e f f e c t s o f a d d i n g m o l y b d e n u m to 2 0 % c h r o m i u m a l l o y s a r e also
v e r y s i m i l a r to t h o s e o b s e r v e d f o r 1 5 % c h r o m i u m a l l o y s .
b) at a n y g i v e n c a r b o n c o n t e n t , V v a is s m a l l e r f o r 2 0 % chromium
alloys b e c a u s e these are n e a r e r the e u t e c t i c m o n o v a r i a n t l i n e .
e
c ) "*-<£ a n d t a r e l a r g e r f o r 2 0 % c h r o m i u m a l l o y s as c o n s e q u e n c e s
o f t h e s m a l l e r a u s t e n i t e v o l u m e f r a c t i o n and of t h e s h o r t e r
eutectic freezing range.
REFERENCES
(1) M A R A T R A Y , F. & U S S E C L I O - N A N O T , R. - " F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g the
s t r u c t u r e of c h r o m i u m and c h r o m i u m - m o l y b d e n u m w h i t e i r o n s " .
C l i m a x M o l y b d e n u m C o . , 1 9 7 0 , 32 p.
1300
1250
1200
2,2 2,6 3,0 3,4 3,0
%C
I•*If». I A t i s l n i i l o I n n p p r a h i i v :uul
f i l l I ' l l | C I MHpnnil III '•' i
LE
150
100
50
t (min)
Mill) -
12VI
I 2nd LLi,
2,1 .'.'• '•.«> '.'
Vvr(l,5 MO)
20 -
(1*3)
150
(Ml)
1U0
%c
1
• i •••""••—-™ ' '
Allo y « I C
TY('C)
(Cr-C-Mo)
15 - 2,3 - 0 2,25 13 21 1253
15 - 3,0 - 0 2,94, 1281 1238
15 - 3,6 - 0 3, 5 2 - 1229
IS - 2,3 - 1,5 2,21 124 6 1317
15 - 2,3 - 2,5 2,24 1240 1308
IS - 3,0 - 1,5 2,94 1232 1281
15 - 3,0 - 2,5 2,99 .12 27 1281
15 - 3,6 - 1,5 3,4 3 1224 1224
15 - 3,6 - 2,5 3,65 1217 1217
20 - 2,3 - 0 2,24 1331 1263
20 - 3,0 - 0 2,95 128 5 1254
20 - 3,6 - 0 3,44 - 1244
20 - 2,3 - 1.5 2,20 12 50 ND
20 - 2,3 - 2,5 2, 20 1243 13 21
20 - 3,0 - 1,5 3,01 1242 1266
20 - 3,0 - 2,5. 3,09 1238 1263
20 - 3,6 - 1,5 3,44 123 5 1235
20 - 3,6 - 2,5 3,55 1230. 1230
TABLE 2 - Volume fraction of austcnite and
volume fraction of carbide
A11 o y s vv o r\
>/
( C r - C - M o ;)
Allbys N I.,.
(Cr - C - Mo) \,