CDB 1064 Principles of Chemical

Engineering
L2 Process and Process Variable
Process Unit

L4 Mass Balance – Conservation of Mass

Distillation unit
Process Classification

Absorption

Mass Balance on Continuous Steady-State

Process
Input = Output
Mass Balance on Batch Process
Initial Input + Generation = Final Output +
Consumption
Degree of Freedom (DoF)

Process Variable
L5 Mass Balance for Non Reactive System
-Single Process Unit
Example 5.1
A liquid mixture of benzene (B) and
toluene (T) containing 55% B by mass is
fed continuously to a distillation column
with a feed rate of 100 kg/h. A product
stream leaving the top of the column
(overhead product) contains 85% B and a
bottom product stream contains 10.6% B
by mass. Determine the mass flow rate of
the overhead product stream and the mass
flow rate of the bottom product stream.
Perform DoF.
Example 5.2
1000 kg/hr of mixture containing equal
parts by mass of methanol and water is
distilled. Product streams leave the top and
the bottom of the distillation column. The
flow rate of the bottom stream is measured
and found to be 673 kg/hr and the
overhead stream is analysed and found to
contain 96.0 wt% methanol.
a. Draw and label a flowchart of the
process and do the degree of freedom
analysis.
b. Calculate the mass and mole fractions of
methanol and the molar flow rates of
methanol and water in the bottom product
stream.
c. Suppose the bottom product stream is
analysed and the mole fraction of methanol
is found to be significantly higher than the
value calculated in part (b), list as many
possible reasons for the discrepancy as you
can think of.
Example 5.3
A liquid mixture contains 50 wt% ethanol
(E), 10 wt% of a dissolved solute (S) and
the balance water (W). A stream of this
mixture is fed to a continuous distillation
column operating at a steady state. Two
streams emerge from the column as the top
product, P and the bottom waste Q,
respectively. The column design class for
the product streams is to have equal mass
flow rate, and for the top product stream, P
is to contain 90 wt% ethanol and no S. By
using an appropriate flowchart of the
process and performing degree of freedom
analysis, calculate the individual mass
fractions of the bottom stream, Q,
assuming the feed, F, is having a mass
flowrate of 1000 kg/h. Subsequently,
check your calculations by forming the
input and output table and determine the
efficiency of the distillation column with
respect to the ethanol recovery in the top
product, P
Example 5.4 Adsorption Unit
Wet air containing 4.0 mole% water vapor
is passed through an adsorption column
containing calcium chloride pellets. The
pellets adsorb 97.0% of the water and none
of the other constituents of the air. The
column packing was initially dry and had a
mass of 3.40 kg. Following 5.0 hours of
operation, the pellets are reweigh and
found to have a mass of 3.54 kg. Calculate
the molar flow rate (mol/h) of the feed gas
and mole fraction of water vapor in the
product gas.
Example 5.5 – Gas Absorption Unit Example 5.6
Example 5.7 Drying Example 5.8
 - Multiple Units
Unit Processes

Example 6.1
  Bypass and Recyle

Example 6.2
Example 6.3
L6 Mass Balance for Reaction System
Chemical Reaction
* Material changing from a beginning
mass (reactant) to a resulting substance
(product)
* New material/s are made, along with the
disappearance of the reactant
Fractional Conversion
* Involve generation and consumption
Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry
• Description of the quantitative
relationships among substances as they
participate in chemical reactions.
• Stoichiometric equation: statement of
the relative number of molecules or moles
of reactants and products Extent of Reaction

Limiting & Excess Reactant

Limiting: reactants that present in less than
its stoich. proportion relative to other
reactants
Limits the amount of product(s) that can
be formed
Excess: reactant that present in more than
its stoich. requirement relative to other
reactants
Fractional excess: ratio of excess to stoich.
requirement.
  L7 Performed material balance for
reaction systems-single reaction
Wet Basis
The component mole fractions of such a
gas containing water.
Dry Basis
composition excluding the water
Example 8.1

Example 8.2
  L8 Performed material balance for
reactive system with multiple
reactions
Example 8.1

Example 8.3

Example 8.2
Mass Balance for Reaction System Example 9.2
 Element Balance Approach
Example 9.1
Single Phase System Ideal Gas Mixture
Mixture Density

Example 10.1

Ideal Gas Equation of State

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

Example 10.3
Energy Balance
 Work
- Form of energy that represent a transfer
between the system and surroundings

Example

Example

 Heat (Q)
 Internal Energy (U)

 Kinetic and Potential Energy  Enthalpy (H)

Energy Balance for Closed System Example

Energy Balance for Open System

Work flow
Specific
property

Example
Heat Capacity

Example

Simple relationship :

Hypothetical Process Paths

Energy Balance – Nonreactive System Example

Example

Example
Example
Latent Heats

Example
Psychrometric Chart Determine the absolute humidity and
humid volume of air at 30oC (dry bulb)
with a hr = 30%.

Determine the specific enthalpy of

saturated air at wet-bulb temperature of
16oC

Determine the specific enthalpy of the

humid air at 35 oC and 10% relative
humidity.

For humid air at 41°C and 10 % relative

humidity, use the psychrometric chart to
estimate:
a) the absolute humidity
b) wet bulb temperature
c) Humid volume
d) Dew point
e) Specific enthalpy

Example
Determine the Twb of air at 30oC (dry bulb)
with a hr = 30%

Determine the dew point for humid air at

29oC and 20% relative humidity
Energy Balance in Reactive System
 Concept of Heat of Reaction

Example
Calculation of Heat of Reaction Method 2 : Heat of Formation
Method 1 : Hess’s Law

Example

Method 3 : Heat of Combustion

Example
Exercise
 Example

Energy Balance of Reactive Process

Method 1 : Heat of Reaction

Method 2 : Heat of Formation