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Syllabus of lectures
1. Introduction, history of steel structures, the applications and some
representative structures, production of steel
2. Steel products, material properties and testing, steel grades
3. Manufacturing of steel structures, welding, mechanical fasteners
4. Safety of structures, limit state design, codes and specifications for the
design
5. Tension, compression, buckling
6. Classification of cross sections, bending, shear, serviceability limit states
7. Buckling of webs, lateral-torsional stability, torsion, combination of
internal forces
8. Fatigue
9. Design of bolted and welded connections
10. Steel-concrete composite structures
11. Fire and corrosion resistance, protection of steel structures, life cycle
assessment
1
Connections
Welding in workshop
Bolting on site
2
Welded connections
Welds = rigid connections (no slip)
Other types exist, but these are used in other industrial applications
Groove welds
Spot welds
…many other, not typical for building industry
Fillet welds
Dimensions
a effective throat thickness of the fillet weld
L length
3
Plasticity criteria of the weld (see Structural mechanics)
Huber –Misses- Henckey plasticity criteria (HMH)
it exists in these modifications:
Tri-axial stress - x, y, z, xy, xz, yz (usually not needed)
2 3 2 II2
fu
w M 2 Stress components
┴ axial stress perpendicular to the throat
fu ┴ shear stress perpendicular to the axis of weld
M2 ║ shear stress parallel to the axis of weld
║ axial stress parallel to the axis of weld
(omitted)
M 2 1,25
4
Example 1: Two fillet welds in parallel shear
Stress components
┴ axial stress perpendicular to the throat
┴ shear stress perpendicular to the axis of weld
║ shear stress parallel to the axis of weld
║ axial stress parallel to the axis of weld
(omitted)
The side welds:
0
F
ll
2a L
Because of zero values of ┴ and ┴, the plasticity criteria is simplified to
fu
ll
3 w M 2
9
F
R R
ab 2
The plasticity criteria
fu
2 3 2
w M 2
2 2
R 2 fu fu
3 R 2R R
2 2 w M 2 2 w M 2 10
5
Example 3: Welded connection of a cantilever
Stress components from MEd e
M F e FEd
R Ed Ed
Wwe 2 1 a h 2
6
h
R M Ed
2 2 Wwe a
2a
Stress from FEd
FEd
ll
2ah
Resistance check
2 3 2 II2
fu
w M 2
11
6
Example 5: Welded connection of a gusset plate
Stress components from Fy,Ed
F M F F e F 6e
R y ,Ed Ed y ,Ed y ,Ed y ,Ed 1
Aw Ww 2 a L 2 1 a L2 2 a L L
6
M Ed FEd
R L
2 2 Wwe
e L/2
Resistance check
2 3 2 II2
fu
w M 2
13
14
7
Long welds
Longitudinal shear flow Vℓ
(calculation is based on theory of elasticity)
(usually)
15
Butt welds
V
1/2 V
Two basic types exist:
Full penetration weld U
no separate check of the weld needs to be made,
resistance is the same as the section
Types of the butt welds
Partial penetration weld
resistance is evaluated in similar way as for the fillet welds
16
8
Scope of the lecture
Welded connections
Bolted connections
Distribution of forces among fasteners
Connections in the structures
Hybrid connections
17
Nuts
Types
Standard (height m is approx. 0,8 d)
High (1,2 up to 2 d)
used for bolts loaded by significant tension
Low (0,4 d)
for securing bolts - to avoid the bolts get loose
19
9
Washers
Washer is used on the part which rotate during bolt assembling (head or nut)
Purpose:
to distribute the pressure evenly on the connected part
to avoid surface damage during bolt rotation
Types:
Standard washers
Standard but hardened for slip-resistant connections (see later)
Standard washers
Wedge washers for connection to flanges of I sections
Wedge washers
Using of wedge (taper) washers
20
Bolted connections
Connection types according to behaviour:
Normal (bearing type)
Slip-resistant = friction type (with preloaded bolts)
21
10
Bolts loaded in shear
Category A:
standard (no preloaded bolts)
should be checked for the resistance in:
shear
bearing
Category B
preloaded bolts, slip in the connection is allowed at ULS but not at SLS
at SLS, it should be checked for the resistance in:
slip
bearing
at ULS, it should be checked for the resistance in:
shear
bearing
Category C:
preloaded bolts, slip in the connection is not allowed at all
it should be checked for the resistance in:
slip
bearing
22
Shear resistance
Shear plane is passing through unthreaded part of the bolt
0 ,6 A f ub
Fv ,Rd i
M2
0 ,5 As f ub
Fv ,Rd i for bolt grades 4.8, 5.8, 10.9
M2
0,6 As f ub
Fv ,Rd i for other bolt grades
M2
d2
A full area of the bolt, A
4
As stress area of the bolt, see the tables
fub ultimate strength of the bolt
i number of the shear planes 23
11
Bearing resistance
k1 b d t f u
Fb ,Rd
M2
24
Slip resistance
Slip resistance
k n
Fs ,Rd s Fp .C
M3
Required preloading force
Fp ,C 0 ,7 As f ub
12
Slip resistance - bolt tightening techniques
Three methods of control of the preloading force are used
Turn of the nut method (the most common, cheap and reliable method)
the nut is first snug-tight and then rotated by additional 1/3, 1/2 or 3/4 turn
(depending on the bolt length)
The bolt load is indicated by measurable change The bolt has a protruding nib, the tightening
in gap between the bolt head and material is continued until the nib is sheared off
13
Bolts in tension
28
0 ,9 As f ub
Ft ,Rd
M2
29
14
Bolts in tension – Prying of bolts
contact force
Q
bolt force
F+Q
load
F
Equilibrium equation
showing the increased bolt force
because of prying of the bolts
32
15
Distribution of forces among the fasteners
Lap joint – short connection
The bolt forces are considered to be equal
F F
Average
Average
33
Lj
F F
Lj Lj
The design shear resistance of all the bolts Fv,Rd should be multiplied by
reduction factor βLf when the length Lj is more than 15 d
βLf
L j 15 d
Lf 1 1,00
200 d
but 0,75
0,50
0,75 Lf 1
0,25
0,00
15 d 65 d Lj
34
16
Distribution of forces among the fasteners
F F
force in web
Aweb
Fweb F
2 A flange Aweb
35
elastic plastic
Elastic calculation
One solution, based on equilibrium equation and compatibility equations
Can always be used (no limitations)
Plastic calculation
More possibilities of force distribution
Rule: the bolts near the centre of rotation are considered to resist the shear
force, the bolt far from the centre resist the bending moment
Certain criteria should be met to use plastic distribution (sufficient ductility)
36
17
Distribution of forces on rigid end plate connection
elastic plastic
38
18
Connections at the structure
A C
A
B
A A
D D
19
Bending stiffness of joints
Rigid joint Hinge Semi rigid joint
Design simplification
In reality, rigid joints and hinges do not exist but all joints are semi-rigid
Precise evaluation of joint stiffness is complicated
In most cases, simplified assumption is taken into account:
Almost rigid joint is considered as rigid joint
Joint with small stiffness and bending resistance (almost hinge) is
considered as simple joint
41
M
Rigid joint
S
j.ini
Moment-rotation curve
42
20
Influence of stiffness on moment distribution
43
Simple connections
Perfect hinge would be very difficult and expensive to manufacture (it is
only designed in rare situations for complicated structures - bridges, etc.)
44
21
End plate beam to column connection
Column Column
Packing
Simple connection
Only negative tolerance of beam length is allowed, the packing plate is used to
compensate it
Thin plate should be used (8 or 10 mm)
Sufficient horizontal bolt spacing should be designed to ensure the rotational capacity
Beam flange must not be connected to the plate
The rotation is allowed by deformation of the end plate
45
Simple connection
Only negative tolerance of beam length is allowed, the packing plate is used to
compensate it
Thin plate should be used (8 or 10 mm)
Sufficient horizontal bolt spacing should be designed to ensure the rotational capacity
Beam flange must not be connected to the plate
The rotation is allowed by deformation of the end plate
46
22
Web cleated beam to column connection
Column Column
Beam Beam
Pair of angles
Simple connection
Gap should remain between the beam and the column to allow the rotation
The rotation is allowed by deformation of the angles and by slip of the bolts
47
10 mm
Simple connection
The rotation is allowed by deformation of the angles and by slip of the bolts
48
23
Fin plate beam to column connection
Column Column
Connected beam Connected beam
Simple connection
Gap should remain between the beam and the column to allow the rotation
The rotation is allowed by slip of the bolts
49
52
24
Hybrid Connections
Welds and bolts are combined together
Equal stiffness is required
only slip-resistant bolts and welds are allowed to combine
Not frequently used
butt welds
bolted connection
butt welds
53
54
25