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(ii) Molar heat capacity at constant pressure (CP) : It is defined as the heat required to raise the temperature by
1 K of 1 mole of gas at constant pressure. Mathematically
(dQ) P
CP (dQ) P nC P dT
ndT
Here (dQ)P is the required heat for this process i.e. for isobaric process to raise the temperature by dT
on n moles of gas.
Remember the following points :
(i) CP is always greater than CV
(ii) CP – CV = R for ideal gas
CP
(iii) The ratio is known as adiabatic exponent ()
CV
R R
(iv) CV and C P
1 1
f f 2
(v) In terms of degree of freedom (f) C V R, C P 1 R and 1
2 2 f
n1C V1 n 2 C V2 n 3C V3 ....
(vi) CV for mixture of gases CV
n1 n 2 n 3
n n n
(vii) for mixture of gases 1 2 .... Here n = n1 + n2 + n3 + ....
1 1 1 2 1
m1 m 2 .... m1 m 2
(viii) Molecular weight of mixture of gases ....
M M1 M 2
Practice Problems :
1. Find the molar heat capacity for the following process performed on ideal monoatomic gas :
(i) P = KV2 (ii) P2V =K (iii) PT = K (iv) PV = K (v) VT = K (vi) V = KT where P, V and T are pressure
volume and temperature of gas and K is a constant quantity.
2. Find the adiabatic exponent and molar mass of the following gaseous mixture :
(i) 1 mol. of O2 mixed with 2 moles of He
(ii) 1 mol. of He mixed with 2 moles of H2
V2 P
U = 0, Q = W = nRT ln nRT ln 1 nRT ln 1 .
V1 2 P2
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(iv) Adiabatic Process
PV = constant, TV – 1 = constant, P1 – T = constant.
nR 1
For this process Q = 0, U (T2 T1 ) (P2 V2 P1V1 ) and W = –U
1 1
(v) Cyclic Process
There is process in which, after certain interchanges of heat and work, the system is restored to its initial
state, named as cyclic process. In this case U = 0 and Q = W
(vi) Free expansions
These are adiabatic process in which no transfer of heat occurs between the system and its environment and
no work is done on or by the system. Thus, Q = W = 0 and hence from the first law thermodynamics U =
0.
Practice Problems :
1. A monatomic gas ( = 5/3) is suddenly compressed to (1/8) of its initial volume adiabatically, then the
pressure of the gas will change to :
(a) 24/5 (b) 8 (c) 40/3 (d) 32
2. In an adiabatic change, the pressure P and temperature T of a diatomic gas are related by the
relation P TC where c equals
(a) 5/3 (b) 2/5 (c) 3/5 (d) 7/2
3. One mole of an ideal gas requires 207 J heat to raise the temperature by 10 K when heated at
constant pressure. If the same gas is heated at constant volume to raise the temperature by the same
10 K, the heat required is : [R = 8.3 J/mol K]
(a) 198.7 J (b) 29 J (c) 215.3 J (d) 124 J
4. The following cyclic process is performed on one mole of monoatomic gas.
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6. The following cyclic process is performed on one mole of diatomic gas.
Wnet
Qin
where Wnet is the net work done by the cycle, and Qin is total heat input of the cycle.
Practice Problems :
1. Following cyclic process is performed on one mole of monoatomic gas.
C16 Carnot Cycle : This cycle consists of four processes given in the figure : (i) AB is isothermal expansion at
temperature T1 (ii) BC is adiabatic expansion (iii) CD is isothermal compression at temperature T2 (iv) DA
is adiabatic compression.
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The efficiency of the cycle is 1 – T2/T1, where T2 < T1.
Practice Problems :
1. A Carnot engine working between 300 K and 600 K has a work output of 800 J per cycle. The
amount of heat energy supplied to the engine from the source in each cycle is
(a) 800 J (b) 1600 J (c) 3500 J (d) 6400 J
[Answers : (1) b]
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There is particular wavelength m at which the intensity of emitted heat radiation is maximum, this wave
length is relates with the temperature of the black body using the following law mT = b = constant. This
law is known as Wien’s Displacement law. Here b is known as Wien’s constant having value 0.29 cm-K.
Practice Problems :
1. The intensity of radiation emitted by the Sun has its maximum value at a wavelength of 510 nm and
that emitted by the North Star has the maximum value at 350 nm. If these stars behave like black
bodies, then the ratio of the surface temperature of the Sun and the North Star is
(a) 1.46 (b) 0.69 (c) 1.21 (d) 0.83
2. The plots of intensity versus wavelength for three black bodies at temperatures T1, T2 and T3
respectively are as shown in figure. Their temperature are such that
(a) T1 > T2 > T3 (b) T1 > T3 > T2 (c) T2 > T3 > T1 (d) T3 > T2 > T1
[Answers : (1) b (2) b]
dQ
eA(T 4 T04 )
dt
As dQ = msdT then the rate of cooling if T > T0
dT eA 4
(T T04 )
dt ms
dQ dT eA 4
If T0 = 0 or T > > T0 then eT 4 and T
dt dt ms
Newton’s Law of Cooling
When the temperature difference between the body and is surrounding is not very large, i.e. T – T0 = T is
dT
small then the rate of cooling is given by k (T T0 ) . This law is known as Newton’s Law of
dt
Cooling which is derived from Stefan’s Law. There is another way to express the Newton’s Law Cooling
T1 T2 T1 T2
t K 2 T0
Here T1 : Initial temperature of the body, T2 : Temperature of the body after time t
T0 : Surrounding temperature, K : A constant
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Practice Problems :
1. A spherical black body with a radius of 12 cm radiates 450 W power at 500 K. If the radius were
halved and the temperature doubled, the power radiates in watt would be
(a) 225 (b) 450 (c) 900 (d) 1800
2. A sphere, a cube and a thin circular plate all made of the same mass and finish are heated to a
temperature of 2000C; which of these objects will cool slowest when left in air at room temperature
(a) The sphere (b) The cube
(c) The circular plate (d) All will cool at the same rate
3. A ball A has twice the diameter as another ball B of the same material and with same surface finish.
A and B are both heated to the same temperature and allowed to cool radiatively; then
(a) Rate of cooling of A is same as that of B
(b) Rate of cooling of A is twice that of B
(c) Rate of cooling of A is half that of B
(d) Rate of cooling of A is four times that of B
4. The temperature of a body is increased from 270C to 1270C. The radiation emitted by it increases by
a factor of
(a) (256/81) (b) (15/9) (c) (4/3) (d) (12/27)
5. A liquid cools in 6 minutes from 80 C to 60 C. Take the temperature of surrounding to be 300C and
0 0
assume that Newton’s law of cooling is applicable throughout the process. Its temperature after 10
minutes is
(a) 48.20C (b) 42.80C (c) 37.50C (d) 32.50C
[Answers : (1) d (2) a (3) c (4) a (5) b]
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1. A thin tube of uniform cross section sealed at one (a) 4mA = 9mB (b) 2mA = 3mB
end and other end is closed by a mercury column (c) 3mA = 2mB (d) 9mA = 4mB
of length 5 cm. The tube contains oxygen and lies 6. If the indicator diagram for expansion of a gas is as
horizontally. In this position the length of the shown in figure, the gas
oxygen column is 45 cm. Now the tube is suddenly
rotated such that the angle with the vertical is 600.
The new length of the oxygen column is
(a) 44 cm (b) 43 cm
(c) 46 cm (d) none
2.
1 dQ R1
(b) ln
(3l )K dt R 2
1 dQ R 2
(c) ln
(2l )K dt R1
(a) (P2 P1 )(V2 V1 )
4 1 dQ R 2
(d) ln
(4l )K dt R1
(b) (P2 P1 )(V2 V1 )
4 17. A source of power P is placed at the centre of a
spherical shell of coefficient of thermal
conductivity k with inner radius r 1 and outer
(c) (P2 P1 )(V2 V1 )
4 radius r2. The temperature difference between
inner surface and outer surface is
(d) (P2 P1 )(V2 V1 ) 2 2
P(r2 r1 )
4 P(r1 r2 )
(a) (b)
13. For the thermodynamic processes shown in figure, 4kr1r2 4kr1r2
440 J of work are performed by the system along
the diagonal path AC and 320 J of work are done P(r2 r1 ) P(r1 r2 )
by the system along the path ADC. The work does (c) (d)
6kr1r2 4kr1r2
the system do along the path ABC is
18. A parallel beam of nitrogen molecules moving with
velocity v impinges on a wall at an angle to its
normal. The concentration of molecules in the beam
n. The pressure exerted by the beam on the wall
assuming the molecules to scatter in accordance
with the perfectly elastic collision law
(a) 2nmv2cos (b) 2nmv2cos2
(a) 320 J (b) 440 J (c) 2nmv2sin (d) 2nmv2sin2
(c) 560 J (d) 120 J 19. On a cold water winter day, the atmospheric
14. An ideal gas is taken through a cyclic temperature is – (on Celsius scale) which is below
thermodynamic process through four steps. The 00C. A cylindrical drum of height h made of a bad
amount of heat involves in these steps are conductor is completely filled with water at 00C and
Q 1 = 5960J, Q 2 = –5585J, Q 3 = –2980J and is kept outside without any lid. Thermal
Q 4 = 3645J respectively. The corresponding conductivity of ice is K and its latent heat of fusion
quantities of work involved are W 1 = 2200 J, is L. Neglect expansion of water on freezing. The
W2 = –825J, W3 = –1100 J, and W4 respectively. time taken for the whole mass of water to freeze is
The value of W4 is
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25. If 70 calorie of heat is required to raise the
Lh 2 Lh 2 temperature of 2 mole of an ideal gas at constant
(a) (b)
2K 3K pressure from 30 to 350C, the change in internal
energy is
Lh 2 Lh 2 (a) 40 cal. (b) 60 cal.
(c) (d)
4K 5K (c) 20 cal (d) 50 cal.
20. Three rods made of the same material and having 26. The internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is 1.5
the same cross-section have been joined as shown nRT. One mole of helium is kept in a cylinder of
in the figure. Each rod is of the same length. The cross-section 8.5 cm2. The cylinder is closed by a
left and right ends are kept 0 0 C and 90 0 C light frictionless piston. The gas is heated slowly in
respectively. The temperature of the junction of the a process during which a total of 42 J heat is given
three rods will be to the gas. If the temperature rises through 20C.
The distance moved by the piston is
(a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm
(c) 25 cm (d) 30 cm
27. Three rods of same length l and cross-sectional area
A are joined in series between two heat reservoirs
(a) 450C (b) 600C having temperatures 100 0 C and 0 0 C. Their
(c) 300C (d) 200C conductivities are 2K, K and K/2 respectively.
21. A thermodynamics process, PT = , is performed Assuming that the conductors are lagged from the
on a system, containing one mole of ideal gas. Here surroundings the ratio of temperature at the
is constant. The work performed if the junction in the steady state condition is
temperature changes from T0 to 2T0 is (a) 3:2 (b) 3:1
(a) 2RT0 (b) RT0 (c) 4:3 (d) 4:1
(c) RT0/2 (d) 3/2 RT0 28. The volume of one mole of an ideal gas with the
22. An ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent is expanded adiabatic exponent is varied according to the law
according to the law P = V, where is constant. , where is a constant. The amount of heat
The initial volume of the gas is V0. As a result of V
T
expansion the volume becomes V0. The increment required by the gas in this process if the gas
of the internal energy of the gas is temperature increased by T is
2
(a) ( 2 1)V02 (b) ( 2 1)V02 RT( 2 ) RT( 2 )
1 1 (a) (b)
( 1) ( 1)
(c) (2 1)V02 (d) none RT( 2 ) RT( 2 )
2( 1) (c) (d)
( 1) ( 1)
23. Two ideal gases of number of moles n1 and n2, and
temperatures T1 and T2 respectively are mixed. 29. An ice cube of mass 0.1 kg of 00C is placed in an
There is no loss of energy. Assume only translation isolated container which is at 2270C. The specific
kinetic energy of the molecules. The final heat S of the container varies with temperature T
temperature of the mixture is according to the relation S = A + BT, where
A = 100 cal/kg-K and B = 2 × 10–2 cal/kg-K2. If the
n1 T2 n 2 T1 n1 T1 n 2 T2 final temperature of the container is 270C, the mass
(a) n1 n 2 (b) 2(n 1 n 2 ) of the container is (Lf = 8 × 104 cal/kg) specific heat
of water = 103cal/kg-K).
n1 T2 n 2 T1 n1 T1 n 2 T2 (a) 0.395 kg (b) 0.495 kg
(c) 2(n 1 n 2 ) (d) n1 n 2
(c) 0.595 kg (d) 0.695 kg
24. Three moles of an ideal gas at 300 K are 30. A vessel of volume V contains mass m of nitrogen
isothermally expanded to five times its initial (molecular weight = M) at a temperature T. If %
volume and heated at this constant volume so that of gas molecules are dissociated into atoms at this
the pressure is raised to its initial value before temperature then the gas pressure is
expansion. In the whole process 83.14 kJ heat is
required. The ratio (CP/CV) of the gas is
(a) 1.42 (b) 1.65
(c) 1.55 (d) 1.32
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(1 )mRT (1 )mRT
37. An oxygen cylinder of volume 30 litres has an
(a) (b) initial gauge pressure of 15 atm and a temperature
MV MV
of 270C. After some oxygen is withdrawn from the
( 2 )mRT ( 2 )mRT cylinder, the gauge pressure drops to 11 atm and
(c) (d) its temperature drops to 170C. The mass of oxygen
MV MV
taken out of the cylinder is
31. A thermally insulated vessel with gaseous nitrogen
(a) 10 g (b) 20 g
at a temperature t = 27 0C moves with velocity
v = 100 m/s. The percentage change in gas pressure (c) 25 g (d) none
change on a sudden stoppage of the vessel is 38.
(a) 0.15% (b) 1.25%
(c) 2.2% (d) 3%
32. The mass m = 15 g of nitrogen is enclosed in a
vessel at a temperature T = 300 K. The amount of
heat has to be transferred to the gas to increase the
root mean square velocity of its molecules = 2.0
times is
Figure shows the variation in the internal energy U
(a) 5 kJ (b) 10 kJ with the volume V of 2.0 mole of an ideal gas in a
(c) 15 kJ (d) 20 kJ cyclic process abcda. The temperature of the gas at
33. A pendulum clock with a pendulum made of Invar b and c are 500 K and 300 K respectively. The heat
( = 0.7 × 10–6/C0) has a period of 0.5 s and is absorbed by the gas during the process is
accurate at 250C. If the clock is used in a country (a) 1700 J (b) 1900 J
where the temperature averages 35 0 C, the (c) 2100 J (d) 2300 J
necessary correction is made at the end of the month
39. For the above cyclic process (previous problem),
(30 days) to the time given by the clock is
the pressure density diagram is represented by
(a) 9.1 s (b) 11 s
(c) 13.5 s (d) 21.7 s
34. An earthen pitcher loses 1 gm of water per minute (a) (b)
due to evaporation. The water equivalent of pitcher
is 0.5 kg and the pitcher contains 9.5 kg of water.
Neglect radiation effects. Latent heat of
vaporisation of water in this range of temperature
is 580 cal/gm and specific heat of water is 1 k cal/kg (c) (d) none
C0. The time required for the water in the pitcher
to cool from 300C to 280C is
(a) 27.8 min. (b) 34.5 min. 40. One gm mole of oxygen at 270C and 1 atmospheric
(c) 37.6 min. (d) 45.2 min. pressure is enclosed in a vessel. Assuming the
molecules are moving with v rms, the number of
35. An electrically heating coil was placed in a
collisions per sec, which the molecules make with
calorimeter containing 360 gm of water at 100C. The
one square metre area of the vessel wall is
coil consumes energy at the rate of 90 watt. The
water equivalent of the calorimeter and the coil is (a) 1.965 × 1027 (b) 1.965 × 1026
40 gm. The temperature of the water after (a) 1.965 × 1025 (d) 1.965 × 1024
10 minutes is
41.
(a) 37.30C (b) 40.40C
(c) 42.140C (d) 45.320C
36. In an industrial process 10 kg of water per hour is
to be heated from 200C to 800C. To do this, steam at
1500C is passed from a boiler into a copper coil
immersed in water. The steam condenses in the coil Consider the cyclic process ABCA, shown in figure
and is returned to the boiler as water at 900C. The performed on a sample of 2.0 mole of an ideal gas.
mass of steam required per hour is A total of 1200 J of heat is withdrawn from the
(a) 0.5 kg (b) 0.75 kg sample in the process. The work done by the gas
(c) 1 kg (d) 1.25 kg during the part BC is
(a) –4715 J (b) –4253 J
(c) –3790 J (d) –4520 J
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42. At very low temperature, the molar heat capacity 44. A metal of mass 1 kg at constant atmospheric
of rock salt varies with temperature according to pressure and at initial temperature 200C is given a
C = k(T/ D ) 3 with k = 2000 (J/mol K) and heat of 20000 J. Use the following data :
D = 300 K. The average molar heat capacity of rock Specific heat 400 J/kg 0C, coefficient of cubical
salt in the temperature range 10K to 50K is expansion, = 9 × 10–5/0C, density = 9000 kg/m3,
(a) 9.26 J/mol.K (b) 2.9 J/mol.K atmospheric pressure = 105N/m2.
(c) 2.2 J/mol.K (d) 7.2 J/mol.K The change in internal energy of the metal is
43. Consider two parallel bars of different metals, (a) 19999.95 J (b) 19999.96 J
having linear expansion coefficients , and (c) 20000 J (d) none
fastened together so as to keep them at a fixed 45. A long wire of length L, radius R, young’s modulus
distance d apart. A change of temperature will cause Y, density and specific heat s is suspended
their bending into two circular arcs. The mean vertically from a rigid support, carrying a block of
radius of the curvature is large mass M. Consider the extension due to the
weight of the block only. If the block gets snapped
2d d
(a) (b) then the change in temperature of the wire is
( )T ( )T
M2g 2 M2g 2
d 2d (a) (b)
(c) (d) 22r 4Ys 2r4Ys
2( )T 3( )T
2M2g2
(c) (d) none
2r 4Ys
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6. The final temperature of the gas is For the above problems (5-10) take the following
(a) 600 K (b) 700 K assumptions where ever it requries :
(c) 800 K (d) 900 K The cylinder and the piston are thermally insulated.
The piston is massless and there is no friction
7. The heat capacity for the process performed is between the piston and the cylinder. Neglect heat
(a) 1.24 J/K (b) 1.34 J/K loss through the lead wires of the heater. The heat
(c) 1.44 J/K (d) 1.54 J/K capacity of the heater coil is negligible. Assume the
spring is massless.
8. Heater is removed and the system is restored to its
original equilibrium position, where the spring is Comprehension-3
relaxed. Now the piston is disturbed by a very
amount and released such that it performs SHM.
The time period of SHM of the piston is if the mass
of the piston is 0.25 kg
(a) 5s (b) 25 s
(c) 75 s (d) none
9.
One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is taken around
the cyclic process ABCA as shown in the figure.
11. The work done by the gas is
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The bulk modulus of elasticity for isothermal
process and adiabatic process performed on ideal
gas is shown in figure which is changing with
pressure of the gas. Ideal gases are taken He, O2
(c)
and mixture of one mole of He and two moles of O2.
One of the graph is for isothermal process and other
three graphs for adiabatic process performed on
(d) none different gases or mixture of gases given in the
15. The maximum temperature attained by the gas problem.
during the cycle is 20. Which graph must be for the isothermal process ?
3P0 V0 4P0 V0 (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d) 4
R R
21. Which graph must be for the adiabatic process
17 P0 V0 25 P0 V0 performed on mixture of gases ?
(c) (d)
5 R 8 R
(a) 1 (b) 2
16. The molar heat capacity in the process BC is (c) 3 (d) 4
R R 22. The ratio of bulk modulus of elasticity
(a) J / molK (b) J / molK corresponding to the graph 1, 2, 3 and 4 is
4 4
R R 5 19 7 19 5 7
J / molK J / molK (a) : : :1 (b) : : :1
(c) (d) 3 13 5 13 3 5
2 2
17. The compressibility in the process BC is 7 5 19 7 5 19
(c) : : :1 (d) 1: : :
(a) directily proportional to volume of the 5 3 13 5 3 13
gas Comprehension-5
(b) inversely proportional to volume of the During saviour winter in the low temperature zones
gas of the world, the superficial parts of the lakes are
(c) directily proportional to pressure of the frozen, leaving water below. Consider that the
gas atmospheric temperature is –100C.
(d) inversely proportional to pressure of the Density of water = 1000kg/m3, latent heat of fusion
gas of ice = 3.36 × 105 J/kg and thermal conductivity of
18. The bulk modulus of elasticity of the gas when the ice = 1.7 W.m- 0 C. Thermal conductivity of
gas will attained maximum temperature is water = 0.50W/m-0C. Assume that the temperature
of entire water reaches 00C before the ice starts
(a) 1.5 P0 (b) 2.5 P0 forming.
(c) 3.5 P0 (d) 4.5 P0 23. Consider at any moment the thickness of ice formed
19. The thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle is is y then the rate of increase of thickness of ice is
directly proportional to time ‘t’
1 2
(a) (b) (a) constant (b) t
7 7
(c) 1/t (d) none
3 4 24. The time taken to increase the thickness by same
(c) (d)
7 7 amount is t1, t2, t3 .... so on respectively then these
Comprehension-4 times are in
(a) A.P. (b) G.P.
(c) H.P. (d) none
25. Assume that the temperature of the water at the
bottom of the lake remains constant at 40C as the
ice forms on the surface (the heat required to
maintain the temperature of the bottom layer may
come from the bed of the lake). The depth of the
lakes is 1.0 m. It is found that the thickness of the
ice formed attains a steady state maximum value.
The maximum thickness of ice formed is
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(a) 69 cm (b) 79 cm Comprehension-7
(c) 82 cm (d) 89 cm A rod of negligible heat capacity has length 20 cm,
Comprehension-6 cross-sectional area 1sq.cm and thermal
conductivity 200 SI unit. The one end of the rod is
Convection requires a medium and is the process placed in a ice container which contains 5.36 g ice
in which heat is transferred from one place to the at 00C. The temperature of other end of the rod
other by the actual movement of heated substance increases from 00C to 600C linearly with time and
(usually fluid). It is found that rate of heat maintains at the temperature of 600C. The other
convection from an object is proportional to the end of the rod will attain the temperature of 600C
temperature difference () between the object and at 10 minutes. Neglect the heat capacity of the ice
convective fluid and the contact area A, i.e., container.
dQ 31. The time at which ice will completely melt
dt hA
convection (a) 5 minutes (b) 8 minutes
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Matching-4
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Matching-14 Matching-16
Column - A Column - B Column - A Column - B
2
(A) Solar constant (p) W/m (A) Variation of temperature (p) constant
(B) Stefan’s constant (q) W/m K 2 4 gradient with distance
in a rod of constant
(C) Coefficient of thermal (r) W/mK thermal conductivity
conductivity with longitudinal heat
(D) Planck’s constant (s) J-s flow at steady state
Matching-15 (B) Variation of temperature (q) hyperbolic
Column - A Column - B gradient with distance
in a cylindrical shell of
L constant thermal
(A) Thermal resistance of (p)
Kab conductivity with radial
heat flow at steady state
(C) Variation of temperature (r) rectangular
gradient with distance hyperbola
in a spherical shell of
constant thermal
conductivity with radial
heat flow at steady state
(D) Variation of temperature (s) none
L
(B) Thermal resistance of (q) gradient with distance
K ( b 2 a 2 ) in a frustum of
constant thermal
conductivity with
longitudinal heat flow
at steady state
Matching-17
Column - A Column - B
(A) Heat (p) [ML2T–2]
1 b
(C) Thermal resistance of (r) ln (B) Specific-heat (q) [L2T–2–1]
2KL a
(C) Latent heat (r) [L2T–2]
(D) Water-equivalent (s) [M]
MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE
1.
ba
(D) Thermal resistance of (s)
4Kab
One mole of monoatomic ideal gas is going through
the process shown in figure. The volume increased
from V1 to V2 and this line has the slope . Choose
the correct statement :
(a) The change in internal energy is
3
R( V2 V1 )
2
(b) The molar heat capacity of this process
is constant
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(c) The molar heat capacity of this process 6. Two conductors A and B are connected in parallel
depends on volume of the gas as shown in figure.
(d) The work done in the process is
V2
R( V2 V1 ) RT0 ln
V1
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9. For an ideal gas : (c) the molar heat capacity at constant
(a) The change in internal energy in a f
constant pressure process from pressure is R R
2
temperature T1 to T2 = nCV(T2 – T1) where
CV is the molar specific heat at constant (d) difference of molar heat capacity at
volume and n the number of moles of the constant pressure and at constant volume
gas. is independent of f
(b) The change in internal energy of the gas 13. A blackbody is at a temperature of 2800 K. The
and the work done by the gas are equal energy of radiation emitted by this object with
in magnitude in an adiabatic process. wavelength between 499 nm and 500 nm is U1,
(c) The internal energy does not change in between 999 nm and 1000 nm is U2 and between
isothermal process. 1499 nm and 1500 nm is U3. The Wien constant
b = 2.88 × 106 nm K. Then
(d) In isochoric process, work done and
change in internal energy are equal (a) U3 > U 1 (b) U3 = 0
(c) U2 > U 3 (d) U2 > U1
10. Let v , vrms and vP respectively denote the mean
speed, root mean square speed, and most probable 14. Two bodies A and B have thermal emissivities of
speed of the molecules in an ideal monatomic gas 0.01 and 0.81 respectively. The outer surface areas
at absolute temperature T. The mass of a molecule of the two bodies are equal. The two bodies emit
is m. Then : total radiant power at the same rate. The
wavelength B corresponding to maximum spectral
(a) no molecule can have a speed greater radiancy in the radiation from B is shifted from
than 2v rms . the wavelength corresponding to maximum
spectral radiancy in the radiation from A, by 1.00
(b) the average kinetic energy of a molecule
µm. If the temperature of A is 5802 K
is ¾ mvp2
(a) The temperature of B is 1934 K
(c) v P v v rms (b) B = 1.5 µm
(d) all the above speed remains constant if (c) The temperature of B is 1160 K
pressure will change but the temperature
(d) The temperature of B is 2901 K
remains constant.
15. Consider a polytropic process PV = constant is
11. When m gm of water at 100C is mixed with m gm of
perform on an ideal gas (adiabatic exponent ). In
ice at 00C, which of the following statements are
this process the change in temperature is T. Let
false
the work done, change in internal energy, amount
(a) The temperature of the system will be of heat and molar heat capacity are given by W,
given by the equation U, Q and CM respectively. Choose the correct
m × 80 + m × 1 × (T – 0) = m × 1 × (10 – T) option
(b) Whole of ice will melt and temperature nR
will be more than 00C but lesser than (a) W T
1
100C
(c) Whole of ice will melt and temperature nR
(b) U T
will be 00C 1
(d) all are incorrect
12. If the degrees of freedom for the gas is f then choose 1 1
(c) Q nRT
the correct statement 1 1
(a) the adiabatic exponent of the gas is
1 1
2 (d) C M R
1 1 1
f
(b) the molar heat capacity at constant
f
volume is R
2
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16. 19.
In the P-V diagram shown in figure, the process I The plots of intensity versus wavelength for three
is performed on one mole of monoatomic gas, black bodies at temperatures T 1 , T 2 and T 3
process II is performed on two moles of diatomic respectively are as shown in figure. One body is sun,
gas and process III is performed on three moles of other is human body and third is mercury lamp.
monoatomic gas. Let the change in internal energy, Choose the correct statement
work done and amount of heat in the I, II and III.
Processes are U1, W1 and Q1, U2, W2 and Q2 and (a) First graph is for sun
U 3 , W 3 and Q 3 respectively. Which of the (b) Second graph is for mercury lamp
following must be correct (c) Third graph is for human body
(a) W1 > W2 > W3 (d) Can’t be predicted as the data is
(b) Q1 > Q2 > Q3 insufficient
(c) U1 = U2 = U3 20. In a vessel of negligible water equivalent, 0.05 kg
(d) U1 = U3 < U2 steam at 1000C and 0.45 kg of ice at 00C are mixed.
Use the following data :
17. Lfusion = 80 cal/g
Lvaporization = 540 cal/g
Sice = 0.5 cal/gK
Swater = 1 cal/gK
(a) The final temperature is 00C
Two bodies of equal mass m are heated at a (b) The final temperature is 1000C
uniform rate under identical conditions. Their (c) The total mass of water in the mixture is
change in temperature are shown graphically in < 0.5 kg
figure. Then (d) The total mass of water in the mixture is
(a) The ratio of their latent heat of fusion is 0.5 kg
3:4 Assertion-Reason Type
(b) The melting point of the substance I is Each question contains STATEMENT-1 (Assertion)
400C and STATEMENT-2 (Reason). Each question has
(c) The melting point of the substance II is 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY
600C ONE is correct.
(d) The ratio of their specific heat is 1 : 3 (A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
when they are solid Statement-2 is a correct explanation
18. A solid copper sphere (density and specific for Statement-1
heat c) of radius r at an initial temperature 200 K is (B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
suspended inside a chamber of infinite heat Statement-2 is NOT a correct
capacity whose walls are at almost 0 K. The time explanation for Statement-1
required for the temperature of the sphere to drop (C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
to 100 K
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
(a) inversely proportional to density of
sphere
(b) directly proportional radius of the sphere
(c) directly proportional to specific heat
capacity
(d) inversely proportional to square of the
radius of sphere
Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
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1. STATEMENT-1 : A sphere, a cube and a thin 8. STATEMENT-1 : The earth without its atmosphere
circular plate all made of the same mass and finish would be inhospitably cold.
are heated to a temperature of 2000C. Sphere will STATEMENT-2 : The lower layer of earth
cool slowest when left in air at room temperature. atmosphere reflect infrared radiations from earth
All objects are made of the same material. back to the surface of the earth.
STATEMENT-2 : According to Stefan’s Boldzmann 9. STATEMENT-1 : An ink dot on cup of porcelain
law, rate of cooling is directly proportional to appears dark. When the same cup is heated to a
surface area for the same mass and same material. high temperature, the dot becomes brighter than
For the given mass sphere has the minimum the rest of the cup.
surface area.
STATEMENT-2 : Ink dot is a better absorber then
2. STATEMENT-1 : A ball A has twice the diameter porcelain and hence a good absorber is a good
as another ball B of the same material and with radiator.
same surface finish. A and B are both heated to the
same temperature and allowed to cool radiatively; 10. STATEMENT-1 : Newton’s law of cooling is not
then rate of cooling of A is same as that of B. applicable at all temperature difference between the
system and the surrounding.
STATEMENT-2 : A black body emits radiation of
all wavelengths. STATEMENT-2 : This law is derived from Stefan’s
Boltzmann law when the temperature difference is
3. STATEMENT-1 : Two identical objects A and B are a small between the system and the surrounding.
at temperature TA and TB respectively. Both objects
are placed in a room with perfectly absorbing walls 11. STATEMENT-1 : A metallic block is heated to 800C
maintained at a temperature T(TA > T > TB). The and left in a room to cool. The temperature of the
objects A and B attain the temperature T block will change with time exponentially as shown
eventually. A loses more heat by radiation than it in figure
absorbs, while B absorbs more radiation than it
emits, until they attain the temperature T.
STATEMENT-2 : Each object continues to emit and
absorb radiation even after attaining the
temperature T
4. STATEMENT-1 : Two samples of air A and B STATEMENT-2 : Rate of cooling of the block is
having same composition and initially at the same directly proportional to temperature difference
temperature and pressure are compressed from a between the system and the surrounding.
volume V to V/2, the sample A isothermally and the 12. STATEMENT-1 : A black spherical ball, when
sample B adiabatically. The final pressure of A is gradually heated, appears first dull red, then blue
lesser than B and finally white.
STATEMENT-2 : Adiabatic process is more steeper STATEMENT-2 : As the temperature will increase
than the isothermal process. the wavelength of thermal radiation
5. STATEMENT-1 : Air pressure in a car tyre corresponding to maximum intensity will decrease.
increases during driving. 13. STATEMENT-1 : Black body radiation is white.
STATEMENT-2 : During driving the temperature STATEMENT-2 : Black body emits all types of
of air inside the tyre increases. wavelength.
6. STATEMENT-1 : The carnot engine cab be 14. STATEMENT-1 : Emissivity of the body is equal to
realised in practice. its absorptive power.
STATEMENT-2 : A heat engine cannot have 100% STATEMENT-2 : According to Kirchhoff’s law the
efficiency. ratio of emissive power to absorptive power is same
7. STATEMENT-1 : If a drop of water falls on a very for all surfaces at the same temperature and is equal
hot iron, it takes long time to evaporate. to the emissive power of a perfectly black body at
that temperature. For a perfectly black body
STATEMENT-2 : When a drop of water falls on a
absorptive power equals to 1 and emmisivity is
very hot iron, it gets insulated from the hot iron
defined as the ratio of emmisive power of the body
due to a thin layer of water vapour which is a bad
to the emmisive power of the black body.
conductor of heat.
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15. STATEMENT-1 : Heat is generated continuously 22. STATEMENT-1 : A bucket full of hot water is hung
in an electric heater but its temperature become in vacuum. It will cool by radiation.
constant after some time. STATEMENT-2 : Water is usually heated by
STATEMENT-2 : At the higher temperature convection.
electric heater starts loosing its energy by 23. STATEMENT-1 : A slab of ice is one half covered
radiation and convection. The rate of loss of heat with black cloth and the other half with white cloth.
equals to rate of heat production at this higher This is then placed in sunlight. More ice has melted
temperature. under black cloth.
16. STATEMENT-1 : Water in a closed tube is heated STATEMENT-2 : A hollow enclosure blackened
with one arm vertically splaced above the lamp. inside with soot and having a small hole is a best
Water will begin to circulate along the tube in approximation of an ideal black body.
counter clockwise direction.
24. STATEMENT-1 : There is no atmosphere on the
moon.
STATEMENT-2 : rms speed of gas molecule is
greater than the escape speed on the moon.
25. STATEMENT-1 : For the solid, CP-CV is negligible
and positive.
STATEMENT-2 : Convection will occur in fluid. STATEMENT-2 : Solid body has very small
expansion coefficient.
17. STATEMENT-1 : In conduction at steady state
there is not absorption of amount of heat. 26. STATEMENT-1 : For ideal gas, CP is always greater
then CV.
STATEMENT-2 : Temperature does not change
with time in conduction process at steady state. STATEMENT-2 : At constant pressure the work
done is non-zero, whereas at constant volume work
18. STATEMENT-1 : A solid sphere and hollow sphere done is zero.
made of the same material and have same radius
are heated to the same temperature and placed in 27. STATEMENT-1 : The value of CP – CV is 1.00 R for
the same sourrounding. Both will emit equal a gas sample in state A and is 1.08 R in state B. Let
amount of radiation per second at t = 0 and after pA, pB denotes the pressure and TA and TB denote
some time solid sphere will emit larger amount of the temperatures of the states A and B respectively.
radiation per second as compare to hollow sphere. It is possible that pA < pB and TA > TB.
STATEMENT-2 : In the above case the rate of STATEMENT-2 : A real gas can behave like an ideal
cooling is inversely proportional to mass gas at high temperature and low pressure.
19. STATEMENT-1 : In natural convection a heated 28. STATEMENT-1 : If two strips of equal length but
portion of the liquid moves. of different metals are placed on each other and
riveted, the single strip so formed is called
STATEMENT-2 : The density of the heated ‘bimetallic strip’. This strip has the characteristic
portion of the liquid is less then that of the property of bending on heating.
surrounding liquid.
STATEMENT-2 : It is due to unequal linear
20. STATEMENT-1 : It is hotter at the same distance expansion of the two metals.
over the top of a fire than it is on the side of it.
29. STATEMENT-1 : If there is a hole A in a plate C
STATEMENT-2 : Convection takes more heat (or cavity A inside a body C), the area of hole (or
upwards. volume of cavity) will increase when body expands
21. STATEMENT-1 : Consider a rod of uniform cross on heating, just as if the hole (or cavity) were solid
section and consists of a material of constant B of the same material.
thermal conductivity. The ends of the rod are STATEMENT-2 : The expansion of area (or
maintained at constant different temperatures. volume) of the body C will be independent of shape
In steady state the temperature of the rod decreases and size of hole or cavity
linearly from high temperature to lower
temperature along the length of the rod. Neglect 30. STATEMENT-1 : Two spheres of same radius and
any loss. material at the same initial temperature but one is
solid and another is hollow. If they are heated to
STATEMENT-2 : If there is a loss of heat then the same temperature then they have the same
temperature will decrease exponentially from expansion.
higher temperature to lower temperature with
distance.
Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi – 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111