10/15/2013

The 1st Meeting – Mechanical Vibrations

Ardi Noerpamoengkas, ST.

Introduction
 Brief History of Vibrations
 Recent Contributions
 Importance of the Study of Vibrations
 Basic Concepts of Vibrations
 Classification of Vibrations
 Vibration Analysis Procedure

1
 10/15/2013

Brief History of Vibrations

 Musical instruments
 Music was highly developed and was much
appreciated by the Chinese, Hindus, Japanese, and
perhaps, the Egyptians as long ago as 4000 B.C
 Pythagoras (582 – 507 B.C) is the first person
who investigate musical sound on a scientific
basis
 Zhang Heng invented the world’s first
seismograph to measure earthquakes in A.D.
132
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) studied the
behavior of a simple pendulum

Brief History of Vibrations

 Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) published his
monumental work, Philosophiae Naturalis Principa
Mathematica, in 1686.
 Newton’s second law of motion is routinely used in
modern books on vibrations to derive the equations
of motion of a vibrating body.
 Robert Hooke (1635–1703) of the Hooke’s law
fame, who experimented on the vibration of
strings
 The theoretical solution of the problem of the
vibrating string was found by Brook Taylor in
1713, who also presented the Taylor’s theorem
on infinite series.

2
 10/15/2013

Brief History of Vibrations

 The procedure adopted by Taylor was
perfected through the introduction of partial
derivatives in the equations of motion by
Daniel Bernoulli (1700 – 1782), Jean
D’Alembert (1717 – 1783), and Leonard Euler
(1707 – 1783).
 Charles Coulomb (1736–1806), who studied
torsional vibrations and friction
 Joseph Fourier (1768–1830), who developed
the theory of frequency analysis of signals
 Simeon-Dennis Poisson (1781–1840), who
analyzed vibration of membranes and also
analyzed elasticity (Poisson’s ratio)

Recent Contributions
 In 1902, Frahm investigated the importance of
torsional vibration study in the design of the
propeller shafts of steamships
 Stephen Timoshenko (1878 – 1972) presented
an improved theory of vibration of beams,
which known as the Timoshenko beam theory.
 The introduction of the correlation function by
Taylor in 1920, and of the spectral density by
Wiener and Khinchin in the early 1930s
opened new prospects for progress in the
theory of random vibrations.

3
 10/15/2013

Importance of the Study of

Vibrations
 Most human activities involve
vibration
 We hear because our eardrums
vibrate
 Breathing is associated with the
vibration of lungs
 In many engineering systems, a
human being acts as an integral
part of the system.
 One of the important purposes of the
vibration study is to reduce vibration
through proper design of machines
and their mountings

Importance of the Study of

Vibrations
 Most prime movers have vibrational
problems due to the inherent
unbalance in the engines.
 Mechanical failures caused by material
fatigue
 Vibration causes more rapid wear
 In metal cutting process, vibration can
cause poor surface finish

4
 10/15/2013

Importance of the Study of

Vibrations

Importance of the Study of

Vibrations
 Vortex Induced Vibrations

5
 10/15/2013

Importance of the Study of

Vibrations

Importance of the Study of

Vibrations
 In spite of its detrimental effect,
vibration can be utilized profitably
in several industrial applications.
 Vibration is put to work in vibratory
conveyors, hoppers, washing
machine, electric toothbrush.
 Vibration is also used in pile driving,
vibratory testing of materials
 Vibration has been found to improve
the efficiency of certain machining,
casting, forging.

6
 10/15/2013

Importance of the Study of

Vibrations
 Condition Monitoring of Machines

Basic Concepts of Vibrations

7
 10/15/2013

Classification of Vibrations
 Free and Forced Vibration
 Undamped and Damped Vibration
 Linear and Nonlinear Vibration
 Deterministic and Random Vibration

Classification of Vibrations
 Free Vibration
 System oscillation under action of forces inherent in
system and external forces absent
 Vibration occurs at one or more of the system
natural frequencies
 Natural frequencies are the dynamic characteristics
of based on system mass and stiffness
 Forced Vibration
 System oscillation under action of external forces
 If excitation is oscillatory, then the response will
occur at the excitation frequency
 If excitation occurs at one of the natural frequencies,
then the condition of the resonance occurs

8
 10/15/2013

Classification of Vibrations
 Damping
 All dynamic systems are subject to
dissipative forces – friction, structural
resistances
 Generally, damping in structural systems is
small and has little effect on the natural
frequency
 However, damping has a large effect on
minimizing the resonant of any structural
system

Classification of Vibrations
 Linear vibration: Elements (mass,
spring, damper) behave linearly.
Superposition holds - double excitation
level = double response level,
mathematical solutions well defined.
 Nonlinear vibration: One or more
element behave in nonlinear fashion
(examples). Superposition does not
hold, and analysis technique not clearly
defined.

9
 10/15/2013

Classification of Vibrations
 Deterministic Vibration
 The signal here is called deterministic, since
the instantaneous value of the signal is
predictable at all points in time.

Classification of Vibrations
 Deterministic and harmonic vibration

10
 10/15/2013

Classification of Vibrations
 Random Vibration
 Random signals have no periodic and
harmonically related components
 They are characterized by totally random
movements, so that their instantaneous value
cannot be predicted
 Random vibration can, however, be described
by its statistical properties

Vibration Analysis Procedure

 Vibration problem
 Configurative model
 Mathematical model
 Solution of model
 Interpretation of the results

11
 10/15/2013

Vibration Analysis Procedure

Vibration Analysis Procedure

12
 10/15/2013

Vibration Analysis Procedure

Vibration Analysis Procedure

13
 10/15/2013

Vibration Analysis Procedure

Vibration Analysis Procedure

14
 10/15/2013

Vibration Analysis Procedure

Vibration Analysis Procedure

15