PRESSURE VESSEL

HANDBOOK

Twelfth Edition

with foreword by
PaulButhod
Professor of Chemical Engineering
University of Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma

Eugene F. Megyesy

PRESSURE VESSEL PUBLISIDNG, INC.

P.O. Box 35365 • Tulsa, Oklahoma 74153
 FOREWORD

Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry

are sooner or later confronted with the design of pressure vessels and
Copyright© by Eugene F. Megyesy mounting requirements for them. This is very often a frustrating
Copyright 1972, 1973 by Pressure Vessel Handbook Publishing, Inc. experience for anyone who has not kept up with current literature
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any in the field of code requirements and design equations.
form or by any means including information storage and retrieval
systems without permission of the publisher.
First he .must familiarize himself with the latest version of the
Library of Congress Control applicable code. Then he must search the literature for techniques
Number:2001130059 used in design to meet these codes. Finally he must select material
ISBN 0-914458-21-3
properties and dimensional data from various handbooks and company
COPYRIGHT© catalogs for use in the design equations.
1972,1973,1974,1975,1977,1979,1981,1982,1983,1986,1989,
1992,1995,1998,2001 Mr. Megyesy has recognized this problem. For several years h~
has been accumulating data on code requirements and calculational
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
methods. He has been presenting this information first in the form
· of his "Calculation Form Sheets" and now has put it all together in
one place in the Pressure Vessel Handbook.

NOTE: This new edition of the Pressure Vessel Handbook super-

sedes all previous editions, effective July 1, 2001. I believe that this fills a real need in the pressure vessel industry
and that readers will find it extremely useful.
The changes over the previous Eleventh Edition have been made
necessary by the revision of Codes, Standards, Specifications, etc.
Paul Buthod
\
 PREFACE

This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making formulas,

technical data, design and construction methods readily available for the
designer, detailer, layoutmen and others dealing with pressure vessels.
Practical men in this industry often have difficulty finding the required
data and solutions, these being scattered throughout extensive literature
or advanced studies. The author's aim was to bring together all of the
above material under one cover and present it in a convenient form.

The design procedures and formulas of the ASME Code for Pressure
Vessels, Section Vlll Division I have been utilized as well as those
generally accepted sources which are not covered by this Code. From
among the alternative construction methods described by the Code the
author has selected those which are most frequently used in practice.

In order to provide the greatest serviceability with this Handbook,

rarely occurring loadings, special construction methods or materials have
been excluded from its scope. Due to the same reason this Handbook
deals only with vessels constructed from ferrous material by welding,
since the vast majority of the pressure vessels are in this category.

A large part of this book was taken from the works of others, with some
of the material placed in different arrangement, and some unchanged.

The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor ·

Sandor Kalinszky, Janos Bodor, Laszl6 Felegyhazy and J6zsef G}'Urfi for
their material and valuable suggestions, to the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers and to the publishers, who generously permitted
the author to include material from their publications.

The author wishes also to thank all those who helped to improve this
new edition by their suggestions and corrections.
· SuggestioQs and criticism concerning some errors which may remain
in spite of all precautions shall be greatly appreciated. They contribute to
the further improvement of this Handbook.

Eugene F. Megyesy

ASME CODE vs. THIS HANDBOOK
The ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE
VESSELCODE-2001,Sect. Vlll,Div.l
The American Society of Mechanical Engi-
neers set up a Committee in 1911 for the
purpose of formulating standard rules for
the construction of steam boilers and other
pressure vessels that will perform in a safe
and reliable manner.
The Code comprises these rules.
It's scope includes vessels:
I. made of nonferrous materials, cast iron,
high alloy and carbon steel,
2. made by welding, forging, bracing, and
:3. applying a wide variety of construction
methods and details.
It includes all vessels where the question
of safety is concerned. ·
The Code- as it is stated in paragraph UG-
2 - "does not contain rules to cover all
details of design and construction ... "
"where details are not given, it is intended
that the Manufacturer ... shall provide de-
tails of design and construction."
"The Code is not a handbook." "It is not
intended that this Section be used as a de-
sign handJ:>ook" as it is stated in the Fore-
word of the Code.
The updated and revised Code is published
in three years intervals. Addenda, which
also include revisions to the Code, are pub-
lished annually. Revisions and additions
become mandatory six (6) months after the
date of issuance, except for poilers and pres-
sure vessels contracted for prior to the end
of the 6 month period. (Code Foreword)
7
PRESSURE VESSEL HANDBOOK -
2001, Twelfth Edition
The Handbook covers design and con-
struction methods of pressure vessels:
I. made of carbon steel,
2. made by welding
3. applying construction methods and
details which are the most economical
and practical, which are in accordance
with the Code rules, and thus gener-
ally followed by the industry.
The vast majority of the pressure vessels
today fall into this category.
For construction rules and details which
are excluded from the scope of the Hand-
book, references are made to the applicable
Code paragraphs to avoid neglecting them.
Details of design and construction not
covered by the Code are offered by the
Handbook including: Design of tall tow-
ers, wind load, earthquake, vibration, ec-
centric load, elastic stability, deflection,
combination of stresses, nozzle loads, re-
action of supports, lugs, saddles, and rect-
angular tanks.
The aim of this Handbook is to be easily
handled and consulted. Tables, charts elimi-
nate the necessity of calculations, Geom-
etry, layout of vessels, piping codes, API
storage tanks, standard appurtenances,
painting of steel surfaces, weights, mea-
surements, conversion tables, literature,
definitions, specification for vessels, de-
sign of steel structures, center of gravity,
design of welded joints, bolted connec-
tions, boiler and pressure vessel laws,
chemical resistance of metals, volumes, and
surfaces of vessels, provide good service-
ability.
The Handbook is updated and revised in
three years intervals, reflecting the changes
of Code rules, new developments in the de-
sign and construction method, and in-
cludes the revisions of its SQUrces.
8 CONTENTS
THE ASME CODE
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1
An internationally recognized Code published by
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

PRESSURE VESSEL- is a containment of solid, liquid or gaseous material under

internal or external pressure, capable of withstanding also various other load- PART I Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels ............. 11
ings.
BOILER- is a part of a steam generator in which water is converted into steam
under pressure.
RULES OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION- Boiler explosions around the turn
of the century made apparent the need for rules governing the design and con-
struction of vessels. The first ASME Code was published in 1914.
ISSUE TIME - The updated and revised Code is published in three years intervals. pART II Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels .............. 25 7
(200 1 and so on). Addenda, which also include revisions to the Code, are pub-
lished annually. Revisions and additions become mandatory 6 months after the
date of issuance, except for boilers and pressure vessels contracted for prior to
the end of the 6 month period. (Code Foreword)
SCOPE OF THE CODE- The rules of this Division have been formulated on the
basis of design principles and construction practices applicable to vessels de-
signed for pressures not exceeding 3000 psi. Code U-I(d)
Vessels, which are not included in the scope of this Division, may be stamped PART III Measures and Weights ............................................ 321
with the Code U Symbol if they meet all the applicable requirements of this Divi-
sion. Code U-2(g)
THE DESIGN METHOD- The Code rules concerning design of pressure parts
are based on the maximum stress theory, i.e., elastic failure in a ductile metal
vessel occurs when the maximum tensile stress becomes equal to the yield strength
ofthe material.
OTHER COUNTRIES' Codes deviate from each other considerably, mainly be-
cause of differences in the basic allowable design stresses. The ASME Code's
PART IV Design of Steel Structures ........................................ 44 7
regulations may be considered to be at midway between conservative and
unconservative design.
COMPUTER PROGRAMS- Designers and engineers using computer programs
for design or analysis are cautioned that they are responsible for all technical
assumptions inherent in the programs they use and they are solely responsible
for the application oft.OO.Se programs to their design. (Code, Foreword)
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION NOT COVERED- This Division ofthe.Gode
does not contain rules to cover all details of design and construction. Where PART V Miscellaneous .......................................................... 465
complete details are not given, it is intended that the Manufacturer shall provide
details which will be as safe as those provided by the rules of this Division.
Code U-2(g)
 11

PART I.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF PRESSURE VESSEL

l. Vessels Under Internal Pressure ............................................ 15

Stresses in Cylindrical Shell, Definitions, Formulas, Pres-
sure ofFluid, Pressure-Temperature Ratings of American
Standard Carbon Steel Pipe Flanges.
2. Vessels Under External Pressure............................................ 31
Definitions, Formulas, Minimum Required Thickness of
Cylindrical Shell, Chart for Determining Thickness of
Cylindrical and Spherical Vessels under External Pressure
when Constructed of Carbon Steel.
3. Design ofTall Towers ............................................................ 52
Wind Load, Weight ofVessel, Seismic Load, Vibration,
Eccentric Load, Elastic Stability, Deflection, Combination
of Stresses, Design of Skirt Support, Design of Anchor
Bolts (approximate method), Design of Base Ring (ap-
proximatemethod), Design of AnchorBoltand Base Ring,
Anchor Bo It Chair for Tall Towers.
4. Vessel Supports ....... .... .. .. ............. .. ..... .. .. .. .. . ... ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 86
Stresses in Large Horizontal Vessels Supported by Two
Saddles, Stresses in Vessels on Leg Support, Stresses in
Vessels Due to Lug Support, Lifting Attachments, Safe
Loads for Ropes and Chains.
5. Openings ."............................................................................... 122
Inspection Openings, Openings without Reinforcing Pad,
Opening with Reinforcing Pad, Extension of Openings,
Reinforcement of Openings, Strength of Attachments,
Joining Openings to Vessels, Length of Couplings and
Pipes for Openings.
6. Nozzle Loads .......................................................................... 153
7. Reinforcement at the Junction of Cone to Cylinder ............... 159
8. Welding of Pressure Vessels................................................. 170
Welded Joints, Butt Welded Joint of Plates of Unequal
Thicknesses, Application of Welding Symbols.
9..:Regulations; Specifications.................................................... 181
Code Rules Related to Various Services, Code Rules
Related to Various Plate Thicknesses of Vessel, Tanks
and Vessels Containing Flammable and Combustible Liq-
uids, Properties of Materials, Description of Materials,
Specific~tion for the Design and Fabrication of Pressure
Vesels, Fabrication Tolerances.
I2
13

STRESSES IN PRESSURE VESSELS

10. Materials ofForeign Countries ............................................. . 194
II. Welded Tanks 203 Pressure vessels are subject to various loadings, which exert stresses of
~···~·*·~·············~~······~·······~~································
I2. Piping Codes ......................................................................... . different intensities in the vessel components. The category and intensity
208
of stresses are the function of the nature of loadings, the geometry and con-
13. Rectangular Tanks ................................................................ .. 2I3 struction of the vessel components.
I4. Corrosion
················································································ 221
I5. Miscellaneous ..................................................................... .. LOADINGS (Code UG-22)
232
Fabricating Cap~citi~s, Pipe and Tube Bending, Pipe a. Internal or external pressure
Engagement, Dnll Stzes for Pipe Taps, Bend Allow- b. Weight of the vessel and contents
ances, Length of Stud Bolts, Pressure Vessell Detail- c. Static reactions from attached equipment, piping, lining, insulation,
ing, Preferred Locations, Common Errors Transporta-
tion of Vessels. ' d. The attachment of internals, vessel supports, lugs, saddles, skirts, legs
e. Cyclic,: and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations
I6. Painting of Steel Surfaces .................................................. ... 247 f. Wind pressure and seismic forces
g. Impact reactions due to fluid shock
h. Temperature gradients and differential thermal expansion
1. Abnormal pressures caused by deflagration.

STRESSES (Code UG-23) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS

S = Maximum allowable stress in

a .
tensiOn for carbon and low alloy steel
a. Tensile stress Code Table UCS-23; for high alloy
steel Code Table UHA-23., psi. (See
properties ofmaterials page 186-190.)

b. Lingitudinal The
. smaller of Sa or the value of
compressive stress factor B determined by the procedure
described in Code UG 23 (b) (2)
c. General primary membrane stress
induced by any combination of
loadings. Primary membrane stress l.SSa
plus primary bending stress induced S =(see above)
by combination of loadings, except a

as pro:vide4 in. d. pelow.

d. General primary membrane stress -1.2 times the stress permitted in a., b.,
IN REFERENCES THROUGHOUT THIS BOOK "CODE" STANDS FOR ASME induced by combination of earth- or c. This rule applicable to stresses
BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SECTION VIII DIVISION I _ AN quake or wind pressure with other exerted by internal or external pressure
AMERICANSTANDARD. ' loadings. Seismic force and wind or axial compressive load on a cylinder.
2001 EDITION pressure need not be considered to
act simulta neously.
14 15

INTERNAL PRESSURE
STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL
I. OPERATING PRESSURE
The pressure which is required for the process, served by the vesse I, at which
the vessel is normally operated.
Unifonn internal or external pressure induces in the longitudinal seam two times larger unit 2. DESIGNPRESSURE
stress than in the circumferential seam because of the geometry of the cylinder.
The pressure used in the design of a vessel. It is recommended to design a
vessel and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A
A vessel under external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthq11ake, etc.) are not
design pressure higher than the operating pressure with 30 psi or 10 percent,.
factors, must be designed to resist the circumferential buckling only. The Code
whichever is the greater, will satisfy this requirement. The pressure of the
provides the method of design to meet this requirement. When other loadings are
fluid and other contents of the vessel should also be taken into consideration.
present, these combined loadings may govern and heavier plate will be required
See tables on page 29 for pressure of fluid.
than the plate which was satisfactory to resist the circumferential buckling only.
3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE
The compressive stress due to external pressure and tensile stress due to internal pressure
shall be detennined by the fonnulas: The internal pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded
to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be:
FORMULAS (a) in corroded condition
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LONGITUDINAL (b) under the effect of a designated temperature
JOINT JOINT (c) in normal operating position at the top
(~under the effect of other loadings (wind load, external pressure, hydro-
PD static pressure, etc.) which are additive to the internal pressure.
S2=-
2t When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as the
maximum allowable working pressure (MA WP) code 3-2.

NOTATION A common practice followed by many users and manufacturers of pressure

vessels is to limit the maximum allowable working pressure by the head or
D = Mean diameter of vessel, inches
shell, not by small elements as flanges, openings, etc.
p = Internal or external pressure, psi
sl = Longitudinil stress, psi See tables on page 28 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges.
s2 = Circumferential (hoop) stress, psi
I = Thickness of shell, corrosion allowance See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes.
excluded, inches
The term, maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, is used very often. It
means the pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to
EXAMPLE the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel:
(a) is not corroded (new)
Given D = 96 inches IS x 96 (b) the temperature does not affect its strength (room temperature) (cold)
4 x 0.2 5 = 1440 psi
P = 15 psi and the other conditions (c and d above) also need not to be taken
I = 0.25 inches into consideration.
4. HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE
15 X 96 At least 1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure or the design
= 2880 psi
2 X 0.25 pressure to be marked on the vessel when calculations are not made to
determine the maximum allowable working pressure.
For towers under internal pressure and wind load the critical height above which compres-
If the stress value of the vessel material at the design temperature is less than
sive stress governs can be approximated by the fonnula:
at the test temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased
H = PD where H = Critical height of tower, ft. proportionally.
321
Hydrostatic test shall
16 17
NOTES

In this case, the test pressure shall be:

Stress ValueS At Test Temperature
1.5 X Max. Allow. W. Press.
(Or Destgn Press.) X Stress ValueS At Design Temperature

Vessels where the maximum allowable working pressure limited by the

flanges, shall be tested at a pressure shown in the table:

Primary Service
Pressure Rating 150 lb 300 lb 400lb 600lb 900lb 1500 lb 2500lb
Hydrostatic SheD Test
Pressure 425 1100 1450 2175 3250 5400 9000

Hydrostatic test of multi-chamber vessels: Code UG-99 (e)

A Pneumatic test may be used in lieu of a hydrostatic test per Code UG-1 00

Proof tests to establish maximum allowable working pressure when the

strength of any part of the vessel cannot be computed with satisfactory
assurance of safety, prescribed in Code UG-1 01.
I
5. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES
The maximum allowable tensile stress values permitted for different materials
are given in table on page 189. The maximum allowable compressive stress
to be used in the design of cylindrical shells subjected to loading that produce
longitudinal compressive stress in the shell shall be determined according to
Code par. UG-23 b, c, & d.

6. JOINT EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of different types of welded joints are given in table on page
172. The efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176.
The following pages contain formulas used to compute the required wall
thickness and the maximum allowable working pressure for the most
frequently used types of shell and head. The formulas of cylindrical shell are
given for the longitudinal seam, since usually this governs.

The stress in the girth seam will govern only when the circumferential joint
efficiency is less than one-half the longitudinal joint efficiency, or when
besides the internal pressure additional loadings (wind load, reaction of
saddles) are causing longitudinal bending or tension. The reason· for it is
that the stress arising in the girth seam pound per square inch is one-half of
the stress in the longitudinal seam.

The formulas for the girth seam accordingly:

1
PR p = 2SEt
= 2SE + 0.4P R- 0.41
See notation on page 22.
 18 19
r - 1 1- - - - - - - ·. . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ : : :

i
INTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES
/

FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSJDE DIMENSIONS I

l

I DESIGNDATA: E I.OO,joint efficiency of seamless

NOTATION I P 100 psi design pressure heads
R 48 inches inside radius*
~-·'
E = Joint efficiency, page 172 1 S = 20,000 psi stress value of
P = Design pressure or max. allowable R = Inside radius. inches · SA 515-70plate@500°F D = 96 inches inside diameter*
working pressure psi D "' Inside diameter, inches E = 0.85, efficiency of spot-examined t = required wall thickness inches
C.A. = 0.125 inches corrosion ~llowance
1.
S "' Stress value of material psi. page t = Wall thickness. inches
189 C.A. = Corrosion allowance. inches joints of shell and hem is. head to
I shell * in corroded condition greater
I with the corrosion allowance.
A
CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAM)
1 I SEEDESJGNDATAABOVE SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE

i
/
t
t
PR P= SE_t_ I Determine the required thickness, Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure P for o.500 in. thick
~~ SE-0.6P R+0.6t J tofashell shell when the vessel is in new condition.
R
+-·-t-· ·~ / 100 X 48.125 .
~\ WJ I. Usual!~ the stress in the long seam is governing. See
t=2(f,'OOO X0.85-0.6X100 =0.2S4 m.

0.125 in.
P=20,000X0.85X0.500 _ .
48 + 0.6 X 0.500 - 176 psi
prccedmg page. +CA.
2. Wh;n the wall thickness exceeds one half of the inside 0.409in.
radiUS or P exceeds 0.385 SE, the formulas given in
the Code Appendix 1-2 shall be applied. Use 0.500 in. plate

B SEEDESJGNDATAABOVE SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE
SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD
The head furnished without straight
flange.

fb PR
t=2SE-0.2P
P= 2SEt
R+0.2t
Determine the required thickness
t of a hemispherical head. '
Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for 0.3125 in. thick
head, when it is in new condition.
~~~
.,. 1
100X48.125 =0 142 .
2X20,000X0.85-0.2X fOO . m. p 2X20,000X0.85X0.3125 _ .
i R f
I. For heads without a straight flange, use the efficiency
of the head to shell joint if it less than the efficiency
of the seams in the head. +C. A. 0.125in.
48+0.2X0.3125 -
221
pst
0.267in.
2. When the wall thickness exceeds 0.356 R or P exceeds
0.665 SE. the formulas given in the Code Appendix Use 0.3125 in. plate
l-3, shall be applied.
c 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD ~
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
Determine the required thickness of a
seamless ellipsoidal head.
Determine the maximum allowable
PD 2SEt

·s-~
t lOO X'9625 ' · working pressure, P for 0.250 in. thick
2SE-0.2P P=
D+0.2t 1
2X20,000X 1.0~0.2X100 4
=0.2 lin.
seamless head, when it is in corroded
condition.

[ a]lt l. For el!ipsoid~l heads, where the ratio of the major

and mmor ax1s 1s other than 2: I, see Code Appendix
1·4(c).
+CA. 0.125 in.
0.366in.
P= 2X20,000X l.OX 0.250 _ 103 .
96.25 + 0.2 X 0.250 - pst

h == D/4 Use 0.375 in. min. thk. head

20 21

INTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES

FORMULAS IN 1ERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS
DESIGN DATA: L = 96 inches inside radius of dish*
P I 00 psi design pressure D 96 inches inside diameter*
NOTATION D = Inside diameter, inches t required wall thickness, inches
P = Design pressure or max. allowable a = One half of the included (apex) S 20,000 psi stress value of
working pressure psi angle, degrees SA 515-70plate@ 5000f a 30°one half of the apex angle
S = Stress value of material psi, page L = Inside radius of dish, inches E 0.85, efficiency of spot-examined CA. 0.125 inches corrosion allowance
189 r = Inside knuckle radius, inches joints * in corroded condition greater with
£' = Joint efficiency, page 172 t = Wall thickness, inches E = 1.00, jointefficiencyofseamless the corrosion allowance
R = Inside radius, inches C.A. = Corrosion allowance, inches \ heads
D SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
CONE AND CONICAL SECTION cos 30°= 0.866
Determine the required thickness, Determine the maximum allowable
1 of a cone working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick
t= PD P= 2SEtcos a cone, when the vessel is in new
2 cos a (SE-0.6P) D+1.2t cos a 100 X 96.25 28 . condition.
2X0.866 (20,000 X 0.85- 0.6Xl 00) =0.3 m.
2 X20,000 X 0.85X 0.500 X 0.866
152
+C. A. OJ2iin.. P 96+ 1.2X0.500X0.866 psi
I. The half apex angle, a not greater than 30•
0.453 in.
2. Whent.tis greater than 30~ special analysis is required
(Code Appendix 1-5(g)) • Use 0.500 in. plate

SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE

E ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD Ur= 16~
(TORISPHERICAL HEAD)
Determine the required thickness, t of a Determine the maximum allowable
seamless ASME flanged and dished working pressure, P for 0.5625 in. thick
head. seamless head, when the vessel is in
new condition.
0.885xl00x96.125 .
t= 0.885PL
SE-0.1P
P= SEt
0.885L+O.lt
(=20,000 X 1.0-0.1 X wo
0.426 m.
20,000 X 1.0 X 0.5625
132
+C.A. 0.1 P= 0.885 X 96 + 0.1 X 0..5625 psi
0.
When 1/r less than 16 2f3
1 Use0.5625 in. plate
fSEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
\: Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L/r ~ = 16
When the min. tensile strength PLM 9
of material exceeds 70,000 psi. t 2SE-0,2P
P= 2SEt
LM+0.2t
Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L/r ~ = 16
see Code UG-32(e) [i J:f= 1.75 from table.
M = I. 75 from table
I< Determine the required thickness t of a
~ seamless A·SMEflange_d and dished Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for a 0.5625 in.
ji head. . thick seamless head when the vessel is
1! _ IOOX96,12SXI.75 . in corroded condition.
421
li t- 2 X 20,000 -0.2 X 100 =0. m.
I " P=2 X 20,000 X 1.0 X 0.5625 I 04 .
8.00 9.00 10.0 11.0 tl.O 14.0 16.0 l_ • !I 0.125in.
.SO 8.50 9.50 10.5 11.5 13.0 1s.o 163" +CA. 96.125 x 1.75 + 0.2 x0.4375 psi
'034b1ii:
.44 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1&1!_ 1.62 1.65 1.69 1.7" 1.75
THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED RATIO : L = D + 21
.. 1.77
(see note 2 on-facing page)
I Use 0.5625 in. min. thick head
I NOTE: When the ratio of Llr is greater than 16 i, !rum-Code construction) the values of
 23
22

INTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES

· · FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS
DESIGN DATA: E = 1.00, jointefficiencyofseamless
P 100 psi design pressure heads
NOTATION S 20,000 psi stress value of R 48 inches outside radius
E = Joint efficiency, page 112 SA 515-70plate@5000F D = 96 inches outside diameter
P = Design pressure or max. allowable R = Outside radius, inches E= 0.85, efficiency ofspot-examined t = Required wall thickness, inches
working pressure psi D = Outside diameter, inches joints of shell and hemis. head to CA. 0.125 inches corrosion allowance
S = Stress va,ue of material psi, page t= Wall thickness, inches shell
189 C.A. = Corrosion allowance, inches

SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE

A
CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAMJ 1 Determine the required thickness, t
of a shell
Determine the maximum allowable

~
PR SEJ 100 48 working pressure, P for 0.4375 in. thick
t X 0.283 in
,_ SE + 0.4P p- R - 0.4t 20,000 X 0.85-0.4 XIOO shell when the vessel is in new condi-
tion.
0.125 in.
+CA. 0.408 in. P= 20,000 X 0.85 X 0.4375 psi
155
1. Usually the stress in the long seam is governing. See
48-0.4 X 0.4375
page 14 Use: 0.4375 in. thick plate
2. When the wall thickness exceeds one half of the inside
radius or P exceeds 0.38S SE, the formulas givenf.in
the Code Appendix 1-2 shall be applied.
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
B
SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD Head furnished without straight flange.
I Determine the required thickness, t of a

~
Determine the maximum allowable
hemispherical head.
t - 2SE
PR
+ 0.8P
p 2SEt
- R -0.81 i
l
100X48
t 2X20,000X0.85+0.8X100
141
°·
in.
working pressure, P for 0.3125 in. thick
head, when the vessel is in new
condition.
t
~
rt +CA. 0.125in. P=2X20,000X0.85X0.3125 .
I. For heads without a straight flange, use the efficiency 48-0.8 X0.3125 222 pst
of the head to shell joint if it is less than the efficiency 0266in.
of the seams in the head. Use: 0.3125 in. min. thick head
2. When the wall thickness exceeds 0.3S6 R or P exceeds
0.66S SE, the formulas given in the Code Appendix
1-3, shall be applied.
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
c 2: 1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
Determine the required thickness t of a Determine the maximum allowable
seamless ellips()idal head. working pressure, P for 0.375 in. thick

h~
PD p 2SEt
t 100X96 head, when it is in new condition.
---·
2SE+ 1.8P D· -1.8t
t 2X20,000X1.0+1.8X100 °'239 in.
1. D f I. For ellipsoidal heads, where the ratio of the major and
minor axis is other than 2: I, see Code Appendix l-4(c).
+CA.

Use0.375 in. min. thick head

0.125in.
0.364 in.
P
2 X 20,000 X 1.0 X 0.375
96-1.8 X0.375 157psi

h = D/4
24 ·,_ : 25

r
INTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS
DESIGN DATA: heads
NOTATION P = I 00 psi design pressure R 48 inches outside radius
=
D = Outside diameter, inches ' S = 20,000 psi stress value of D 96 inches outside diameter
P = Design pressure or max. allowable a = One half of the included (apex) a.= 30"onehalfoftheapexangle
working pressure psi angle, degrees SA 515-70plate@5000F
S = Stress value of material psi, page L = Outside radius of dish, inches E = 0.85, efficiency ofspot-examined L 96 inches outside radius of dish
189 r = Inside knuckle rlldius, inches joints t Required wall thickness, inches
E = Joint efficiency, page 172
R = Outside radius, inches
t = Wall thickness, inches ·
C.A. =-Corrosion allowance, inches
' l E 1.00, joint efficiency ofseamless C.A. = 0.125 inches corrosion allowance
: SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE
D cos 30° = 0.866
CONE AND CONICAL SECTION Determine the maximum allowable
Determine the required thickness, t working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick
of a cone cone in new condition .
...L ' 100X96 .

I l ~
PD P= 2SEtcosa 326
t r-2X0.866X(20,000X0.85+{).4X1 00)=0 m.
2 cos a (SE +0.4P) D -0.8tcos a
P=2X20,000X0.85X0.500X0.866 .
c:::: ::::::::1 +C.A. 0.125 in. 96 -(0.85 X 0.500 X 0.866) 153 psi
JR
\

T ~ ~- Use: 0.500 in. thick plate

0.451 in.
/) I. The half apex angle, a not greater than Jo•
I· ;
2. When a is greater than Jo• .. special analysis is
required. (Code Appendix 1-5(g)) ' SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
I
Llr 16~
E ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD Determine the required thickness, t of a
(TORISPHERICAL HEAD) seamless ASME flanged and dished Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for 0.5625 in. thick
WhenL/r= 16 2 /3 ' head. seamless head, when the vessel is in
0.885X IOOX96 . corroded condition.
t=2o,ooox L0+0.8X 1oo=OA23 m.

~-
t=0.5625 -0.125 =0.4375
0.88SPL SEt
I t P= 0.88SL-0.8t 20,000X 1.0X0.4375
i ~
SE+0.8P +C. A. 0.125 in. p 103psi
0.885 X96-0.8 X0.4375

!.. ~- \1
0.548in.

D When Ltr Less Than 16 213 Use: 0.5625 in. min. thick head
f:

\ l SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE

j Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L!r = 696 = 16
\
PLM 2SEt Knuckle radius r = 6 in. Llr
96
When the min. tensile strength 6 =16
ofmateriai exceeds 70,000 psi. t= 2SE+P(M-0.2)t P= ML -t(M -0.2) ! M = 1.75 from table. M= 1.75 from table.
see Code UG-32(e)
l1
I
! Determine the required thickness t of a Determine the maximum allowable
f ~ seamless ASME flanged and dished
working pressure, P for a 0.5625 in.

L/r
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
VA LUES OF FACTOR M

2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50 II i ~ head.
~
•· , · - .
100X96X 1.75 .
0 419
t=2X20,000X 1.0+ f00(1.75-02) · m.
. thick seamless head when the vessel is
in corroded condition.
M 1.00 1.06
1.08
1.10 1.15
1.17
1.18 1.22
1.25
1.28 1.34
1.36
1.39 I ' 2 X 20,000 X I.0 X 0.4375 .
! i
11.03 1.13 1.20 1.31 +C. A. 0.125 in.
l p 1.75 X96-0.4375(1.75 -0.2)- 104 psi
Ltr
7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 • ,, 0.544in.
17.~0 8.50 9.50 10.5 11.5 13.0 u.o t6t t Use 0.5625 in. min. thick head
'
M
1.41
44 Itit 48
1.46
1.52 ! 1.56
1.50 1.54 1.58
1.60
1.62
lt.65
1.69
11.72
1.75
It 77 ~I NOTE: When the ratio of Llr is greater than 16~ , (non-Code construction) the values of
• THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED RATIO : L • t =D (see note on facing page) ~ M may be calculated by the formula: M = Y. (3 + Wr)
'
26 27

INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE

FORMULAS EXAMPLES
NafATION
DESIGN DATA
P =Internal or external design pressure psi E=joint efficiency
p = 300 psi design pressure £=joint efficiency
(t' =Inside diameter of shell, in.
d = 24 in. inside diameter of shell
S =Maximum allowable stress value of material, psi
t =Minimum required thickness of head, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
s = 17, I 00 psi maximum allowable stress value of SA-515-60 plate
t = 0.243 in. required thickness of seamless shell for pressure.
th =Actual thickness of head exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
tr =Minimum required thickness of seamless shell for pressure, in.
r: = 0.3125 in. actual thickness of shell.
DETERMINE THE MINIMUM REQUIRED THICKNESS, t
t5 = Actual thickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
1---------...,-------------1~
A CIRCULAR FLAT HEADS t = d ~ 0.13 PISE = 24 .J 0.13 x 300/17,100x 1 = l.146in.
t = d V0.13 PISE
Use 1.25 in. head
This formula shall be applied:
I. When d does not exceed 24 in. ! 1.25
2. thld is not less than 0.05 , Checking the limitation of -= = 0.052
d 24
nor greater than 0.25
3. The head thickness, th is not less than The ratio of head thickness to the diameter of the shell is satisfactory
the shell thi~kness, t5
B
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
tr 0.243
c = 0.33 -,- = 0.33 - - - = 0.26
s 0.3125
t = dVCPISE
t = d ..j CPISE = 24 "0.26 x 300/17,100x. 1 = 1.620in.
C = 0.33tr/ ts
c Use 1.625 in. plate
C min. 0.20 Using thicker plate for shell, lesser thickness will be satisfactory for
the head.
t5 = 0.375 in.

If a value of trfts less than 1 is used in t 0.243

D 2 trmin. nor less than l.25ts
r-need not be greater than t
calculating t, the shell thickness t5 shall be c = 0.33 -f; = 0.33 0375 = 0.214
maintained along a distance inwardly from
the inside face of the head equal to at least
r = d ..) CP/SE ·::o 24" 0.214 x 31X¥'17,100 x 1 = 1.471 in.
2..jdi:
Use 1.625 in. ptate
The shell thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2 .Jd's from the
Non-circular, bolted flat heads, covers, inside face of the head
blind flanges Code UG-34; other types
of closures Code UG-35 2 J24 x 0.375 = 6 in.
28 -

PRESSURE- TEMPERATURE RATINGS !i

!~
FOR STEEL PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS f
American National Standard ANSI B 16.5-1996/1998 ADDENDA ;
tf:
PRESSURE OF FLUID
\
r !'~ STATIC HEAD
Class TSO lb. 300 lb. 400 lb. 600 lb. 900 lb. 1,500 lb. 2,500 lb !
·. ~;
Hydrostatic '
~·· lji
~": test , 450 1,125 1,500 2,225 3,350 5,575 9,275 !it The fluid in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wall. The intensity of the
pressure, psig I',! pressure when the fluid is at rest is equal in all directions on the sides or at bottom
•I

il'l
~~ of the vessel and is due to the height of the fluid above the point at which the
Temperature, F MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NON-SHOCK PRE,SSURE PSIG. @ [, pressure is considered.
-20 to 100 285 740 990 1,480 2,220 3,705 6,170 !i: The static head when applicable shall be added to the design pressure of the
200
300
260
230
675
655
900
875
1,350
1,315
2,025
1,970
3,375
3,280
5,625
5,470 ;
!f:
'
i vessel.
The tables below when applicable shall be added to the design pressure of the
m
400 200 635 845 1,270 1,900 3,170 5,280 ' ~ water.
~
u; To find the pressure for any other fluids than water, the given in the tables shall
be be multiplied with the specific gravity of the fluid in consideration.
500
600
170
140
600
550
800
730
1,200
1,095
1,795
1,640
2,995
2,735
4,990
4,560
l~·
Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch for Different Heads of Water
650 125 535 715 1,075 1,610 2,685 4,475 Head
Feet 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
700 110 535 710 1,065 1,600 2,665 4,440
0 0.43 0.87 1.30 1.73 2.16 2.60 3.03 3.46 3.90
10 4.33 4.76 520 5.63 6.06 6.49 6.93 7.36 7.79 8.23
750 95 505 670 1,010 1,510 2,520 4,200 20 8.66 9.09 9.53 9.96 10.39 10.82 11.26 11.69 12.12 12.56
800 80 410 550 825 1,235 2,060 3,430 30 12.99 13.42 13.86 1429 14.72 15.15 15.59 16.02 16.45 16.89
i
850 65 270 355 535 805 1,340 2,230 40 17.32 17.75 18.19 18.62 19.05 19.48 19.92 20.35 20.78 2122
50 21.65 22.08 22.52 22.95 23.38 23.81 2425 24.68 25.11 25.55
900 50 170 230 345 515 860 1,430 00 25.98 26.41 26.85 2728 27.71 28.14 28.58 29.01 29.44 29.88
70 30.31 30.74 31.18 31.61 32.04 32.47 32.91 33.34 33.77. 34.21
950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860 ;: 80 34.64 35.07 35.51 35.94 36.37 36.80 37.24 37.67 38.10 38.54
1 000 20 50 70 105 155 260 430 .,i SQ 38.97 39.40 39.84 4021 40.70 41.13 41.57 42.00 42.43 42.87

' 1 NOTE: One foot of water at 62° Fahrenheit equals .433 pound pressure per square
inch. To find the pressure per square inch for any feet head not given in the table
Ratings apply to NPS ~ trough NPS 24 and to materials: above, multiply the feet times .433.
A 105 (1) A 350 Gr. LF2 (1) A 350 Gr. LF6 Cl. 1 (4) A 216 Gr. WCB (1) Heads of Water in Feet Corresponding to
A515Gr. 70(1)A516Gr. 70(1)(2)A537Cl. 1 (3) i Certain Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch
NOTES: ; Pres-
(1) Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 800 °F. j sure, 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Lbs.
(2) Not to be used over 850 °F.
0 2.3 4.6 6.9 9.2 11.5 13.9 16.2 18.5 20.8
(3) Not to be used over 700 °F. 10 23.1 25.4 27.7 30.0 32.3 34.6 36.9 39.3 41.6 43.9
(4) Not to be used over 500 °F. 20 46.2 48.5 50.8 53.1 55.4 57.7 60.0 62.4 64.7 67.0
Flanges of ANSI B 16.5 shall not be used for higher ratings except where it 30 69.3 71.6 73.9 76.2 78.5 80.8 83.1 85.4 87.8 90.1
40 92.4 . 94.7 .9'7..0 99.3 101.6 103.9 106.2 108.5 110.8 113.2
is justified by the design methods of the Code. 50 115.5 117.8' 120.1 . 122.4 124.7 127.0 129.3 131.6 133.9 136.3
Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock working pressures expressed 00 138.6 140.9 143.2 145.5 147.8 150.1 152.4 154.7 157.0 159.3
as gage pressure, at the tabulated temperatures and may be interpolated 70 161.7 164.0 f66.3 168.6 170.9 173.2 175.5 177.8 180.1 182.4
80 184.8 187.1 189.4 191.7 194.0 196.3 198.6 200.9 203.2 205.5
between temperatures shown. I 00 207.9 210.2 212.5 214.8 217.1 219.4 221.7 224.0 226.3 228.6
Temperatures are those on the inside of the pressure-containing shell of the
'· NOTE:~~r~~~U~d ofpres~ure per square inch of water equals 2.309 feet of water
flange. In general, it is the same as that of the contained material. at 62° Fa t. Therefore, to find the feet head of water for any pressure not
Flanged fittings shall be hydrostatically tested. given in the table above, multipy the pressure pounds per square inch by 2.309.
30 31

TABLES

For quick comparison of required plate thickness and weight for various
materials and at a different degree of radiographic examination.
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
.A .Stress.yalues at temperature -20° to 500 °F. DESIGN PRESSURE
(
SA 53 B When Code Symbol is to be applied, the vessel shall be designed and
' stamped with the maximum allowable external working pressure. It is
SA285.C SA 515-60 ·SA 515-70
SA 516-60 SA 516-70 recommended that a suitable margin is provided when establishing the
85% J. E. 13,345 14,535 17,000 maximum allowable external pressure to allow for pressure variation in
100% J. E.
= 15,700

B Ratios of Stress Values

17,100 20,000 '
"
service. Code UG-28(f).
Vessels intended for service under external working pressure of 15 psi
and less may be stamped with the Code Symbol denoting compliance
13 345 14,535 15,700 17,000 17,100 ~ .!• with the rules for external pressure provided all the applicable rules of
13 345 - 1.09 1.18 1.27 1.28 this Division are also satisfied. Code UG-28(f).
14,535 0.92 - 1.08 1.17 1.18 1.37
This shall not be applied if the vessel is operated at a temperature be-
15,700 0.85 0.92 1.08 1.09 1.27
! low minus 20° F, and the design pressure is determined by the Code
17,000 0.79 0.86 0.93 - 1.01 1.18
UCS-66(c)(2) or Code UHA-5l(b) to avoid the necessity of impact
17,100 0.78 0.85 0.92 0.99 - 1.17
test.
20,000 0.67 0.73 0.79 0.85 0.86
Vessels with lap joints: Code UG-28(g) Non-cylindrical vessel, jacket:
Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head Code UG-28(i).
materials.

Table B shows the ratios of these stress values. TEST PRESSURE

EXAMPLE:
1. For a wessel using SA 515-70 plate, when spot radiographed, the required
thickness 0.4426 inches and the weight of the vessel12600 lbs.
2. What plate thickenss will be required, and what will the weight of the
vessel be using SA 285-C plate and full radiographic examination:
In case 1. The stress value of the material 17,000
In case 2. The stress value of the material15,700
The ratio of the two stress values from Table B=l.08 In this proportion the
required plate thickness and the weight of the vessel will be increased.
Single-wall vessels designed for vacuum or partial vacuum only, shall
be subjected to an internal hydrostatic test or when a hydrostatic test is
not practicable, to a pneumatic test. Code UG-99(f).
Either type of test shall be made at a pressure not less than 1Yz times
the difference between normal atmospheric pressure and the minimum
design internal absolute pressure. Code UG-99(f).
Pneumatic test: Code UG-100.
The design method on the following pages conform to ASME Code for
Pressure Ves·sels Section VIII, Div. 1. The charts on pages 42-4 7 are
excerpted from this ~ode.

0.4426 x 1.08 = 0.4780 in.

~-12_6_00~x~1._08_=~13~6_08~l_b_.__________________________~t
i
'
32 33

EXTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES

FORMULAS
NOTATION
P =
External design pressure, psig. DESIGN DATA
P =
Maximum allowable working pressure, psig. P = 15 psig. external design pressure
-' =
if0 Outside diameter, in. ' D = 96 in. outside diatmeter of the shell .
L =
the length, in. of vessel section between: " Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 48 ft. 0 in. = 576 m.
1. circumferential line on a head at one-third the depth of the
head-tangent line, Heads 2: I ellipsoidal
2. stiffening rings Material of shell SA - 285 C plate
3. jacket closure Temperature 500° F . .
4. cone-to-cylinder junction or knuckle-to-cylinder junction of E = Modulus of elasticity of matenal, 27,000,000 ps1.@ 500 0 F (see chart
a toriconical head or section, -
5. tube sheets (see page 39 ) on page 43)
t =
Minimum required wall thickness, in.
' ·.· Determine the required sheil thickness.
..,
A.
1-r--,-
JI----111- r- I
--
.c
CYLINDRICAL SHELL
Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints
Assume a shell thickness: I = 0.50 in. (see page 49)
Length L = 592 in. (length of shell 576 in. and one third of the depth of
When D/t equal to or greater than I 0 · heads 16 in.)
the maximum allowable pressure:
LID.=592/96=6.17 D/1=96/0.5=192
D. Pa= 4B A=0.00007 from chart (page 42) determined by the procedure described on
3CD.It)
t the facing page.
The value of B shall be determined by the fol-
lowing procedure: Since the value of A is falling to the left of the applicable temperature-line in
I. Assume a value for I; (See pages 49-51) Fig. CS-2 (pg. 43),
Determine Ll D a and D q I I
p - 2A £/3 ( D /I)= 2 X 0.00007 X 27,000,000/3 X 192 = 6.56 psi .
.c 2. Enter Fig. G (Page 42) at the value of LID 0 • •
Enter at 50 when LID 0 is greater than 50, and Since the maximum allowable pressure P. is smaller than the design pressure
VESSEL
at 0.05 when LID 0 is less than 0.05.
p stiffening rings shall be provided.
WITHOUT STIFFENING RING 3. Move horizontally to the line representing Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between the tangent l~nes of the hea~s,
D/1. From the point of intersection move ver-
B. tically to determine the value of factor A. Length of one vessel section, L = 200 in. (length of shell 192 m. plus one th1rd
4. Enter the applicable material chart (pages of depth of head 8 in.)
43-47) at the value of A. Move vertically to the
applicable temperature line•.
5. From the intersection move horizontally and LID.= 200/96 = 2.08 D 0 /t = 96/0.5 = 192
~, _ _""T""
read the value of B. A = 0.00022 from chart (page 42)
Compute the maximum allowable working pres-
!:=::=:.":__=:::=::' ~--t- B = 3000 from ch~rt (page 43)
sure, P •. '
\o
D. If the maximum allowable working pressure is determined by the procedure described on
smaller than the design pressure, the design
procedure must be repeated increasing the ves- s:: 0 facing page.
sel thickness or decreasing L by stiffening ring. "'
fo-
b P. = 4B/3(D.f t) = 4 x 3000/3 x 192 = 20.8 psi.
*For values of A falling to the left of the
r------ applicable temperature line, the value of P •
'
Since the maximum allowable pressure P a is
can be calculated by the formula: greater than the design pressure P, the assumed
- ---N----411--t- p = 2AE. thickness of shell using two stiffening rings,
3(D.Ii) is satisfactory.
..c:::-l--_:~:s::::::::::~:;i' ~
a

VESSEL
When the value of D0 1t is less than 10, the
formulas given in the Code UG-28(c)(2) shall
. -..,.
N See page 40 for design of stiffening rings.
WITH STIFFENING RING be applied.
34 35

EXTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES

FORMULAS
NOTATION DESIGN DATA:
P = External design pressure psig.
Pa = Ma.ximum allowable working pressure psig. P = 15 psig external design pressure
D. = Outside diameter of the head, in. D.= 96 inches outside diameter of head
''
Ro = Outside radius of sphere or hemisphereical head, 0.90 0 for ellipsoidal Material of the head SA-285C plate
heads, inside crown radius of flanged and dished heads, in. 5000F design temperature
I = Minimum required wall thickness, inches.
E = Modulus of elasticity of material, psi. (page 43)
Determine the required head thickness.
SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
The maximum p = B
allowable pressure: • (R 0 /t) Assume a head thickness: t. =0.25 in. R0 = 48.00 in.
The value of B shall be dete~mined by the following pro- A = 0.125/( 48.00/0.25)~.0.00065
cedure:
From Fig. CS-2 (page 43) B = 8500 determined by the procedure described on the
1. Assume the value for t and calculate the value of
facing page.
A using the formula: AFD.J25;f Rn I 1) (see page 49)
2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43-47) at Pa = 8500/(48.00/0.25) = 44.27 psi.
the value of A . Move vertically to the applicable
temperature line. • Since the maximum allowable working pressure Pais exceedingly greater than
3. From the intersection move horizontally and read the design pressure P, a lesser thickness would be satisfactory.
the value of B.
*For values of A falling to the left of the appli- For a second trial, assume a head thickness: t = 0.1.875 in.
cable temperature line, the value of Pa can be cal- R0 = 48.00 in.
culated by the formula: P n = 0.0625 E/(R a It? A = 0.125/(48.00/0.1875) = 0.0005
If the maximum allowable working pressure P a com-
B = 6700, from chart (page 43 ), Pa = BI(Rjt) = 6700/256 = 26.2 psi.
puted by the formula above, is smaller than the design 'Fhe assumed thickness: t = 0.1875 in. is satisfactory.
pressure, a greater value for 1 must be selected and
the design procedure repeated.
2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2.)
.1 The required thickness shall be the greater or the Assume a head thickness: t = 0.3125 in.. R. = 0.9 x 96 = 86.4 in.

r ! following thicknesses.
(1) The thickness as computed by the formulas
A= 0.125/(86.4/0.3125) = 0.00045
B = 6100 from chart (page 43 ),P" - B/(R 0 1 t)l= 6100/276 = 22.1 psi.

+
given for internal pressure using a design pres-
sure 1.67 times the external pressure and joint Since the maximum allowable pressure P" is greater than the design pressure
efficiency £ =1.00. P the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
D,
(2) The thickness proofed by formula P0 = B/R0 /t
whereR.,=0.9 Du, and B to be determined as for
sphere.
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2.)
ASME FLANGED AND DISHED tmAD
(TORISPHERICAL HEAD) Assume a head thickness: t = 0.3125 in., R.=D. = 96 in.
A = 0.125/(96/0.3125) = 0.0004
The required thickness and maximum allowable pres- =
B 5200 from chart (page 43), P... B/(R 0 /t) = 5200/307 = 16.93 psi.
sure shall be computed by the procedures given for Since the maximum allowable pressure P" is greater than the design pressure
ellipsoidal heads. (See above)R 0 maximum=D, P the assumed thickness is satisfactory. ·
36 37

EXTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES

FORMULAS

CONE AND CONICAL SECTION DESIGN DATA

Seamle$$ or with Bull Joints P = 15 psi external design pressure
Material of the cone SA 285-C plate
WHEN a IS EQUAL TOORLESSTHAN60•
and Dtft¥ ~ lO
500 F design temperatur-e
The maximum allowable 'pressure:
48 CONICAL HEAD
P., = 3(D,!t!') D, = 96 in. a =22.5 degrees D,=o
1. Assume a value for thickness, lr
The values of 8 shall be determined by the
following procedure:
2. Determine t... , L.,, and the ratios L.lD1 and
D11t. .
3. Enter chart G (page 42) at the value of L/
DdUD,) (Enter at 50 when L/D1 is greater
Determine the required thickness, t
Length, L =(D,I2)/tana=48/.4142= 115.8, say 116 in
1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.3125 in.
2. t... =t cosa=0.3125 x .9239 = 0.288;
L, =L/2 (l+D ID1)
L~!Dt=S8196 =0.6
= 116/2 x (l + 0/96) = 58
Dtlte= 961.288 = 333
3. A =0.00037 (from chart, page 42)
SJ
D, .I
than 50) Move horizontally to the line rep- 4. 8 = 5,200 (from chart, page 43)
resenting D,/t. From the point 0f inter-
section move vertically and read the value 48 4 x 5,200
of A. S. p" = 3(D ,It J 3(333) =20 ' 8 psi.
4. Enter the applicable material chart at Since the maximum allowable pressure is greater than the design pressure, the
the value of A • and move vertically to the a5sumed plate thickness is satisfactory.
line of applicable temperature. From the
NOTATION intersection move horizontally and read
the value of 8. CONICAL SECTION (See design data above)
A = factor determined from
fig.UG0-28.0 (page 42 S. Compute the maximum allowable working
B = charts
factor determined from
(pages 43-47)
pressure, P.,. D1 = 144 in. D, =96 in. a =30 deg.
Determine the required thickness,
a = one half of the included
(apex) angle, degrees
If P" is smaller than the design pressure, the
design, the design procedure must be repeated Length, L=[(DrD,)I2]/tana =24/.5774=41.6 in.
Dt= outside diameter at the increasing the thickness or decreasing L by
large end, in. 1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.375 in.
using of stiffening rings.
D,= outside diameter at the 2. t" =l cosa.=0.375 x 0.866=0.324
small end, in.
•For values of A falling to the left of the appli- Le=(L/2)(1 + D/D/)=41.612 X
E = modulus of elasticity of
cable line, the value of P can be calculated (1 +96/144) = 34.67
material (page 43) L,ID1 =34.67/144=0.241
by the formula:
L = length of cone, in. (see
P,. - 2AE/3(D 1/t,.) D!lte = 144/0.324=444
page 39)
3. A =0.00065 (from chart, page42J
Le = equivalent length of
conical section,
For cones having D It ratio smaller than 10,
see Code UG-33 (f)(b) 4. B = 8,600 (from chart, page 43)
24 144-96
in.(L/2)(1 +Ds!Du 48 4 X 8600
p
= psL ~ernal design pressure, 144 S. p o = 3(D 1/t e) = 3 X (144/0.324)
WHEN a IS GREATER THAN 60°
The thickness of the cones shall be the same as =
25.8 psi.
Pa = Maximum allowable the required thickness for a flat h~d. the Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure
working pressure, psi
diameter ·of which equals the largest outside P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
t = minimum required
thickness, in. diameter of the cone.
te = effective
==tcosa
thickness, in.
Provide adequate reinforcing of the cone-to- EXAMPLES FOR CONICAL HEAD, WHEN 0: IS GREATER THAN 60°
cylinder juncture. See page 1S9 ARE GIVEN AT FLAT HEADS
38
39

NOTES
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS

Use L in calculation as shown when

the strength of joints of cone to cylin-
der does not meet the requirements
descnbed on pages 163 - 169 It will
I'
result the thickness for the cone not
'' less than the minimum required thick-
ness for the joining cylindrical shell.

Use L in calculation as shown when

the strength of joints of cone to cylin-
der meets the requirements described
on pages 163·16.9
-
 41
40

EXTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES

DESIGN OF STIFFENING RINGS
NOTATION DESIGN DATA:
A := Factor detennined from the chart (page 42) for the material used in the p = 15 psi, external design pressure.
stiffening ring. D = 96 in., outside diameter ofthe shell.
0
Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 47ft. 8 in.= 572 in.
As = Cross sectional area of the stiffening ring, sq. in.
Heads 2: 1 ellipsoidal
D. = Outside Diameter of shell, in. Material of the stiffening ring SA-36
E = Modulus of elasticity of material (see chart on page 43) Temperature 500°F
Is = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring about its neutral axis parallel E Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi,@ 500°F (see chart on
to the axis of the shell, in. 4. page 43)
0.500 in. thickness of shell
I's = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring combined with the shell
section which is taken as contributing to the moment of inertia. The width of
the shell section 1.10 ...fi5t in. 4. 96"
0
5
Ls = The sum of one-half of the distances on both sides of the stiffening ring from I. An angle of 6 X 4 /16 selected.
As = 3.03 sq. in.
the center line of the ring to the (1) next stiffening ring, (2) to the head line at
~
11.3 depth, (3) to a jacket connection, or (4) to cone-to-cylinder junction, in.
P = External design pressure, psi.
Oo
in
/
'
- -·-·--
-~
,....
..

""'i:o
II. Using 2 stiffening rings equally
spaced between one-third the
depths of heads (see figure),
t = Minimum required wall thickness of shell, in. Ls= 196in.
I. Select the type of stiffening ring and detennine its cross sectional area A. s::
~
-;- - ____,
III. The moment ofintertia of the
II. Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally between selected angle: 11.4 in.
jacketed section, cone-to-shell junction, or head line at 11.3 of its depth and ~
detennine dimension, Ls.
s::
~ i:o - ---· - ""'
\0 1. The value of Factor B:
III. Calculate the moment of inertia of the selected ring or the moment of inertia of 00
B =% [PD 0 /(t + AJLs)] =
the ring combined with the shell section (see page 95). t- - - % [15x96/(0.5 + 3.03/196)]
IV. The available moment of inertia of a circumferential stiffening ring shall not be I ""' =2095
less than detennined by one of the following fonnulas: ~ 00
in 2. Since the value of B is less
I' _ D.2Ls (t+A/L)A I _ D.2Ls (t+AjL)A than2500,
s - 10.9 ·' - 14 i
A =2B/E=
The value of A shall be detennined by the following procedure: i: l: 2 X 2095/27,000,000 = 0.00015
1. Calculate factor B using the fonnula:
rv. The required moment of inertia:
B=%[ PD. ]
t+A/Ls
2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages43 -A7) at the value of Band move
horizontally to the curve of design temperature. When the value of B is less than
_ [Da2Ls(t+As!L) A] =961 x 196x(0.5 +3.03 I 196)X 0.00015 = 9 .97 in.4
2500, A can be calculated by the fonnula: A = 2B/E.
Is- . 14 . . 14 --
3. From the intersection point move vertically to the bottom of the chart and read the
value of A. Since the requlred m~ment of inertia (9,97 in. 4) is smaller than the moment of
4. Calculate the required moment of inertia using the fonnulas above. inertia ofthe selected angle (11.4 in. 4) the vessel is adequately stiffened.
If the moment of inertia of the ring or the ring combined with the shell section is greater Stiffening rings may be subject to lateral buckling. This should be considered
than the required moment ofinertia, the stiffening of the shell is satisfactory. Otherwise in addition to the required moment of inertia.
stiffening ring with larger moment of inertia must be selected, or the number of rings
shall be increased. See pages 95-97 for. stiffening ring calculations.
Stiffening ring for jacketed vessel: Code UG-29 (f)
 UDO ....,.,. _..,..; N
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v I I =: "' 0
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sop~-
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5,000
1// o:sll) '+-
E • 29.0 x 10 6 0 II) ~ 0
~ ...... rt/J. 4,000 ..5 ..<:: -~
E =27.0

E = 22.8
K

E = 24.5 x 106
X
106

106
...... l/.
r.......tt rt
w FIG.CS-2 3,500
.......... ~ .....

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FACTOR A

THE VALUES OF FACTOR B

USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
The values of the chart are applicable when the vessel is constructed of carbon steel and the specified yield
strenth 30,000 psi. and over. To this category belong the following most frequently used materials:
SA - 283 C SA - 515 } II G d SA - 53 - B Type 405 } St · 1 . St 1
1 SA-285C SA-516 A ra es SA-106-B Type4IO amess ee I&
 I 25.000 t
I I IJ
up to 3~ ~.
<!)
-so:s-s
.::

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20.000
500 F
18,000
Be'S
,. ~,..-V I I
700 F ~ "' enfii ot::
.....-~-"' v v I I
16,090
......
<d <d · - ....

- v---
vv v
" <I)
c..>
sop~-
v 1-1- ...- I-"
900 F
14,000

12.000 . 0
......

~-
(1)
,,""- ......
t:: ....
0
....
0..
l_/
<I)
.
1- ~v
I-'"" ....
~----~
1- 10.000 ~ gE<il ~
1- ~ ...... ~ ~ec:.:::
9,000 1Y > (1) 0 (1)
r,l 1/ I-1- :..,.... ......
8.000 o ] eO..N~-<
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·;:::.a
VJ ~ 7 !---" ~ c.....
c-"
o ce ....,
<!)
(1)
.... ..c::: ::;
7.000
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(1) (1)
..c:::
.... <I)
e
/, rl/
o..c::: ....
5,000 ~ \J -~ 15
E = 29.0 X 10 6
1//,rf ~ ~ ~.::::
E = 27.0 X 10 6
--...... ...... rt/1. 4,000
c..>
(1)
t::
0
0
.E5·.;::J-g
E = 24:5 X 10 6 I" VII FIG. HA-l 3,500 •• <;.... g
~ 0
(1)

E •22.8x
r-.. ))
106
3,000
E-< ..C:::(!)p.
.... .... (1)
ell ....

O
~ ~~
0..
El=tl'ii106
I I IT z ·;M::: .s.._. ;:j

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.00001 .0001 .001 .01 .1

FACTOR A

. THE VALUES OF FACTOR B

USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
*The values of the chart are applicable when the vessel is constructed of austenitic steel (18Cr-8Ni, Type 304)
(Table 1 on page 190)

.,...-..,.,...,...=<.__,..-~--~~,~JII:'?:'l'Ci.t~.NN!<~U:"':;;""··R~=-'i!.--- ....t<-... ~-->· •• ):p;,, - · ,...... ---N~-,"·~- , .. R.rit.i- .• *'" 3 j •.• ) ;e•;"" !l!1-.!t'!!~9.~5t-.,.. ....__, j _,. ___ ,_____ .X .. ( ,.,_Q! §..£ -o-AJ.~.-4£ bJI:!

·- 25,000 (1) t:: Q)

.... .....
..c:::ce..c:::
(1)
:?0.000 .se'O
18.000 ~ ~ s::
UP to ,.!.00 F -ell 0
' 16,000 ~ l'(j ·.;:::
I I " <!)
c..>
400 F,-
~~
,_... ' ''F
1-700
14.000
"" = ......
......

•.. ·-
<I)

0
~I-' 12.000
~-
0 (1) 0..

--
'
/
v ~
,....1- ~ ~ 1-- i-1-
9
l1Fij 10,000 ~ ~B<d~
"Ce~Q;.:::
' / I-' ~ 1,200 F 1Y > (1) 0 (1)
9,000
/ -""'
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8.000 o""" eO..N~-<
·c .a
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Ill ""' ~-'V j,...; .....
7,000
c.....
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i)<!><l.)&,
'/.I, 7 6,000
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~
..c::: 5 ..c:::
~ <;.... ..... (1)
e
f/V 0 ..c::: .....
ell ..... <I)
l'(lJ 5.000 (1) "0 ·- ..c:::
ell;:::~-
E = 28.0 • 106 ,....
IT/. '(f. ""' ce<!> '+-<
c..> t:: 0
E = 25.9 x 1os..J. i- f1'1W 4,000 t::
~-B·.c]
(1) 0
10~~ r"f Vfj
E
E
= 23.8
22.4 X lOS~
X

E : 20.3 • 1os...!. !.i71 rt

lI FIG.HA-2 3.500 ~'Sg~
E-< ~ (1)
(!)p.
3.000 0 ..... 0..
I 1l ]'lJ II z .s ;:j

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FACTOR A

THE VALUES OF FACTOR B

USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
*The values of the chart are applicable when the vessel is constructed of austenitic steel (18CR-8Ni-Mo, Type
316)(Table 3 on page 190)
~------------------------------~--------------------------------~~
 ~
I I ll <U s:: <U
..<:lttl..<:l
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-
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<U .....

up to 100 F
!---I - 14.000 C/) ~ s::
f.- ::::::
C/)
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0
12.000 ~ ... t)

-
...,. <U <U
~ I ""-s:: ....
~ !--" 10.000 •.-~·- .....
0
..... 4001 0 <U 0..
/ ..... .
v t-_ 600 F
9.000
~ <U;j~<U
s::

-
;j ...... ttl
8,00(
CdfS!E~
lr ...,.I-- ........- v BOO F -~ ;> <U 0 <U

...... _......
1.00C 0.. N ,_,
~
.... 6.00(
0
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]...... 8<U ·;:::0 .sttl
........ u <U - ..<::: ~
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5.000
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0 ..<::: ....
'/ ,.I--- v ;>-
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4,000 <U ""0 ·- ..<:::

::::17 fl.rf-"
"'
ttl.u s:: ~ """-
E • 28.0 X 106 - !--' 3.500 0 <U s:: 0
E • 25.9 x 106 --.!,..{ s:: ..<::: .9 ""0
"""'"i~......,~
E - 24.5 x 10 -
6 FIG.HA-3 3,000
•• """' ~ <U
~ 0 " ' .....
E : 23.1 X 106 - E-< ...... ..... <U
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.00001 .0001 .001 .01 .1

FACTOR A

THE VALUES OF FACTOR B

USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
*The values of the chart are applicable when the vessel is constructed of custenitic steel ( ISCR-SNI-0, 03 max.
carbon, Type 304L) (Table 2 on page 190)

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20,000
I I I II ]
up to 100 F
18.000 ..... § ]
.....

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16,000
14.000

12.000 ~
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....... ~
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.... <U <U

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II ~ I lilot ~""" -s ~
w 1-- 4,000
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<U ""0 .-;: ]
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E = 28.0 x 1os-
~~ 3,500 0
s::
d)
d) §
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E • 26.4 x 106-
;-... -tt'& 0
- -s · - ""0
FIG.HA-4 3,000
•• """ t) ~
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E 24.5 • 1Q6- ~ 0 <U
E 23.1 X lOS ......
2,500 E-<-~~
O"Eh2S:
I II ~ I 2.000
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2 3 456789 2 3 4 56789 2 3456789 2 J 4 56789
.00001 .0001 .001 .01 .1

FACTOR A

THE VALUES OF FACTOR B

USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
*The values ofthe chart are applicable when the vessel is constructed of austenitic steel ( ISCR-SNi-Mo-0.03
max. carbon, Types 316L and 317L)(Table 4 on page 190)
~----------------------------------------------------------------~~
48
49
EXTERNAL PRESSURE CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF STIFFENING RINGS
FORMED HEADS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM
LOCATION
Stiffening rings may be placed on the inside or outside of a vessel. Using the charts, trials with different assumed thicknesses can be avoided.
SHAPE OF RINGS The charts has been developed in accordance with the design method of ASME
The rings may.be of rectangular or any other sections. Code, Section VIII, Division l.

CONSTRUCTION
It is preferable to use plates in constructing a composite-section stiffener ring,
rather than using standard structural shapes. The reason for this lies not only in
the difficulties of rolling heavy structural shapes, but also because of the neces-
sity to adjust the ring to the curvature of the shell. For large diameter vessels the
maximum permissible out of roundness can result in a 1 - 2 inch gap between
the shell and the ring. This can be eliminated if the vertical member of the ring is
cut out of the plate in sections. The sections can be flame cut, instead of rolled
and then butt-welded together in place.
DRAIN AND VENT
Stiffener rings placed in the inside of horizontal shells have a hole or gap at the
bottom for drainage and at the top for vent. Practically one half of a 3 inch
diameter hole at the bottom and 1!h inch diameter hole at the top is satisfactory
and does not affect the stress conditions. Figure A.
For the maximum arc of shell left unsupported because of gap in stiffening
ring, see Code Figure UG.29.2.

WELDING
According to the ASME Code (UG 30): Stiffener rings may be attached to the
shell by continuous or intermittent welding. The total length of intermittent
welding on each side of the stiffener ring shall be:
I. for rings on the outside, not less than one half the outside circumference
of the vessel;
2. for rings on the inside of the vessel, not less than one third of the circum-
ference of the vessel.
Where corrosion allowance is to be provided, the stiffening ring shall be attached
to the shell with continuous fillet or seal weld.ASME. Code (UG.30.)

Max. Spacing
12 t for internal ring
8 t fO< <xt<m.U ring l 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90 I 00 II 0 120 I 30 140 l SO 160 I 70

SPHERICAL, ELLIPSOIDAL, FLANGED AND DISHED HEADS

1:
(Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 psi, inclusive)
To find ~e required l!ead thickness: 1. Determine R, 2. Enter the chart at the value
of R, 3. Move vertic<illy to temperature line, 4. Move horizontally and read t.
t = Required head thickness, in.
Figure A Figure B R = For hemispherical heads, the inside radius, in.
EXAMPLE: RINGS OUTSIDE W' x 3" lg. fillet weld on 6" ctrs. For 2:1 ellipsoidal heads 0.9xD 0
RINGS INSIDE "" x 2" lg. fillet weld on 6" ctrs. For flangeq and dished heads, the inside crown radius, in. Rmax=Do
D0 = Outside diameter of the head, in.
The fillet weld leg-size shall be not less than the smallest of the following: 1/4 in,
~ ""' ...... • "'· !_!-A.
50 51

CHARTS FOR DETERMINING 'IHE WALL THICKNESS FOR CHARTS FOR DETERMINING 'IHE WALL 'IHICKNESS FOR
VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM

..... .... ,10 .1s .ao .z . .ao .35 .<40 •.d!S .so .ss .eo .es . TO .TS .eo .as .liiO ~1ill!5

,,:0-. q - I'" !"~

500.

. ,..,
- '\._",
~
tl± - r--: ...,..,
r--:
-
--
300°f

- ~"'""~"' -
. ..,;, . ..,;,
v - 1-500 Of
1'--.~ ~ _.....!-!-700 Of .,.., i 375.
~ ~v ~soo°F ..., l
~ ~K .,--- 900°f
v .... ..... ..... ....
..,...
~~~
N !::' ~
~
300.

275.

....
0
0 0
Q """
215.

""" ~
~ ~:::,._
.... ...."'""
:100.
,,.., "'-;::
~~ """
,.,., 115,

~~ ,,., ISO.

1... ....
• . 5 • 1 '""•
•
'· • • . 5 • ' • 0 10.
100. tOO.

ISO. t = REQUIRED SHELL THICKNESS, IN.

..... CYLINDRICAL SHELL
.... (Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 psi, inclusive)
.... ~
:i To find the required shell thickness:
11<). 0 1. Enter lower chart (facing page) at the value of L
1= 2. Move horizontally to curves representing D0
100. f;l 3. Move vertically to temperature line
f/l
00. ~
4. Move horizontally and read D0 lt
0 5. Enter chart above at the value of D0 1t
... ....1
....1
w
6. Move horizontally to curve D
7. Move vertically down and read the value of t
1<).
:X:
f/l

... 1.1.
0
:X:
NOTATION
Required shell thickness, in.
50.
!- Outside diameter of shell, in.
z
..... w
...)
" Length of the vessel or vessel section, taken as the largest of the following:
l. Distance between the tangent lines of the heads plus one third of the depth of
... II
....1
the hea_ds- if stiffening rings are not used, in.
·2. The greatest distance between any two akjacent stiffening rings, in .
2<).
3. The distance from the center of the first stiffening ring to the head tangent
line plu's one third of the head depth, in.
10.
The charts are from!
"' Logan, P. J., "Based on New ASME Code Addenda •.. Chart Finds Vessel Thickness,"
CYLINDRICAL SHELL HYDRO~ARBON PROC_,ESSING, 55 No. 5, May 1976 p. 217.
(See facing page for explanation) Logan, P. J., "A Simplified Approach to •.. Pressure Vessel Head Design," HYDROCAR·
BON PROCESSING, 55 No. 11, November 1976 p. 265.
Copyrighted Gulf Publishing Co. Houston. Used with permission.
52 53

DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS

WIND LOAD WIND LOAD
(Continued)
The computation ofwind load is based on Standard ANSI/ASCE 7-95, approved
1996. COEFFICIENT G (Gust response fact~ed with Exposure Coefficient)
The basic 'wind speed shall be taken from the map on the following pages.
The basic wind speed is 105 mph. in Hawaii and 125 mph. in Puerto Rico.
HEIGHT
Above Ground, ft. EXPOS~ EXPOSUREC EXPOSURED
The minimum design wind pressure shall not be less than 10 lb./sq. ft. 0-15 0.6 1.1 1.4
20 0.7 1.2 1.5
When records and experience indicates that the wind speeds are higher than
those reflected in the map, the higher values of wind speed shall be applied. 40 0.8 1.3 1.6
60 0.9 1.4 1.7
The wind pressure on the projected area of a cylindrical tower shall be calculated
by the following formula. - 80 1.0 1.5 1.8
100 1.1 1.6 1.9
F qz G C1A1 Table6-1ANSIJASCE7-95STANDARD
(Numbers of tables and paragraphs are references to this 140 1.2 1.7 2.0

LI Standard.)

(D x H)
I
Projected area oftower, sq. ft.
height of tower considered, ft.
200
300
500
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.4

outside diameter of tower, ft.
'---Shape factor= 0.8 for cylindrical tower (Table 6-7)
'----Gust response factor (Gh & GJ* (Para. 6.6)
When the tower is located:
in urban, suburban areas, Exposure B 0.8;
in open terrain with scattered obstruction, Exposure C 0.85;
The area of caged ladder may be approximated as 1 sq. ft. per lineal ft. Projected-area
of platform 8 sq. ft.
Users of vessels usually specify wind pressure for manufacturers without reference
to the height zones or map areas. For example: 30 lb. per sq. ft. This specified pres-
sure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel.
The total pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the projected
area of the tower. With good arrangement of the equipment, the exposed area of the

lll
in flat, unobstructed areas, Exposure D 0.85.
wind can be reduced considerably. For example, by locating the ladder 90 degrees
'-----Velocity pressure at height z above ground, lb./sq. in. from the vapor line.
0.00256 KzKzc V2 I, lb./sq. ft. (Table 6-1) •'
I ; EXAMPLE:
-Design Wind Force, lb. lmportonce fuctor 1.0 fi" 'tructur"' that Determine the wind load, F
on projected area of present low hazard to human life in event
tower. (Para. 6.2) offailure (Para. 6.2). DESIGN DATA:
the wind speed, V = J<()Om.p.h
Wind speed, mph. (Map 6-1)
Topographic factor= 1.0 when wind speed-up
diameter of tower, D = 6ft.
over hills and escarpment is not present. height of tower, H = 80ft.
_ (Para. 6.5.5) the tower located in flat,
,,
unobstructed area, exposure: D
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient* The wind load, F=qz xG x C1 AJ
Exposures B, C & D (Table 6-3) · q from table = 26 psf
* See tables below for values of q and for combined values G froq1 table = 1.8
of Gh, Gz, and Kz in Exposures B, C, and D. Shape factor = 0.8
VEWCITYPRESSURE,q Area,A1 ';'DH=6 x 80 480 sq. ft.
Basic wind speed, mph, V I 10 I so I ~ 1100 1110 1120 1130 1 F = 26 X 1.8 X 0.8 X 480 17,97llbs.
Velocity Pressure psf0.00256 V2, q 1 13 1 11 1 21 1 26 1 31 1 37 1 44 1
54 55

MAP OF WIND SPEED, V MAP OF WIND SPEED, V

(miles per hour) (miles per hour)

90
100
110
120
130
.I

~
Alaska Note:
For coastal areas and islands, Special Wind Region
use nearest contour.
• Population Center
Location V, mph
Hawaii 105
Puerto Rico 125
Guam 170
Virgin Islands 125
American Samoa 125
Notes:
1. Values are 3-second gust speeds in miles per hour itt 33 ft.
above ground for Expo'Sure C category and are associated with
an annual probability of 0.02.
2. Linear interpolation between wind speed contours is permit-
ted.
3. Islands and coastal areas shall use wind speed contour of
coastal area. •
ANSIIAASCE STANDARD 7-95 4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promotories, and special
Courtesy of American Society of Civil Engineers wind regions shall be examined for unusual wind conditions.
56 57

DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS MAP OF WIND PRESSURE

WIND LOAD
'f!
i
Computation of wind load as alternate method based on standard ASA A58.1-1955.
This standard is obsolete but still used in some codes and foreign countries.
The wind pressure at, 30 ft level above ground for the United States is shown on the
map on the facing page.
The table below gives the wind pressures for various heights above ground Jor the
areas indicated by the map.
::s
o:l

*Multiply values of Pw with 0.80

...
0)

::s
when the horizontal cross sec- .... "'
:I!~
~

al

-.=.
tion is hexagonal or octagonal .,_ :.::to•
20 30 35 and with 0.60 when the horizon- z :::lo: .Q
tal cross section is circular or el- C(l)::•
25 40 45 50
liptical.
I-LIJ ....
sa::~!
z
(l)~d
0)
25 30 40 45 50 55 60 ..s
1.1.1(1); .....
30 40 45 55 60 70 75 a::w o:::: >.
wa:: I ..... .0
tSQ. "•Vo
.....
EXAMPLE: 0"''"'
~z;i ..
Find the wind pressure Pw from map. oj!l'l'"
" ..J oi"'
•
_, ~=;
The vessel is intended to operate in Oklahoma, which is in the wind pressure map area ct ;:~
marked 30. In this map area the wind pressures for various height zones are: :::u
In the height zone less than 30 ft. 25 lb. per sq. ft.
In the height zone from 30-49 ft. 30 lb. per sq. ft. ...0)

For a cylindrical tower these values shall be multiplied by shape factor 0.6, then the ..so:l
0)
wind pressure in different zones will be 15 and 18 lb. per sq. ft. respectively
:=::
If many pieces of equipment are attachfd to the tower it is advisable to increase the ..."'
-
0)
o:l
shape factor (according to Brownell) up to 0.85 for a cylindrical vessel. •' !:1:)

Users of vessels usually specifY the wind pressure for manufacturers without refer- "'- 0)

ence to height zones or map areas. For example: 30 lb. per sq. ft. This specified pressure
shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel.
·=
;_:)
II>
Relation between wind pressure and wind velocity, when the horizontal cross section ..s
is circular, is given by the formula: . .....
0

Pw 0.0025 X Vw 2 where Pw =wind pressure lb. per sq. ft.

- ..
i
ll "
.. !
'E"'0
Vw wind velocity mph .. ll 0

EXAMPLE: ..
~tit~~
"'
0
Q' cz ...
II>

II>
• 0
z -
> ::> ..s
Wind of 100 mph velocity exerts a pressure:
Pw 0.0025 x Vw 2 = 25 lbs. per sq. ft. pressure on the projected area of a cylindrical
: i : a
c.
0

~
= 0

"'..~
lit •
c. 0 • ...
vessel at a height of 30 feet above ground. 1- 0
z ! ..J ""
j <C
c :z: 0 <C .0
0 u u •
The total wind pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the projected •• •••••• 0.
o:l
area of the tower. With a good arrangement of equipment the exposed area of the wind ;' • • •• s
can be reduced considerably. For example, by locating the ladder 90 degrees from the II>
vapor line. ~
 58 59
iI
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS ' DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
WIND LOAD
(Continuation) WEIGHT OF THE VESSEL
FORMULAS

SHEAR MOMENT . REQUIRED The weight of the vessel results compressive stress only when eccentricity does not
STRESS THICKNESS exist and the resultant force coincides with the axis of the vessel. Usually the
compression due to the weight is insignificant and is not controlling.
The weight shall be calculated for the various conditions of the tower as follows:

A. Erection weight, which includes the weight of the:

NOTATION ,I I. shell Equipments:
= Width of the vessel with insulation etc., ft. 2.heads
H = Efficiency of the welded joints.
= Lever arm, ft. 3.internal plate work 13. insulation
= Distance from base to section under consideration, ft. 4.tray supports 14. fireproofing
= Length of vessel or vessel section, ft. 5.insulation rings 15. platform
= Maximum moment (at the base) ft. lb. 6.openings 16. ladder
= Moment at height hT, ft. lb.
= Wind pressure, lb. per sq. ft. 7.skirt 17. piping
= Mean radius of vessel, in. 8.base ring 18. miscellaneous
= Stress value of material or actual stress psi. 9.anchor ring
= Total shear, lb. I 0.anchor lugs
= Required thickness, corrosion excluded, in.
II. miscellaneous
12. + 6% of the weight of items I through II for
overweight of the plates and weight added by
EXAMPLE: the weldings
I Given: D1 = 4'-0" D 2 = 3'-0" H 1 = 56'-0" H2 = 44'-0"
hT = 4'-0" Pw = 30 psf Erection weight: the sum of items I through 18.
J
2
Determine the wind moment
hi = Hl/2 = 28'-0" h2 = HI + (H212) = 78'-0"
Pw X D X H = V X h = M B. Operating weight, which includes the weight of the:
Lower I. vessel in erection condition
Section 30 x 4 x 56 = 6720 x 28 = 188,160 2. · trays
Upper
Section 30 x 3 x 44 = 3,960 x 78 = 308,880
3. operating liquid
Total V = 10,680 M 497,040 ft. lb.
C. Test weight, which includes the weight of the:
Moment at the bottom tangent line
MT = M- hT(V- 0.5P..DJ hT) = I. vessel in erection condition
497,040 - 4 (10,680 - 0.5 X 30 X 4 X 4) = 455,280 ft. lb. 2. test water
I The compressive stress due to the weight given by:
1£1 b 3'-6" EXAMPLE:

+-~j""'"'m
Given: D1 = 3ft. 6 in. H = 100ft. 0 in. hT = 4ft. 0 in. s= w where S = unit stress, psi
Pw = 30 psf ct W = weight of vessel above the section under consideration, lb.
Determine the wind moment c = circumference of shell or skirt on the mean diameter, in.
~ r-- h1 = H/2 = 50 ft. 0 in.
"0 t = thickness of the shell or skirt, in.
"0
PwxD 1 xH= Vxh,= M
._"'
..l
Vessel 30 x 3.5 x 100 = 10,500 x 50 = 525,000
0
Q, Ladder 30 x 98 lin. ft. = 2,940 = 49 = 144,060
The weight cif different vessel elements are given in tables beginning on page 374
~ Platfonn 30 X 8 lin. ft. = 240 x 96 = 23,040
Total V = 13,680 M = 692,100
Moment at the bottom tangent line ft. lb
MT = M- hT(V- 0.5 PwDI hT) =
692,100 - 4 (13,680 - 0.5 X 30 X 3.5 X 4) = 638,220
ft. lb.
SEE EXAMPLES FOR COMBINED LOADS ON PAGE: 69
 61

DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS DESIGNOFTALL TOWERS

VIBRATION SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)
As a result of wind, tall towers develop vibration. The period of the vibration
should be limited, since large natural periods of vibration can lead to fatigue The loading condition of a tower under seismic forces is similar to that of a
failure. The allowable period has been computed from the maximum permissible cantilever beam when the load increases uniformly toward the free end.
deflection. · The design method below is based on Uniform Building Code, 1997 (UBC).
The so called harmonic vibration is not discussed in this Handbook since the
FORMULAS
trays as usually applied and their supports prevent the arising of this problem.
SHEAR MOMENT
FORMULAS
M= {F1 XH+ (V-F1) X (2H!3)]
Period ofVibration: Tsec. T= 0.0000265 (-jf) 2...jifii Mx=[F1 XX] for X:::; H;
3
Mx=fF,XH+ (V-F1) X (X-H/3)]
Maximum Allowable Period
of Vibration, Ta sec. ~=0.80 K g
Base Shear
for X> H;3

NOTATION
The base shear is the total horizontal seismic shear at
D = Outside diameter of vessel, ft. the base of a tower. The triangular loading pattern and
H= Length of vessel including skirt, ft. the shape of the tower shear diagram due to that load-
g = 32.2 ft. per sec. squared, acceleration ing are shown in Fig. (a) and (b). A portion of F1 of total
t = Thickness of skirt at the base, in. horizontal seismic force Vis assumed to be applied at
v = Total shear, lb. CW, see page 61 (a) Seismic Loading Diagram the top of the tower. The remainder of the base shear is
:i,, distributed throughout the length of the tower, includ-
W= Weight of tower, lb.
ing the top.
w = Weight of tower per foot of height, lb.

Overturning Moment
EXAMPLE
The overturning moment at any level is the algebraic
Given: Determine the actual and maximum allowable sum of the moments of all the forces above that level.
period of vibration
D = 3.125 ft. 0 in.
H = 100ft. 0 in. NOTATION
g = 32.2 ft/sec 2 . I coeffiICient
. ~ 2.3 5S
C = Numenca
t = 0.75 in.
v = 1440 lb.
r=o.oooo265eoo~
3.125
"36ox3.125 = 1.05 sec.
0.75 (need not exceed 2.75)
W= 36,000lb.
.y 36000
w
C =Numerical coefficient= 0.035
in operating condition X I 00
Ta= O.so X . =7.05 sec.
w = 360
' 1440 32 2 D =Outside diameter of vessel, ft.
E =Efficiency of welded joints
The actual vibration does not exceed the allow- . F1= Total horizontal seismic force at top of the vessel,
able vibration. (b) Seismic Shear Diagram lb. determined from the following formula:
F,=0.07 TV (F,need not exceed 0.25 V)
Base Shear
=O,forT 50.7
H =Length of vessel including skirt, ft.
Reference: Freese, C. E.: Vibration of Vertical Pressure Vessel ASME Paper 195 9.
62 63
DESIGN OFTALL TOWERS DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS

SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE) SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)

(Continuation) EXAMPLE

Given:
NOTATION
·- Seismic zone: 2B Z=0.2
' I = Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 for
vessels) D= 37.5 in.= 3.125 ft. X= 96ft,. 0 in.
M =Maximum moment (at the base), ft-lb. H= 100ft., 0 in. W=35,400 lb.
Mx =Moment at distance X, ft-lb. Determine: The overturning moment due to earthquake at the base and at a
R = Mean radius of vessel, in. distance X from top tangent line.
Rw =Numerical coefficient (use 2.9 for vessels) First, fundamental period of vibration shall be calculated.
s = Site coefficient for soil characteristics T=C1 xH%=0.035 x IOO%= 1.1 sec.
D A soil profile with either: and
a) A rock-like material characterized by a shear-wave I= 1, S= 1.5, Rw=2.9,
,....... velocity greater than 2,500 feet per second or by
other suitable means of classification. S = 1.0
C= 1.25S = 1.25 X 1.5 = 1.76<2.75
b)Stiff or dense soil condition where the depth is r2f3 I.J2f3
less than 200 ft. S = 1. A soil profile with dense or
stiff soil conditions, where the soil depth exceeds
200 feet. S = 1.2. V= ZIC x W= 0.2x 1 x 1.76 x35,400=4,296lb.
-r- Rw 2.9
X A soil profile of 40 feet or more in depth and con-
H taining more than 20 feet of soft to medium stiff
2
clay, but not more than 40 feet of soft clay. S = F 1 = 0.07 TV = 0.07 x 1.1 x 4,296 = 330 lb.
hH 1.5.
A soil profile containing more than 40 feet of soft M= [F1 H + (V- F 1) (2HI3)] =
clay. S = 2.0.
[330 X 100+(4,296 -330)(2 X 100/3)) =294,756ft. -Jb.
--~ st = Al.lowable tensile stress of vessel plate material,
~
psi.
X> H thus
T = Fundam~tal period of vibration, seconds 3
=Ct X H 4 Mx = [Ft X+ ( V-Ft) (X- H/3)] =
t = Required corroded vessel thickness, in. [330 X 96 + (4,296- 330)(1 00-33)] = 281,138 ft. -Jb.
12M or 12Mx
nR2S1E nR2 S1 E
v = Total seismic shear at base, lb.
W = Total weight of tower, lb.
X =Distance from top tangent line to the level un-
der consideration, ft.
z = Seismic zone factor, ,t
0.075 for zone 1 I
0.15 for zone 2A
0.2 for zone 2B i,~~:..
0.3 for zone 3 !i

l
.
0.4 for zone 4
(see map on the following pages for zoning). '
'
~
 0\
.!>-

-
Cll
~

-
en
s:::
C":l
N
~~
s:::
?;
0
~

~
~
e
~
~
0
Cll

""'
~
Cll

For areas outside of the United States, see Appendix Chapter 23 of UBC :1991

·--- - ---·- .. - -···-·

---~- ....-==.-..,;;;;;.~-
~ -··~
.--·--=._,..,.,..,._.._. -.-·--·-===-~-·
·---~--· --~
tat .. ~ £ ... ___ -=-· ··~ ---·· ·.~-=·
w
···--'-"'-'····~-
s *

z
Q
~

DESIGN
66 67

DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS Design of Tall Towers

ECCENTRIC LOAD ELASTIC STABILITY

Towers and their internal equipment are usually symmetrical around the vertical
axis and thus the weight of the vessel sets up compressive stress only. Equipment
attached to the vessel on the outside can cause unsymmetrical distribution of the
loading due to the weight and result in bending stress. This unsymmetrical arrange-
ment of small equipment, pipes and openings may be neglected, but the bending
stresses exerted by heavy equipment are additional to the bending stresses resulting
from wind or seismic load.
FORMULAS
A tower under axial compression may fail in two ways because of instability:
1. By buckling of the whole vessel (Euler buckling)
2. By local buckling
In thin-walled vessels (when the thickness of the shell is less than one-tenth of
the inside· radius) local buckling may occur at a unit load less than that required
to cause failure of the whole vessel. The out of roundness of the shell is a very
significant factor in the resulting instability. The formulas for investigation of
elastic stability are given in this Handbook, developed by Wilson and Newmark.
Elements of the vessel which are primarily used for other purposes (tray
supports, downcomer bars) may be considered also as stiffeners against buckling
if closely spaced. Longitudinal stiffeners increase the rigidity of the tower more
effectively than circumferential stiffeners. If the rings are not continuous around
the shell, its stiffening effect shall be calculated with the restrictions outlined in
the Code UG-29 (c).
FORMULAS

~.
REQUIRED
MOMENT STRESS THICKNESS ALLOWABLE STRESS (S)
Without Stiffener With Stiffener

M= We S- 12We
- 7! R 2t
12We
t = R 2 1rSE
S= l,SOO,OOO~(<}yield point) S~ l,SO~,OOO v"'t;t; (< j yield p,)
. I ~--------~----------~------------
NOTATIONS:

l i
e =
NOTATION
&x:entricity, the distance from the tower axis to center of
Ax
Ay
= Cross sectional area of one logitudinal stiffener, sq. in.
= Cross sectional area of one circumferential stiffener, sq. in.
a. = Distance between logitudinal stiffeners, in.
£, = Distance between circumferential stiffeners, in.
I w E
M
eccentric load, ft.
Efficiency of welded joints.
= Moment of eccentric load, ft. lb.
K
S
Mean radius of the vessel, in.
= Allowable compressive stress, psi
= Thickness of shell, in.
R = Mean radius of vessel, in. t + ~ The equivalent thickness of the shell when longitudinally
s Stress value of material, or actual bending stress, psi 1
x dx stiffened, in.
t = Thickness of vessel, excluding corrosion allowance, in.
w &x:entric load, lb.
1
~ The equivalent thickness of the shell when circumferentially
Y = t + dy stiffened, in.

EXAMPLE r.· EXAMPLE

Given: e = 4 ft. 0 in. Determine moment, M, and stress, S.

Given: · R = 18 in. Determine the allowable compressive stress (S)
= 0.25 in.
R = 15 in. Moment, M = We = 1000 X 4 = 4000 ft. lb. S=
1,500,000 X t 1,500,000 X 0.25 _
-20 , 833 ps1
·
t = 0.25 in.
Given: A,. = 1 sq. in. R 18
w = 1000 lb. = 12 We = 12 X 1000 X 4 = 272 si dy = 24 in.
S '11' R2t 3.14 X 152 X 0.25 p Determine the allowable compressive stress (S) using
Longitudinal stiffener stiffener rings
is n.ot used, ·then: ' 1,500,000 • r:-:--
When there is more than one eccentt<ic load, the moments shall be summarized, S = R Vlfx =
tx = t = 0.25 in.
taking the resultant of all eccentric loads.
1
1 5
t =t+-=
y 24 • ~~ 000 V0.25 X 0.29 = 22.438 PSI
= 0.25 + 0.04 = 0.29
Reference: Wilson, W. M., and Newmark N. M.: The Strength of Thin Cylindrical
Shells as Columns, Eng. Ex . Sta. Univ. Ill. bull. 255 1933.
68 69
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS

DEFLECTION DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS

COMBINATION OF STRESSES
Towers should be designed to deflect no more than 6 inches per I 00 feet of height.
The.'deflection• due to the wind load may be calculated by using the formula for The stresses induced by the previously described loadings shall be investigated in
uniformly loaded cantilever beam. combination to establish the governing stresses.
Combination of wind load (or earthquake load), internal pressure and weight of
FORMULA
the vessel:
Stress Condition
At windward side At leeward side
+ Stress due to wind Stress due to wind
+ Stress due to int. press.. + Stress due to int. press.
NafATIONS - Stress due to weight - Stress due to weight
= Maximum deflection (at the top), in. Combination of wind load (or earthquake load), external pressure and weight of
= Width of the tower with insulation, etc. ft. ,(
the vessel:
H = Modulus of elasticity, psi
= Length of vessel, included skirt, ft. Stress Condition
= R3-rr t, moment of inertia for thin cylindrical shell
At leeward side
At windward side
(when R> lOt)
= Mean radius of the tower, in. · + Stress due to wind - Stress due to wind
= Thickness of skirt, in. Stress due to ext. press. Stress due to ext. press.
= Wind pressure, psf Stress due to weight - Stress due to weight

The positive signs denote tension and the negative signs denote compression. The
summation of the stresses indicate whether tension or compression is governing.
EXAMPLE It is ·assumed that wind and earthquake loads do not occur simultaneously, thus
Given: the tower should be designed for either wind or earthquake load whichever is
Determine the maximum deflection: !J.M
greater.
D 1 = 2ft., 6 in.
E = 30,000,000 Bending stress caused by excentricity shall be summarized with the stresses
H =48ft.,Oin. resulting from wind or earthquake load.
I = R3 -rr 0.3125
P.., =30psf The stresses shall be calculated at the following locations:
30 X 2.5 X 48 (12 X 48)3
R = 12 in. 69 1. At the bottom of the tower
!J.M = 8 X 30,000,000 X J23 X 3.14 X 0.3125 = 1. in.
t = 0.3125 in. 2. At the joint of the skirt to the head
3. At the bottom head to the shell joint
4. At changes of diameter or thickness of the vessel
The maximum allowable deflection 6 inches per I 00 ft. of height:
The stresses furthermore shall be examined in the following conditions:
for 48'-0" = ---wn-
48 X 6
= 2.88 in. 1. During erection or dismantling
· 2. During test. ·
Since the actual deflection does not exceed this limit, the designed thickness of the skirt is 3. During operation
satisfac..tory. Under these· different conditions, the weight of the vessel and consequently, the
stress conditions are also different. Besides, during erection or dismantling the
vessel is not under internal or external pressure .

1~
For analyzing the strength of tall towers under various loadings by this
A method for calculating deflection, when the thickness of the tower is not con- Handbook, the maximum stress theory has been applied.
stant, given by S. S. Tang: "Short Cut Method for Calculating Tower Deflection". . '.
I•
Hydrocarbon Processing November 1968.
!
 70 71

DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS

COMBINATION OF STRESSES (cont.)
EXAMPLE - A
The bending moment d.ue to wind is decreasing from the bottom to the top of the
tower, thus the plate thickness can also be decreased accordingly.
Table A and Figure B are convenient aids to find the distance down from the Required thickness of cylindrical shell under internal pressure and wind load.
top of..tb.e,tower (or which a certain thickness is adequate.
2'M 6n
tjtp 0.5 0.6 0. 7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
~
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 DESIGN CONDffiONS
m 1.0 0.91 0.84 0.79 0.74 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 D = 2 ft. 0 in. inside diameter of vessel
tjtp 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.5 5.0
m 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.41 0.39
I
DI = 2 ft. 6 in. width of tower with insulation, etc.
0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 E = 0.85 efficiency of welded joints

- TABLE A, VALUES OF FACTOR m

Since the longitudinal stress due to internal pressure is one half of
the circumferential stress, one half of the required wall thickness
c.
...
H = 48 ft. 0 in. length of tower
hr = 4 ft. 0 in. distance from the base to the bottom
head to shell joint
p = 250 psi internal pressure

1
~
for internal pressure is available to resist the bending force of the
wind. From Table A, using factor m can be found the distance X
down from the top tangent line within which the thickness calcu-
""
II
::t .c.,. pw = 30 psf wind pressure
R = 12 in. inside radius of vessel
s = 15700psi stress value of SA 285 C
..~l""
II
lated for internal pressure satisfactory also to resist the wind
pressure. ..::
...
..::
material at 200°F temperature
v = Total shear lb .
X =H X m
No allowance for corrosion.
tP = The required thickness for internal pressure
(Hoop Tension) in.
t,. = The required thickness for wind pressure at the bottom head Minimum required thickness for internal pressure considering the strength of the long seams:
joint to shell, in.
I,, _fli 250 X 12 _ 3,000 = O .
EXAMPLE: ~ = 0.233 in., tw = 0.644 in. tjt = 0.644/0.233 = 2.7 228
t = SE- 0.6P = 15700x 0.85 0.6 X 250- 13,195 . m.
tf = 100 ft. p
From Thble m = 0.43 and X = mH = 0.43 x 100 = 43 ft. Minimum required thickness for internal pressure considering the strength of the girth seams:
- o.o
Figure B shows the moment diagram of a tower under wind
_fli _ 250 X 12 = 3,000 =O
112
,
0.1- pressure. The diagram can also be used to select the appropriate
t = 2SE + 0.4P - 2 X 15,700 X 0.85 + 0.4 X 250 26,790 ' m.
plate thickness at various heights. I
Required thickness for longitudinal bending due to wind pressure. Moment at the base (M):
0.21t P.., X D1 X H = V X h1 = M
EXAMPLE: li 30 X 2.5 X 48 = 3,600 X 24 = 86,400 ft. lb.
::t
0.3lJJ- At the height ofO. 71 H the required thickness is 0.5
times the thickness required at the bottom. Moment at the bottom seam (Mr)
t:i
1.) 0.4
\ If the required thickness is: Mr = M - hr (V - 0.5 P.., D 1 hr) = 86,400 - 4 (3,600 - 0.5 X 30 X 2.5 X 4)
~ \ for internal pressure, tP = 0.250 in. = 86,400 - 13,800 = 72,600 ft. lb. = 72,600 x 12 = 871,200 in. lb.
~ o.s !\. I for wind load, t.., 0.625 in.

tf\
at the bottom required Required thickness:
"'
0
0.6 f/2 + fw =0.750 in.
- .-.!.1:.x._ -
""
::t
c.:J at height 0.71 H; I t - R2 'IT SE - 122 X
871 ,200
3.14 X 15,700 X 0.85
871,200 0 145 .
6,037,135= · m.
w 0.7
::t
0.5 X 0.750 = 0.375 in.

"'
thickness for internal The required thickness calculated with the strength of the bottom girth seam:
0.8 pressure t/2 = 0.125 in. For wind pressure 0.145 in-
required thickness at 0.71 H = 0.500 in. Forint. pressure 0.112 in.
This is greater than the thickness calculated with
0.9 r--
IT Tai'AL 0.254 the strength of the longitudinal seam therefore, this
- 1.0
o.t 0.2 o.3 o.4 o.s
Ratio of plate thickness required at the bottom
(t 12 + t) to thickness required at the consid-
eted height.
0.6 0.1 o.a 0.9 1.0 Fig. B
,
·'
..

:·
,.
.••.
minimum thickness 0.257 in. shall be used .

For simple vessels where the moment due to wind is small, th~ abov~ c~lculat!on is satisfactory.
Vessels which are subject to larger loadings may need closer mvest1gat1on w1th respect also to
.•
economical viewpoints. See pages 76-84 for skirt, base and anchor bolt design.
72 73

DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS EXAMPLE B (CONT.)

EXAMPLE B
The preliminary calculation of the required wall thick-
~"""""~ ness shows that at the bottom approximately 0.75 in.
Re~uired thickness of cylindrical shell under combined loadings of internal pressure, wind and plate is required, to withstand the wind load and internal
wetght of tower.
- pressure, while at the top the wind load is not factor

9 3'-6"
0 .
0....
v..., ~
and for internal pressure (hoop tension) only 0.25 plate
is satisfactory. For economical reasons it is advisable to

~ ~Platform
c f-- use different plate thicknesses at various heights of the
DESIGN DATA tower.
D 3 ft. 0 in. inside diameter f--
r-~/ D, 3 ft. 6 in. width of vessel with insulation, allowance for
piping, etc.
-
1-- f--
The thickness required for hoop tension (0.25 in.) serves
to resist also the wind load to a certain distance down
~
. ...0.
r- f-- from the top,
0
.
"C E 0. 85 efficiency of welded seams
hr = 4 ft. 0 in. distance from the base to the bottom head to shell
~
"'c::i - Find this distance (X) from table A, Page 70
~
...:1
.... =
9 ""
0 H
joint.
I00 ft. 0 in. length of tower
- tw/tp = 0.564/0.204 = 2.7 then X= 0.43 x H 43 ft .
From diagram B, Page 70 can be found the required
§ ,.: r--
9 P
Pw
= ISO psi internal pressure
30 psf wind pressure 0 thickness and length of the intermediate shell sections.
~ R = 18 in. inside radius of vessel ...... "'.,..c::i
f-- Using 8 ft. wide plates, the vessel shall be constructed
II
::r:
•9 S = 15700psi stress value of SA-28SC material at 200"F
f-- from:
0
.,.., (5) 0.25 thick 8 ft. wide courses
II V
temperature
Total shear, lb.
0
;,.
..... (4) 0.50 thick 8 ft. wide courses
40ft.
32ft.
Head: 2: I seamless elliptical ......... (3) 0. 75 thick 8 ft. wide courses 24 ft.
~r~
~
~~

C,. = Circumference of shell on the mean diameter, in. Total 9'6Tt':"

t::::: (corrosion allowance not required)
WEIGHT OF THE TOWER
(See tables beginning on page 374 )
Shell40 X 97 3880 Skirt 4 X 195 780
Minimum required thickness for internal pressure considering the strength of the longitudinal
seam of shell. 32 X 195 6240 Base ring 720
24 X 294 7056 Anchor ring 260
= PR = 150 X 18 _ . . Head top 0.3125 nom. 160 Anchor lugs
1
SE - 0.6P 15700 x 0.85 - 0.6 x 150- 0.204 m. Use 0.25 m. plate bot. 0.8125 nom. 393 -- 120
1880
Minimum required thickness for internal pressure considering the strength of the circumferen- Int. plate work 800 + 6% 113
tial seam of shell. 11'ay supports 110
Insulation rings 220 1993
PR 150 X 18 Say 2000 lb.
Opening
2SE + OAP = 2 X 15700 X 0.85 + 0.4 X 150 = O.IOI in. -- 900
19759 Insulation 4600
Minimum required thickness for head + 6% 1184 Platfonri 1160
Ladder 2800
t = -:-:--P_D__ 150 X 36 209431b. Piping 1400
2SE - 0.2P = 2 X 15700 X 0.85 - 0.2 X 150 = 0·203 in. Say 21,000
9960
Wind Load Pw X D1 X H = v X h1 = M Say 10,000 lb.
Vessel 30 X 3.5 X 100 = 10,500 X 50 = 525,040 TOfAL ERECTION WEIGHT: 33,000 lb.
Platform 30 x 8 lin. ft. = 240 X 96 = 23,040
Ladder 30 x 98 lin. ft. Trays
= 2,940 X49 = 144,060 600
Total shear V: 13,680 Operating liquid 2400
M = 692, 100ft. lb. moment at
base 3000 lb.
Moment at the bottom head seam (Mr) + Er~ction Wt. · 33,000 lb.
MT = M- hr(V- 0.5 PwD,hrJ =
692,100 - 4 (13680 - 0.5 X 30 X 3.5 X 4) = 638,220 ft. lb. TOTAL OPERATING WEIGHT: 36.000 lb.

I = .!L&_ = 12 X 638,220 7,658,640 Test water 42,000 lb.

R2 'IT SE = = 0·564 + Erection Wt. 33,000 lb.
18 2
Try 0.750 in. plate for the lower courses
X 3.14 X 15700 X 0.85 13,583,556
Forint. pressure 0.101
.
TOTAL TEST WEIGHT: 75,000 lb.
0.665 in. For weight of water content, see Page 416
Jl;
--··
74 75

EXAMPLE B (CONT.) EXAMPLE B (CONT.)

Checking the stresses with the preliminary calculated plate thicknesses:

Stress in ·the shell at the bottom head to shell joint: Stress in the shell at 40 ft. down from the top of the tower. Plate thickness 0.25 in.
Plate thickness 0.75 in. PD 150 X 36.75
. $1r!':ss due_.to internal pressure s,-= 1837 psi
4t 4 X 0.75
S _ .!l.Mr_ _ 12 X 638,220 _ .
Stress due to wind
- R2 1T t - 18.3752 X 3.14 X 0.75 - 9 •632 psi ,.......
Stress due to wind .
Stress due to weight, s - ____!!:___ - 31,000 - 358 .
- Cmt - 115.5 X 0.75 - psi
0 .-r-d.J
r-- Pw X D1 X X V X-=
X
M
in erection condition 0 0 2 X

s,--= w 34,000 v
Co
0
Shell 30 X 3.5 X 40 = 4,200 X 20 = 84,000
in operating condition 392 psi II
~
Cmt 115.5 X 0.75 X "' "' Platform 30 X 8 lin. ft. = 240 X 36 = 8,640
COMBINATION OF STRESSES Ladder 30 X 38lin. ft.= 1,140 X 19 = 21,660
WINDWARD SIDE I LEEWARD SIDE Total Moment M"
IN EMPTY (ERECTION) CONDITION 12 Mr = 12 X 114,300
[. S= R2 1T t = 5,316 psi
18.1252 X 3.14 X 0.25
Stress due to wind + 9,640 Stress due to wind - 9,640
Stress due to weight - 358 Stress due to weight -
---358 Stress due to internal pressure
(As calculated previously) 1,837 psi
+ 9,282 psi - 9,998 psi t:::t: Total 7,153 psi
(No int. pressure during erection)

IN OPERATING CONDITION
Stress due to int. press. + 1,837 Stress due to wind 9,640
Stress due to wind + 9,640 Stress due to weight - 392
The 0.25 in. thick plate for shell at 40 ft. distance from top of the tower is
+ 11,477 ~ 10,032
Stress due to weight - 392 Stress due to int. press. + 1,837 satisfactory. No further calculation is required on the same reason mentioned above.
+ 11,085 psi - 8,195 psi i
i
The tensile stress 11,085 psi in operating condition on the windward side governs.
The allowable stress for the plate material with 0.85 joint efficiency is 13,345 psi.
Thus the selected 0.75 in. thick plate at the bot.tom of the vessel is satisfactory.
Stress in the shell at 72ft. down from the top of tower. Plate thickness 0.50 in.
J""""'. Stress due to wind.

q
d-Lr-- ...
Pw XD I XX=VX-=M
X
2 X

N
r- .
9 ~
Shell
Platform
30 X 3.5 X 72 = 7,560 X 36 = 272,160
30 x 8 lin.-ft. = 240 X 68 16,320
II g Oo
'-0
Ladder 30 X 70 lin.-ft, = 2,100 X 35 73,500
>< Total Moment M,. = 36T,980 ft.-lb.
12M 12 X 361,980
s = R2 1T t 18.252 X 3.14 X 0.50
8,303 psi
Stress due to internal pressure
(As calculated previously) 1,837
::!=1: Total 10,140 psi
The calculation of stresses at the bottom head has shown that the stresses on the
windward side in operating condition govern and the effect of the weight is insig-
nificant. Therefore without further calculation it can be seen that the tensile stress
10,140 psi does not exceed the allowable stress 13,345 psi. Thus the selected 0.50
in. thick plate is satisfactory.
76 77

DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT

A skirt is the most frequently used and the most satisfactory support for vertical Vertical vessels, stacks and towers must be fastened to the concrete foundation,
vessels. It is attached by continuous welding to the head and usually the required skid or other structural frame by means of anchor bolts and the base (bearing)
size ofthis welding determines the thickness of the skirt. ring.
Figures A and B show the most common type of skirt to head attachment. In the The number of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts must be in multiple of four and
calculation ofthe required weld size, the values ofjoint efficiency given by the Code for tall towers it is preferred to use minimum eight bolts.
(UW12) may be used.
i Spacing of anchor bolts. The strength of too closely' spaced anchor bolts is not
i:
I j fully developed in concrete foundation. It is advisable to set the anchor bolts not
FORMULA I closer than about 10 inches. To hold this minimum spacing, in the case of small
12MT W diameter vessel the enlarging of the bolt circle may be necessary by using conical
t= R2 1tSE + D skirt or wider base ring with gussets.
Diameter of anchor bolts. Computing the required size of bolts the area within
NOTATIONS the root of the threads only can be taken into consideration. The root areas of
D = Outside diameter of skirt, in. · bolts are shown below in Table A. For corrosion allowance orte eighth of an inch
E = Efficiency of skirt to head joint. should be added to the calculated diameter of anchor bolts.
(0.6 for butt weld, Fig. A, 0.45 for lap weld, Fig. B) For anchor bolts and base design on the following pages are described:
M = Moment at the skirt to head joint, ft. lb.
R T= Outside radius of skirt, in. 1. An approximate method which may be satisfactory in a number of cases.
S = Stress value ofthe head or skirt material whichever 2. A method which offers closer investigation when the loading conditions and
is smaller, psi. other circumstances make it necessary;
t = Required thickness of skirt, in.
W = Weight of the tower above the skirt to the head . TABLE B
joint, in operating condition.

NOTE: Using extremely high skirt, the stresses at the

base may govern. To calculate the required thickness of
the· skirt, in this case the above formula can be used,
considering the moment and weight at the base; E 1.
Bolt
Size
TABLE A

Bolt •
Root Area
sQ. in.
ttl
Dimension in.
12 IJ
NUMBER OF ANCHOR BOLTS
Diameter of
Bolt circle in.

24
42
to
to
36
54
Minimum Maximum

4
8
4
8
60 to 78 12 12
EXAMPLE ~ 0.126 7/8 5/8
84 to 102 12· 16
Given the same vessel considered in Example B.
% 0.202 I 3/4
108 to 126 16 20
% 0.302 1-1/8 13/16
132 to 144 20 24
D 37.5 in. S = 15,700 stress value % 0.419 1-1/4 15/16
E 0.60 for butt joint of SA- 285- C plate 1 0.551 1-3/8 1-1/16
1Ys 0.693 1-1/2 1-1/8
Mr= 638,220 ft. lb. w = 31,000 lb. 17,4 0.890 1-3/4 1-1/4
R 18.75 in. TABLE C
1% 1.054 l-7/8 1-3/8 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR
Determine the required skirt thickness. 1~ 1.294 2 1-1/2 BOLTS USED AS ANCHOR BOLT
1% 1.515 2-1/8 1-5/8 Specification Max. allow.
For wind:
12 MT 12 X 638,220
=0.736in.
1% 1.744 2-1/4 1-3/4 Number
Diameter in.
Stress psi.
t= R2 1tSE + 18.75 2 X3.14X 15,700X0.6 1% .2.049 2-3/8 1·7/8
2 . 2.300 2-1/2 2 SA307 All diameters 15,000
31 000 2;4 3.020 2-3/4 2·1/4 SA 193 B 7 2\.'S and under 19,000
For weight:
3.75X3.14X 15700X0.6
=0.028in. 272 3.715 3-1/16 2·3/8 SA 193 Bl6 2Y, and under 17,000
2% 4.618 3-3/8 2-5/8 SA 193 B 7 Over 2 \IS to 4 incl. 18,000
TOTAL =0.764in. SA 193 Bl6 Over 2 \IS to 4 incl. 15,000
Use 13/16" thick plate for skirt.
3 5.621 3-5/8 2-7/8
REFERENCES: Thermal stresses are discussed in tl1ese works:
Brownell, Lloyd E., and Young, Edwin H., "Process Equipment Design,".Jolm Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1959. Weil, * For bolts with standard threads.
N.A., and J. J. Murphy Design and Analysis of Welded Pressure Vessel Skirt Supports. Asme. Trans. Industrial Engi·
neering for fndustry, Vol. 82, Ser. B., Feb., 1960.
78 79

DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT

DESIGN OF BASE RING
(Approximate Method) {Approximate Method)
A simple method for the design of anchor bolts is to assume the bol.ts replaced by a
continuous ring .whose diameter is equal to the bolt circle. The formulas below are based on the following considerations:
The required area of bolts shall be calculated for empty condition of tower. I. The bearing surface of the base ring shall be large enough to distribute the load
uniformly on the concrete foundation and thus not to exceed the allowable bear-
FORMULAS ing load of the foundation.
Maximum T-12M _ W 2. The thickness of the base ring shall resist the bending stress induced by wind or
Tension lb./lin. in. T - As Cs earthquake.
Required Area of B = ffi FORMULAS
One Bolt Sq. -in. BA A SaN
Maximum Compression p = 12M+Jf
Stress in Anchor
Bolt psi. Ss
TCs
Sa= BAN
+ 1- I"
min.
lb./lin., in. " As Cs
II Approximate Width of I Pc
NOTATION
Base Ring, in. =Jb
13 lz
= Area within the bolt circle, sq. in. tB ~Dj ate Thickness
0.321,
AB g, in. t/1
CB = Circumference of bolt circle in.
M = Moment at the base due to wind or earthquake, ft. lb.
N = Number of anchor bolts ·
'lt !01 W&2
I
Bearing Stress, psi S _PcCs
1- AR
Sa = Maximum allowable stress value of bolt material psi. s = 3 xs,q
w = Weight of the vessel during erection, lb. '-Do Bending Stress, psi
2 ti
NOTATION
Au = Area ofbase ring= 0.7854 (D20 - D2 ) sq. in.
EXAMPLE
A.\' = Area within the skirt, sq. in.
cs Circumference on O.D. of skirt, in.
Given bolt circle = 30 in.; then: Determine the size and number of required !, = Safe bearing load on concrete, psi. See Table E, on Page 80
anchor bolts. II = Cantilever inside or outside, whichever is greater, in.
Aa = 707 sq. in. 12 X 86,400 6 II 11 = Dimensions, as shown on sketch above. (For minimum dimensions see Table
CB = 94 in. T - :: = 1,402 lb./lin. in. A on page 77)
M = 86400 ft. lb. 707
M = Moment at the base due to wind or earthquake, ft. lb.
w = 6000 lb. during erection. 1,402 X 94 w = Weight of vessel during operation or test, lb.
SB = 15000 psi. the maximum BA = 15,000 X 4 2.196 sq. in.
allowable stress value of EXAMPLE
the anchor bolt material. From Thble A. Page 77 the root area of
N = 4 number of bolts.
Given: Determine the minimum width and thickness of
2" bolt is 2.300 sq. in. M = 86,400 ft. lb. base ring for operating condition.
(See Table B on the Adding 0.125 in. for corrosion, use:
Preceding Page) !, = 500 psi from
(4) 2W' bolts. Table E, Page 80 p 12x 86,400 + 7,5oo = 2 2751 b/r _.
Anchor bolts: (4) 2'14 in. c 476 77 ' · m. m.
Checking stress in anchor bolt: O.D. of skirt: 24.625 in. 2;275 .
= 1,402 X 94 = 14 324 . Then As= 476 sq. in. =4.55 m., but from Table A, page 77 the
I=
500 minimum dimension for 11 =
SB 2.300 X 4 ' pSI c,\'=77in.
- 2% in. and for 13 = 2'14 in.,
Since the maximum allowable stress is
15,000 psi, the selected number and size
. use 6!12 in. wide base ring.
t = 0.32 X 5 = 1.60 in
Checking stresses: '
of bolts are· satisfactory. S _2,273 X77 Ose I% in. thick base·ring
574 305 P.Si
1-
Bearing stress S =3 X305 X 52 10,167psi
1 1.52 Bending Stress
Using SA 285 C plate for base ring, 15,700 psi allowable stress can be taken. Thus the width
and thickness of the base ring are satisfactoy.
The stresses should be checked also for test condition.
 80 81

DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING

DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING
FORMULAS
When a tower is under wind or earthquake load, on the windward side tensional 1" Value of constant, k dimensionless k- I
- I + (S.)n.fcb)
stress arises in the steel and on the opposite side compressive stress in the concrete Min.
foiihd.ation. It is obvious then that the area of the bolting and the area of the base 11 Total required area of anchor bolts
B1 = 2n
12M- Wzd
Bt sq.· in. C,S.jd
ring are related. As the anchor bolt area increased, the base ring area can be
decreased. With the design method given here, the minimum required a1,1chor bolt tB
0 3_ 12
2kd+ I
area for a practical size of base ring can be found. The strength of the steel and t Relationship between max. allowable lc=lcb2kiJ
compressive stress at the outside edge
the concrete is different, therefore, the neutral axis does not coincide with the I ~ J:0"h0;: of base ring and at the bolt circle. 2kd
centerline of the skirt. t I
hb =]; 2kd + I
Design procedure:
F._ M-WzD
I.~ ~
Tensile load on anchor bolts, Ft lb.
1. Determine the value of k ,- jD
=\'\ 2. Calculate the required size and number of

- .§
~--~-·
-+ e~ .:1~·}·~ anchor bolts. See page 77 Table B Tensile stress in anchor bolts, Sa, psi. s _...!2_
·-l,rC,

·GJ
3. Determine the inside and outside diameter of the
~ I~ e base·ring

~
4. Check the stresses in the anchor bolts and Thickness of a ring which has an B,
area equal to tile area of anchor 1
r\ foundation bolts, ts, in. ' = nd
5. If the deviation between the allowable and
D·kD kD actual stresses are too large, repeat the
Compression load on the concrete,
D calculation F,=F,+ W
Fe. lb.
6. Calculate the base ring thickness

sa illiTlrmnnnn,__ I-uu:n nfc

7. Use gusset plates, anchor chairs or
compression ring if it is necessary for better
stress distribution in the base ring or skirt
11
t
Compressive stress in the concrete at
the bolt circle. feb psi.
/. F,
cb = (/4 + nt,) rC,

I!
Relationship between tension in steel
r TABLED
Values of Constants TABLE F and compression in concrete. s. = nj;
i ts
as Functions of K Bending moment per unit length of section of
! k Cc Ct j z a plate perpendicular to X and Y axes respeo- ! Base ring thickness without gusset

w
tively. Use greater value, Mx or My. WL/~ Is= /l,j3J;)S
plate, tB, in.

I 0.00
.05
0.000
0.600
3.142
3.008
0.750
.760
0.500
11~b
•
=~
.10 0.852 2.887 .766 .490 Mx My Base ring thickness with gusset
.480
.15 1.049 2.772 .771 .469 plate, tB, in. ls S
r .20
.25
1.218
1.370
2.661
2.551
.776 .459 ~~~-+------------4---------~--
.779 .448 0.000 0.000 - 0.500/cli
.30 1.510 2.442 .781 .438
.35 1.640 2.333 .783 .427 0.333 0.0078j,b 2 - 0.428/c 11 NOTATION
.40 1.765 2.224 .784 .416
.45 1.884 2.113 .785 .404 0.500 0.0293 .fc b 2 - 0.319/c li b = The distance between gusset plates, measured on arc of bolt circle in.
.so 2.000 2.000 .785 .393
B, = Total area required for anchor bolt sq. in.
.55
.60
2.113
2.224
1.884
1.765
.785 .381 0.667 0.0558/c b 2 - 0.227 .fc ll
.784 .369 Cc,C, = Constants, see Table D on the preceding page.
.65
.70
2.333
2.442
1.640 .783 .357 1.000 0.0972 .fc b2 - 0.119 .fc ll d = Diameter of anchor bolt circle, in.
1.510 .781 .344
.75
.80
2.551 1.370 .779 .331 1.500 0.123 .fc b 2 - 0.124/c b 2 D = Diameter of anchor bolt circle, ft.
2.661 1.218 .776 .316
.85
·.90
2.772
2.887
1.049
0.852
.771
.766
.302
.286
2.000 0.131 .fc b 2
- 0.125 .fc b2 fc = Compressive stress in the concrete at the outer edge of the base ring, psi.
.95
1.00
3.008
3.142
0.600
0.000
.760
.750
.270
.250
3,000 0.133 .fc bl - 0.125/c b 2 feb = Compressive stress in the concrete at the bolt circle, psi.
lc bl j = Constant, see Table D on the preceding page.
- 00 0.133 - 0.125/c b 2
.
14 = I - t, in. = width of the base ring, in.
TABLE E M = :"Moment at the base due to wind or earthquake ft. lb.
Properties of Concrete Four Mixtures NOTE: M,..ax = M, or M,, whichever is greater. See Table F on the preceding page.
Ultimate 28 day
Se.e notation on facing page. n = Ratio ofmodulus of elasticity of steel and concrete.Es/Ec. See Table E.
Strength psi 2000 2500 3000 3750 r = Radius of bolt circle, in.
Allowable compr. sa = Allowable tensile stress on anchor bolts, psi.
Strength fc psi 800 1000 1200 1500 s = Maximum allowable stress value of base plate, psi.
Safe bearing load 500 625 750 938
w = Weight of the:; tower at the base, lb.
fb psi z = Constant. See Table D on the preceding page.
Factor n 15 12 10 8
82 83

DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE (Cont.)

Checking value of kwhich was calculated with assumed values offc:h = 1,000 psi and
DESIGN DATA: DETERMINE: Sa= 18,000.
iJ · "" 5 ft, 0 in. diameter of anchor bolt circle. The size and number of Then the constants from
d "' 60 iri. diameter of anchor bolt circle. anchor bolts; TableD are:
=0.19
n = lO, ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel The width and thickness + 17,960 Cc = 1.184
and concrete (Table E. Page ~0) of base ring. IOX430 c, = 2.683
fc = 1,200 psi allowable compr. strength of j 0.775
concrete (Table E, Page 80) z 0.461
S = 15,000 psi allowable stress value of base M-WzD 692,100-36,000X0.461 X5 =
ring. b
F 157 1921
sa = 18,000 psi allowable tensile stress in'bolts. I JD 0.775 X 5 ' .
W 36,000 lb. weight of the tower.
M 692,100 ft. lb. moment at the base. 157,192 624 .
0.125 X 30 X 2.683 = 15 • pst
SOUJTION:
Assume 8 in. wide base ring and a compressive stress at the bolt circle, feb = 1,000 psi. ,,'!
Then the constants from
TableD are: ~ ~: Fe= F,+ W= 157,192+ 36,000= 193,192lb.
i_t4
k = - - - - " - - - = 0.35
1 + 18,000
cc = 1.640 '
I" -~ Fe 193,192 ,
l + ~ c, = 2.333 i
Jch {!5f n~,) rCc (7.875 + 10 X 0.125) 30 X 1.184 = 596 pst
nfcb lO X 1,000 j "" 0.783
z "" 0.427
Compressive stress in the anchor bolts:.
This is in sufficient agree-
2 X 0.35 X 60 ment with the assumed Sa=nfc"= 10X596 5,960psi
feb = fc kd j; l = 1,200 X 0. 35 X 60 X 8 = 1,008 psi
2 2 value offcb = 1,000 psi Compressive stress in the concrete at the outer edge of the base ring:
Required area of anchor bolts 2kd+ 1 2XO.l9X60+8 .
. 12M - Wzd 12 X 692,100 - 36,000 X 0.427 X 60 SO . fc:=fch X 2kd =596X 2 X 0 . 19 X 6 0 =805psi
23
B, = 2 'II' C Sa jd = 6 '28 2.333 X 18,000 X 0.783 X 60 = . sq. m.
1

Using 12 anchor bolts, the required root area for one bolt Required thickness of base ring /1 6 in.
23.50/12 1.958 in. ,[
_ ~- j3X805 .
From Table A 17/a in. diameter bolt would be satisfactory but adding \Is in. for corrosion,
tJJ -I, VJ fc:/ S- 6 15 OOO 2.406 m.
i' '
use (12) -2 in. diameter anchor bolts. •1:·'
Tensile load on the anchor bolts •;i
To decrease the thickness of the base ring, use gusset plates.
Using (24) gusset plates, the distance between the gussets:
F = M - Wz D = 692,100 - 36,000 X 0.427 X 5 = 157 150 lb.
1
jD 0.783 X 5 '
·~ 6
b= trd=1 85"·!! = --=0 764
. 'b 7.85 .
~'
Tensile stress in the anchor bolts

_£___ 157,150 . ij\ from Table f:

Sa = t r C = 0.125 X 30 X 2.333 = 17,960 pSI ~1

1
s I Mm~ My;:0.196fc: l/,;;0.196 X 805 X 62= 5680 in. lb.

V6 1~.~~~
'
t = B 23.50
= _..::;;_;,;;,..:;__ 0 125 .
'
--=./.._
'II' d 3.14 x 60 = · m. t8 1.5076 in. Use 1Y:z in., thick base plate.
I,
:IJ
Compressive load on the concrete: 14 = l - t, = 8.0 0.125 7.875 in. 11
!~

F 193,150 . !jl
feb = (l + nt) r C = (7 .875 + lo X 0.125) 30
4 s e
X 1.640 = 430 pSl
·.!~.:
II
84 85

NOTES

ANCHOR BOLT CHAIR FOR TALL TOWERS

The.s:hairs are designed for the maximum load which the bolt can transmit to them.
The anchor boft size and base plate shall be calculated as described on the fore-
going pages.
All contacting edges of the plates shall be welded with continuous fillet weld. The
leg size of the fillet weld shall be one half of the thinner joining plate thickness.

,,
'

l!z"
1'-(J'

DIMENSIONS inches
Anchor A B c D E F G
bolt diam

I J3/4 3 21/2 1f2 3f4 Jl/4 JI/2

Jl/8 J7/s 3 21/2 1f2 3f4 J3/8 JSfs
Jl/4 2 3 21/2 1f2 I Jl/2 J3/4
J3/s 21/s 4 3 Sfs I JSfs J7/s
Jl/2 21/4 4 3 Sfs Jl/4 J3/4 2
JSfs 21/s
J3/4
23/s
21/2
4
5
3
31/2
Sfg
3f4
Jl/4
Jl/2
J7/s
2 2 1/4 i'I
J7/s 2Sfs 5 31/2 3f4 Jl/2 21/s 23/s i
2 23/4 5 31/2 3f4 P/4 21/4 21/2
21/4 3 6 4 I J3/4 21/2 23/4
21/2 31{4 6 4 I 2 23/4 3
23/4 31/2 7 5 Jl/4 21/2 3 31/4
3 33/4 7 5 Jl/4 21/2 31/4 31/2

The above table is taken from Scheiman A.D. Short Cuts to Anchor Bolting and
Base Ring Sizing.Petroleum Refiner, June 1963.
 87
86

LOCATION OF SADDLES.

STRESSES IN LARGE
HORIZONTAL VESSELS
SUPPORTED BY SADDLES
The design methods of supports for horizontal vessels are based on L. P. Zick's
analysis presented in 1951. The ASME published Zick's work (Pressure Vessel
and Piping Design) as recommended practice. The API Standard 2510 also refers
to the analysis of Zick. The British Standard 1515 adopted this method with
slight modification and further refinement. Zick's work has also been used in
different studies published in books and various technical periodicals.
The design method of this Handbook is based on the revised analysis mentioned
above. (Pressure Vessel and Piping; Design and Analysis, ASME, 1972)
The use of only two saddles is preferred both statically and economically over
the multiple support system, this is true even if the use of stiffener rings is
necessary. The location of the saddles is sometimes determined by the location
of openings, sumps, etc., in the bottom of the vessel. If this is not the case,
then the saddles can be placed at the statically optimal point. Thin walled
vessels with a large diameter are best supported near the heads, so as to utilize
the stiffening effect of the heads. Long thick walled vessels are best supported
where the maximal longitudinal bending stress at the saddles is nearly equal to the
stress at the midspan. This point varies with the contact angle of the saddles. The
distance between the head tangent line and the saddle shall in no case be more than
0.2 times the length of the vessel. (L)
Contact Angle 9
The minimum contact angle suggested by the ASME Code is 120°, except for
very small vessels. (Code Appendix 0-6). For unstiffened cylinders under exter-
nal pressure the contact angle is mandatorily limited to 120 o by the ASME Code.
(UG-29). .

A horizontal vessel on saddle support acts as a beam with the following deviations: Vessels supported by saddles are subject to:

1. The loading conditions are different for a full or partially filled vessel. 1. Longitudinal bending stress
2. Tangential shear stress
2. The stresses in the vessel vary according to the angle included by the saddles.
3. Circumferential stress
3. The load due to the weight of the vessel is combined with other loads.

LOADINGS:

I. Reaction of the saddles. It is a recommended practice to design the vessel

for at least a full waterload.

2. Internal Pressure. Since the longitudinal stress in the vessel is only one half of
the circumferential stress, about one half of the actually used plate thickness
is available to resist the load of the weight.

3. External pressure. If the vessel is not designed for full vacuum because vacuum
occurs incidentally only, a vacuum relief valve should be provided especially
when the vessel outlet is connected to a pump.

4. Wind load. Long vessels with very small t/r values are subject to distortion
'from wind pressure. According to Zick "experience indicates that a vessel
designed to 1 psi. external pressure can successfully resist external loads en-
countered in normal service."
5. Impact Loads. Experience shows, that during shipping, hardly calcul11.ble im-
pact loads can damage the vessels. When designing the width of the saddles
and the weld sizes, this circumstance is to be considered.
88 89

STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES

NOTATION:

"1) All dimensions In inches NOTES:

-~ UJJ·~
L=+JH
Q = Load on one saddle lbs.
R = Radius of shell Positive values .denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression.
s =Stress pound per sq. inch
t 8 =Wall thickness of shell E =-Modulus of elasticity of shell or stiffener ring materia). pound per square inch.
..!.. th =Wall thickness of head
Cs. -1-1-
(Excluding corrosion allow.)
K = Constant, see ·page 90
Q 8 = Contact angle of saddle degree

I~ 'u·z=
• ::1 § The maximum bending stress 81 may be either tension or compression .
~l!!g FORMULAS Max. Allow .. Stress Computing the tension stress in the formula for s 1, for factor K the values of
:::tlilo K 1 shall be used.

r.:i
z <"-
"'
r::lffi
Q
AT THE
SADDLES
{Tension at
QAil I 1-L+ AR'-H)
2AL
4H.
In tension S1 plus the stress due to
internal pressure (PR/2 ts) shall not
Computing the compression stress in the formula for St, for factor K the values
of Kg shall be used.
Q "'"" the Top, 1 exceed the allowable stress value of When the shell is stiffened, the value of factor K = 3.14 in the formula for S 1·
z ::tq: + 3L
s ~--+ \
Compression
>-"'
.,.;z at the shell material times the efficiency of The compression stress is not factor in a steel vessel where t/R Sio.OOS and tillL.-
=
""
..l
Q::l
"'::l
Bottom) •KR2ts
•see note on facing page
girth seam.
In compression the stress due to in-
vessel is designed to be fully stressed under internal pressure.
<
z ffi"'
u,:X: ternal pressure minus s shaRnot ex· Use stiffener ring if stress S 1 exceeds rhe maximum allowable stress.
ceed one half of the 1compression
~
Q """'
-cr::
tio AT
QL ( + 2
yield point of the rna terial or the
E
0
.,liZ)
.JO
IJJ:Z
MIDSPAN
(Tension at
R'L-; W _ 4A value given by:
z :x:- lhe Bottom 4 + 4H L
g "'"' ;::.::
~om pression
at the Top) S =+
1
3L
S, <(;)(t/R)[2 (2/3)(100)(t/R)]
If wear plate is used, in formulas for s2 for the thickness ts may be taken the
0
t 7TRzts sum of the shell and wear plate thickness, provided the wear plate extends R/1 0
inches above the horn of the saddle near the head and extends between the
~t"'l _X 2 Q ( L- 2A saddle and an adjacent stiffener ring.
tl:ii?
~1\;
IN
SHELL Sz - Rts L + 4;3 H )
!it< ;z S.2 shall not exceed 0.8 times the In unstiffened shell the maximum shear occurs at the horn of the saddle. When
c:.:: ~~ ~·
.!1 .. IN _ K 3 Q ( L- 2A ) allowable stress value of vessel rna· the head stiffness is utilized by locating the saddle close to the heads, the
< """'
,.-
... ~ SHELL Sz - Rts L + 4/3 H terial,
""
:::c:
<ll "' s3 plus stress due to internal pres·
tangential shear stress can cause an additional stress (S3) in the heads. This
stress shall be added to the stress in the heads due to internal pressure.
..l Q
< < IN S =K4Q sure shall not exceed 1.25 times the
SHELL z When stiffener rings are used, the maximum shear occurs at the equator.
i=
z "'::c0 Rts allowable tensile stress value of head
material.
""z0 !-!'::!_
""'~ IN Sz = K4Q
< "'gvN HEAD
NOTE: Use formula with factor K2 If wear plate is used, in formulas for S4 for the ~ckness ts may be taken the
!- (..)< Rth if ring not used or rings are adjacent sum of the shell and wear plate thickness and for ts may be taken the shell thick-
to the saddlq. Use formula with fac-
"'"'Q
..l ADD!-
TIONAL S =KsQ tor K3 if ring US!!d in plane of saddle.
ness squared plus the wear plate thickness squared, provided the wear plate
extends R/1 0 inches above the horn of the saddle , and A"'-R/2. The combined
Q
< STRESS 3 Rth circumferential stress at the top edge of the wear plate should also be checked.
"' IN HEAD When checking at this point: ts = shell thickness,
;::.::
Q 3K6Q =b width of saddle
00
AI!~
s.- 4ts(b+I.S~)- 2tg
f) = central angle of the wear plate but not more

ffi
AT S4 shall not exceed r.so times the than the included angle of the saddle plus 12°
~ .u. HORN allowable tensile stress value of shell If wear plate is used, in formulas for Ss for the thickness t 8 may be taken the
z ;;; ~ OF
Q
material. sum of the shell and wear nlate thickness, provided the width of the wear plate
12K6QR
""c:.::t:<.. SADDLE
s.- equals at least b + l.S6.,.f'ift;
"":::;:: ~ ~ 4ts(b+LS~) Ltg Ss shall not exceed o.s times the
compression yield point of shell rna· If the shell is not stiffened, the maximum stress occurs at the horn of the saddle.
This stress is not be to.added to the internal pressure-stress.
:;)
u AT terial.
c:.:: BOTTOM K1Q In a stiffened shell" the maximum ring-compression ls at the bottom of shell.
s Ss- Use stiffener ring if the circumferential bending stress exceeds the maximum
0 OF ts(b+ 1.56"\/Rfs)
SHELL allowable stress.
90 ,~~
91

STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO

STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO SADDLES
SADDLES VALUES OF CONSTANT~
I
I

VALUES OF CONSTANT K
(Interpolate for Intermediate Values)
o.os

*K 1 = 3.14 if the shell is stiffened by ring or head (A < R/2)

CONTACT
I
ANGLE K1* K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 Kg
8 0,~
Fm~~-l-1-++-H-Iial~O' ,_ 1t.U31 ~ ~
120 0.335 1.171 0.880 0.401 0.760 0.603 :.4"' tttttttttttttttttttttttt: -+-Jl-11-+1-+-~+-~-+-1-+-1-+-l-+-lf-HI-+H-1-H
~-+-+--~--+--~-++++++-
122
~
0.345 1.139
124 0.355 1.108
0.846
0.813
0.393
0.385
0.753
0.746
0.618
0.634 R=H=f • so• - 0.032'-Hi-+-t-t
1
126 0.366 1.078 0.781 0.377 0.739~ 0.651
128 0.376 1.050 0.751 0.369 0.732 0.669 ~ 0.0 3
130 0.387 1.022 0.722 0.362 0.726 0.689 ~
132 0.398
~
0.996 0.694 0.355 0.720 0.705

m
134 0.409 0.971 0.667 0.347 0.714 0.722
136 0.420 0.946 0.641 0.340 0.708 0.740 >
138 0.432 0.923 0.616 0.334 0.702 0.759
140 0.443 0.900 0.319 0.592 0.327 0.697 0.780 0.02
142 0.455 0.879 For 0.569 0.320 See 0.692 0.796
144 0.467 0.858 Any 0.547 0.314 chart 0.687 0.813
146 0.480 0.837 Con- 0.526 0.308 on 0.682 0.831
148 0.492 0.818 Tact 0.505 0.301 facing 0.678 0.853
150 0.505 0.799 Angles 0.485 0.295 0.673 0.876
page
152 0.518 0.781 6 0.466 0.289 0.669 0.894
154 0.531 0.763 0.448 0.283 0.665 0.913
156 0.544 0.746 0.430 0.278 0.661 0.933
158 0.557 0.729 0.413 0.272 0.657 0.954
160 0.571 0.713 0.396 0.266 0.654 0.976
162 0.585 0.698 0.380 0.261 0.650 0.994
164 0.599 0.683 0.365 0.256 0.647 1.013
166 0.613 0.668 0.350 0.250 0.643 1.033
168 0.627 0.654 0.336 0.245 0.640 1.054
170 0.642 0.640 0.322 0.240 0.637 1.079 RATIOA/R
172 0.657 0.627 0.309 0.235 0.635 1.097
174 0.672 0.614 0.296 0.230 0.632 1.116
176 0.687 0.601 0.283 0.225 0.629 1.137
178 0.702 0.589 0.271 0.220 0.627 1.158
180 0.718 0.577 0.260 0.216 0.624 1.183 /
92 93

STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY 1WO STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY 1WO
SADDLES SADDLES
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS (cont.)

Design Data
A = 48 in. distance from tangent line TANGENTIAL SHEAR STRESS (S,)
of head to the center of saddle
· b = 24 in. width of saddle Since A (48)>R/2 ((i0/2), the applicable formula:
H = 21 in. depth of dish of head
s2 = K2 Q(_].- 2A ) = 1.171 X 300,000 ( 960 - 2 X 48 ) = 5,120psi
L = 960 in. length of vessel tan.-tan.
Rt, \I+4f3H 60 X 1 960 + 4/3 X 21
P = 250 psi. internal design pressure
Q = 300,000 lb. load on one saddle s 2 does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 0.8; 20,000 X 0.8
R = 60 in. outside radius of shell
= 16,000 psi
ts = 1.00 in. thickness of shell
9 = 120 deg. contact angle
Shell material: SA 515-70 plate
Allowable stress value 17,500 psi. CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS
Yield point 38,000 psi. I
Joint Efficiency: 0.85 Stress at the horn of saddle (S4J
Since L (900) > 8R(480), A(48) > R/2 (60/2), the applicable formula:
S=- Q JK,Q
4 4t5 (b+l.56 ./Rt'sJ - :zrf
LONGITUDINAL BENDING STRESS (S,)
AIR = 48/60 = 0.8; K = 0.036 (from chart)
Stress at the saddles 300,000 3 X 0.036 X 300,000
t • = 20,000 psi
54 =- 4 x. 1 (24 + 1.56 v 60 x 1) 2
~
2 2
- + __..:.:=,......--=;;...._
I - 48 60 -21 S 4 does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5; 20,000 X 1.5
300,()()() X 48 - 960 2 X 48 X 960
= 30,000 psi
( 1 +-4_x_21_
3x 960 . Stress at bottom of shell (5 5 )
0.335 X 60 2 X 1 = 522 psi.
K7Q
Ss =- --~=---==
t1 (b + 1.56 yRtsJ

Stress at midspan Ss =- 0.760 x 300,000 =-6,319 psi

1(24 + 1.56 ../60 X 1 )
(+ 2 ~
2 2

.QL(
4
2
+ R i_2 H
1 4H L
4A)
300,000x960
4 4 X 21
_ 4x 48)
960
Ss does not exceed the C()mpression yield point multiplied by 0.5; 38,000 x 0.5
1+ = 19,000 psi
+ 3L .
sl = -----'--~=----.;__ =----::--~~3:.,;x,:....:.960::__ ____!__ =
rc Rl t, - 3.14 x 602 x 1 4959 psi

Stress due to internal pressure: Pft = ~

s
2 0
~ 6 ~ = 7500 psi
The sum of tensional stresses: 4959 + 7500 = 12,459 psi
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 X 0.85 = 17,000 psi

Compression stress is not a factor since t!R > 0.005; 1/60 = 0.017
 94 95
,--------------------, -----..... __
STIFFENER RING
FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY STIFFENER RING
SADDLES FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS
SUPPORTED BY SADDLES
NOTATION.
A = Cross sectional area of ring plus the
effective area of shell, in2 VALUES OF CONSTANT, X
1 = Moment of inertia, in4
K = Constant, see next page (Interpolate for Intermediate Values)
Q = Load on one saddle, lbs.
R = Radius of shell, in. Contact
S6 = Max. combined stress, psi.
Angle e 150° 160°
(J Contact angle, degree
Max. .34 .33 .32 .30 .29
TYPE OF RING MAX. STRESS FORMULAS Allow
Stress .053 .045 .037 .032 .026

Ring Inside. NOTES:

Compression I. In figures & formulas A-F positive signs denote tensile stresses and nega-
at the Shell
Governs tive signs denote compression.
2 The first part of the formulas for S 6 gives the direct stress and the second
part gives the circumferential bending stress .
.!J tr+I.S~ RingOutside. K9 Q+K 1 oQR ~
~ ., .r ~~:Js at the A l/c ] ~ 3. If the governing combined stress is tensional, the stress due to internal
pressure,PR shall be added.
~ wi:m 1~cd Ring Outside.
Stress at the S =- K9 Q _K 1 0 QR
~v •·;- ~

'L Saddle Tip of the 6 A 1/d .:a.., ..C::~ CALCULATION OF MOMENT OF INTERIA (!)
and Ring ~ lr

J
........;:.r Ring
<I) :ao 1. Determine the width of shell that is effective to resist the circumferential bend-
~ ii:. Saddle Ring Inside. ] ~ ing moment The effective width 1.56~; 0. 78~ on both sides of stiffener
andRmg ~~ooo Compression s6=_K9Q_KloQR -~-a ring .
. . :~==~~~~~-~ ~~-~a~t=the~S=he~l~l~~---------A-----I/_c
•
7
Governs
Ring Outside.
____ ~ !~
"" :;;
·;:;: E
2. Divide the stiffener ring into rectangles and calculate the areas (a) of each
tr+J.s6v'Rii.
I • .. j Stress at the
Shell
S6=_K9Q + ~~ oOR
A 1/c
;
c ...
.!lf rectangle, including the area of shell connection within the effective width.
Add the areas (a) total area A.
D I fi.Saddle Ring Inside. .§~ 3. Multiply the areas (a) with the distances (Y) from the shell to the center of
..;;;;..~ andRing 1--f+-.'r Stressatthe S6 =_K9Q+K1oOR ,.. cu

~ J~
<
2(1r+I.SovRts)
rr I Ifl Tip
::~Inside.
Stress
of at
thethe
A
K Q K QR
S6=--L- .......!Jt_
l/c i~
...... 5
0 0
4.
gravity 9f the rectangles. Summarize the results and denote allAY.
Determine the neutral axis of the stiffening ring, the distance (C) from the shell
to the neutral axis C ~y
.. t- •. A 1/d cu o.
~,----------------r~ru=·n~g~------~------------------~ ~]
'El =~ 5. Determine the distances (h) from the neutral axis to the center of gravity of
i-:::.J ~ >,
.. ..I
2 (tr+ J.S6y'Rii)
each rectangle of the stiffener.
Ring Outsi~e. ~~
{\. I Compression s6 =-K9 Q - K I 0 QR Multiply the square of distances (h 2) by the areas (a) and summarize the
-Tj·r.f. Lt;
v• v•
6.
::dl• ~~~~;shell A 1/c ~] results to obtain AH2 :

~~ar.n~d~Ro~ng~T:::•j·------~-,~~:=-=~~--4-------------------~~d C~lculate t11e mome~t of inertia Ig of each rectangle lg = f2d3

J
7. , where b = the

~
I \_Saddle §
Ring lnside. : Width and d = the depth of the rectangles.
1-- and Ring
d
Stress at the
Shell
s6 =- K9Q + Kl oOR
. A 1/ c
.;
§~
·a 8. The sum of AH2 and £ lg gives the moment of intertia of the stiffener ring and
I
· - c r-t>:~~~----~----------------~
Ring Inside. ·~
.: Eo. the effective area of the shell.
2 .. ~
(tr+I.S~ • ...
I Stressatthe
Tip of the
S6=_K9Q_KioQR
A 1/d
e 0
..5 ..5
0
see example calculatio~s on the following pages.
Ring
96
97
STIFFENING RINGS STIFFENING RINGS
Moment oflnertia (I)- Example Calculations
Moment oflnertia (/)-Example Calculations
(All dimensions in inches- R 72 in. outside radius of shell)
(All dimensions in inches R 72 in. outside radius ofshell)
I 0.781Rd;_ Cj b3=4.00 .J I = 0.78 .fifdi =
o. 78 vr-:72::--x-:::o-=.5 = 4.68 .;. •;g ·~t;;V7,;~~'7n3f_;//7;/~AL----.-- 1--o.:..:..7~8::--l/~!72~__x_ol_
. 5_4._6s_ _,
~
..,; <L Saddle "::::: ~ AREA W t'l\ Ig
AREA(Dig 11 8. and,~Rin~"g&.--fl!V1 If_:;: -<::1f. b J: 9 86 0 53
_j_J__ • X • = 0 103 . 4
b1df 9.86 X 0.53 ~ "\:! 'IE, - :cior. 12 - 12 · m.
0.103 in. 4
12 12 "'-:I-"\:! - - X ~ X ~ ~ ~ AREAQ}Ig
~ SHELL-,. ~ ~ b2t/j _ 0.5 X 63 _ OO . 4
AREAQ)Ig It "II $1::/"////(I~// --u-----rz- · 9 m.

b2di = 0.5 X 63 = 9 00 in 4 -Jbr=l ~ AREA Q) Jg

12 12 . . 1=4"68 !{D( /-4.68 o b J1 4 0 53
b1- 9.86
II
::.:;
L-2...:.__=004'
12 - 12 · m.
4

~
MARK
OF AREA y MARKOF AREA y h1 ax h2 bJE_
AREAS a axy h h2 axh2 AREAS a axy h
12

m
1 4.93 0.25 1.23 1.23 1.51 7.44 l . 4.93 0.25 1.23 2.29 5.24 25.83 0.10
2 3.00 3.50 10.50 2.02 4.08 12.24 9.00 3.50 10.50 0.96 0.92 2.76 9.00
17.72 35.44 0.04
TOTAL A=7.93 - AY=11.73 - - AH2=19 lg=9.10
- AH=64.03 IJF9.14
C == AY = 11.73= 148 I= AJf2 + Ig == 19.68 + 9.10 = 28.78 in.4 C AY = 25.23 = 254
A 7.93 . I= Aif2 + lg = 64.03 + 9.14 = 73.17 in.4
A 9.93 .
1-1.56 Wid;
1.56 ...Jn x 0.25 =6.618
AREA(Dig
b1ai _ 13.74 x 0.253 _ " m·
12- 12 - 0.
02 .4

..... .....
AREAQ)
2b2~ = 0.50 x 63 = 9 .00 in.4
<'1
0 · b 2+1=6"Moi:S

bJ-13.74
b2+I=6.8o8 -
<'1

II
;.;::
12 12
MARKS AREA bel MARKS AREA bel
OFAREAS. a !? axh2 12 OF AREAS a y axy h !? axh2 12
3.43 1 3.4J 0..125 0.43 2.59 6.72 23.09 0.02
0.43 2.12 7.27 0,02 ~

,.
i 2 3.00 3.250 9.75 0.53 0.28 0.84 9.00
3.00 3.250 9.75 1.670 2.79 8.37 9.00
3 2.00 6.375 12.75 3.66 13.40 26.80 O.oi
TOTAL A=6.4 AY= 10.18 - AH2 = 15.64 Ig= 9.02 TOTAL A 8.43 AY= 22.93 - - 1
AH -50.73 /g-9.03

C =AY = 10.18 I 58 I=AH +Ig=I5.64 + 9.02 = 24.66in. 4

2
/c 22.93 = 2.72 I= AH2 + Ig= 50.73 + 9.03 = 59.76 in. 4
A 6.43 . 8.43 .
!
98 99

EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

DESIGN OF SADDLES
OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS

H0RN6F/~~ ~ l!J
WEAR
PLATE

I t;:;l ~
SADDLE I

v-~
I
I MAX.
~/EFFECTIVE
f"""'"l'-·
~.~ AREA

I , \.DOLTS
~ 2 .I 2

I : \. DOLTS : I I q_ SA,DDLES
!
I. The saddle at the lowest section must resist the horizontal force (F). The effective
cross section of the saddle to resist this load is one third of the vessel radius (R).
F=K11 Q, Where Q= the load on one saddle, lbs.
K11 =constant as tabulated.
-t--+ +-· '"'
o;;r

The average stress shall not exceed two thirds ofthe compression yield point ofthe EXPANDING VESSEL CONTRACTING VESSEL
material. (See example below.)
For thermal expansion and contraction, one of the saddles, preferably the one
VALUES OF CONSTANT K11 on the opposite side of the pipe connections, must be allowed to move. In this
Contact Angle I 120° I 130° 140° I 150° 160° I 170° I 180° saddle for the anchor bolts slots are to be used instead of holes. The length of
.241 I .259 the slots shall be determined by the expected magnitude of the movement. The
Kn I .204 I .222 .279 I .298 I .318
coefficient of linear expansion for carbon steel per unit length and per degree
F =0.0000067. The table below shows the minimum length of the slot. Dimen-
EXAMPLE: sion "a" calculated for the linear expansion of carbon steel material between 700F
Diameter of vessel= 8'- 6" and the indicated temperature. When the change in the distance between the saddles
Weight of vessel= 375,000 lbs. is more than 3/8" inch long, a slide (bearing) plate should be used. When the
vessel is supported by concrete saddles, an elastic, waterproof sheet at least 1/4"
Q = 187,500 lbs. thick is to be applied between the shell and the saddle.
Saddle material: SA 285 C
Web plate thickness= 0.25 in.
Contact angle= 120° MINIMUM LENGTH OF SLOT (DIM. "a")
K 11 = 0.204 from table above
R/3 = 5113 = 17 inches DISTANCE FOR TEMPERATURE OF

E~D
BETWEEN
Force, F = K 11 xQ = 0.204 x 187,500 = 38,250 lb. . SADDLES
-50 100 200 300 600 700 800 900
To resist this force the effective area of web plate= R/3 x 0.25 =4.25 in. 2 Ft. 400 500

38,250/4.25 = 9,000 lbs. per square inch. 10 0 0 0 1/4 3/8 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 3/4
0 0 1/4 3/8 5/8 3/4 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-3/8
The allowable stress = % x 30,000 = 20,000 psi. ., 0
.. 20
. 30 - 1/8 3/8 5/8 1-3/8 1-5/8 1-5/8 2
1/4 7/8 1-1/8
The thickness of the web plate is satisfactory for horizofital force (F). . .,..
'5
'0
00
iii
c 4Q 1/4 1/8 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 1-7/8 2-1/8 2-3/8 2-1/2
50 3/8 1/4 1/2 1 1-3/8 1-5/8 2-1/4 2-5/8 3 3-3/8
2. The base plate and wear plate should be thick enough to resist longitudi- 60 3/8 1/4 5/8 1-1/4 1-5/8 2-1/8 2-3/4 3-l/8 3-5/8 4-1/8
nal bending over the web.
""' of
The width 70 1/2 1/4 3/4 1-3/8 1-7/8 2-1/2 3-1/8 3-5/8 4-1/4 4-5/8
the slot equals 80 3/8 3/4 1-1/2 2-1/8 2-7/8 3-5/8 4-1/8 4-7/8 5-3/8
1/2
3. The web plate should be stiffened with ribs against the buckling. the diam. of 3-1/4 4 4-5/8 5-3/8 6
90 5/8 3/8 7/8 1-3/4 2-3/8
anchor bolt +
100 5/8 3/8 1 1-7/8 2-5/8 3-5/8 4-1/2 5-1/8 6 6-5/8
".
~"
100 101

SADDLE
FOR SUPPORT OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS SADDLE
NOMINAL PLATETIIICKNESS
DIMENSIONS INCHES
DIAM. NO. MAXIMUM
OF BOLT OF WEB, WEIGHT
VESSEL
A B c D E
DIAM. RIBS BASE
FLANGE,
WEAR ON VESSEL
FT.-IN. FT.- IN. IN. IN. FT.-IN. G K
FT. ·IN. INCH RIBSH

1-0 O-IOY2 1-0 4 4 0-JY:. Y:. 0 y. y. - 42000

1-2 1-Y:. 1-1 4 4 0-4 'lz 0 y. y. - 50000
1-4 1-2 1-2 4 4 0-5 Y:. 0 y. y. - 56000
1-6 1-3'/z 1-3 4 4 0-6 'lz 0 y. y. 62000
1-8 \-5Y:. 1-4 4 4 0-6'/z 'lz 0 y. y. - 70000
1-10 1~7 1-5 4 6 0-7 y, 0 y. y. - 76000
2-0 1-9 1-6 4 6 0-7'/z Y:. 0 y. y. 84000
2-2 I-10Y:. 1-7 4 6 0-8 y, 0 y. y, y. 90000
2-4 2-Yz 1-8 4 6 0-8!/, 'lz 0 'lz y. y. 98000
~~-------A--------~~ 2-6 2c2 1-9 4 6 0-9 y, 0 'lz y. y. 104000
2-8 2-4 1-10 4 6 I 0-9Y. 'lz 0 'lz Y.o y. 112000
The design based on: y.
2-10 2-5 1-11 6 11 0-10 Y:. 0 Y:, '1. 128000
1. the vessel supported by two saddles 3-0 2-6'/z 2-0 6 11 0-11 'lz 'lz '!. y. 134000
2. to resist horizontal force (F) due to the maximum operating weight ofvessel 3-2 2-9 2-1 6 11 1-0 :y. 0 'lz y. y. 144000
as tabulated. 3-4 2-11 2-2 6 11 1-1 % 0 Y:, 3
li
~
B 210000
3. the maximum allowable stress is % of the compression yield point: % of 3-6 3-'lz 2-3 6 11 1-2 % 0 Yz i i 220000
30,000 = 20,000 psi. 4-0 3-6 2-6 6 11 1-4 % 0 % ~
8 i 252000
;1 ~
4. the maximum allowable load on concrete foundation 500 psi. 4-6 3-11 3-0 6 11 1-6 % 0 '1. B 8 282000
3 l
5-0 4-4 3-3 6 11 1-8 % I % li 312000
5. the minimum contact angle of shell and saddle 120o. 8

5-6 4-9'/z 3-6 6 11 1-10 % 1 % i ;1

8 344000
Weld: W' continuous fillet weld all contacting plate edges.. :y.
6-0 5-2Y:. 3-9 9 18 2-0 % 1 i i 402000
Drill and tap W' weep holes in wear plate. 6-6 5-8 4-0 9 18 2-2 % 1 % y, i 436000
At the sliding saddle the nuts of the anchor bolts shall be hand-tight and secured 7-0 6-1 4-3 9 18 2-4 1 1 % y, i 470000
by tack welding. . i
+tH
7-6 6-6 4-6 9 18 2-6 ¥. 'lz 502000
8-0 6-11 Y:. I 4-9 9 18 2-8 1 Y:. i 536000
8-6 7-4Y:. 5-0 9 18 2-10 1 2 1 Y:. Y:. 760000
9-0 7-9Y:. 5-3 9 18 3-0 1 2 1 Y:. Y:. 806000
9-6 8-3Y:. •. 5-6 9- 24 3-2 1Y. 2 1 % Y:. 852000
10-0 8-8 5-9 9 24 3-4 1Y. 2 1 % Y:. 896000
'

~
10-6 9-1 Y:. 6-0 9 24 3-6 1Y. 2 1 Y. Y:.
11-0 9-6Y:. 6-3 9 24 3-8 1Y. 2 I % 'lz
11-6 10-0 6-6 9. 24 3-10 1Y. 3 1 Y. 'lz 00
SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENSIONS
12-0 10-5 6-9 9 24 4-0 1'!. 3 1 Y. 'lz 1076000
102
103

STRESSES IN VESSELS ON
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT
LEG SUPPORT
NOTATION:
W = Weight of vessel, pounds
0.30
n = Number oflegs \ I
Q
R
= W Load on one leg, pounds
n
= Radius of head, inch
0.25
1\.

1\ __.--K,
+-
H = Lever arm ofload, inch
2A, 2B = Dimension ofwearplate
s ~0.15
0.20
, ......
_,.. v

= Stress, pound per square inch

"""! 1"'-
t
K
= Wall thickness of head, inch
~ 0.10 I"
c
= Factors, see charts
iiB.inch
r-...
!' r-... v IK~
' ..............
0.05 ._ I--.
c = Radius of circular wear plate, inch
1-
VIEW
A-A 0
f'l ~ \0 QO 0 f'l ~ 0
D = 1.82-C# 0000,...;.....; .....;
II")
f'l
R t ('<")
D
VALUE OF Ku & K 5
LONGITUDINAL STRESS:

S1 =? [cos cc (K1 +6K2 ) +1[-#( K3 +6K4 )]

0.35
~
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS:
0.30 I
N01ES:
\Q

~
~
0.25
0.20
'1\
\
-+-
Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression.
Computing the maximum tensile stresses, in formulas for S , S and K , K , K
1 2 1 3 5
~ 0.15 \
l
, _......- /
K2

vK6
and K7 denote negative factors and K2, K4, K6 and K denote positive factors. \. /
8 0.10 /
Computing the maximum compression stresses in formulas for S , S and K , K ,
K3, K4, K5. Ka- K7 and K8 denote negative factors. 1 2 1 2 f\ k .......
0.05 ""-..
The maximum tensile stresses S1, and S2, respectively, plus the tensile stress due
to internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable tensile stress value of head
material. f'l ~ \0 QO 0
" r-
f'l
1--.

II") ~
I

oooo.....:~.....: N
. VALUE OF K2 , & K6
D
The maximum compression stresses S1• and S2, respectively, plus the tensile stress
due to internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable compression stress value of
head material.
 105
104
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT

DESIGN DATA
W = 800,000 lb. weight of vessel
n = 4, number of legs
w 800,000 = 200,000 lb. load on one leg
Q = --;; = - -
4
R = 100 inch, radius of head
0.20Ht-t---t-H-t--t--+--l--1---l---l H = 5 inch, lever arm ofload
/1--1'\
2A = 30 inch, 2B = 30 inch, dimensions of wear plate
t<t-.. 0.15 I'\ /Kj t = 1.8 i~ch thickness of head
~ rrt-rrT~,rh(~~~~--~-+~ cos oc = 0.800
t< 0.1 Ofi7Tt-t-+-1~~,1-'-..,--+---l----l-~f---l P = 100 psi, internal pressure
Head material: SA 515-70
"t'-..... Allowable stress value: 20,000 psi
0.05
_L
v ........ ".
K7

1-- -.........r--
..........._
Joint Efficiency: 0.85
Yield Point: 3 8,000 psi

0~~~~~-+--~r-----~r~-=+==~--~~
Factors K (see charts):
C'l ~
1.0 00 0 C'l V) 0 C= -fAR= "'h5 x 15 = 15 inch
cicicici....;....; .....; ('(') D
D = 1.82 ~ # = 1.82 l~O -f1f= 2.03

K 1 =0.065, K 2 =0.030 K3 =0.065 K 4 =0.025

K 5 =0.020, K 6 =0.010 K 7 =0.022 K 8 =0.010

LONGITUDINAL STRES:
0.60 "liit-t---t-H-t--t--+--1---1---1--.:....l 1.) Maximum tensile stress:

oc 0.50 1r1H--t--t-H----lf----1f--f--+----+--l S1 = ;[cosoc(-K 1 +6K2 )+~ ~~ (-K 3 +6K4 )]

t<~ 0.40 1rri-t-ri-t-i---,_--~--~--~--~

= 2oo.ooo [o.8oo (- o.o65 + 6 x o.o3o) +2.. - flOO
0.30 ttl~-t:::HvH-K-a+--1--1----J.---l----1
s
t< I 1.82 100 'J ls
v~---'" (-0.065 X 6 X 0.025)] =+7,634 psi

The stress due to internal pressure:

PR 100 x 100 . .
2t 2 x J.: 8 + 2778 _psi

0 0
The sum of tensional .stresses:
C'l ('(') 7.634 + 2.778 = 10,412 psi
VALUE OF K4 , & Ka
D
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
20,000 X 0.85 = 17,000,
106 107

STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT

STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
2.) Maximum compressienal stress: The stress due to internal pressure:
81
Q_[ cos cc(-K -6K ) + ~ ~-~ (-Kr6K )]
~/2 PR
2t 100 X 100
= 2 x 1. 8 = + 2,778 ps1
.

-
1 2 4

S _ 200,000 [. 5 _/ Hill The sum of stresses:

1- 1.82 0.800 ( -0.065-6x 0.030) + I OO 'I IT (- 0.065-6 x 0.025)]
5,837 + 2,778 =- 3,059 psi
= - 17,044 psi .
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
The stress due to internal pressure: · 20,000x0.85 17,000psi
PR 100 X 100
Tt = 2 x 1.8 + 2,778 psi

The sum of stresses:

-17,044+2,778 -14,266psi
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
20,000 x 0.85 = 17,000 psi

Circumferential stress:
1.) Maximum tensile stress:

82 =~ [coscc(-Kj+6K6 )+ ~~ ~(-K--6K11)]
- 200,000 [ 5 - ,-
S]- 1.82 0.800(-0.020+6x0.010)+ 100 \~~ (-0.022+6xO.OlO)]
-v
= + 2,849 psi
The stress due to internal pressure:
PR 100 X 100
2t = 2 x 1.8 + 2,778 psi
The sum of tensile stresses:
-2,849+2,778 5,627psi
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
20,000x0.85=17,000psi ·

2.) Maximum compressional stress:

82 =9-r [cos cc(-Ks-6K6) + ~ ~ f-t-K--6K 11 )]

200.000 [ ..L- , -
82= 1.82 0.800(-0.020-6x0.010)+ 100 'I\~~ (-0.022-6x0.010)]
=- 5,837 psi
108 109

STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO

LEG SUPPORT
LUG SUPPORT

~
r R ----!
!
--tt- I
r 28 "I
Notch out angles

2If]Jl
to clear seam

Uli i
~ J.:----,+----.:t~
~ _ulY.l
Q \ Q
1 I

UN STIFFENED STIFFENED
SHELL SHELL

-C'J NOTATION:
W = Weight of vessel, lb
n = Number of lugs
2A, 2B = Dimensions of wear plate
S = Stress, pound per sq. in
t = Wall thickness of shell, in
SECfiON A-A C = shape factor, see table
Q = W = Load on one lug, lb K = Factors, see charts
n
R = Radius of shell, in D =d. ,..3(T"
H = Lever ann of load. in R VA
LONGITUDINAL STRESS:
QH
s1 = -+ --
DRt
2
VESSEL VESSEL ANGLE 1 w
DIA HEIGHT MAX SIZE max
NOfE: In tensionS 1 plus the stress due to internal pressure PR12t shall not exceed
2'-6"
3'-0" 4"
the stress value of shell material times the efficiency of girth seam.
8'-0" 3"x3"x3/8"
3'-6"
5'-0"
4'-0"
10'-0" 3.5" X 3.5" X 3/8" 6"
4'-6" CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS:
5'-0"
14'-0" 4"X4"X l/2" 7"
5'-6" s2 = ± QH,( K4 R)
c3 K3 + 6 -c
6'-0" DR 2 t 4t
16'-0" 5"x5"x 1/2" 10"
6'-6" 7'-0" NOIE: In tension S2 plus the stress due to internal pressure PR/t shall not exceed
7'-0"
18'-0" 6"x6"x5/8" 1'-0" the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5.
7'-6"