CHAPTER 21

HEREDITY
After studying this chapter you

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Activity 21.1
Observe the ear lobes of all students in your class. Prepare a list of students
having free or attached earlobe. Calculate the percentage of students having
each type and collect information about the nature of earlobes of their parents.
Correlate the type of earlobe of each student with that of their respective
parents. Find out the % of similarities and variations. Based on the data
obtained, try to speculate a possible pattern of the inheritance of earlobe types.

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Genetics
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H[SHULPHQWVLQWKHÀHOGRIJHQHWLFVZHUHFRQGXFWHGE\Gregor Johann
Mendel+HLVFRPPRQO\GHVFULEHGDV‘the father of Modern Genetics’.

Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) :

Mendel was born in a poor farmer’s family in Austria
on 22nd July in 1822. He had his basic education. But
could not continue further due to poverty. He was put
to a job as a clergyman in a monastery in Brunn. He
conducted certain hybridization experiments using pea
plants (Pisum sativum) in the backyard of the monastery.
He started his experimental work in the year 1856
and continued for about 14 years. Based on the results
of his experiments, he drew some important conclusions
and published the same in a journal in 1866. In this )LJ
paper Mendel proposed some basic genetic principles. 0HQGHO
But unfortunately his remarkable piece of work went unnoticed for many years
probably because the professional biologists of his day could not understand
and appreciate his mathematical approach. This neglect of his work and other
physical and economic problems made him greatly disappointed. Then his
health progressively degenerated and died unknowingly in January 1884.
His research work was rediscovered independently in 1900 by three
European genetists namely Correns (Germany), Hugo Devries (Holland) and
Tchermark (Austria). They independently drew their conclusions which were
similar to those of Mendel. They rewrote his work and published it under the
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through a series of hybridization experiments.

352
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Activity 21.2
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sepals, petals, pistil, pollen tube, stamen. Using a lens, observe its minute
parts like anthers, pollen grains, stigma and ovary. Analyse the structure of
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Activity 21.3
Observe mature garden pea plants or bean plants. Do you see the
following characteristics? If you come across any other such characteristics
add to the list. Try to predict their contrasting forms and add to the list.

Sl. No Character Contrasting forms

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0HQGHOÀQDOO\DUULYHGDWDFRQFOXVLRQ+HVWDWHG“When two factors
responsible for a pair of contrasting forms of a single character
come together, normally one expresses itself, while the other does
not”. For any given character, there are two forms of factors. One
factor is dominant and the other is recessive. This idea is known
as the principle of dominance
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of a cross, involving contrasting forms.
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Dihybrid ratio = 9:3:3:1

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Think
Do you see any relationship between the phenotypic ratio (3:1) of a
monohybrid cross and the phenotypic ratio ( 9:3:3:1) of a dihybrid cross?

357
1. Law of segregation

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2. Law of independent assortment

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Deviations from Mendelian laws

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(Germany) ZKRFRQGXFWHGK\EULGL]DWLRQH[SHULPHQWVXVLQJWKH Four ‘O’
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Schematic representation of Monohybrid cross in 4 ‘O’ clock

plant

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Genotypes : RW and RW

Gametes : R and W

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DNA - The basis of heredity

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Activity 21.4
Recall and mention the different parts of the nucleus and their functions.

Sl.No. Part Function

1
2
3
4
5

Activity 21.5
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Activity 21.6
Observe a permanent slide on the stages of cell division and try to
identify the chromosomes with the help of your teacher.

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Structure of DNA
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 7KHGHR[\ULERVHVXJDULVDpentose sugar (C5H10O5)(DFKVWUDQG
RIWKHODGGHULVPDGHXSRIGHR[\ULERVHVXJDUDQGSKRVSKDWHDUUDQJHG
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purinesDQGpyrimidines7KHUHDUHWZRW\SHVRISXULQHEDVHVQDPHO\
Adenine (A)DQGGuanine (G)DQGWZRW\SHVRI3\ULPLGLQHEDVHVQDPHO\
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PROHFXOHDUHDOZD\VcomplimentaryWRHDFKRWKHUEXWDUHnot identical

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Replication of DNA
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363
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Know this
Mutation : Any change in the structure or composition of genetic materials
such as gene or chromosome is called mutation. It can be gene mutation or
chromosome mutation. Gene mutation can occur naturally or it can also be
induced. This is due to change in the base sequence of DNA. This may cause
variation in offsprings.

Let us suppose you want to send the following message to your friend
PLEASE SAY WHERE YOU ARE. By oversight, you may send a message
like this PLEASE STAY WHERE YOU ARE. In this statement only one letter
‘T’ was added by mistake, and the meaning of the whole message is changed.
Even in the case of gene, if there is a change in the nitrogenous base, either
by way of addition, deletion or change in position, there will be a change in
the protein that is synthesized, it’s nature and function.

Think
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364
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E\0HQGHODVfactors,WZDVJohnsonZKRFRLQHGWKHWHUPGene
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W\SHVRIDPLQRDFLGV7KHVHTXHQFHRIWKHVHDPLQRDFLGVLVDFKDLQWKDW
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Think
People who are suffering from diabetes mellitus are administered with Insulin.
How is this Insulin synthesised in laboratory?

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V\QWKHVLVRI,QVXOLQLQWKHODERUDWRU\LVGRQHE\XVLQJEDFWHULDZLWKWKH
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Activity 21.7
Make a list of some known examples of application of biotechnology in
modern life.

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DVIROORZV
Genetic Engineering

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PDWHULDOVXFKDV'1$RIDQRUJDQLVP7KLVLQYROYHVrecombinant DNA
technology E\ ZKLFK JHQHV DUH PDQLSXODWHG LQ WKH ODERUDWRU\ ,W LV
SRVVLEOHQRZZLWKWKLVWHFKQLTXHWRVHSDUDWHWKHGHVLUDEOHRUXVHIXOJHQH
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'1$ÀQJHUSULQW7HFKQRORJ\

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366
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Cloning

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Know this
,QWKHÀUVWFORQHRIDQDGXOWVKHHSFDOOHGDolly was developed by
Wilmut.

Applications of Biotechnology
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y 6\QWKHVLVRIELRFDWDO\VWVDQGELRSRO\PHUV
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367
 Activity 21.8
You can collect more information on the application of biotechnology in
different sectors of the modern world and add to the list.

Limitations of Biotechnology

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OLIHTXDOLW\RIPDQLQPRGHUQZRUOGWKURXJKLWVOLPLWOHVVDSSOLFDWLRQLQ
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ZKLFKZRXOGFDXVHVHYHUHWKUHDWWRWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQRISODQWVSHFLHV

*HQHWLFDOO\PRGLÀHGIRRGVKDYHVWDUWHGWKUHDWHQLQJWKHKXPDQDQG
DQLPDOKHDOWK,WLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHDJDLQVWQDWXUHDQGZRXOGXSVHW
WKHGHOLFDWHEDODQFHRIWKHQDWXUH

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SUREOHPV7KHUHDUHDOOSRVVLELOLWLHVRIXVLQJWKLVWHFKQLTXHIRULOOHJDO
SXUSRVHVDQGGHVWUXFWLYHDFWLYLWLHV

Exercise

I. Answer the following questions

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FRQWUDVWLQJIRUPVRIFKDUDFWHUV
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368
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:KDWLVFORQLQJ"

II. Give reasons for the following

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FRPSOLPHQWDU\

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WKUHDWLQIXWXUH

III. Differentiate between the following

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