D.D.P.

Rathnayake
176420
CE2005 Assignment 02

1) Introduction: location of the project, lay out plan, project

total cost implementation period, reason for any short coming.

The Barrington Towers High rise building, which is a gross floor area of
approximately 115,000 Square feet, is to consist of 10 stories residential tower
with 80 semi luxury apartments. There will be parking facilities at ground
level and first floor, with moving lift and common areas on the other stories.
The building is designed to be environmentally sound and people-friendly and
it is including the pool, roof terrace, Gym, two passenger lifts and entrance
lobby.

A prime residential address located on No 1, Kawdana Road-Galle Road of

Dehiwala. The project, the total cost of which is six hundred and four million
rupees, is piling completed by Sierra construction (Private) Ltd. The work on
the superstructure, which is expected to take 32 Months, is being carried out
by N & A Engineering Services (Private) Ltd.

Reason for any short coming

 Contractors not appointed for fixtures and fittings prior to construction
commencement.
Ex: Aluminum, Doors, Elevators
 Without doing proper marketing survey the structure has made and the
client needs to change the structure subsequently.
 Not Conducting market surveys, not sizing of apartments, which have
to be re configured as construction goes on, creates issues with
contractors And approvals.
 Inadequate coordination between architect, structural engineer and
contractor.
 Alternative project financing routs could have made at the initial.
 Rising cost factor changes the dimensions of the project periodically,
also fluctuating sales demands could temporally have an impact on the
project completion.

Page 1 of 9
 D.D.P.Rathnayake
176420
CE2005 Assignment 02
Lay Out Plan

2) Activity Plan (for the entire works.) Describing important

activity including critical path analysis.

Page 2 of 9
 D.D.P.Rathnayake
176420
CE2005 Assignment 02
No Activity Description Completion Date
1.0 Preliminary works Project Starts, Site Clearing & preparation 2016/10/20 to
of Temporary facilities, General setting Out 2016/11/05
2.0 Sub Structure Filling & Compaction ,Termite Treatment 2016/11/06 TO
& Lean Concreting, Ground Floor 2016/11/222
Concreting
3.0 Super Structure (Up to Column, Lift core & Stair Case up to 2016/11/23 TO
parking First Floor, To parking (Including Form Work, Rebar & 2018/02/18
Roof terrace Floor Level) Concreting)
4.0 Up To Lift Machine Floor Beam &Slab Construction ,Form 2018/02/01 TO
Floor Level Work, Rebar, Concreting 2018/02/14
5.0 Up to Lift Machine Column, Lift core & Stair Case up to Lift 2018/02/15 TO
Room Roof Level Machine Floor (Including Form Work 2018/02/18
,Rebar & Concreting)
6.0 Masonry Work Column, Lift core & Stair Case up to 2017/02/10 TO
Machine Roof level (Including Form Work 2018/04/07
,Rebar & Concreting)
7.0 Water Proofing Water Supply System, Sewer & Water 2017/03/02 TO
System, Storm Water System, Pumps, 2018/04/20
Meter &Valves
8.0 Floor, Wall & Celling Sanitary Fittings & Accessories Installation 2017/03/07 TO
Finishes 2018/05/30
9.0 External Painting Work Conducting Wiring, Cabling, Cable Trays & 2018/01/03 TO
Feeder Cables, Fittings & Accessories 2018/06/01
Fixing
Metal Work & Wood Doors, windows & other related work 2017/03/17 TO
Work 2018/06/06
Painting & decorating All Area 2017/03/27 TO
2018/06/01
10.0 Service Works AC System, Fire Detection & Protection, 2017/03/07 TO
Lands capping Work 2018/04/30
11.0 .Plumbing & Drainage Passenger Lift installation ,Car Lift 2017/03/07 TO
System Installation, Generator & Transformer 30/04/2018
Installation, Other Works
12.0 Electrical System Project Starts, Site Clearing & preparation 2017/03/07 TO
of Temporary facilities, General setting Out 2018/04/30
13.0 Mechanical Installations Filling & Compaction ,Termite Treatment 2017/05/03 TO
& Lean Concreting, Ground Floor 2018/06/08
concreting
14.0 Works Related to Column, Lift core & Stair Case up to 2017/05/05 TO
Provisional Sums parking (Including Form Work, Rebar & 2018/06/08
Concreting)
15.0 Testing, Commission & Floor Beam &Slab Construction , Form 2018/05/28 TO
Final Touchup Work, Rebar, Concreting 2018/06/16
16.0 Project Handing Over Column, Lift core & Stair Case up to Lift 2018/06/16 TO
Machine Floor (Including Form Work 2018/06/18
,Rebar & Concreting)

Page 3 of 9
 D.D.P.Rathnayake
176420
CE2005 Assignment 02
3) Earth work
Earthwork is the process that involving excavates, transported and compacted
the surface of the earth at another location. There are four main processes in
earthwork that is excavation, transportation, unloading and compaction.
Earthwork mainly carried out at earlier programmed stage of construction.
Completion of earthwork within the prescribed time is often the key to the
completion on time of the whole project, which means the earthwork, is the
importance work in construction project. In earthwork there are three type of
work:
a) Site clearance, the work that removal of light scrub, trees, existing structure
and topsoil
b) Excavation of trenches and foundation, the small size of excavation happen
when large bulk earthmoving plant cannot be used
c) Bulk excavation, the excavation that make the larger excavation work such
as cut and fill, shallow cut and fill and also basement excavation.

Planning of the earthwork is important before the project will start. The
planning of the earthwork can give the contractor positive result to their profit
and quality of the project. Whereby, while planning the earthwork they should
analysis the work to be carried out and determined the types and numbers of
plant that would be most suited to the sequence of operations and from this
analysis, the cost can be determined. The planning should be carried out at
tender stage and construction stage.

4) Concreting: grade of concrete, mixing, placing, compaction

and Curing

Grade of Concrete
Grade of concretes are denoted by M15, M20, M25 according to their
compressive strength. This site Concreting is done by the main contractor
(N&A construction services (PVT) Ltd. They has their own batching plant. M
30 grade concrete is used to pile & pile cap.M25 grade concrete is used above
the ground level.

Page 4 of 9
 D.D.P.Rathnayake
176420
CE2005 Assignment 02
Mixing
It is very important to mix the materials properly until uniformly colored mix
is obtained. The mixing was generally done by machine at the batching plant.
The required volume of concrete is ordered from batching plant before
concreting. The measured quantities of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates,
cement and water were loaded in to the plant in the respective order. After few
minute the entire concrete of a batch was discharged.

Placing
Before placing concrete contractor should remove all oil, Latinate, loose
fragments of rock, earth, mud, timber & other debris & standing water from
the surface of the slab or previously placed concrete. The consultant should
checked the conducting work, whether the reinforcement & formwork are
according to the designed condition, its horizontality, verticality & free from
dust and etc. We were used grade 3O, 25. When placing concrete should be
drop vertically through a height not greater than 1.5m. Mixed concrete should
be used without any delay.

Compaction
Concrete has to be compacted to remove trapped air after it‟s poured in to the
position. Air can from cavities in the concrete, which reduce its strength.
Compaction is done in many ways. Mainly the porker vibrator is used in our
site. Porker vibrator is a vibration tube at the end of flexible tube. The porker
is left in the concrete form 5-15 seconds only. However the time can be
decided one of these ways.

• By the surface appearance a thin film of glistering mortar on the surface is a

sign that the concrete in well compaction.

• When compacting air bubbles in the concrete comes to the surface when the
bubbles stop. It‟s a sign of satisfactory compaction.

Page 5 of 9
 D.D.P.Rathnayake
176420
CE2005 Assignment 02
• When the porker is inserted there is usually a dropping off in frequency &
when the frequency gets constant the concrete is free of entrapped air.
Compaction should be done in a proper time period as over vibration causes
segregation & less vibration causes air voids in concrete.

Curing
The setting and hardening of cement depend on the presence of water dying
out. If allowed to take place too soon, results in low strength and a porous
concrete. At the time the concrete is placed, there is normally an adequate
quantity of water present for full hydration, but necessary to ensure that this
water is retained.

Advantages of curing are Increases the impermeability and durability of

concrete, Increases resistance to abrasion, Continuous curing from the time the
concrete is placed helps to ensure a hard, dense surface and reduce the risk of
crazing and dusting.

To prevent evaporation of moisture and consequence formation cracks gunny

bags are used for vertical surface such as column surface. For the slab surface
water is sprayed for certain time break.

5) Temporary works
Formwork
Formwork is used as the temporary structure provided to keep the required
shape of the concrete until has set. Concrete when freshly mixed is in plastic
condition. It must therefore be placed in a mold, form or enclosure till it sets
and hardens. These molds or forms together with their supports are called
“formwork” or “shuttering”. To be successful in its function, formwork must
fulfill the following requirement:

1. The formwork should be strong enough to support the weight of

reinforcement and wet concrete in position during placing, compaction, setting
& hardening.

Page 6 of 9
 D.D.P.Rathnayake
176420
CE2005 Assignment 02
2. It should not be deflect under load which would include the load of wet
concrete, working people and equipment‟s.
3. It should be erected correctly to get the required shape safely.
4. Formwork should be constructed as to be easily dismantled and removed in
sections in the desired sequence from the cast concrete, without shock
disturbance or damage.
5. Form work should be designed to provide sufficient but not excessive
strength & rigidity.
6. Working drawings of the form work should be prepared before fabricating it
& it should be fabricated into module sizes to allow more re-uses.
7. The joints should be welled fixed avoiding grout leakages. Because, grout
leakage can cause honeycombing of the surface or provide fins, which have to
be removed.
8. Capable of being re-used.

Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a temporary structure to support the original structure as well as
workmen used it as a platform to carry on the construction works. Types of
scaffolding vary with the type of construction work. Scaffolding is made up of
timber or steel. It should be stable and strong to support workmen and other
construction material placed on it. In this site Suspended scaffolding are used.

Fencing
Construction boundary fencing is used temporarily on construction sites to
mark the limits of clearing and grading and to define areas which must be
protected. Construction boundary fencing contains and minimizes disturbed
areas, protects trees and vegetation, and prevents encroachment into SEZ or
other sensitive areas. Construction boundary fencing is not property boundary
fencing, but marks the perimeter of the construction disturbance area. This site
fence was constructed by steel plate.

Page 7 of 9
 D.D.P.Rathnayake
176420
CE2005 Assignment 02
Site Office
Construction sites will generally require office facilities to provide
accommodation for site managers, provide space for meetings and to provide
storage for site documentation. Site offices are often described as „site huts‟
even if they are large and well fitted out.

As site offices are generally temporary in nature, only there for the duration of
the construction works, they are often prefabricated, or constructed from
portable, or modular. They can include reception spaces, offices, meeting
rooms, toilets, lockers, storage and so on. This site, site office is constructed in
first floor using ply wood sheet. Have water supply facilities in this site office

6) Safety and environmental impact. Any other important issue

if any.
Managers and contractors both stress on health and safety issues before work
starts, but as the work gains ground their fear for deadlines becomes a
preference and they incline to pay less thought to health and safety. On mega
projects, the owners may give medical facilities at the site, but eventually
health and safety is the contractors‟ obligation.

The major accidents or injuries confronted on the their working sites are fall
injuries, heat stroke, struck by injuries, injuries by wastage and raw materials,
head injuries, Eye injuries and burning cases. Main causes of injuries are listed
below:

big housing complexes is carried out specifically for parking of vehicles.

Although occasionally, Excavators are usually used. But most of the times
workers do the excavation. During these excavation operations, cave-in occurs
because of less shoring and results in loss of lives.

Page 8 of 9
 D.D.P.Rathnayake
176420
CE2005 Assignment 02
In multiple-story building construction, the regular accidents are falling
down from scaffolding while working on higher levels. Accidents are
attributed to the fact that safety belts are barely used.

bars and wood respectively.

Most common accidents occur on construction sites are because of

carelessness and maintenance of tools. Electrical equipment, cutters and
welding machines are not occasionally checked for maintenance.

Temporarily placed power lines and loose connections results in serious

shocks and even occasionally casualty occurs on a construction site.

In addition to health and safety issues there are many environmental hazards
also on construction sites. During the extraction of construction materials,
their transportation, the period of construction and use of buildings, substantial
amount of energy are used. These activities contribute major contribution to
the overall production of carbon dioxide which intensifies the „greenhouse‟
effect. During the construction process individual and communities can be
seriously affected by the process of construction. Environmental issues in
construction industry generally include soil and ground contamination,
construction and demolition waste, dust, noise and vibration, blazing lights,
solid and liquid waste, ground movements, messy sites and fallen items. These
types of pollution and hazards can not only disturb people residing nearby, but
also affect the health and well-being of people in the entire area

Page 9 of 9