ِ‫س ِم اهللِ الرَّ ْح َمنِ الرَّ ِحْيم‬

ْ ِ‫ب‬
ARIC – Arabic Class Notes
Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

Topics
Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic
Arabic Alphabets
Arabic Vowel Signs
Indefinite & Definite
Noun Endings
The Nominal Sentence

Visiit http://AbdurRahman.Org/ for More Resources

1
 Revision History

Date Ver Author Revision Comments

Mar. 1, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version

Mar. 10, 2010 1.1 Zahid Naeem Multiple Corrections (e.g., ٌ‫ د ّمة‬to ٌ‫ض ّمة‬, genetive to genitive)

َ ‫ِف‬
There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah – ‫يٌس ِبيلِ ٌاللٌَِّه‬
Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.com

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 2

 Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic

 English has eight parts of speech

1. Noun (A word which refers to a person, a place, or a thing, e.g. teacher, town, bus)
2. Pronoun (A word like he, they, and we used to replace a noun)
3. Adjective (A word that describes a noun, e.g. a tall man)
4. Adverb (A word that gives additional information about how, when or where an action takes
place, e.g. He walked slowly, They will arrive tomorrow)
5. Interjection (A word that is independent of other words and is used as is, e.g. hello and hi)
6. Verb (The action or doing word, e.g. sleep, eat, drink)
7. Conjunction (A word joining two clauses in a sentence, e.g. and, because, but)
8. Preposition (A word used to relate a noun or pronoun to some other part, e.g. of, at)

 Arabic has only three parts of speech

1. Noun ٌ‫اِ ْسم‬
2. Verbٌ‫فِ ْعل‬
3. Particleٌ‫َح ْرف‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 3

 Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic

English Arabic
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective Noun ٌ‫اِ ْسم‬
Adverb
Interjection
Verb Verb ٌ‫ِف ْعل‬
Conjunction
Particle ٌ‫َح ْرف‬
Preposition

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 4

 Arabic Alphabets

 Arabic has 29 letters of alphabet

 Consonants (have speech sound) : 28
 Alif: serves two purposes
 ِ
Elongates a consonant, e.g. ٌ‫ك َتاب‬
 Act as a bearer of ٌ‫( َه ْم َزة‬hamza), e.g. ٌ‫اَب‬

‫ر‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

‫ف‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ش‬ ‫س‬ ‫ز‬
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

‫ء‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ق‬

29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 5

 Arabic Vowel Signs

 There are 3 short vowel signs in Arabic

 َ ‫ – ) َف ْت‬denoting “a”, e.g. da (‫) ٌَد‬
Fathah (ٌ‫حة‬
 ْ ‫ – )ك‬denoting “i”, e.g. di (‫) ٌِد‬
Kasrah (ٌ‫َس َرة‬
 Dummah (ٌ‫ض َّمة‬
َ ) – denoting “u”, e.g. du (ٌ‫)د‬
 Absence of a vowel sign is denoted by Sukun (ٌ‫)سك ْون‬, e.g. notice ‫ ٌْد‬in ٌ‫َم ْد َر َسة‬
 Long vowels are formed by adding the associated letters to the short vowels
 ‫ٌا‬to elongate fathah, e.g. daa (‫) َدا‬
 ‫ ي‬to elongate kasrah, e.g. dii (‫) ِدي‬
 ‫ و‬to elongate dummah, e.g. duu (‫)دو‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 6

 Indefinite & Definite

 ِ ‫ )ن‬or definite (ٌ‫) َم ْع ِر َفة‬

Like English, Arabic nouns can be indefinite (ٌ‫َك َرة‬
 An indefinite noun is indicated by ٌ‫ َت ْن ِو ْين‬, which doubles the vowel sign at the end
of the word, e.g.
 ِ
A book – ٌ‫ك َتاب‬
 A chair - ٌ‫ك ْر ِسي‬
 ٌْ َ‫ ا‬prefixed to the noun. This also results in
A Definite noun is indicated by ‫ل‬
eliminating the ٌ‫ َت ْن ِو ْين‬at the end of the word, e.g.
 ِ ْ‫اَل‬
The book - ٌ‫ك َتاب‬
 The chair - ٌ‫اَلْك ْر ِسي‬
 ٌ‫ اَ ْل‬and ٌ‫ َت ْن ِو ْين‬cannot coexist. So ٌ‫ اَ ْل ِك َتاب‬will be incorrect
 Please note many proper nouns, e.g. ٌ‫ َخالِد‬,ٌ‫ م َح َّمد‬end with ٌ‫ َت ْن ِو ْين‬, but they are still
definite

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 7

 Noun Endings

 In Arabic, nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentence

 ِ ‫)اَلْ َّت ْش‬
These are called noun cases (ٌ‫ك ْيل‬

English Arabic Ending Function in a Examples

Name Name Vowel Sign sentence
Nominative ٌ‫َم ْرف ْوع‬ Dummah Subject ,ٌ‫ محمد‬,ٌ‫ٌكتاب‬,ٌ‫الكتاب‬
ٌ‫باب‬
Accusative ٌ‫َم ْنص ْوب‬ Fathah Object of a verb ٌ‫ٌبابا‬,ٌ‫ محمد‬,ٌ‫ كتابا‬,‫الكتاب‬
ٌَ
Genitive ٌ‫َم ْجر ْور‬ Kasrah Possessor of a ٌِ
ٌ,ٌ‫ محمد‬,ٌ‫ كتاب‬,‫الكتاب‬
thing, or comes
ٌ‫باب‬
after a preposition
or an adverb

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 8

 The Nominal Sentence (ٌ‫ٌالإ ْس ِم َّية‬
ِ ‫)اَلْج ْم َلة‬

 A sentence that starts with a noun

 Has a subject (ٌ‫ )م ْب َتدَا‬and a predicate (ٌ‫) َخ َبر‬
 The subject is always nominative (ٌ‫) َم ْرف ْوع‬
 The predicate is always nominative (ٌ‫) َم ْرف ْوع‬, if it is one word
 The subject is mostly definite (ٌ‫) َم ْع ِر َفة‬
 ِ ‫)ن‬
The predicate is mostly indefinite (ٌ‫َك َرة‬

َ ‫اَلْ ِك َتاب‬
ٌ‫ٌٌج ِد ْيد‬
‫ٌ َخ َبٌر‬ ٌ‫ٌم ْب َتدَا‬
ٌ‫ٌ َم ْرف ْوع‬ ٌ‫اَلْ َق َلمٌٌٌ َم ْكس ْور‬ ٌ‫ٌ َم ْرف ْوع‬
ٌ‫ٌن َِك َرة‬ ٌ‫ٌ َم ْع ِر َفة‬
ٌ‫َه َذاٌٌٌٌ َب ْيت‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 9

 ِ‫س ِم اهللِ الرَّ ِح َمنِ الرَّ ِحِيم‬
ِ ِ‫ب‬
ARIC – Arabic Class Notes
Part 2 (ver. 1)

Topics
This (‫ ) َه َذا‬vs. That (ََ‫) َذلِك‬
Solar vs. Lunar Letters
ْ ‫) َه ْم َزةَُال ْ َو‬
The Joining Hamza (‫ص َِل‬

‫َه ْم َزة َُْالق َْطَِع‬

Examples from Quran (ِ‫طع‬
ْ َ‫ َهمِزَ ُة اْلق‬,ِ‫ هَمِزَةُ اْل َوصِل‬,ُ‫شَ ِمسِيَّةُ وَال َقمَرِيَّة‬
َّ ‫)احلُ ُروِفُ ال‬
What (‫ ) َما‬vs. Who (‫ن‬ َْ ‫) َم‬
Particle of Interrogation and Answer

Visiit http://AbdurRahman.Org/ for More Resources

1
 This (‫ ) َه َذا‬vs. That (ََ‫) َذلِك‬

 Demonstrative pronoun (َ‫)اِ ْس ُمَا ْل ِاشَ ا َر ِة‬

َِ ‫اِ ْس ُمَا ْل ِاشَ ا َر ِةَلِ ْل َق ِر ْي‬
 ‫ َه َذا‬: ‫ب‬
 ََ‫ َذلِك‬: ‫اِ ْس ُمَا ْل ِاشَ ا َر ِةَلِ ْل َب ِع ْي َِد‬ That is a door (َ‫) َذلِكَََ َباب‬
 Like all pronouns, these are definite
 These are masculine , i.e. these are used when pointing to
masculine nouns
 They have feminine counterparts – will learn later
 ‫ َه َذا‬and ََ‫ َذلِك‬are pronounced as ‫ َها َذا‬and ََ‫ َذالِك‬respectively,
but are written without the alif

This is a book (َ‫) َه َذاَ ِك َتاب‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) 2
 Solar vs. Lunar Letters (1 of 2)

 Of 28 consonant letters, 14 letters are called solar letters (‫فَالشَّ ْم ِس َّي َُة‬
َُ ‫الح ُر ْو‬
ُ ) and 14
are called lunar letters (‫فَال َق َم ِر َّي َُة‬
ُ ‫الحَُر ْو‬
ُ )
 This distinction is only for pronunciation of words starting with these letters
when prefixed with ‫( ال‬the definite article)
 Articulation of solar letters involves the tip of the tongue, e.g., ‫ر‬ ,‫ ن‬,‫ ش‬,‫ س‬,‫ت‬
 Tip of the tongue plays no role for lunar letters, e.g., ‫ و‬,‫ ك‬,‫ م‬,‫ ق‬,‫ب‬
 When ‫ ال‬is prefixed to a noun beginning with a solar letter, the ‫ ل‬of the ‫ ال‬is
assimilated to the solar letter, e.g., al-shamsu is pronounced as ash-shamsu
 The assimilation is indicated by the shaddah on the first letter of the noun
 In writing, the ‫ ل‬is not assimilated, e.g., ‫س‬
َُ ‫الشَّ ْم‬
 No such assimilation takes place for lunar letters, e.g., al-qamaru is pronounced
as al-qamaru (‫)ال َق َمَُر‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) 3

 ‫)‪Solar vs. Lunar Letters (2 of 2‬‬

‫سَ‬
‫ش الشَّ ْم ُ‬ ‫ت ال َّت ِ‬
‫اج ُرَ‬ ‫ف ال َف ُمَ‬ ‫اَ الا ّّ َُ‬
‫ب‬
‫الص ْدَُر‬ ‫ص َّ‬ ‫ث الثَّ ْو َُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫ق ال َق َمَُر‬ ‫اب‬
‫ب َالب َُ‬
‫الض ْي َُ‬
‫ف‬ ‫ض َّ‬ ‫د ال ِّد ْيكَُ‬ ‫ك ال َك ْل َُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫الج َّنَُة‬
‫َ‬ ‫ج‬
‫ط ال َّطالِ َُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫ذ ال َّذ َه َُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫م ال َم َُاء‬ ‫الح َماَُر‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ح‬
‫ظ ال َّظ ْهَُر‬ ‫ر ال َّر ُج ُلَ‬ ‫و ال َولَ َُد‬ ‫الخ ْبَُز‬
‫ُ‬ ‫خ‬
‫اللَّ ْح ُمَ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ز ال َّز ْه َرَُة‬ ‫اله َو َُاء‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ع ال َع ْي َُن‬
‫ال َّن ْج َُم‬ ‫ن‬ ‫الس َمكَُ‬ ‫س َّ‬ ‫ي َالي ُدَ‬ ‫غ ال َغد ََُاء‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

 َِ ‫) َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْص‬
The Joining Hamza (‫ل‬

َِ ‫َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْص‬

 The ‫ ا‬in ‫( ال‬the definite article) is called ‫ل‬
 If it is preceded by another word, it is not pronounced
َُ ‫( اَلْ َب ْي‬the house) is pronounced al-baitu and ‫ت‬
 E.g., ‫ت‬ َُ ‫( َوالْ َب ْي‬and the house) is pronounced
as wa l-baitu and not wa al-baitu
 َِ‫ َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْصل‬also appears words without the ‫ال‬, e.g., َ‫َو ْصل‬
 ‫( اِ ْس َم‬name) – ‫بِ ْس ِمَاللََِّه‬ (Joining, uniting,
attaching)
 َ‫( اِ ْبن‬son) – ‫ِع ْي َسىَا ْب ُنَ َم ِر َي ََم‬
 To signify ‫ ا‬as َِ‫ َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْصل‬, look for one of the following three conditions:
 A symbol on alif, as
 Without any or ‫ ء‬symbol on alif
 Completely omitted in writing, e.g., ‫بِ ْس ِمَاللََِّه‬
 Both ‫ ا‬and ‫ ل‬in ‫ ال‬are not pronounced when a word starts with a solar letter and
is preceded with another word
 E.g., ‫ ََوال َّن ْج َُم‬is pronounced as wan-najmu and not wa al-najmu or wa an-najmu

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) 5

 َ‫َه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْط ِع‬

 As opposed to َِ‫صل‬ْ ‫َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو‬ , ‫ َه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْط َِع‬is always pronounced, regardless of its
position in the sentence
 ‫ َه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْط َِع‬is usually written with a ‫ ء‬symbol on (or below) the Alif, as follows:
 ‫أ‬
 ‫إ‬
 Examples:
 َ‫( اّّ َحد‬one) – َ‫قُ ْلَ ُه َوَاللَّ ُهَاّّ َحد‬ ‫َق ْط َع‬
(Cutting,
 ‫( اِ َْذ‬when) – ...َ َ‫َواِ ْذَ َقا َلَ َر ُّبك‬ Discontinuing,
Separating)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) 6

 ‫َه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْ‬
‫ط َِع( ‪Examples from Quran‬‬ ‫فَالشَّ ْم ِس َّي ُة ََوال َق َم ِر َّيَُة‪َ ,‬ه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْص َِل‪,‬‬
‫الح ُر ْو ُ‬
‫) ُ‬
‫فَالشَّ ْم ِس َّيَُة( ‪Find solar letters‬‬ ‫فَال َق َم ِر َّيَُة( ‪ُ ), lunar letters‬‬
‫الح ُر ْو ُ‬ ‫الح ُر ْو ُ‬
‫‪ُ ) and instances‬‬
‫‪َ in Surah Al-Fatiha‬ه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْط َِع ‪َ and‬ه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْ‬
‫صلَِ ‪of‬‬

‫ََٱلْ َح ْمدَُلِلَّ ِهَ َر ِّبَٱلْ َعالَ ِم ْي َن۝َٱل َّر ْح َم ِنَٱل َّر ِح ْي ِم۝َ َمالِ ِكَ َي ْو ِمَٱل ِّد ْي ِن۝َ‬

‫اطَٱلْ ُم ْس َت ِق ْي َم ِ‬
‫۝َص َر َ‬
‫اطَ‬ ‫اِ َّيا َكَنَ ْع ُبد ََُواِ َّيا َكَن َْس َت ِع ْي ُن۝ََٱِ ْه ِدنَاَٱ ِّ‬
‫لص َر َ‬

‫ٱلَّ ِذ َ‬
‫ينَاّّنْ َع ْم َتَ َع َل ْي ِه ْمَ َغ ْيرَِٱلْ َم ْغ ُض ْو ِبَ َع َل ْي ِه ْم ََو َلاَٱ َّ‬
‫لضالِّ ْي َن۝َ‬

‫‪Solar letter‬‬ ‫‪Lunar letter‬‬ ‫َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْص ِلَ‬ ‫َه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْط ِعَ‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

 ‫َما‬
What ( ) vs. Who ( َ‫) َم ْن‬

‫َما‬ َ‫َم ْن‬

Meaning “What” “Who”
Usage Used for irrational things Used for rational beings
ِ ‫) َغ ْي ُرَ َع‬, e.g. non-living
(َ‫اقل‬ ِ ‫) َع‬. Three categories
(َ‫اقل‬
things, animals, plants include humans, jinns, and
etc. angels.
Example What is this? (‫) َماَ َه َذا‬ Who is he? (‫) َم ْنَ َه َذا‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) 8

 Particle of Interrogation and Answer

 This is a house (َ‫) َه َذاَ َب ْيت‬

 Is this a house? (‫)اّّ َه َذاَ َب ْيت؟‬
 Prefixing َّّ‫ ا‬to a statement turns it into a question
ِ ‫ف‬
 Used in this context َّّ‫ ا‬is called ‫َالا ْس َت ْف َها َِم‬ ُ ‫( َح ْر‬particle of interrogation)
 ‫ لا‬means “no”
 ‫ نَ َع َْم‬means “yes”
 َِ ‫َالج َو‬
‫ لا‬and ‫ نَ َع َْم‬are called ‫اب‬ َ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫( ُح ُر ْو‬particles of answer)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) 9

 ِ‫س ِم اهللِ الرَّ ْح َمنِ الرَّ ِحْيم‬
ْ ‫ِب‬
ARIC – Arabic Class Notes
Part 3 (ver. 3)

Topics
Preposition (‫جر‬
‫ف‬
ُ ‫ & ) َح ْر‬Genitive Case (‫) َم ْج ُر ْور‬
َ
Detached Pronoun (‫َصل‬ ِ ‫) َض ِم ْير ُم ْنف‬
Possessed & Possessor (‫ضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬ َ ‫) ُم َضاف َو ُم‬

1
 Revision History

Date Ver Author Revision Comments

Mar. 7, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version

Mar. 14, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added section for ‫ ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬and more description for ‫َصل‬
ِ ‫َض ِم ْير ُم ْنف‬
Mar. 20, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added more content for ‫ َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور‬and ‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬

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ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 2

 Preposition (‫َجر‬ ‫ف‬
ُ ‫ & ) َح ْر‬Genitive Case (‫) َم ْج ُر ْور‬

 Literal meaning of ‫َجر‬ ‫ف‬

ُ ‫ َح ْر‬is “a particle of pulling”
‫إَ َلب ْي ُت‬
 Examples of preposition (‫ف َجر‬ ُ ‫) َح ْر‬:
 In – ‫ِفي‬ ‫ ُت‬got pulled to ‫ ِت‬because
of the preceding ‫فِي‬
 On – ‫َع َلى‬
 From – ‫ِم ْن‬
‫ِفي َإلب ْي ِت‬
 To – ‫إِلَي‬
‫إِ ْسم َم ْج ُر ْور‬ ‫ف َجر‬
ُ ‫َح ْر‬
 When a noun is preceded by a preposition, it is said to
be in genitive case (‫) َم ْج ُر ْور‬
Same as
ُ ‫إَ َلب ْي‬, In the house – ‫َإلب ْي ِت‬
 The house - ‫ت‬ ‫ِفي‬
‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور‬
 A house - ‫ َب ْيت‬, In a house – ‫َب ْيت‬ ‫ِفي‬
 ‫ ِفي َإلب ْي ِت‬is a ‫إلج ْم َل ِة‬
ُ ‫( ِش ْب ُه‬phrase) – It looks like a
sentence but is not one

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 3

 More Prepositions and Examples from Quran

(59:21) Had We sent down this

Quran on a mountain …
... ‫ لَ ْو إّّن َزلْ َنا َهـٰ َذإ إلْ ُق ْرإ َن َع َلى َج َبل‬On ‫َع َلى‬
(96:2) He created man from a
clot
‫نسا َن ِم ْن َع َلق‬ َ ‫ َخ َل َق إ ْل ِإ‬From ‫ِم ْن‬
(26:50) we shall but return to
our Lord
‫ إِنَّا إِلَى َر ِّب َنا ُمن َق ِل ُبو َن‬To ‫إِلَى‬
‫ إِنَّا إّّن َزلْ َنا ُه ِفي لَ ْي َل ِة إلْ َق ْد ِر‬In ‫ِفي‬
(97:1) We have indeed revealed
this (Message) in the Night of
Power

‫اب إلْ َج ِحي ِم‬ ِ ‫ َو َلإ تُ ْساّّ ُل َع ْن إّّ ْص َح‬About,

(2:119) And thou will not be
asked about the owners of hell-
fire concerning
‫َع ْن‬
‫إت َو َما ِفي‬ َّ ‫ لِلَّـ ِه َما ِفي‬Belongs to,
ِ ‫إلس ٰم َو‬
‫لِي‬
(2:284) To Allah belongs

ِ ‫ إ ْلإ ّّ ْر‬for
whatever is in the heavens and
whatever is in the earth. ‫ض‬
(2:153) O ye who believe! seek
help with patient perseverance
‫الص ْب ِر‬ َ ‫ َيا إّّ ُّي َها إلَّ ِذ‬By, at, in
َّ ِ‫ين إ َم ُنوإ ْإس َت ِعي ُنوإ ب‬
‫بِي‬
and prayer; for Allah is with
those who patiently persevere. َّ ‫إلصلَا ِة ۚ إِ َّن إللَّـ َه َم َع‬
َ ‫إلصابِر‬
‫ِين‬ َّ ‫َو‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 4

 Nominal Sentence with ‫ج ُر ْور‬
ْ ‫َم‬ ‫َجا ٌّر َو‬

Muhammad is in the mosque

the mosque in Muhammad

‫إل َم ْس ِج ِد‬ ‫ِفي‬ ‫ُم َح َّمد‬
‫إِ ْسم َم ْج ُر ْور‬ ‫ف َجر‬ ُ ‫َح ْر‬ ‫ُم ْب َتدَإ‬
‫ َخ َبر‬،‫إلج ْم َل ِة‬
ُ ‫ ِش ْب ُه‬،‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور‬

It is on a table

a table on It
‫َم ْك َتب‬ ‫َع َلى‬ ‫ُه َو‬
‫إِ ْسم َم ْج ُر ْور‬ ‫ف َجر‬ ُ ‫َح ْر‬ ‫ُم ْب َتدَإ‬
‫ َخ َبر‬،‫إلج ْم َل ِة‬
ُ ‫ ِش ْب ُه‬،‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 5

 ِ ‫ُم ْنف‬
Detached Pronoun (‫َصل‬ ‫) َض ِم ْير‬
Singular He, It ‫ُه َو‬ ‫ُم ْف َرد‬
Masculine “Dual” They (2) ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َذكَّر‬
Plural They ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫َج ْمع‬
3rd ‫َغايِب‬
‫ِه َي‬
Person
Singular She, It ‫ُم ْف َرد‬
Feminine “Dual” They (2) ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َؤنَّث‬
Plural They ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫َج ْمع‬
Singular You ‫إّّنْ َت‬ ‫ُم ْف َرد‬
Masculine “Dual” You (2) ‫إّّنْ ُت َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َذكَّر‬
Plural You (>2) ‫إّّنْ ُت ْم‬ ‫َج ْمع‬
2nd person ‫ُم َخا َطب‬
Singular You ‫إّّنْ ِت‬ ‫ُم ْف َرد‬
Feminine “Dual” You (2) ‫إّّنْ ُت َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َؤنَّث‬
Plural You (>2) ‫إّّنْ ُت َّن‬ ‫َج ْمع‬
Singular I ‫إّّنَا‬ ‫ُم ْف َرد‬
1st person Masc. & Fem. ‫ُم َت َكلِّم ُم َذكَّر َو ُم َؤنَّث‬
Plural We ‫ن َْح ُن‬ ‫َج ْمع‬
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 6
 ِ ‫ُم ْنف‬
Detached Pronoun (‫َصل‬ ‫) َض ِم ْير‬

 Are never attached with any other word ‫ُه َو‬

 Are always ‫( َم ْع ِر َفة‬definite) ‫ُه َما‬
 Are considered ‫( َم ْرفُ ْوع‬nominative case), even
‫ُه ْم‬
though most of them do not have a ‫ض َّمة‬ َ ‫ِه َي‬
(dummah) ending ‫ُه َما‬
 Are fixed in their case, i.e. their ending does not ‫ُه َّن‬
change ‫إّّنْ َت‬
 In Arabic such nouns are called ‫( َم ْب ِن ٌّي‬fixed) ‫إّّنْ ُت َما‬
‫إّّنْ ُت ْم‬
‫إّّنْ ِت‬
‫إّّنْ ُت َما‬
‫إّّنْ ُت َّن‬
‫إّّنَا‬
‫ن َْح ُن‬
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 7
 ‫ – ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬Possessed & Possessor
 Used to convey a “possession” relationship between two nouns
َ ‫( إَ ِلإ‬Al-Idaafatu)
 Also referred to as ‫ضا َف ُة‬
 English uses “of” or “’s” for such relationship, e.g. Book of Bilal or Bilal’s book
 Made up of two parts:
 Possessed (or possession) – ‫ضاف‬
َ ‫ُم‬
 Possessor – ‫إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫ُم َضاف‬

Possessor - ‫ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫بِلَال‬ ُ ‫ِك َت‬

‫اب‬ Possessed - ‫ُم َضاف‬
 Is always ‫( َم ْج ُر ْور‬genitive (of) Bilal book  Can take any case ending,
case) as the need be
Bilal’s book
 Can take ‫( َت ْن ِو ْين‬tanwin) or  Never takes ‫( َت ْن ِو ْين‬tanwin)
or ‫( إل‬the definite article)
‫( إل‬the definite article) ِ ‫إلْ ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬ ‫َم ْك َت ُب‬
 Can be ‫َك َرة‬ ِ ‫( ن‬indefinite) or  Is ‫( َم ْع ِر َفة‬definite) by
(of) the teacher table
‫( َم ْع ِر َفة‬definite) The teacher’s table
position

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 8

 Examples of Valid ‫إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف‬
Different case endings for ‫ضاف‬
َ ‫ُم‬ ‫َم ْرفُ ْوع‬
ِ ‫إلْ ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬ ‫َم ْك َت ُب‬
Definite vs. indefinite ‫إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫ُم َضاف‬ (of) the teacher table
The teacher’s table

َّ ِ‫ إ‬is
Noun after ‫ن‬
‫َم ْع ِر َفة‬ ‫َم ْن ُص ْوب‬ always ‫ص ْوب‬
ُ ‫َم ْن‬
‫إل َّطالِ ِب‬ ُ ‫ِك َت‬
‫اب‬ ِ ‫إلْ ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬ ‫َم ْك َت َب‬ ‫إِ َّن‬
(of) the student book (of) the teacher table Verily
The student’s book Verily the teacher’s table

‫نَ ِك َرة‬ ‫َم ْج ُر ْور‬

‫َطالِب‬ ُ ‫ِك َت‬
‫اب‬ ِ ‫إلْ ُم َد ِّر‬
‫س‬ ‫َم ْك َت ِب‬ ‫َع َلى‬
(of) a student book (of) the teacher table on
A student’s book On the teacher’s table

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 9

 ‫‪Incorrect vs. Correct‬‬ ‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬

‫َت ْن ِو ْين ‪ُ cannot have‬م َضاف ‪‬‬ ‫بِلَال‬ ‫ِك َتاب‬

‫إل ‪ُ cannot have‬م َضاف ‪‬‬ ‫بِلَال‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ِ‬

‫إلك َت ُ‬

‫َم ْرفُ ْوع ‪ُ cannot be‬م َضاف ِإلَ ْي ِه ‪‬‬ ‫بِلَال‬ ‫ِك َت ُ‬
‫اب‬

‫َم ْن ُص ْوب ‪ُ cannot be‬م َضاف ِإلَ ْي ِه ‪‬‬ ‫بِلَال‬ ‫ِك َت ُ‬

‫اب‬

‫بِلَال‬ ‫ِك َت ُ‬
‫اب‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

 More on ‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬

Even though ‫ َم ْن‬is ‫إِلَ ْي ِه‬

‫ ُم َضاف‬, it does not have ‫ك َْس َرة‬ Whose book?
(kasrah) ending, because it is ‫( َم ْبنِ ٌّي‬indeclinable). (of) who book
ُ ‫ِك َت‬
Other similar examples:
‫َم ْن‬ ‫اب‬
 ‫( َق َل ُم َم ْن‬Whose pen?)
 ‫( ٱِ ْب ُن َم ْن‬Whose son?) ‫ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫ُم َضاف‬

Mosque of Allah’s Prophet

Notice two sets of ‫إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫ ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف‬. (of) Allah (of the) prophet mosque
ِ ‫ َر ُس‬is ‫ ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬in ‫ول‬
‫ول‬ ِ ‫ َم ْس ِج ُد َر ُس‬and it ‫إلل ِه‬ ِ ‫َر ُس‬
‫ول‬ ‫َم ْس ِج ُد‬
is ‫ضاف‬ َ ‫ ُم‬in ‫ول إلل ِه‬ ِ ‫ َر ُس‬. ‫ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫ُم َضاف‬
‫ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫ُم َضاف‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 11

 Examples from Quran - ‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬

(110:1) When comes the help of Allah … ‫إِ َذإ َج َاء ن َْص ُر إلل ِه‬
(114: 1) Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind ِ ‫قُ ْل إّّ ُعو ُذ بِ َر ِّب إل َّنا‬
‫س‬
(24:35) Allah is the light of the heavens and the
earth
ِ ‫إت َوإ ْلإ ّّ ْر‬
‫ض‬ ِ ‫إلس ٰم َو‬َّ ‫إَلل ُه نُو ُر‬
(7:73) This is the she camel of Allah ‫َه ِذ ِه نَا َق ُة إلل ِه‬
(48:29) Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah ‫ُم َح َّمد َر ُس ْو ُل إلل ِه‬
(6:127) For them is the home of safety َّ ‫لَ ُه ْم َدإ ُر‬
‫إلسلا َ ِم‬
(40:55 & 77) Therefore have patience (O
Muhammad). Lo (surely, certainly)! The promise ‫اص ِب ْر إِ َّن َو ْع َد إللَّ ِه َح ٌّق‬
ْ ‫َف‬
of Allah is true

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 12

 Nominal Sentences with ‫إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف‬

Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah

(of) Allah Messenger Muhammad
‫إلل ِه‬ ‫َر ُس ْو ُل‬ ‫ُم َح َّمد‬
‫ َم ْج ُر ْور‬،‫ ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬،‫لَ ْف ُظ إلْ َجلَالَ ِة‬ ‫َخ َبر َو ُه َو ُم َضاف‬ ‫ُم ْب َتدَإ‬

The student’s pen is broken

broken (of) the student pen
‫َم ْك ُس ْور‬ ‫إل َّطالِ ِب‬ ‫َق َل ُم‬
‫َخ َبر‬ ‫ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬ ‫ُم ْب َتدَإ َو ُه َو ُم َضاف‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 13

 ِ‫س ِم اهللِ الرَّ ْح َمنِ الرَّ ِحْيم‬
ْ ‫ِب‬
ARIC – Arabic Class Notes
Part 4 (ver. 5)

Topics
Gender Introduction
Substitute (ٌ‫) َبدَل‬

َ )
Adverb (ٌ‫ظ ْرف‬

Adjective (ٌ‫)نَعت‬

ٌُ ‫) ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو‬

The Relative Pronoun (‫ل‬
ِ ‫)ال ِف ْع ُلٌال َم‬
The Past Tense Verb (‫اضي‬

1
 Revision History

Date Ver Author Revision Comments

Mar. 27, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version

Apr. 4, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added Substitute and Adverb slides

Apr. 10, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added Adjective slides
Apr. 24, 2010 4 Zahid Naeem Added more slides for Adjective and the Past Tense Verb

May 1, 2010 5 Zahid Naeem Added slides for The Relative Pronoun

َ ‫ِف‬
There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah – ‫يٌس ِبيلِ ٌاللٌَِّه‬
Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.com

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 2

 Gender Introduction

 All nouns in Arabic are either masculine or feminine

Usually a masculine noun can be changed to ٌ‫ُم َد ِّرس‬ ٌ‫ُم َد ِّر َسة‬
feminine, by:
1. Adding a ‫( ة‬closed ta – ‫طٌُة‬
َ ‫ )ال َّت ُاءٌال َم ْر ُبو‬at the end and, ٌ‫َطالِب‬ ‫َطالِ َبٌة‬
2. Putting a ٌ‫( َف ْت َحة‬fathah) on the letter before ‫ة‬
ٌ‫اِ ْبن‬ ٌ‫بِ ْنت‬
َ ‫)ال َّت ُاءٌال َم ْف ُت‬
Two feminine nouns with a ‫(ت‬open ta – ‫وح ٌُة‬
ٌ‫ّّاخ‬ ٌ‫ّْاخْ ت‬
ending

Not all feminine nouns have a ‫ ة‬or ‫ ت‬ending

ٌ‫اّْم‬
ٌ‫شَ ْمس‬
‫َح ْم َزٌُة‬
Not all nouns ending with ‫ ة‬or ‫ ت‬are feminine
ٌ‫َب ْيت‬
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 3
 Feminine: This (‫ ) َه ِذٌِه‬vs. That (ٌَ‫)تِ ْلك‬

‫ُم َزكٌَّر‬ ٌ‫ُم َؤنَّث‬

‫َه َذا‬ ‫َه ِذٌِه‬ ٌِ ‫اِ ْس ُمٌا ْل ِاشَ ا َر ِةٌلِ ْل َق ِر ْي‬
‫ب‬ َ ‫)تِ ْل‬
That is a car (ٌ‫كٌٌَس َّيا َرة‬

ٌَ‫َذلِك‬ ٌَ‫تِ ْلك‬ ‫اِ ْس ُمٌا ْل ِاشَ ا َر ِةٌلِ ْل َب ِع ْي ٌِد‬

 ‫ َه ِذٌِه‬is pronounced as ‫ َها ِذٌِه‬but is written without the alif

ِ
This is a watch (ٌ‫ٌٌسا َعة‬
‫ه‬ ِ
َ ‫) َه‬
‫ذ‬
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 4
 Gender of Body Members

Single members are Double members are

usually masculine usually feminine

ٌ‫( َراْس‬head) ٌ‫( َيد‬hand)

ٌ‫( اّّنْف‬nose) ٌ‫( َع ْين‬eye)

ٌ‫( َفم‬mouth) ٌ‫( ر ِْجل‬leg)

ٌ‫( َو ْجه‬face) ٌ‫( اّْ ُذن‬ear)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 5

 ‫‪Gender and Nominal Sentence‬‬

‫‪َ must be the same‬خ َبٌر ‪ُ and‬مب َتدٌَا ‪ Gender of‬‬

‫ُم َزكٌَّر‬ ‫َّث‬

‫ُم َؤن ٌ‬
‫ُم َح َّمدٌٌ َطالِ ٌ‬
‫ب‬ ‫َف ِاط َمٌُةٌ َطالِ َبٌة‬
‫ابٌ َج ِديدٌ‬
‫لك َت ٌُ‬‫اَ ِ‬ ‫لس َّيا َرٌُةٌ َج ِديدٌَة‬ ‫اَ َّ‬
‫َه َذاٌ ِديكٌ‬ ‫اجةٌ‬ ‫َه ِذٌِهٌ َد َج َ‬
‫َذلِكٌٌَ َب ٌ‬
‫اب‬ ‫تِلكَ ٌن َِاف َذٌة‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

 Substitute - ٌ‫َبدَل‬

This is new The house is new

ٌ‫َج ِديد‬ ‫َه َذا‬ ٌ‫َج ِديد‬ ٌ‫يت‬

ُ ‫َالب‬
ٌ‫َخ َبر‬ ٌ‫ُم ْب َتدَا‬ ٌ‫َخ َبر‬ ٌ‫ُم ْب َتدَا‬

This house is new

This house
(is) new The house This
ٌ‫َج ِديد‬ ٌ‫يت‬
ُ ‫َالب‬ ‫َه َذا‬
ٌ‫َخ َبر‬ ٌ‫َبدَل‬ ٌ‫ُم ْب َتدَا‬

A substitute (ٌ‫ ) َبدَل‬is a definite noun (ٌ‫ )اِسمٌ َمع ِر َفة‬following a

demonstrative pronoun (‫ٌالاشَ ا َرٌِة‬
ِ ‫)اِس ُم‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 7

 َ
Adverb - ٌ‫ظ ْرف‬

ٌ ‫ َظ ْر‬is a noun that indicates the place or time

 ‫ف‬
 ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ ُم َض‬, so the noun following it is ‫اف اِلَيٌِه‬
ٌ ‫ َظ ْر‬acts like a ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ُم َض‬
ٌ ‫ َظ ْر‬can never be a ‫( ُم ْب َتدٌَا‬subject), even if the sentence starts with it
 ‫ف‬
ٌِ ‫فٌالْ َم َك‬
Examples of Adverb of Place (‫ان‬ ُ ‫) َظ ْر‬ ‫( ُه َنا‬here)
ٌَ‫( َف ْوق‬over) ٌ‫( ُه َنا َك‬there)
َ ‫( َخ ْل‬behind)
ٌ‫ف‬
ٌ‫( اّّ َما َم‬in front) ٌَ ‫( َب‬between)
‫ين‬
ٌ‫( َت ْح َت‬under) ٌَ ُ‫( ق‬near)
‫رب‬
ٌِ ‫فٌالْ َّز َم‬
Examples of Adverb of Time (‫ان‬ ُ ‫) َظ ْر‬
ٌ َ‫( ل‬night)
‫يلا‬ ٌ‫( َص َباح‬morning) ٌ‫( ُظهرا‬noon) ٌ‫( َم َساء‬evening)
ٌِ ‫( اّّم‬yesterday)
‫س‬ ٌ‫( َاليو َم‬today) ٌ‫( َغدا‬tomorrow)
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)
 َ
Examples from Quran - ٌ‫ظ ْرف‬

(16:88) Those who disbelieved and averted

[others] from the way of Allah - We will increase
ٌ‫نٌس ِبيلِ ٌاللَّـ ِهٌ ِز ْدنَا ُه ْمٌ َع َذاباٌ َف ْو ٌَق‬ َ ‫واٌو َصدُّواٌ َع‬ َ ‫ينٌ َكف َُر‬ َ ‫الَّ ِذ‬
them in punishment over [their] punishment for
what corruption they were causing.
﴾٨٨:‫ابٌبِ َماٌكَانُواٌ ُي ْف ِسدُونٌٌَ﴿النحل‬ ِ ‫الْ َع َذ‬
(48:18) Allah was pleased with the believers when
they swore allegiance to you under the tree and
ٌ‫تٌالشَّ َج َر ِة‬ ٌَ ‫ينٌاِ ْذٌ ُي َبايِ ُعونَكَ ٌ َت ْح‬ َ ‫لَّ َق ْدٌ َر ِض َيٌاللَّـ ُهٌ َعنِ ٌالْ ُم ْؤ ِم ِن‬
He knew what was in their hearts. Therefore, He
sent down tranquility upon them and rewarded
ٌ‫ٌالس ِكي َن َةٌ َع َل ْي ِه ْم ٌَواّّثَا َب ُه ْمٌ َف ْتحاٌ َقرِيبا‬ َّ ‫اٌفيٌقُلُوبِ ِه ْمٌ َفاّّن َز َل‬ ِ ‫َف َع ِل َمٌ َم‬
them with a victory close by.
﴾١٨:‫ٌ﴿الفتح‬
(4:159) And there is none from the People of the
Scripture but that he will surely believe in Jesus
ٌ‫ابٌاِ َّلاٌلَ ُي ْؤ ِم َن َّنٌبِ ِهٌ َق ْب َلٌ َم ْوتِ ِهٌٌۖ َو َي ْو ٌَمٌالْ ِق َيا َم ِة‬ِ ‫َواِنٌ ِّم ْنٌاّّ ْهلٌِا ْل ِك َت‬
before his death. And on the Day of Resurrection
he will be against them a witness.
﴾١٥٩:‫َي ُكونٌُ َع َل ْي ِه ْمٌشَ ِهيداٌٌ﴿النساء‬
(18:23-24) And never say of anything, "Indeed, I
will do that tomorrow," . Except [when adding],
ٌ‫﴾ٌاِ َّلا‬٢٣:‫َو َلاٌ َتقُو َل َّنٌلِشَ ْي ٍءٌاِنِّيٌ َف ِاعلٌ َ َٰذلِكَ ٌ َغداٌٌ﴿الكهف‬
"If Allah wills." And remember your Lord when
you forget [it] and say, "Perhaps my Lord will
ٌ ِ‫يت ٌَوقُ ْلٌ َع َسىٌٰاّّنٌ َي ْه ِد َين‬ َ ‫اّّنٌ َيشَ َاءٌاللَّـ ُهٌ ٌَۚوا ْذكُرٌ َّر َّبكَ ٌاِ َذاٌن َِس‬
guide me to what is nearer than this to right
conduct."
﴾٢٤:‫َر ِّبيٌلِا ّّ ْق َر َب ٌِم ْنٌ َهـَٰ َذاٌ َرشَ داٌٌ﴿الكهف‬
(2:285) All of them have believed in Allah and His
angels and His books and His messengers,
ٌ‫كُلٌا َم َنٌبِاللَّـ ِه ٌَو َملَائِ َك ِت ِه ٌَوكُ ُت ِب ِه ٌَو ُر ُس ِل ِهٌ َلاٌنُ َف ِّرقٌُ َب ْي ٌَنٌ ّّا َح ٍدٌ ِّمن‬
ٌٌ‫اٌواِلَ ْيكَ ٌالْ َم ِص ُير‬ َ ‫اٌواّّ َط ْع َناٌٌۖ ُغ ْف َرانَكَ ٌ َر َّب َن‬ َ ُ‫ُّر ُس ِل ِهٌ ٌَۚو َقال‬
َ ‫واٌس ِم ْع َن‬
[saying], "We make no distinction between any of
His messengers." And they say, "We hear and we
obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and
to You is the [final] destination."
﴾٢٨٥:‫﴿البقرة‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 9

 Adjective - ٌ‫نَ ْعت‬

A noun that describes or The noun being

qualifies another noun is described or qualified
called ٌ‫( نَ ْعت‬adjective) is called ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬

A house A new house

ٌ‫َبيت‬ ٌ ‫يت َج ِد‬
‫يد‬ ٌ ‫َب‬
ٌ‫وت نَ ْعت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬

ٌ‫ نَ ْعت‬is also called ٌ‫ِصفَة‬ ‫وت‬

ٌ ‫ َمن ُع‬is also called ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫َم ْو ُص ْو‬
Adjective = ٌ‫صفَةٌ = َن ْعت‬ ِ Noun Qualified = ‫وت‬ ٌ ‫ف = َمن ُع‬ ٌ ‫َم ْو ُص ْو‬

 In Arabic the ٌ‫( نَ ْعت‬adjective) comes after the ٌ‫ َمن ُعوت‬.

 In English, the adjective comes before the noun it qualifies

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)

 Agreements between ٌ‫ نَ ْعت‬and ٌ‫َمن ُعوت‬

 ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫ نَ ْع‬and ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫ َمن ُع‬should be in agreement in the following:
1 This is a small boy This is a small girl
Gender
‫َص ِغ ٌير‬ ‫َولَ ٌد‬ ‫َه َذا‬ ‫َص ِغ َيرٌة‬ ٌ ِ‫ب‬
‫نت‬ ٌ‫َه ِذ ِه‬
ٌ‫نَ ْعت‬ ٌ‫َمن ُعوت‬ ٌ‫وت نَ ْعت‬ ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬
2 The new teacher is in the class Bilal is a new teacher
Indefinite vs.
definite ٌِ‫الج ِدي ُدٌ ِفي الفَصل‬
َ ٌ‫س‬ ٌ ‫س َج ِد‬
ُ ‫يد ال ُم َد ِّر‬ ٌ ‫ُم َد ِّر‬ ٌ‫بِلَال‬
ٌ‫وت نَ ْعت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬ ٌ‫َمن ُعوتٌ نَ ْعت‬
3 I am in a new house This is a new house
Case
ٌ‫َج ِدي ٍد‬ ٍ ‫ِفي َب‬
ٌ‫يت‬ ‫اّّنا‬ ٌ ‫َج ِد‬
‫يد‬ ٌ‫َبيت‬ ‫َه َذا‬
ٌ‫نَ ْعت‬ ٌ‫َمن ُعوت‬ ٌ‫وت نَ ْعت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬
4 That is a new student Those are new students
Number
ٌ ‫َج ِد‬
‫يد‬ ٌ ِ‫َطال‬
‫ب‬ ٌَ‫َذلِك‬ ‫اّْولَ ِئكٌَ طُلَّابٌ ُجد ٌُد‬
ٌ‫نَ ْعت‬ ٌ‫َمن ُعوت‬ ٌ‫وت نَ ْعت‬
ٌ ‫َمن ُع‬
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)
 ‫ٌو َم ْن ُعوتٌ ‪Nominal Sentence with‬‬
‫نَ ْعت َ‬
‫‪The sparrow is a small bird‬‬

‫َص ِغ ْيٌر‬ ‫َطائٌِر‬ ‫ال ُع ْص ُف ْو ُرٌ‬

‫نَ ْعتٌ‬ ‫َخ َبرٌ َو َمن ُعوتٌ‬ ‫ُم ْب َتدَاٌ‬

‫‪The broken chair is in the room‬‬

‫ال ُغ ْر َف ِةٌ‬ ‫ِفيٌ‬ ‫ال َم ْك ُس ْو ُرٌ‬ ‫ال ُك ْر ِس ٌُّي‬

‫اِ ْسمٌٌ َم ْج ُر ْورٌ‬ ‫ٌجرٌ‬
‫ف َ‬‫َح ْر ُ‬ ‫نَ ْعتٌ‬ ‫ُم ْب َتدَاٌ َو َمن ُعوتٌ‬
‫ٌالج ْم َل ِة َ‬
‫‪ٌ،‬خ َبرٌ‬ ‫َجار ٌَوٌ َم ْج ُر ْور ِ‬
‫‪ٌ،‬ش ْب ُه ُ‬
‫‪I am in the secondary school‬‬

‫الثَّانَ ِو َّي ِةٌ‬ ‫ال َم ْد َر َس ِةٌ‬ ‫ِفيٌ‬ ‫اّّنَا‬

‫نَ ْعتٌ‬ ‫اِ ْسمٌ َم ْج ُر ْورٌ َو َم ْن ُعوتٌ‬ ‫ٌجرٌ‬
‫ف َ‬‫َح ْر ُ‬ ‫ُم ْب َتدَاٌ‬
‫ٌالج ْم َل ِة َ‬
‫‪ٌ،‬خ َبرٌ‬ ‫َجار ٌَوٌ َم ْج ُر ْور ِ‬
‫‪ٌ،‬ش ْب ُه ُ‬
‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
 References from Quran - ٌ‫نَ ْعت ٌَو َم ْن ُعوت‬

(5:15) Undoubtedly, there has to come to

you from Allah light and a luminous Book.
﴾١٥:‫ٌو ِك َتابٌ ُّم ِبينٌ﴿اسورةٌالمائدة‬
ٌَ ‫ٌج َاءكُمٌ ِّم َنٌاللَّـ ِهٌنُور‬
َ ‫َق ْد‬
(68:4) And undoubtedly, you possess
excellent manners.
﴾٤:‫َواِنَّكَ ٌلَ َع َلىٌٰ ُخلُقٍ ٌ َع ِظي ٍمٌ﴿سورةٌالقلم‬

(44:17) and an honourable Messenger

came to them.
﴾١٧:‫َو َج َاء ُه ْمٌ َر ُسولٌ َكرِيمٌ﴿اسورةٌالدخان‬

(1:6) Guide us in the straight path. ﴾٦:‫اطٌالْ ُم ْس َت ِقي َمٌ﴿﴾﴿سورةٌالفاتحة‬ ِّ ٌ‫ا ْه ِدنَا‬
َ ‫الص َر‬

(45:10) And for them is a great torment. ﴾١٠:‫َولَ ُه ْمٌ َع َذابٌ َع ِظيمٌ﴿سورةٌالجاثية‬

(8:274) For them is forgiveness and

honourable provision.
ٌَ ‫لَّ ُهمٌ َّم ْغ ِف َرة‬
﴾٧٤:‫ٌو ِر ْزقٌ َكرِيمٌٌ﴿سورةٌالانفال‬
(61:13) help from Allah and a near victory ﴾١٣:‫ن َْصرٌ ِّم َنٌاللَّـ ِهٌ َو َف ْتحٌ َقرِيبٌ ٌۗ ﴿سورةٌالصف‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 13

 Where is the ٌ‫? َن ْعت‬

The Arabic is an easy language

‫َس ْه َلٌة‬ ‫لُ َغٌة‬ ٌ‫ال َع َربِ َّي ُة‬
ٌ‫نَ ْعت‬ ٌ‫َخ َبر ٌَو َم ْن ُعوت‬ ٌ‫ُم ْب َتدَا‬

The Arabic language is easy

ٌ‫َس ْه َلة‬ ٌ‫ال َع َربِ َّي ُة‬ ٌ‫اللُّ َغ ُة‬

ٌ‫َخ َبر‬ ٌ‫نَ ْعت‬ ٌ ‫ٌٌ ُم ْب َتدَاٌ َو َم ْن ُع‬
‫وت‬

 Exercise
 Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern.
Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 14

 ٌ‫ َن ْعت‬or not
4 A new book 1
This book is new

ٌ‫َج ِديد‬ ٌ‫اب‬ ِ ٌ‫َه َذا‬ ٌ‫َج ِديد‬ ٌ‫ِك َتاب‬

ُ ‫الك َت‬
ٌ‫َخ َبر‬ ‫َبد ٌَل‬ ٌ‫ُم ْب َتدَا‬ ٌ‫نَ ْعت‬ ٌ‫َمن ُعوت‬

This new book is heavy

5 The new book is heavy 2

ٌ‫َث ِق ْيل‬ ٌ‫الج ِدي ُد‬

َ ُ ‫ال ِك َت‬
ٌ‫اب‬ ‫َه َذا‬ ٌ‫َث ِق ْيل‬ ٌ‫الج ِدي ُد‬
َ ٌ‫اب‬ُ ‫ال ِك َت‬
ٌ‫َخ َبر‬ ٌ ‫ُم ْب َتدٌَا َبدَل ٌَو َمن ُع‬
ٌ‫وت نَ ْعت‬ ٌ‫َخ َبر‬ ٌ‫ُم ْب َتدَاٌٌو َمن ُعوتٌ َن ْعت‬
Abbas is a merchant 6 The book is new 3

ِ ‫َت‬
ٌ‫اجر‬ ٌ‫َع َباس‬ ٌ‫َج ِديد‬ ٌ‫اب‬ ِ
ُ ‫الك َت‬
ٌ‫َخ َبر‬ ٌ‫ُم ْب َتدَا‬ ٌ‫َخ َبر‬ ٌ‫ُم ْب َتدَا‬

 Exercise
 Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern.
Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 15
 The Relative Pronoun - ٌ‫ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ُل‬
 ‫ الَّ ِذي‬is called the relative pronoun (‫) ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌُل‬
 It is translated as:
 “Who” – for all rational beings
 “Which” – for all irrational beings and things
 It is used for masculine singular. Feminine and plural will come later
ٌِ ‫ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو‬
 It is always followed by a description, which is known as ‫ل‬

The man, who left the room, is a merchant

ِ ‫َت‬
ٌ‫اجر‬ ٌ‫ال ُغ ْر َف ِة‬ ٌ‫ِم َن‬ ٌ‫َخ َر َج‬ ‫الَّ ِذي‬ ٌ‫ال َّر ُج ُل‬
‫ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌِل‬ ‫ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌُل‬
The book, which is on the table, belongs to the teacher

ِ ‫لِل ُم َد ِّر‬
ٌ‫س‬ ٌ‫ال َمك َت ِب‬ ‫َع َلى‬ ‫الَّ ِذي‬ ُ ‫ال ِك َت‬
ٌ‫اب‬
‫ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌِل‬ ٌ‫ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ُل‬
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 16
 ‫نَعتٌ ‪ as‬الَّ ِذي‬

‫‪The man is a merchant‬‬

‫َت ِ‬
‫اجٌر‬ ‫ال َّر ُج ُلٌ‬
‫َخ َبرٌ‬ ‫ُم ْب َتدٌَا‬

‫‪The tall man is a merchant‬‬

‫َت ِ‬
‫اجٌر‬ ‫ال َّطوِي ُلٌ‬ ‫ال َّر ُج ُلٌ‬
‫َخ َبرٌ‬ ‫نَ ْعتٌ‬ ‫ٌٌ ُم ْب َتدٌَا َو َم ْن ُعوتٌ‬

‫‪The man, who left the room, is a merchant‬‬

‫َت ِ‬
‫اجٌر‬ ‫ال ُغ ْر َف ِةٌ‬ ‫ِم َنٌ‬ ‫َخ َر َجٌ‬ ‫الَّ ِذي‬ ‫ال َّر ُج ُلٌ‬
‫َخ َبٌر‬ ‫ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌِل‬ ‫ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ُل ٌَونَعتٌ‬ ‫ٌٌ ُم ْب َتدٌَا َو َم ْن ُعوتٌ‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬

 ِ ‫)ال ِف ْع ُلٌال َم‬
The Past Tense Verb (‫اضي‬

 Verb = Action = ٌ‫ِف ْعل‬

ِ ‫َف‬
 Doer = Subject = ٌ‫اعل‬

 Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past tense (‫ض‬

ٌٍ ‫) َما‬
 The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3rd person
singular masculine pronoun, i.e. he (‫) ُه ٌَو‬
ِ ‫ ) َف‬is hidden (ٌ‫ ) ُم ْس َت ِتر‬within the base form of
 The doer of the action (ٌ‫اعل‬
the verb (ٌ‫) ِف ْعل‬. Notice the hidden “he” in ‫ج‬
ٌَ ‫َخ َر‬

(He left) ٌ‫َخ َر َج‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 18

 Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb

 Almost all Arabic verbs can be traced back to a three letter verb. The
remaining few exceptions are traced to a four letter verb.
 To understand their structure, the three letter verbs are defined on
the pattern of ‫ فعل‬as follows.

‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫فعل‬

ٌ‫َج‬ ٌ‫َر‬ ٌ‫َخ‬ (He left) ٌ‫َخ َر َج‬
‫( لٌ َك ِل َمٌة‬3 rd radical) ٌ‫( فٌ َك ِل َمة‬1
st radical)

ٌ‫( عٌ َك ِل َمة‬2
nd radical)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 19

 Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb

ٌ‫لٌ َك ِل َمة‬ ٌ‫عٌ َك ِل َمة‬ ٌ‫فٌ َك ِل َمة‬ Meaning ‫ِف ْع ٌل‬

‫ب‬
ٌَ ‫ٌَه‬ ‫ٌَذ‬ He left ٌَ ‫َذ َه‬
‫ب‬
ٌَ
‫س‬ ‫ٌَل‬ ٌَ
‫ج‬ He sat ٌَ ‫َج َل‬
‫س‬
‫ٌَر‬ ٌَ
‫ص‬ ‫ٌَن‬ He helped ‫ن ََصٌَر‬
‫ٌَع‬ ‫ٌِم‬ ٌَ
‫س‬ He heard ‫َس ِم ٌَع‬
‫ٌَم‬ ‫ٌُر‬ ‫ٌَك‬ He became noble ‫ك َُر ٌَم‬
 In the base form for all 3 letter past tense verbs:
 ‫ فٌ َك ِل َمٌة‬and ‫ لٌ َك ِل َمٌة‬always have a ‫َف ْت َحٌة‬
 ‫ عٌ َك ِل َمٌة‬can have a ‫ َض َّمٌة‬, ‫ َف ْت َحٌة‬, orٌ‫ك َْس َرة‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 20

 Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb

ُ ِ‫( اّّل‬alif of
This alif is called ‫فٌال ِو َقا َي ٌِة‬ ‫َف ِاع ٌل‬ Suffix
protection). It protects the ‫ و‬from ٌ‫َخ َر َج‬ ٌ‫ُمس َت ِتر‬ ٌ‫ُه َو‬ He
being mistaken for the conjunction ‫و‬ ْ‫َخ َر ٌَجٌا‬ ْ‫ٌا‬ ْ‫ٌا‬ ‫ُه َما‬ They (2)
(and). It is written but not pronounced
‫َخ َر ٌُج ٌْوا‬ ‫ٌْو‬ ‫ْوا‬ ‫ُه ٌْم‬ They (>2)
ِ ‫ َف‬in this group are
All ٌ‫اعل‬
ٌْ ‫َخ َر َج‬
‫ت‬ ٌ‫ُمس َت ِتر‬ ٌْ‫ت‬ ‫ِه ٌَي‬ She
either ٌ‫ ُمس َت ِتر‬or have a
ْ‫َخ َر َجٌَتٌا‬ ٌْ‫ا‬ ْ‫َتٌا‬ ‫ُه َما‬ They (2)
sukun on them, so this
ِ ‫َسا‬
group is called ٌ‫كن‬ ‫َخ َر ٌْج ٌَن‬ ‫ٌَن‬ ‫ٌَن‬ ‫ُه ٌَّن‬ They (>2)
ٌَ ‫َخ َر ٌْج‬
‫ت‬ ٌَ
‫ت‬ ٌَ
‫ت‬ ٌَ ْ‫اّّن‬
‫ت‬ You

ٌِ ‫( َت ُاءٌال َّتانِ ْي‬ta of feminine)

This is ‫ث‬
‫َخ َر ٌْج ُت َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫اّّنْ ُت َما‬ You (2)
‫َخ َر ٌْج ُت ٌْم‬ ‫تُ ٌْم‬ ‫تُ ٌْم‬ ‫اّّنْ ُت ٌْم‬ You (>2)
ِ ‫ َف‬in this group
All ٌ‫اعل‬ ٌِ ‫َخ َر ٌْج‬
‫ت‬ ٌِ
‫ت‬ ٌِ
‫ت‬ ٌِ ْ‫اّّن‬
‫ت‬ You
have some vowel sign on ‫َخ َر ٌْج ُت َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫اّّنْ ُت َما‬ You (2)
them so this group is
called ٌ‫ح ِّرك‬
‫َخ َر ٌْج ُت ٌَّن‬ ‫ُت ٌَّن‬ ‫ُت ٌَّن‬ ‫اّّنْ ُت ٌَّن‬
َ ‫ُم َت‬ You (>2)
ٌُ ‫َخ َر ٌْج‬
‫ت‬ ٌُ
‫ت‬ ٌُ
‫ت‬ ‫اّّنَا‬ I
‫َخ َر ٌْج َنا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫ن َْح ٌُن‬ We
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 21
 ‫‪Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb Examples‬‬
‫َف ِاع ٌل‬ ‫‪Suffix‬‬
‫ك َُر َمٌ‬ ‫َس ِم َعٌ‬ ‫َذ َه ٌَ‬
‫ب‬ ‫َخ َر َجٌ‬ ‫ُمس َت ِترٌ‬ ‫ُه َوٌ‬ ‫‪He‬‬
‫ك َُرٌَمٌاْ‬ ‫َس ِم ٌَعٌاْ‬ ‫َذ َهٌَبٌاْ‬ ‫َخ َر ٌَجٌاْ‬ ‫ٌاْ‬ ‫ٌاْ‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫)‪They (2‬‬
‫ك َُرٌُم ٌْوا‬ ‫َس ِم ٌُعٌْوا‬ ‫َذ َهٌُبٌْوا‬ ‫َخ َر ٌُج ٌْوا‬ ‫ٌْو‬ ‫ْوا‬ ‫ُه ٌْم‬ ‫)‪They (>2‬‬
‫ك َُر َم ٌْ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َس ِم َع ٌْ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َذ َه َب ٌْ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َخ َر َج ٌْ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ُمس َت ِترٌ‬ ‫تٌْ‬ ‫ِه ٌَي‬ ‫‪She‬‬
‫ك َُر َمٌَتٌاْ‬ ‫َس ِم َعٌَتٌاْ‬ ‫َذ َه َبٌَتٌاْ‬ ‫َخ َر َجٌَتٌاْ‬ ‫اٌْ‬ ‫َتٌاْ‬ ‫ُه َما‬ ‫)‪They (2‬‬
‫ك َُرٌْم ٌَن‬ ‫َس ِم ٌْع ٌَن‬ ‫َذ َهٌْب ٌَن‬ ‫َخ َر ٌْج ٌَن‬ ‫ٌَن‬ ‫ٌَن‬ ‫ُه ٌَّن‬ ‫)‪They (>2‬‬
‫ك َُرٌْم ٌَ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َس ِم ٌْع ٌَ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َذ َهٌْب ٌَ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َخ َر ٌْج ٌَ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ٌَ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ٌَ‬
‫ت‬ ‫اّّنْ ٌَ‬
‫ت‬ ‫‪You‬‬
‫ك َُرٌْم ُت َما‬ ‫َس ِم ٌْع ُت َما‬ ‫َذ َهٌْب ُت َما‬ ‫َخ َر ٌْج ُت َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫اّّنْ ُت َما‬ ‫)‪You (2‬‬
‫ك َُرٌْم ُت ٌْم‬ ‫َس ِم ٌْع ُت ٌْم‬ ‫َذ َهٌْب ُت ٌْم‬ ‫َخ َر ٌْج ُت ٌْم‬ ‫تُ ٌْم‬ ‫تُ ٌْم‬ ‫اّّنْ ُت ٌْم‬ ‫)‪You (>2‬‬
‫ك َُرٌْم ٌِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َس ِم ٌْع ٌِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َذ َهٌْب ٌِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َخ َر ٌْج ٌِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ٌِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ٌِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫اّّنْ ٌِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫‪You‬‬
‫ك َُرٌْم ُت َما‬ ‫َس ِم ٌْع ُت َما‬ ‫َذ َهٌْب ُت َما‬ ‫َخ َر ٌْج ُت َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫تُ َما‬ ‫اّّنْ ُت َما‬ ‫)‪You (2‬‬
‫ك َُرٌْم ُت ٌَّن‬ ‫َس ِم ٌْع ُت ٌَّن‬ ‫َذ َهٌْب ُت ٌَّن‬ ‫َخ َر ٌْج ُت ٌَّن‬ ‫ُت ٌَّن‬ ‫ُت ٌَّن‬ ‫اّّنْ ُت ٌَّن‬ ‫)‪You (>2‬‬
‫ك َُرٌْم ٌُ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َس ِم ٌْع ٌُ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َذ َهٌْب ٌُ‬
‫ت‬ ‫َخ َر ٌْج ٌُ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ٌُ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ٌُ‬
‫ت‬ ‫اّّنَا‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫ك َُرٌْم َنا‬ ‫َس ِم ٌْع َنا‬ ‫َذ َهٌْب َنا‬ ‫َخ َر ٌْج َنا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫نَا‬ ‫ن َْح ٌُن‬ ‫‪We‬‬
‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬
 ‫بِ ْس ِم اللِ ِه ال َّر ْحم ِن ال َّر ِح ْي ِم‬
ARIC – Arabic Class Notes
Part 5 (ver. 7)

Topics
ٌ ‫ُمتَّ ِص‬
Attached Pronoun (‫ل‬ ‫)ض ِم ْي ٌر‬
Early Predicate and Late Subject ( ‫)خب ٌر ُمق َّد ٌم و ُمبتدا ٌ ُمؤخَّ ٌر‬

Plural (‫)ج ْم ٌع‬

Numbers (‫)اَعدا ٌد‬

َّ ‫)المم ُنو ُع ِمن‬

ِ ‫الص‬
Diptotes (‫رف‬

Types of khabar (‫ع الخب ِر‬ ُ ‫)اَنوا‬

1
 Revision History

Date Ver Author Revision Comments

Apr. 24, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version

May 1, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added more notes on Attached Pronoun

May 8, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added Early Predicate and Late Subject ( ‫)خب ٌر ُمق َّد ٌم و ُمبتدا ٌ ُمؤخَّ ٌر‬

May 15, 2010 4 Zahid Naeem Added Plural (ٌ‫ )جَمْع‬slides

Added a slide for plurals of irrationals and adjective for muda’f vs. muda’f
Jun. 19, 2010 5 Zahid Naeem
ilaihi

Jun. 26, 2010 6 Zahid Naeem Added slides for Numbers (‫)اَعدا ٌد‬

Added slides for singular, dual and plural case endings, grammatical analysis
Jul. 10, 2010 7 Zahid Naeem
& Diptotes
Jul. 24, 2010 8 Zahid Naeem Added slide for types of khabar

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Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.com

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 2

 ِ ‫)ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم َّت‬
Attached Pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬

Muhammad’s book. His book

‫ُمح َّمد‬ ُ ‫ِكت‬
‫اب‬ His book ‫ِكتا ُب ُه‬
‫اف اِل ْي ِه‬ٌ ‫ُمض‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُمض‬ ُ ‫ِكت‬
‫ ُه‬+ ‫اب‬
‫اف اِل ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫اف و ُمض‬
ٌ ‫ُمض‬
‫اف ِال ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫اف ُمض‬
ٌ ‫ُمض‬
‫ ُه‬and ‫ ك‬are attached
ِ ‫ُم َّت‬ ‫)ض ِم ْي ٌر‬
Your book
pronouns (‫ص ٌل‬
Your book ‫ِكتا ُبك‬
‫ ك‬+ ُ ‫ِكت‬
‫اب‬ ‫اف اِل ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫اف و ُمض‬
ٌ ‫ُمض‬
‫اف ِال ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ُمض‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُمض‬

 ِ ‫ُم َّت‬
An attached pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬ ‫)ض ِم ْي ٌر‬, when attached to a noun, is
always ‫اف اِل ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ ُمض‬and the noun it is attached to is ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ُمض‬
 The attached pronoun in this case is always ‫م ْج ُر ْو ٌر‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 3

 ِ ‫)ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم َّت‬
Attached Pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬

From Muhammad From him

‫ِم ْن‬
‫ُمح َّمد‬ Him From ‫ِم ْن ُه‬
‫جار وم ْج ُرو ٌر‬ ‫ُه‬ + ‫ِم ْن‬
‫جار وم ْج ُرو ٌر‬
‫ف جر اِ ْس ٌم م ْج ُر ْو ٌر‬ُ ‫ح ْر‬
‫ ُه‬and ‫ ُه ْم‬are attached
ِ ‫ُم َّت‬ ‫)ض ِم ْي ٌر‬
From them
pronouns (‫ص ٌل‬
Them From ‫ِم ْن ُه ْم‬
‫ ُه ْم‬+ ‫ِم ْن‬ ‫جار وم ْج ُرو ٌر‬
‫ف جر اِ ْس ٌم م ْج ُر ْو ٌر‬
ُ ‫ح ْر‬

 ِ ‫ُم َّت‬
An attached pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬ ‫)ض ِم ْي ٌر‬, when attached to a ‫ف جر‬
ُ ‫ح ْر‬
(preposition), is always ‫اِ ْس ٌم م ْج ُر ْو ٌر‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 4

 ِ ‫ )ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم َّت‬vs. Detached Pronoun (‫)ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم ْنف ِص ٌل‬
Attached Pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬
‫( ض ِم ْي ٌر ُمتَّ ِص ٌل‬Attached Pronoun) ‫( ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم ْنف ِص ٌل‬Detached Pronoun)
Singular He, It ‫ُه‬ ‫ُهو‬ ‫ُم ْفر ٌد‬
Masculine “Dual” They (2) ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُمث َّنى‬ ‫ُمذكَّ ٌر‬
Plural They ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ج ْم ٌع‬
‫غايِ ٌب‬
3rd Person
Singular She, It ‫ها‬ ‫هي‬ ِ ‫ُم ْفر ٌد‬
Feminine “Dual” They (2) ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُمث َّنى‬ ‫ُمؤن ٌَّث‬
Plural They ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ج ْم ٌع‬
Singular You ‫ك‬ ‫ُم ْفر ٌد اَنْت‬
Masculine “Dual” You (2) ‫كُما‬ ‫ُمث َّنى اَنْ ُتما‬ ‫ُمذكَّ ٌر‬
Plural You (>2) ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫اَنْ ُت ْم‬ ‫ج ْم ٌع‬
2nd person ‫ُمخاط ٌب‬
Singular You ‫ِك‬ ِ‫ُم ْفر ٌد اَنْت‬
Feminine “Dual” You (2) ‫كُما‬ ‫ُمث َّنى اَنْ ُتما‬ ‫ُمؤن ٌَّث‬
Plural You (>2) ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫ج ْم ٌع اَنْ ُت َّن‬
Singular I ‫ي‬ ‫اَنا‬ ‫ُم ْفر ٌد‬
1st person Masc. & Fem. ‫ُمتكلِّ ٌم ُمذكَّ ٌر و ُمؤن ٌَّث‬
Plural We ‫نا‬ ‫ج ْم ٌع ن ْح ُن‬
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 5
 ِ ‫ )ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم َّت‬vs. Detached Pronoun (‫)ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم ْنف ِص ٌل‬
Attached Pronoun (‫ص ٌل‬

‫ُه‬ ‫ُهو‬
‫ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم َّت ِص ٌل‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬
‫ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم ْنف ِص ٌل‬
 Always ‫( م ْعرِف ٌة‬definite) ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬  Always ‫( م ْعرِف ٌة‬definite)

 Are ‫( م ْب ِن ٌي‬fixed) ‫ها‬ ‫ِهي‬  Are ‫( م ْب ِن ٌي‬fixed)

 Always ‫جرو ٌر‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬ ٌ ‫( م ْرفُ ْو‬nominative)

 Always ‫ع‬
ُ ‫( م‬genitive) or
‫وب‬
ٌ ‫نص‬
ُ ‫( م‬accusative) ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬
 Can be attached to a noun, ‫ك‬ ‫اَنْت‬
verb or a particle ‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫كُ ْم‬ ‫اَنْ ُت ْم‬
‫ِك‬ ‫اَنْ ِت‬
‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫كُ َّن‬ ‫اَنْ ُت َّن‬
This ‫ ي‬is called ‫اء الْ ُمتكلِّ ِم‬
ُ ‫( ي‬ya-ul ‫ي‬ ‫اَنا‬
mutakallim) – Ya of the first
person ‫نا‬ ‫ن ْح ُن‬
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 6
 ‫اف اِل ْي ِه ‪) as‬ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم َّت ِ‬
‫ص ٌل( ‪Attached Pronoun‬‬ ‫ُمض ٌ‬
‫س َّيار ٌة‬ ‫اب‬ ‫ِكت ٌ‬
‫المر ُبوط ُة ‪The‬‬ ‫‪ changes‬الت ُاء‬ ‫س َّيار ُت ُه‬ ‫ِكتا ُب ُه‬ ‫‪His‬‬ ‫ُه‬ ‫ُهو‬
‫اء المف ُتوح ُة ‪to a‬‬‫‪ when it‬الت ُ‬ ‫س َّيارتُ ُهما‬ ‫ِكتا ُب ُهما‬ ‫)‪Their (2 mas.‬‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬
‫‪is followed by an‬‬ ‫س َّيارتُ ُه ْم‬ ‫ِكتا ُب ُه ْم‬ ‫)‪Their (>2 mas.‬‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬
‫‪attached pronoun.‬‬
‫س َّيارتُها‬ ‫ِكتا ُبها‬ ‫‪Her‬‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ِهي‬
‫س َّيارتُ ُهما‬ ‫ِكتا ُب ُهما‬ ‫)‪Their (2 fem‬‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬
‫س َّيارتُ ُه َّن‬ ‫ِكتا ُب ُه َّن‬ ‫)‪Their (>2 fem‬‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬
‫س َّيارتُك‬ ‫ِكتا ُبك‬ ‫‪Your‬‬ ‫ك‬ ‫اَنْت‬
‫س َّيار ُت ُكما‬ ‫ِكتا ُب ُكما‬ ‫)‪Your (2 mas.‬‬ ‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫‪The last letter of the‬‬
‫س َّيارتُ ُك ْم‬ ‫ِكتا ُب ُك ْم‬ ‫)‪Your (>2 mas.‬‬ ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫اَنْ ُت ْم‬
‫اف‬
‫‪ when‬كسر ٌة ‪ُ gets a‬مض ٌ‬ ‫س َّيار ُت ِك‬ ‫ِكتا ُب ِك‬ ‫)‪Your (fem‬‬ ‫ِك‬ ‫اَنْ ِت‬
‫ا ْل ُمتكلِّ ِم ‪attached to‬‬ ‫‪. A‬ي ُاء‬ ‫س َّيارتُ ُكما‬ ‫ِكتا ُب ُكما‬ ‫)‪Your (2 fem‬‬ ‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫‪ on the last letter‬ض َّم ٌة‬ ‫س َّيارتُ ُك َّن‬ ‫ِكتا ُب ُك َّن‬ ‫)‪Your (>2 fem‬‬ ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫اَنْ ُت َّن‬
‫‪would have made the‬‬ ‫س َّيارتِ ْي‬ ‫ِكتابِ ْي‬ ‫‪My‬‬ ‫ْي‬ ‫اَنا‬
‫‪pronunciation difficult.‬‬
‫س َّيارتُنا‬ ‫ِكتا ُبنا‬ ‫‪Our‬‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ن ْح ُن‬
‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
 ‫‪) with Special Nouns‬ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم َّت ِ‬
‫ص ٌل( ‪Attached Pronoun‬‬

‫اَ ٌب‬ ‫اَ ٌخ‬

‫‪ between‬و ‪Notice the extra‬‬
‫اَ ُب ْو ُه‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْو ُه‬ ‫ُه‬ ‫ُهو‬
‫اف اِل ْي ِه ‪ُ and‬مض ٌ‬
‫اف‬ ‫‪ُ . By same‬مض ٌ‬
‫اَ ُب ْو ُهما‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْو ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬
‫”‪token “Muhammad’s father‬‬
‫اَ ُبو ُمح َّمد ‪will be‬‬ ‫اَ ُب ْو ُه ْم‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْو ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬
‫‪ are 2 of the 4 special‬اَ ٌب واَ ٌخ‬ ‫اَ ُب ْوها‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْوها‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ِهي‬
‫‪.‬و ‪nouns, which take this extra‬‬ ‫اَ ُب ْو ُهما‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْو ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬
‫‪Will learn the other two later.‬‬ ‫اَ ُب ْو ُه َّن‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْو ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬
‫اَ ُب ْوك‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْوك‬ ‫ك‬ ‫اَنْت‬
‫اَ ُب ْوكُما‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْوكُما‬ ‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫اَ ُب ْوكُ ْم‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْوكُ ْم‬ ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫اَنْ ُت ْم‬
‫اَ ُب ْو ِك‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْو ِك‬ ‫ِك‬ ‫اَنْ ِت‬
‫اَ ُب ْوكُما‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْوكُما‬ ‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫‪ does not‬و ‪The rule for extra‬‬
‫‪apply when these nouns are‬‬
‫اَ ُب ْو ُك َّن‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْو ُك َّن‬ ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫اَنْ ُت َّن‬
‫اء ا ْل ُمتكلِّ ِم ‪followed by‬‬
‫ي ُ‬ ‫اَبِ ْي‬ ‫اَ ِخ ْي‬ ‫ْي‬ ‫اَنا‬
‫اَ ُب ْونا‬ ‫اَ ُخ ْونا‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ن ْح ُن‬
‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
 ‫جرو ٌر ‪) as‬ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم َّت ِ‬
‫ص ٌل( ‪Attached Pronoun‬‬ ‫اس ٌم م ُ‬
‫اِلى ‪ at the end of‬اَلِف‬
‫م ْق ُ‬
‫صورة ‪The‬‬ ‫اِلى‬ ‫ع ْن‬
‫‪ (ya) when it is‬ي ‪changes to a‬‬ ‫اِل ْي ِه‬ ‫ع ْن ُه‬ ‫ُه‬ ‫ُهو‬
‫‪followed by an attached‬‬ ‫اِل ْي ِهما‬ ‫ع ْن ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬
‫‪pronoun.‬‬ ‫اِل ْي ِه ْم‬ ‫ع ْن ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬
‫‪ُ to‬ه ‪Also notice the change from‬‬
‫اِل ْيها‬ ‫ع ْنها‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ِهي‬
‫‪ِ for the attached pronoun.‬ه‬ ‫اِل ْي ِهما‬ ‫ع ْن ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬
‫على ‪Same is true for‬‬ ‫اِل ْي ِه َّن‬ ‫ع ْن ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬
‫اِل ْيك‬ ‫ع ْنك‬ ‫ك‬ ‫اَنْت‬
‫اِل ْي ُكما‬ ‫ع ْن ُكما‬ ‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫اِل ْي ُك ْم‬ ‫ع ْن ُك ْم‬ ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫اَنْ ُت ْم‬
‫اِل ْي ِك‬ ‫ع ْن ِك‬ ‫ِك‬ ‫اَنْ ِت‬
‫اِل ْي ُكما‬ ‫ع ْن ُكما‬ ‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫اِلي ‪ْ +‬ي = اِل َّي‬ ‫اِل ْي ُك َّن‬ ‫ع ْن ُك َّن‬ ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫اَنْ ُت َّن‬
‫اِل َّي‬ ‫ع ِّن ْي‬ ‫ْي‬ ‫اَنا‬
‫اِل ْينا‬ ‫ع َّنا‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ن ْح ُن‬
‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
 ‫جرو ٌر ‪) as‬ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم َّت ِ‬
‫ص ٌل( ‪Attached Pronoun‬‬ ‫اس ٌم م ُ‬

‫ف ْتح ٌة ‪The preposition gets a‬‬ ‫ل ُه‬ ‫بِ ِه‬ ‫ُه‬ ‫ُهو‬
‫‪when it is followed by an‬‬ ‫ل ُهما‬ ‫بِ ِهما‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬
‫‪attached pronoun, with one‬‬ ‫ل ُه ْم‬ ‫بِ ِه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬
‫‪exception; see below.‬‬
‫لها‬ ‫بِها‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ِهي‬
‫ل ُهما‬ ‫بِ ِهما‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬
‫ل ُه َّن‬ ‫بِ ِه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬
‫لك‬ ‫بِك‬ ‫ك‬ ‫اَنْت‬
‫ل ُكما‬ ‫بِ ُكما‬ ‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫ل ُك ْم‬ ‫بِ ُك ْم‬ ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫اَنْ ُت ْم‬
‫ل ِك‬ ‫بِ ِك‬ ‫ِك‬ ‫اَنْ ِت‬
‫ل ُكما‬ ‫بِ ُكما‬ ‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫كسر ٌة ‪The preposition retains its‬‬ ‫ل ُك َّن‬ ‫بِ ُك َّن‬ ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫اَنْ ُت َّن‬
‫ال ُمتكلِّ ِم ‪when it is attached to‬‬ ‫ي ُاء‬ ‫لِ ْي‬ ‫بِ ْي‬ ‫ْي‬ ‫اَنا‬
‫لنا‬ ‫بِنا‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ن ْح ُن‬
‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
 ‫ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم ْنف ِص ٌل ‪ vs.‬ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم َّت ِ‬
‫ص ٌل ‪Past Tense Verb Suffix vs.‬‬

‫‪Past Tense Verb Suffix‬‬ ‫ض ِم ْي ٌر ُمتَّ ِص ٌل‬ ‫ض ِم ْي ٌر ُم ْنف ِص ٌل‬

‫ُه‬ ‫ُهو‬
‫اْ‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬
‫ْوا‬ ‫ُه ْم‬ ‫ُه ْم‬
‫ْت‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ِهي‬
‫تا ْ‬ ‫ُهما‬ ‫ُهما‬
‫ن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬ ‫ُه َّن‬
‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫اَنْت‬
‫ُتما‬ ‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫تُ ْم‬ ‫كُ ْم‬ ‫اَنْ ُت ْم‬
‫ِت‬ ‫ِك‬ ‫اَنْ ِت‬
‫تُما‬ ‫كُما‬ ‫اَنْ ُتما‬
‫تُ َّن‬ ‫كُ َّن‬ ‫اَنْ ُت َّن‬
‫ُت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اَنا‬
‫نا‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ن ْح ُن‬
‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬
 Early Predicate and Late Subject ( ‫و ُمبتدا ٌ ُمؤ َّخ ٌر‬ ‫)خب ٌر ُمق َّد ٌم‬
The man is in the house
ِ ‫الب‬
‫يت‬ ‫ِفي‬ ‫ال َّر ُج ُل‬
‫ خب ٌر‬،‫الج ْمل ِة‬
ُ ‫ ِش ْب ُه‬،‫جار وم ْج ُر ْو ٌر‬ ٌ ‫ُم ْبتدا‬
A ‫الج ْمل ِة‬
ُ ‫( ِش ْب ُه‬phrase), e.g.
‫( جار وم ْج ُر ْو ٌر‬prepositional
A man is in the house
phrase) or ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫( ظ ْر‬adverbial
phrase) can never be ٌ ‫ُم ْبتدا‬ ‫ر ُج ٌل‬ ِ ‫الب‬
‫يت‬ ‫ِفي‬
(subject), even though a ‫ُم ْبتدا ٌ ُمؤخَّ ٌر‬ ‫ خب ٌر ُمق َّد ٌم‬،‫الج ْمل ِة‬
ُ ‫ ِش ْب ُه‬،‫جار وم ْج ُر ْو ٌر‬
sentence may begin with it.

A garden is in front of the masjid

‫ح ِديق ٌة‬ ‫سج ِد‬

ِ ‫الم‬ ‫اَمام‬
‫اف اِلي ِه ُم ْبتدا ٌ ُمؤخَّ ٌر‬
ٌ ‫ خب ٌر ُمق َّد ٌم مض‬،‫الج ْمل ِة‬
ُ ‫ ِش ْب ُه‬،‫ف‬
ٌ ‫ظ ْر‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 12

 Plural ( ‫)ج ْم ٌع‬
Has an ûna ( ‫ ) ْون‬ending, Has an âtun (‫ات‬
ٌ ) ending,
e.g. ‫ ُمس ِل ٌم‬-> ‫ُمس ِل ُم ْون‬ e.g. ‫ ُمس ِلم ٌة‬-> ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫ُمس ِلم‬

Sound Masculine Plural Sound Feminine Plural

Some nouns have
‫ج ْم ٌع ُمذكَّ ٌر سالِ ٌم‬ ‫ج ْم ٌع ُمؤن ٌَّث سالِ ٌم‬ multiple plural
ٌ َ‫ ا‬has
forms, e.g., ‫خ‬
Sound Plural ‫ج ْم ٌع سالِ ٌم‬ two plural forms
1) ‫ اِخْ و ٌة‬and 2) ‫اِخْ وا ُن‬
Plural ‫ج ْم ٌع‬
The singular word stays
intact in the plural, e.g.
Broken Plural ِ ‫ج ْم ٌع ت‬
‫كسي ٌر‬
‫س‬ٌ ‫ ُمد ِّر‬-> ‫ُمد ِّر ُس ْون‬

The singular word is broken to create the plural,

ٌ ِ‫ طال‬-> ‫َّاب‬
e.g. ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ طُل‬, ‫ قل ٌم‬-> ‫اَ ْقلا ٌم‬. Broken plurals have
many patterns, as explained later.
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 13
 ‫‪Patterns of Broken Plural‬‬

‫فُ ُع ْو ٌل‬ ‫فُ ُع ٌل‬

‫ن ْج ٌم‬ ‫ن ُُج ْو ٌم‬ ‫اب‬‫ٌ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ك‬ ‫كُ ُت ٌب‬
‫ش ْي ٌخ‬ ‫شُ ُي ْو ٌخ‬ ‫ر ُس ْو ٌل‬ ‫ُر ُس ٌل‬
‫ِفعا ٌل‬ ‫فُ َّعا ٌل‬
‫جب ٌل‬ ‫ِجبا ٌل‬ ‫ت ِ‬
‫اج ٌر‬ ‫تُ َّجا ٌر‬
‫ر ُج ٌل‬ ‫ِرجا ٌل‬ ‫طالِ ٌب‬ ‫اب‬‫ٌ‬ ‫َّ‬
‫ل‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ط‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

 ‫‪Patterns of Broken Plural‬‬

‫اَ ْفعا ٌل‬ ‫اَ ْف ِعل ُاء‬

‫ول ُد‬ ‫اَ ْولا ٌد‬ ‫ص ِد ْي ٌق‬ ‫اَ ْص ِدق ُاء‬
‫عم‬ ‫اَ ْعما ٌم‬ ‫اَ ْطبِب ُاء طبِ ْي ٌب‬ ‫اَ ِط َّب ُاء‬
‫ِف ْعل ٌة‬ ‫فُعل ُاء‬
‫اَ ٌخ‬ ‫اِخْ و ٌة‬ ‫ز ِم ْي ٌل‬ ‫ُزمل ُاء‬
‫فتى‬ ‫ِف ْتي ٌة‬ ‫ف ِق ْي ٌر‬ ‫فُقر ُاء‬
‫‪We will learn more patterns later‬‬ ‫الص ْر ِ‬
‫ف( ‪Diptote‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫)الم ْم ُنو ُع ِمن‬
‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
 Plural Demonstrative Pronouns

‫اِ ْس ُم ا ْل ِاشار ِة لِ ْلب ِع ْي ِد‬ ‫اِ ْس ُم ا ْل ِاشار ِة لِ ْلق ِر ْي ِب‬

‫ذلِك‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ُمزكَّ ٌر‬
‫عا ِق ٌل وغ ْي ُر عا ِقل‬ ‫ُم ْفر ٌد‬
‫تِ ْلك‬ ‫ه ِذ ِه‬ ‫ُمؤن ٌَّث‬
)‫اُ ْولائِك (اُ ْول ِِئك‬ ‫ه ُؤلا ِء‬ ‫ُمزكَّ ٌر و ُمؤن ٌَّث‬ ‫ع ِاق ٌل‬
‫ج ْم ٌع‬
‫تِ ْلك‬ ‫ه ِذ ِه‬ ‫ُمزكَّ ٌر و ُمؤن ٌَّث‬ ‫غ ْي ُر عا ِقل‬

This is a teacher ‫س‬

ٌ ‫هذا ُمد ِّر‬
This is a (female) teacher ‫ه ِذ ِه ُمد ِّرس ٌة‬
These are teachers ‫ه ُؤلا ِء ُمد ِّر ُس ْون‬
This is a book ‫اب‬ٌ ‫هذا ِكت‬
These are books ‫ه ِذ ِه ُك ُت ٌب‬

There are exceptions to these rules, which we will learn later

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 16
 Treatment of ‫ عا ِق ٌل‬vs. ‫عا ِقل‬ ‫ غ ْي ُر‬Plurals
‫ج ْم ٌع‬ ‫ُم ْفر ٌد‬
‫كسو ٌر‬
ُ ‫م‬ ‫سالِ ٌم‬
‫كسو ٌر‬
ُ ‫ج ْم ٌع م‬ ‫ج ْم ٌع سالِ ٌم‬ ‫ُم ْفر ٌد‬ ‫ع ِاق ٌل‬
‫ُمؤن ٌَّث ُم ْفر ٌد‬ ‫ُم ْفر ٌد‬ ‫غ ْي ُر ع ِاقل‬

This is a new student ‫الب ج ِدي ٌد‬

ٌ ‫هذا ط‬ This is a new teacher ‫س ج ِدي ٌد‬
ٌ ‫هذا ُمد ِّر‬
These are new students ‫َّاب ُج ُد ٌد‬ٌ ‫ه ُؤلا ِء طُل‬ These are new teachers ‫ه ُؤلا ِء ُمد ِّر ُسون ُج ُد ٌد‬

This is a new book ٌ ‫هذا ِكت‬

‫اب ج ِدي ٌد‬ This is a new watch ‫ه ِذ ِه ساع ٌة ج ِديد ٌة‬
These are new books ‫ه ِذ ِه كُ ُت ٌب ج ِديد ٌة‬ These are new watches ‫ات ج ِديد ٌة‬ ٌ ‫ه ِذ ِه ساع‬
Is the door of the house open? Yes, it is open. .‫وح‬ ٌ ‫ ُهو مف ُت‬،‫وح؟ نعم‬ ِ ‫اب الب‬
ٌ ‫يت مف ُت‬ ُ ‫اَب‬
Are the doors of the house open? Yes, they are open .‫ ِهي مف ُتوح ٌة‬،‫يت مف ُتوح ٌة؟ نعم‬
ِ ‫اب الب‬
ُ ‫َا َا ْبو‬
In classical Arabic, sometimes broken plural for rational being is also treated as feminine singular.
ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 17
 ‫ ن ْع ٌت‬for ‫اف اِل ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫اف و ُمض‬
ٌ ‫ُمض‬

The new teacher’s book The teacher’s new book

‫الج ِدي ِد‬ ‫س‬ِ ‫ال ُمد ِّر‬ ُ ‫ِكت‬

‫اب‬ ‫الج ِدي ُد‬ ‫س‬
ِ ‫ال ُمد ِّر‬ ُ ‫ِكت‬
‫اب‬
‫ن ْع ٌت‬ ٌ ‫اف اِل ْي ِه ومن ُع‬
‫وت‬ ٌ ‫ُمض‬ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُمض‬ ‫ن ْع ٌت‬ ‫اف اِل ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ُمض‬ ‫وت‬
ٌ ‫اف ومن ُع‬ٌ ‫ُمض‬

ٌ ‫ ُمض‬and ‫اف اِل ْي ِه‬

 ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ ُمض‬always come together, so the ‫ ن ْع ٌت‬for either one of them
must come after ‫اف اِل ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ُمض‬
 The case ending of the ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫ ُمض‬or ‫اف اِل ْي ِه‬
ٌ ‫ ن ْع‬tells us if it is for ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ُمض‬
ٌ ‫ ُمض‬is definite if its ‫اف اِل ْي ِه‬
 Note the ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ ُمض‬is definite, so its ‫ ن ْع ٌت‬must also be

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 18

 Numbers - ‫اَعدا ٌد‬

 Numbers (‫ اَعدا ٌد‬singular: ‫ )عد ٌد‬in ‫ُمؤن ٌَّث‬ ‫ُمزكَّ ٌر‬

Arabic are fully declinable nouns ‫و ِاحد ٌة‬ ‫و ِاح ٌد‬ ١
 The noun being counted with a
number is called ‫معدُو ٌد‬
‫اِ ْثنت ِان‬ ‫اِ ْثن ِان‬ ٢
 The rules for the ‫ عد ٌد‬and the
‫ثلاث ٌة‬ ‫اث‬ٌ ‫ثل‬ ٣
‫ معدُو ٌد‬change after every few ‫َا ْربع ٌة‬ ‫َا ْرب ٌع‬ ٤
numbers ‫خ ْمس ٌة‬ ‫س‬
ٌ ‫خ ْم‬ ٥
‫ِس َّت ٌة‬ ‫ِست‬ ٦
‫س ْبع ٌة‬ ‫س ْب ٌع‬ ٧
‫ثمانِي ٌة‬ ‫ثمانِ ْي‬ ٨
‫تِ ْسع ٌة‬ ‫تِ ْس ٌع‬ ٩
‫عشر ٌة‬ ‫ع ْش ٌر‬ ١٠

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 19

 ‫‪Rules for Numbers 1 to 10‬‬

‫‪Numbers 1 - 2‬‬
‫‪ Both 1 and 2 follow the noun as‬‬ ‫ُمزكَّ ٌر معدُو ٌد‬ ‫ُمؤن ٌَّث معدُو ٌد‬
‫معدُو ٌد ‪ and the‬عد ٌد ‪adjective, so the‬‬
‫اَ ٌخ و ِاح ٌد‬ ‫اُخْ ٌت و ِاحد ٌة‬
‫‪follow all the rules of‬‬ ‫وت‬
‫عت ومن ُع ٌ‬
‫‪.‬ن ٌ‬
‫اَخو ِان اِ ْثن ِان‬ ‫اُخْ ت ِان اِ ْثنت ِان‬
‫‪Numbers 3 - 10‬‬ ‫ثلاث ُة اِخْ وة‬ ‫اث َاخوات‬ ‫ثل ُ‬
‫( ‪ Number‬‬ ‫)عد ٌد‬ ‫َا ْربع ُة اِخْ وة‬ ‫َا ْرب ُع َاخوات‬
‫معدُو ٌد ‪• Comes before the‬‬ ‫خ ْمس ُة اِخْ وة‬ ‫س َاخوات‬ ‫خ ْم ُ‬
‫اف ‪• Is‬‬
‫)ال ‪ُ (hence no tanwin or‬مض ٌ‬ ‫ِس َّت ُة اِخْ وة‬ ‫ِست َاخوات‬
‫)معدُو ٌد ( ‪ Noun being counted‬‬
‫س ْبع ُة اِخْ وة‬ ‫س ْب ُع َاخوات‬
‫اِلي ِه ‪• Is‬‬
‫اف‬
‫جرو ٌر ‪ُ (hence‬مض ٌ‬
‫)م ُ‬ ‫ثمانِي ُة اِخْ وة‬ ‫ثمانِ ْي َاخوات‬
‫جم ٌع ‪• Is‬‬
‫تِ ْسع ُة اِخْ وة‬ ‫تِ ْس ُع َاخوات‬
‫‪ is‬معدُو ٌد ‪ and‬عد ٌد ‪ The gender of‬‬
‫عشر ُة اِخْ وة‬ ‫ع ْش ُر َاخوات‬
‫‪opposite‬‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬

 ‫‪Case Endings for Singular, Dual and Sound Plural‬‬

‫ُمؤن ٌَّث‬ ‫ُمزكَّ ٌر‬

‫جرو ٌر‬
‫م ُ‬ ‫وب‬
‫نص ٌ‬
‫م ُ‬ ‫مرفُو ٌع‬ ‫جرو ٌر‬
‫م ُ‬ ‫وب‬
‫نص ٌ‬ ‫م ُ‬ ‫مرفُو ٌع‬
‫(علام ُة جر)‬ ‫(علام ُة نصب)‬ ‫(علام ُة رفع)‬ ‫(علام ُة جر)‬ ‫(علام ُة نصب)‬ ‫(علام ُة رفع)‬
‫ُمس ِلمة‬ ‫ُمس ِلمة‬ ‫ُمس ِلم ٌة‬ ‫ُمس ِلم‬ ‫ُمس ِلما‬ ‫ُمس ِل ٌم‬
‫ُم ْفر ٌد‬
‫(الكسر ُة)‬ ‫(الفتح ُة)‬ ‫الض َّم ُة)‬
‫( َّ‬ ‫(الكسر ُة)‬ ‫(الفتح ُة)‬ ‫الض َّم ُة)‬
‫( َّ‬
‫ُمس ِلمتينِ‬ ‫ُمس ِلمتينِ‬ ‫ُمس ِلمتا ِن‬ ‫ُمس ِلمينِ‬ ‫ُمس ِلمينِ‬ ‫ُمس ِلما ِن‬
‫ُمث َّنى‬
‫(الي ُاء)‬ ‫(الي ُاء)‬ ‫(اَلِ ٌ‬
‫ف)‬ ‫( الي ُاء )‬ ‫(الي ُاء)‬ ‫(اَلِ ٌ‬
‫ف)‬
‫ُمس ِلمات‬ ‫ُمس ِلمات‬ ‫ُمس ِلم ٌ‬
‫ات‬ ‫ُمس ِل ِمين‬ ‫ُمس ِل ِمين‬ ‫ُمس ِل ُمون‬ ‫جم ٌع‬
‫(الكسر ُة)‬ ‫(الكسر ُة)‬ ‫الض َّم ُة)‬
‫( َّ‬ ‫(الي ُاء)‬ ‫(الي ُاء)‬ ‫(الو ْاو)‬ ‫سالِ ٌم‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬

 ‫)‪“My Class” - Grammatical Analysis (Book 1, Ch. 21‬‬

‫‪doors‬‬ ‫‪three‬‬ ‫‪it has‬‬ ‫‪big‬‬ ‫‪school‬‬ ‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪the masjid‬‬ ‫‪from‬‬ ‫‪near‬‬ ‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪my school‬‬ ‫‪this‬‬

‫ثلاث ُة اَبواب‬ ‫لها‬ ‫ِهي مدرس ٌة ك ِبير ٌة‬ ‫ِهي قرِيب ٌة ِمن الم ِ‬
‫سج ِد‬ ‫ه ِذ ِه مدرس ِتي‬

‫جرو ٌر‪،‬‬ ‫جار وم ُ‬ ‫عت‬

‫ن ٌ‬ ‫ُمبتدا ٌ‬ ‫ُمبتدا ٌ‬ ‫اف‬
‫ُمض ٌ‬ ‫ُمبتدا ٌ‬
‫ُمبتدا ٌ ُمؤخَّ ٌر‬ ‫جرو ٌر‬
‫جار وم ُ‬
‫اف‬
‫ُمض ٌ‬ ‫الجمل ِة‪،‬‬ ‫ِشب ُه ُ‬ ‫اِلي ِه‬
‫و ُهو‬ ‫خب ٌر‬ ‫خب ٌر‬ ‫خب ٌر و ُهو‬
‫اِليهِ‬ ‫خب ٌر ُمق َّد ٌم‬
‫اف‬
‫ُمض ٌ‬ ‫اف‬
‫ُمض ٌ‬

‫‪spacious‬‬ ‫‪class‬‬ ‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪our class‬‬ ‫‪this‬‬ ‫‪many‬‬ ‫‪classes‬‬ ‫‪the school‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪now‬‬ ‫‪open‬‬ ‫‪it’s doors‬‬

‫و ُهو فص ٌل و ِاس ٌع‬ ‫هذا فصلُنا‬ ‫ِفي المدرس ِة فُ ُصو ٌل ك ِثير ٌة‬ ‫اَبوا ُبها مف ُتوح ٌة الان‬
‫ُمبتدا ٌ‬ ‫اف‬
‫ُمض ٌ‬ ‫ُمبتدا ٌ‬ ‫عت‬
‫ن ٌ‬ ‫رف‬
‫ظ ٌ‬ ‫اف‬
‫ُمبتدا ٌ ُمض ٌ‬
‫عت‬
‫ن ٌ‬ ‫جرو ٌر ‪،‬‬ ‫جار وم ُ‬
‫اِلي ِه‬ ‫ُمبتدا ٌ ُمؤخَّ ٌر‬ ‫و ُهو اِلي ِه‬
‫خب ٌر و ُهو‬ ‫الجمل ِة‪،‬‬ ‫ِشب ُه ُ‬
‫خب ٌر‬ ‫رف‬
‫ح ُ‬ ‫خب ٌر‬ ‫اف‬
‫ُمض ٌ‬
‫اف‬
‫ُمض ٌ‬ ‫خب ٌر ُمق َّد ٌم‬
‫عطف‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬

 ِ ‫الص‬
The Diptote – ‫رف‬ َّ ‫المم ُنو ُع ِمن‬
َّ ‫ المم ُنو ُع ِمن‬literally means “indeclinable”
ِ ‫الص‬
 ‫رف‬
 ‫ – مم ُنو ٌع‬Impermissible, prohibited
 ‫رف‬ٌ ‫ – ص‬Inflection, declension
 Diptote (‫رف‬ َّ ‫ )المم ُنو ُع ِمن‬is category of nouns and adjectives
ِ ‫الص‬
1. Which never get a tanwin and
2. Their genitive (‫جرو ٌر‬
ُ ‫ )م‬case is represented by fathah (‫)فتح ٌة‬
 Compare diptotes to regular nouns (a.k.a Triptotes), which
1. Get a tanwin, when they’re indefinite and
2. Decline to kasrah (‫ )كسر ٌة‬in their genitive (‫جرو ٌر‬
ُ ‫ )م‬case

‫جرو ٌر‬
ُ ‫م‬ ‫وب‬
ٌ ‫نص‬ ُ ‫م‬ ‫مرفُو ٌع‬
‫اجد‬ِ ‫مس‬ ِ ‫مس‬
‫اجد‬ ‫اج ُد‬ِ ‫مس‬ ِ ‫الص‬
Diptote - ‫رف‬ َّ ‫المم ُنو ُع ِمن‬
‫ِكتاب‬ ‫ِكتابا‬ ٌ ‫ِكت‬
‫اب‬ Triptote - ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ُمعر‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8) 23

 ‫)اَنوا ُ‬
‫ع الخب ِر( ‪Types of News‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫الجمل ِة‬
‫رف‪ِ ،‬شب ُه ُ‬
‫ظ ٌ‬ ‫الجمل ِة‬
‫جرو ٌر‪ِ ،‬شب ُه ُ‬
‫جا ٌر وم ُ‬ ‫ُمفر ٌد‬
‫ال ِكت ُ‬
‫اب تحت المكت ِب‬ ‫ال ِكت ُ‬
‫اب على المكت ِب‬ ‫ال ِكت ُ‬
‫اب ج ِدي ٌد‬

‫يت ح ِديق ٌة‬

‫اَمام الب ِ‬ ‫ِفي الب ِ‬
‫يت ر ُج ٌل‬ ‫ال ُق ْراَ ُن ِكت ُ‬
‫اب اللِ ِه‬

‫‪Sentence‬‬ ‫الجمل ُة‬

‫ُ‬ ‫‪Phrase‬‬ ‫الجمل ِة‬
‫ِشب ُه ُ‬ ‫‪One word‬‬ ‫ُمفر ٌد‬

‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫الجمل ُة ال ِفع ِل َّي ُة‬
‫ُ‬ ‫الجمل ُة ِالاس ِم َّي ُة‬
‫ُ‬
‫بِلا ٌل خرج ِمن الفصلِ‬ ‫حا ِم ٌد اَ ُخو ُه وزِي ٌر‬

‫ال َّطالِب ُ‬
‫ات ذهبن اِلى المدرس ِة‬ ‫ف ِاطم ُة ِعندها س َّيار ٌة‬
‫خب ٌر‬
‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 5 (ver. 8‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬