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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 69–74

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Agricultural biogas plants in Poland – selected technological, market


and environmental aspects
Arkadiusz Piwowar a,n, Maciej Dzikuć b,1, Janusz Adamczyk b,2
a
Wrocław University of Economics, Department of Economics and Organization of Food Economy, Komandorska Street 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
b
University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Economics and Management, Licealna Street 9, 65-001 Zielona Góra, Poland

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Renewable energy plays an increasingly crucial role in ensuring the energy security of Poland. Due to a
Received 9 October 2014 large area of agricultural land, a relatively high cattle and pig population, and well-developed agri-food
Received in revised form industry, the main source of renewable energy in Poland is agricultural biomass. The study focuses on the
16 December 2015
development of agricultural biogas production in Poland. The main purpose of the considerations was to
Accepted 17 December 2015
present the current state of development of the agricultural biogas market in Poland, including tech-
Available online 12 January 2016
nological aspects. As it appears from the analyses, the production of agricultural biogas increased in
Keywords: 2011–2014 by 137.29 million m3. Also the structure of consumption of substrates from the agricultural
Agricultural biogas biogas production changed towards a wider use of products from the agri-food industry. Currently, the
Installations output
total capacity of plants for the production of agricultural biogas in Poland is 244,156,466 m3/year. The use
Poland
of biogas from agricultural biogas plants is an increasingly important element of the distributed power
generation in Poland.
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2. Technological and environmental aspects of the agricultural biogas production in Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3. Production of agricultural biogas and the entities in Poland dealing with it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

1. Introduction sovereignty of Poland is limited by large-scale imports of crude oil,


oil products and natural gas. The independence of Poland in terms
A characteristic trend in changes in agribusiness is an increase of energy security can be improved through development of the
in the importance of non-food use of feedstocks from agriculture renewable energy sector based on domestic energy resources. For
[1]. Apart from ensuring the food security, agriculture and agri- energy purposes there can be used for example the biogas
business also perform other functions, including those associated obtained from organic feedstock coming from three main sources:
with the energy security. In the literature of the subject, energy agricultural biomass, sludge from sewage treatment plants and
self-sufficiency is an indicator of the country's energy security organic waste from landfills [5,6].
[2,3]. It is the ratio of the amount of energy obtained in the In Poland, due to a large area of agricultural lands (14.6 million
country to the amount of energy consumed [4]. The energy hectares) and well-developed cattle and pig raising, the opportu-
nities for development of the renewable energy market are seen in
agricultural biogas plants. In 2013 in Poland, the cattle stock
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 48 71 36 80 430. density per 100 ha of agricultural land was at a level of 40.3 pcs,
E-mail addresses: arkadiusz.piwowar@ue.wroc.pl (A. Piwowar),
while the pig stock density per 100 ha of arable land was at a level
m.dzikuc@wez.uz.zgora.pl (M. Dzikuć), J.Adamczyk@wez.uz.zgora.pl (J. Adamczyk).
1
Tel.: þ 48 68 32 82 815. of 105.7 pcs [7]. In the process of biogas production, generally any
2
Tel.: þ 48 68 32 82 237. type of plant biomass can be used [8]. The utilization of the waste

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.153
1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
70 A. Piwowar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 69–74

Fig. 1. Model of a typical agricultural biogas plant that is especially suited to digest farmyard manure and offers the possibility of co-digestion of organic wastes.
Source: [21].

generated by the agricultural production and the development of Indicative Targets imposed on Poland and the provisions of the
uncultivated land and fallows for energy purposes contribute to Climate and Energy Package [15,16]. Poland has a great biogas
the development of agribusiness and constitute a source of addi- potential, which is comparable to that of Germany [17].
tional income for agricultural holdings in Poland [9]. Poland has The purpose of this paper is to present the current state of and
very robust agriculture and food industry. Biogas plants supplied the prospects for the development of the market of agricultural
with food industry waste present the biggest growth opportunity biogas producers in Poland. An additional objective of this study
available to the Polish renewable energy sector [10]. was a comparative assessment of technical potentials of the
The development of the market of agricultural biogas plants is existing agricultural biogas plants in Poland, broken down by
important in terms of the development opportunities for rural provinces. The numerical data presented in the study was taken
areas in Poland, which can be analysed in social, economic and from the information published by the Agricultural Market
environmental aspects [11]. This manifests itself, inter alia, in Agency. Pursuant to the Act of 10 April 1997 – Energy Law [18], the
activation of the local community and establishment of specialized authority keeping the register of power companies dealing with
production, trade and service entities dealing with construction the production of agricultural biogas is the President of the Agri-
and maintenance of technical infrastructure of agricultural biogas cultural Market Agency. The entities included in this register are
plants as well as with collection and/or supply of biomass to obliged to submit reports that contain information concerning,
biogas plants. It is also important that the digestion mass can be inter alia, the amounts and types of resources used to produce
used for fertilizing purposes. The development of agricultural agricultural biogas (or to generate electricity from agricultural
biogas plants in Poland may therefore reduce the use of mineral biogas).
fertilizers in agriculture, which at high prices of mineral fertilizers
on the domestic market may improve the profitability of plant
production [9,12,13]. 2. Technological and environmental aspects of the agricultural
The development of the market of renewable energy sources, biogas production in Poland
including those based on biomass, is an important element of the
energy policies of EU countries. In Western Europe (e.g. in Ger- As mentioned in the introduction, the production of energy
many) the number of biogas plants is steadily increasing. For from agricultural biogas is one of the options for production of
example, in Germany there were approx. 140 biogas plants in energy from renewable sources. The most often method used to
1992, while 7720 biogas plants operated at the end of 2013. Biogas rewrite biogas in Poland for other useful forms of energy is
production in Germany has developed rapidly over last 20 years. cogeneration. Energy production from agricultural biogas enables
For 2013, the German Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR) Poland to meet the National Indicator Target mandate and the
states that 1.157 million hectares of cropland (10% of the available obligations resulting from the Climate and Energy Agreement
cropland) were dedicated to the production of biogas [14]. Rapid [19,20]. The feedstocks used in agricultural biogas plants for the
progress in this sector is associated with the relevant legal and production of renewable energy are subjected to the methane
financial solutions that have changed the energy system in Ger- digestion process, which consists of a group of biochemical reac-
many towards the support for renewable energy sources. It should tions occurring under controlled anaerobic conditions (Fig. 1).
be emphasized that there is a new energy policy in the European Technologies for the production of agricultural biogas differ, inter
Union. The aim of this policy is to reduce the consumption of fossil alia, in the method of loading and storing the substrates, but the
fuels and promote the production of energy from renewable mechanism of biogas production is identical. This process consists
sources. The development of the agricultural biogas market is of several stages: initially there takes place the hydrolysis of pro-
important in the context of the necessity to fulfil the National teins, carbohydrates and fats into their monomers, which are then
A. Piwowar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 69–74 71

metabolized in the process of acidogenesis to lower carboxylic (beet pulp and molasses) can be used as substrates for biogas
acids. The next stage is acetogenesis (processing of volatile fatty production. The use of sugar beet for biogas production may be a
acids to acetic acid), while by-products at this stage are as follows: basis for increasing the area of its cultivation in Poland and con-
CO2, H2. The last stage is a methanogenic phase (methanogenesis). verting the sugar factories, which have been closed as a result of
The final product – biogas, apart from methane, CO2 and water, market reforms, to biogas plants [26]. As emphasized by Fugol and
also contains small admixtures of hydrogen (1–3%), hydrogen Pilarski [27], sugar beet is a plant with a high biogas potential.
sulphide, oxygen and nitrogen [22]. Waste from the animal production (liquid and solid animal
Each agricultural biogas plant includes a set of facilities and excrements, mainly liquid manure and dung) can be used as
installations for the production and storage of biogas. The fol- feedstock for biogas production. It should be emphasized here that
lowing elements can be distinguished here: a substrate tank, a biogas production based on liquid manure is relatively ineffective
digester chamber, a power unit, a pump station etc. The type and and it is necessary to use other substrates, including plants with a
amount of the substrate and the conditions of the process are high potential for biomass production [8]. Methane digestion of
determined already at the stage of designing a biogas plant [23]. liquid manure in agricultural biogas plants is important in the
This is important in terms of technical aspects, including the size context of limiting the pollution of the natural environment
and type of a digester chamber. It is assumed that a digester associated with livestock raising. The environment is protected
chamber with a volume of approx. 50–150 m3 is suitable for small through a reduction in the emissions of carbon dioxide and
agricultural holdings. Larger sets are also used in agriculture, e.g. methane, which contribute to the greenhouse effect. An example
in the case of processing up to 10,000 m3 of feedstock per year, the of potential for the production of biogas from various animal
digester chamber has a volume up to 1000 m3, contains two or faeces is shown in Table 2.
more mixers and has a roof with a double membrane that forms Agricultural biogas in Poland is produced also from agri-food
the gas tank. In this case, the storage period is 40–80 days, waste, including beet pulp and molasses, as well as distillers grains
depending on the type and properties of the substrate. In the case with solubles and draff. Approx. 590,000 Mg of waste from meat
of large amounts of the input substrate (over 30,000 m3 per year), processing and over 377,000 Mg of waste from fruit and vegetable
steel vertical digester chambers with a volume of 1500–5000 m3 processing is generated in Poland. It is assumed that approx. 60
are used. The storage period in this case is relatively short (approx. million m3 of biogas can be obtained annually on this basis [29].
20 days), which is achieved thanks to continuous mixing and pre- The structure of consumption of major feedstocks for biogas
heating [24]. production in Poland in 2011–2014 is presented in Table 3.
The production volume and composition of the biogas obtained
from biomass vary and depend on many factors, including the type Table 2
Potential for production of biogas from different animal faeces.
and humidity of the substrate, physical state of the feedstock,
Source: [28].
temperature, pressure, and the type of technology used. As the
feedstock for the production of biogas in agricultural biogas plants, Parameter Unit Cattle Pigs Poultry
there can be used substrates of plant and animal origin as well as
Dung Liquid Dung Liquid Faeces
waste from food production. Among the plant feedstocks, maize is a
manure manure
popular cultivated plant used for biogas production. The production
of biogas and energy from selected plants is presented in Table 1. Production m3 t s m o  1 175–520 220–637 327–722
Mainly plant species with a high biomass productivity per unit of biogas Average: 347 Average: 428 Average: 524
area are suitable for cultivation for energy purposes. Due to the
technological and economic conditions in Poland, an important
Table 3
substrate for the production of agricultural biogas is maize. Maize The structure of consumption of major feedstocks for agricultural biogas production
silages are used for the production of biogas, which ensures that in Poland in 2011–2014.
large amounts of biogas are obtained. Maize silage is characterised Source: own study based on data the Agricultural Market Agency [www.arr.gov.pl].
by a high energy efficiency, while the biogas yield is 170–
Type of feedstock 2011 2012 2013 2014
200 m3 t s m.  1 [25]. Perennial crops, such as Miscanthus sahar-
riflorus and Miscanthus giganteus, can be used for energy pur- [%]
poses. Sugar beet is characterized by a very high potential yield of
biogas. Although the main direction for the use of sugar beet is the Liquid manure 56.66 38.07 28.94 26.99
Distillers grains with solubles 6.49 15.99 22.54 16.43
production of sugar, the interest in the use of sugar beet for biogas
Maize silage 23.19 26.34 18.26 19.59
production keeps increasing due to the current market situation in Residues of fruits and vegetables 2.34 9.39 17.06 16.74
the European Union (quota system for sugar and isoglucose and Beet pulp 1.47 4.04 6.46 8.92
the use of minimum prices for sugar beet). Different parts of Other 9.84 6.17 6.73 11.33
sugar beet (roots, leaves) or whole plants can be used for this
purpose. The residues from the industrial processing of sugar beet Table 4
Production of agricultural biogas, power and heat from agricultural biogas plant in
Table 1 Poland in 2011–2014 (as of 16.03.2015).
Production of biogas and energy from selected plants. Source: own study based on data the Agricultural Market Agency [www.arr.gov.pl].
Source: [23]
Year of The amount of The amount of The amount of
Type of feedstock Yield of fresh mass Production of biogas Energy yield production produced agri- electricity pro- heat produced
[Mg ha  1] [m3 ha  1] [GJ ha  1] cultural biogas duced from agri- from agricultural
[mln m3] cultural biogas biogas [GW h]
Maize 30–50 6 050–6 750 87–145 [GW h]
Lucerne 25–35 3 960–4 360 85–94
Rye 30–40 1 620–2 025 35–43 2011 36.646 73.433 82.638
Sugar beet – root 40–70 10 260 220 2012 73.152 141.804 160.128
Sunflower 30–50 2 430–3 240 52–70 2013 112.412 227.880 246.557
Rape 20–35 1 010–1 620 22–37 2014 173.932 354.916 373.695
72 A. Piwowar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 69–74

The feedstocks used in largest amounts in the agricultural the share of distillers grains with solubles, residues of fruit and
biogas production processes in Poland include: liquid manure, vegetables, and beet pulp increased by 9.94 pp, 14.4 pp and
distillers grains with solubles, maize silage, residues of fruit and 7.45 pp, respectively. Many new agricultural biogas production
vegetables, and beet pulp. It is worth noting that in 2011–2014 the plants commissioned in Poland in 2012–2013 are located at agri-
share of liquid manure in the quantitative structure of feedstock food processing facilities (sugar factories, distilleries, fruit and
vegetable processing plants).
consumption decreased from 57% to 27%. In the first period of
The development of renewable energy market based on agri-
establishing agricultural biogas plants in Poland, maize silage was
cultural products, produced also in agricultural biogas plants, is
the basic substrate for biogas production in the feedstock con-
extremely important in terms of the environmental protection. As
sumption structure. In the analysed period, its share in the con- mentioned earlier, the agricultural biogas production reduces
sumption structure decreased by 3.6 percentage points. In turn, emissions of methane and other greenhouse gases generated as a
result of the decomposition of animal excrements. The reduction
Table 5 in emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere is beneficial
The real economic potential of agricultural biogas in Poland by 2020.
Source: [38]
from the economic and environmental point of view, because a
decrease in emissions of greenhouse gases results in lower charges
Type of substrate Real technical Real economic Market poten- for emissions into the atmosphere [30,31]. The production of
potential [TJ] potential – final tial 2020 [TJ] biogas contributes also to the climate protection by reducing the
energy [TJ]
emissions of CO2, replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy
Biomass, 929,564 600,167 600,167 sources and decreasing the emissions of methane (CH4) [32,33]. It
including: should be concluded that the production of biogas will play an
Agricultural waste 178,422 123,066 123,066 increasingly important role in the achievement of EU objectives in
Energy crops, 479,167 286,719 286,719 the scope of renewable energy [34]. Not only due to the avoidance
including:
Maize silages 116,626 81,638 81,638
of greenhouse gases emissions and generation of energy from
agricultural wastes, but also thanks to a reduction in odour

Fig. 2. The number and capacities of agricultural biogas plants in Poland broken down by provinces* as of 25.08.2014.
Source: own study based on data the Agricultural Market Agency [www.arr.gov.pl].
A. Piwowar et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 69–74 73

Table 6 The plants located in the Pomorskie province have the highest
Technical parameters of installations in agricultural biogas plants in Poland by annual capacity for agricultural biogas production (total capacity
province*.
of 38,060,655 m3/year, i.e. 15.6% of the overall capacity in Poland).
Source: own study based on data the Agricultural Market Agency [www.arr.gov.pl].
Also the plants located in the Warmińsko–Mazurskie, Zachodnio-
Specification Installed power of the Annual output of manu- pomorskie, Kujawsko–Pomorskie, Wielkopolskie, Dolnośląskie and
system facturing installations Lubelskie provinces have relatively high total capacities for agri-
cultural biogas production (exceeding 20,000,000 m3/year), There
electrical thermal electricity heat
[MWe] [MWt] [MWhe/year] [MWht/year]
are no agricultural biogas plants in two provinces of Poland
(Małopolskie and Podkarpackie provinces).
Dolnośląskie 7.12 7.28 57,321.50 59,026.60 The total installed electric power in agricultural biogas plants in
Kujawsko– 7.40 6.62 56,600.00 53,700.00 Poland is 63.34 MWe, while the thermal power is 63.05 MWt. The
pomorskie
installed power and annual capacities of installations for produc-
Lubelskie 5.66 6.05 45,526.00 48,944.00
Lubuskie 2.39 2.75 18,447.00 25,406.00 tion of electricity and heat in agricultural biogas plants in Poland,
Łódzkie 2.50 2.77 21,083.00 23,362.00 broken down by provinces, are presented in Table 6.
Mazowieckie 1.56 1.65 13,665.00 14,480.00 The biogas plants located in the Pomorskie province are char-
Opolskie 2.00 2.02 17,520.00 17,660.00
acterised by a relatively highest installed electric and thermal
Podlaskie 1.00 1.01 7800.00 7847.00
Pomorskie 10.49 10.92 83,627.14 88,167.51 power (10.49 MWe and 10.92 MWt, respectively) and a high capa-
Śląskie 0.53 0.54 4471.00 4625.00 city for generation of electric and thermal power (83,627.14 MWhe/
Świętokrzyskie 0.80 0.86 6200.00 6350.00 year and 88,167.51 MWht/year, respectively). Considering the
Warmińsko– 7.72 7.90 62,193.19 63,656.23 installed electric power in the plants in question, it is worth noting
mazurskie
Wielkopolskie 7.48 7.83 59,124.76 60,200.40
that the power in biogas plants located in three provinces
Zachodnio– 6.68 6.85 55,565.00 58,828.00 (Pomorskie, Kujawsko–Pomorskie and Zachodniopomorskie pro-
pomorskie vinces) accounts for 39% of the total power generated in agricultural
Total 63.34 65.05 509,143.59 532,252.74 biogas plants in Poland.
n
As of 25.08.2014.

emissions [35]. When analysing the results of previous studies, it is 4. Summary


clear that there is still a considerable potential for reducing
The development of renewable energy sources, including those
harmful emissions by increasing the share of energy produced on
based on biomass of agricultural origin, plays an increasingly
the basis of agricultural biogas. The studies conducted in Denmark
important role in the energy policy of Poland. There are 46 economic
showed that in the period from 1990 to 2010 the total emissions of
operators (54 generation plants) in Poland that produce agricultural
N2O and CH4 had been reduced by 35%. In turn, as compared with
biogas, while the annual capacity of all agricultural biogas produc-
the situation existing in 2010, a further reduction to 50% will take
tion plants is 244,156,466 m3. However, the potential capabilities
place by 2050 [36].
associated with the production of heat and electricity in agricultural
biogas plants are still not used. Considering the area of agricultural
land and the development of the agribusiness sector, the potential
3. Production of agricultural biogas and the entities in Poland
for biomass production can ensure that Poland will be among the
dealing with it
most important producers of bio-energy generated from substrates
from EU agriculture. In this regard it is important to overcome cer-
In 2011–2014, the amount of agricultural biogas produced in
tain technological, economic, institutional and legal barriers. From
Poland increased by 137.29 million m3 from the level of 36.65
the technological point of view it is important to use substrates of
million m3 in 2011. In the analysed years, also the amount of
plant and animal origin on a wider scale. In the first case, biogas can
electricity and heat generated from agricultural biogas increased
be produced, inter alia, from energy crops (e.g. Miscanthus gigan-
by 281.48 GWh and 291.06 GWh respectively. Table 4 presents
teus) and biomass of permanent grasslands. Among products of
data on the production of biogas, electricity and heat produced
animal origin, it may be important to utilize, for example, the whey
from agricultural biogas in Poland in the years 2011–2014. This is
from cheese production. A well-developed dairy industry in Poland
not much in terms of the potential of the agricultural biogas
and significant amounts of waste generated create the possibility of
economy in Poland. The theoretical potential is 5 billion m3 of
utilizing it as substrate for anaerobic processes. In order to overcome
biogas per year, while the real potential is approx. 1.7 billion m3 of
the economic, institutional and legal barriers, an appropriate energy
biogas per year [37].
policy must be developed in Poland. The production function of
The development of the agricultural bio-power sector can
agriculture associated with the production of biomass for energy
become a stimulator for the development of agriculture and
purposes is both an opportunity and a challenge for the Polish
agribusiness in Poland in the next decade. The real economic
agribusiness. The nature context associated with the production of
potential of agricultural biogas in Poland by 2020 is presented in
agricultural biomass for energy purposes is also important, as this
Table 5.
may increase the biodiversity in rural areas of Poland.
Among the most important reasons why this potential is not
used, the following factors can be mentioned: organizational
barriers, lack of technical and substantive consulting, economic
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