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Iwao Sasase
Department of Information and
Computer Science, Keio University
http://www.sasase.ics.keio.ac.jp
Email:sasase@ics.keio.ac.jp
Time
User
User
User
User
User
User
User
User
User
User
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
Frame 1 Frame 2
Iwao Sasase, Keio University
page7
TDMA Frame Structure of PDC
1 Frame (3 Slots)
Base Station
Transmission #3 #1 #2 #3
Guard Time
Reception #1 #2 #3 #1
The mode of
Transmission Reception Idle Transmission
mobile station #1
Guard Band
Time
Channel 1
Channel 2
Frequency
Time Channel N
Anti-interference property
TDMA A demand of frequency Burst transmission. Peak As user bit rate and
stability is comparatively electric power is large. multiplex number increases,
easy. Synchronization among the performance degradation
users is required. due to multipass fading
becomes serious.
CDMA Hand over is easy. The same Equipment is a little Efficiency depends on
frequency can be used also in complicated. Highly precise various elements such as
adjacent cells. Anti- transmitted electric power propagation characteristic,
multipass fading and control is required. CN ratio, transmitted power
interference rejection control error, etc.
properties are inherent.
Problem
Effective use of a channel is important.
Access Protocol
Scheduled Access Protocol
Random Access Protocol
Hybrid Access Protocol
1 2 3 2 3
Collision Retransmission Retransmission t
Fig. Collision mechanism in ALOHA
tr2 Packet 1
Packet 1
2 tr1 Retrans-
mission
User
Packet 2
Packet 1 Packet 2
1 Retrans-
mission
Station
Base
Success PacketCollision!
1 Packet 2 Success Success
t0 t1 t21+tp Time
t10+tp
1 2&3 2 3
Collision Retransmission Retransmission t
Fig. Collision mechanism in slotted ALOHA
Transmission is postponed
When other users are transmitting.
to avoid collision.
1 2
Collision
t
Delay
Carrier Sense Fig. Collision mechanism in CSMA
adopted by Ethernet.
Iwao Sasase, Keio University
page26
ISMA: Inhibit Sense Multiple
Access
• Although each user has to detect transmission of all users in CSMA,
it is very difficult in the wireless channel.
– Two or more users might be concealed with obstacles, such as a
building. (Hidden Terminal Problem)
• In ISMA, a base station uses another channel to inform the channel
status by sending a busy or idle signal.
– Inbound Channel: The channel which a user uses
for the communication to a base station.
– Outbound Channel: The channel which a base station transmits
to a user.
• RTS(Request-to-send)/CTS(Clear-to-send)
User 2
Transmit frame
wait
User 3 IFS IFS
time
Random delay (distributed coordination)
(IFS: Inter Frame Space, fixed)
Terminal 2 time
(carrier sense OK)
①’ Network Allocation Vector Period
Slotted
aGe − aG
nonpersistent CSMA S = − aG
1 − e + a
G = offerd traffic,
a = τ T p , τ = propagatio n delay, T p = packet tra nsmission time