Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Ndú;fha jeo.;alu
fndfyda t<jΩ fnda. flá uQ, uKav,hlska hqla;h' Wrd .kS' fï ksid †.= ld,Sk fukau jeä wiajkq ,ndfok
fïksid fuu fnda. j._ j, Ydl fmdaIl wjYH;djh imqrd t<jΩ fnda. i|yd idr®:l Ydl fmdaIl l<ukdlrKhla
.ekSu i|yd uq, uKav,h wjg l=vd m%foaYhl ie,lsh hq;= úfYaIfhka ;sìh hq;=h' tksid tjeks fnda. i|yd ldnksl
Ydl fmdaIl m%udkhla ;ssìh hq;=h' yd ridhksl fmdfydr foj._hu ksjer† wdldrhg fh°fuka"
idr®:l fukau wdr®:ßl jdisodhl wiajekakla o ,nd.;
óg wu;rj udi 3-4 la jeks flá ld,iSudjl°
yelsh'
fndfyda t<jΩ fnda. j, „ú; ld,h wjika fõ' fjk;a
fnda. yd ii|d n,k l," t<jΩ fnda.j, wiajkq jYfhka ridhksk fmdfydr
m%fhdackhg .kakd fldgia j, ie,lsh hq;= Ydl fmdaIl
uQ,sl Ydl fmdaIl
m%udKhla wka;r®.; fõ' tksid t<jΩ wiajekak iu. wêl
Ydl fmdaIl m%udKhla j.d ìfuka bj;a fõ' fuhg wu;rj fjk;a fnda. j._ i|yd fukau t<jΩ fnda. i|yd
fndfyda t,jΩ fnda. j, wdydrhg fkd.kakd o~q yd fld< o" jeä m%udKhlska wjYHjk ksid uQ,sl Ydl fmdaIl f,i
jeks fldgia j,o ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhl Ydl fmdaIl wvx.= i,lkq ,nk khsg%cka" fmdiamria yd fmdgEishï iemhSu
fõ' wiajkq fk,Sfuka miq fujeks fnda. wjfYaIo j.d ìfuka ridhksl fmdfydr u.ska l< hq;=h' fuh úfYaIfhka jeo.;a
bj;alr úkdY lr oeóu ksid o ie,lsh hq;= Ydl fmdaIl jkafka t<jΩ fnda. j._ j,ska jeä wiajekakla ,nd.ekSu
m%udKhla mig wysñ fõ' i|yd jeä Ydl fmdaIl m%udKhla wjYHjk ksidh' tu
wjYH;djh imqrd,Su jvd myiqfjka l,yels jkafka jeä
ñka yeÛS hkafka t<jΩ fnda. j.d lrkq ,nk ìfuka
Ydl fmdaIl m%udKhla wvx.= jk ridhksl fmdfydr fh°u
ksrka;rfhka Ydl fmdaIl ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla bj;ajk
u.sks'
njhs' fï ksid" t<jΩ j.dfõ idr®:l wiajekakla i|yd
ukd Ydl fmdaIl l,uKdlrkhla wksjdr®fhkau ;sìh hq;=h' ridhksl fmdfydr myiqfjka †hfjk iqΩ ksid mig
tfia fkdl,fyd;a fjk;a fnda. j._ fuka fkdj" t<jΩ fh°fuka miq b;d iqΩ ld,hla ;=,° fnda.hg ,nd.; yelsh'
fnda.j, wiajekafkys meye†,s wvqùula is≥jk nj mr®fhaIK tksid ridhksl fmdfydr fh°fuka fnda.fha jeãug yd
u.ska ukdj Tmamq lr ;sfí' wiajekakg blauka n,mEula we;sl< yelsh' fuhg wu;rj
jeä wjYH;djhla mj;sk fuu Ydl fmdaIl ;=ka j._h
Ydl fmdaIl l<uKdlrkhla
ridhksl fmdfydr f,i ,nd°u" jvd;a m%;sM,odhl fukau
fufia mfika bj;a jk Ydl fmdaIl j._ uq,sl" oaù;shsl wdr®:ßlj o jdisodhlh' t<jΩ f.dùka úiska ridhksl
yd wxY= ud;% uq,øjH hk ldKav ;=kgu wh;a fõ' tksid fmdfydr Ndú;d ls¯u flfrys jeä ie,ls,a,la olajkafka
tu ishΩu Ydl fmdaIl j._ kej; mig ,nd°fï ls%hdud._ fï ksidh'
t<jΩ fnda. j.dfõ jeo.;a ;ekla .kS' fï ksid m%Odk
t<jΩ fnda. i|yd ridhksl fmdfydr fh°fï° fjk;a
Ydl fmdaIl imhk tka'mS'fla' (N.P.K) ridhksl fmdfydrj,g
fláld,Sk fnda. j,g fuka" iïmQr®K fmdiamria wjYH;djh
wu;rj oaú;shsl yd wxY= ud;% uq,øjH imhk ldnksl
uQ,sl fmdfydr f,i fh†h hq;=h' ta iu.u fnda.fha khsg%cka
fmdfydr o t<jΩ j.djg fh†h hq;=h'
iy fmdgeishï wjYH;djfhka fldgila o îc fyda me,
úúO t<jΩ fnda. w;=frka jqjo" †.= ld,Sk fnda. isgqùug fmr uq,sl fmdfydr f,i" ilid.;a md;a;s j,g
u.ska" flá ld,Sk fnda. j,g jvd jeä Ydl fmdaIl m%udKhla fyda j,j,a j,g fhdod mi iu. l<jï lr.; hq;=h'
1
fnda.hg wjYH jk b;s˙ khsg%cka yd fmdgEishï mfika fia°hdu iy fnda.hg ,nd.; fkdyels .eUqrla olajd
fmdfydr m%udKh ksr®foaYs; wkaoug tla jrl° fyda jdr ldka≥ùug o bv ;sfí' †.ska †.gu úYd, m%udK j,ska
lsysmhl° fyda fnda.hg fhdod mig l<jï l< hq;=h' úYd, ridhksl fmdfydr mig fh°u ksid" mfiys we;s fjk;a Ydl
ìï m%udKhlg fmdfydr fhdok wjia:d j,° l=vd fldgia fmdaIl j._ iu. fkdfhla wka;r® ls%hdj,Ska o we;súh yelsh'
jYfhka j.djg fmdfydr fhdod mig l<jï lrkak' fhdok fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka fnda.fhys fkdfhla fmdaIl W!K;d
,o fmdfydr jeä fõ,djla ;o ysre t<shg ksrdjrKh ù we;sùug bv;sfí' fuys wjidk m%;sM,h jkafka wiajekak
úkdY ùu fuhska j,lS' hQ˙hd wvx.= fmdfydr i|yd fuh wvqùuhs'
úfYaIfhka jeo.;a fõ' tfia fmdfydr fhdod mig l<jï
WodyrKhla jYfhka fmdgeishï wvx.= ridhksl
ls¯fuka" fnda.hg fuu fmdfydr j, wvx.= Ydl fmdaIl
fmdfydr úYd, m%udK j,ska mig fh¥úg ue.aksishï keu;s
jvd myiqfjka ,nd .ekSug yels fõ' tfiau" wmf;a hk
Ydl fmdaIlh Wrd .ekSug ndOdfõ' fmdiamria wvx.= fmdfydr
fmdfydr m%udKh o wvq lr.; yelsh'
mfiys jeä jQ úg ;=ka;kd.ï ^iskala& uQ,øjH Wrd.ekSug
fï wdldrhg fnda.h isgqùfuka miq fmdfydr fh°u fnda.hg wmyiq fõ' fuhg wu;rj fkdlvjd wêl m%udK
idudkHfhka y∫kajkq ,nkafka" §u;=msg fmdfydr fh°u¶ j,ska ridhksl fmdfydr j.djka i|yd fhdokq ,nk m%foaY
jYfhks' flfia kuq;a fuu fmdfydr" u;=msg úisrejd ye¯u j," îug .kakd c,h ¥IKh ùuo úYd, m˙ir yd fi!LH
l< hq;=hehs fuhska woyia lrkq fkd,efí' tksid u;=msg m%YaKhla ù ;sfí' tfiau fï wkaoug ridhksl fmdfydr fh°u
fmdfydr fh¥ miqj tu fmdfydr wksjdr®hfhkau mig l<jï ksid mi wdï,slùu ksid j.djka widr®:l ùuo nyq,j
l< hq;=h' we;sjk .egΩjls'
2
jdis fudkjdo lrkq ,nk fjk;a fndfyda idOl o je,s mfia wvqh'
tfiau ueá mfia wêl ueá nj yd ueá wxY= wêl
ldnksl fmdfydr fh°u u.ska fnda. j,g fhdokq ,nk
f,i tlsfkl iu. ;oùu" fnda.j, uq,a fyd¢ka
ridhksl fmdfydr fia°hdu wvqù" tu ridhksl fmdfydr
j, ldr®hCIu;djh jeä lrkq ,efí' fuh fjk;a fnda. úys° hdug ndOdjls' tfiau úh,s ld,fha ueá mfia
i|yd fukau t<jΩ j.dfõ° o jeo.;ah' fï ksid t<jΩ olakg ,efnk b˙ ;e,Sï ksid fnda.j, uq,a moaO;shg
j.djg fhdokq ,nk ridhksl fmdfydr j, Wm˙u m%fhdack mjd ydks meñfka'
,nd .ekSug ldnksl fmdfydr fh°u o w;HdjYH fõ' fï ksid je,s yd ueá mia fojr®.fhau" fnda. j.djg
● f;;a l,dmfha fukau w;r ueo l,dm j, o t<jΩ jvd ys;lr ,CIK †hqKq ls¯u i|yd ldnksl
j.d lrkq ,nk mia" wdï,sl njlska hqla;h' tfiau fmdfydr fh°u jeo.;ah' fujeks ;;aj blau◊ka
fkdlvjd ridhksl fmdfydr fh°u ksid o mfia †hqKq ls¯u wmyiq jqj;a" fkdlvjd †.=ld,Skj mig
wdï,sl nj jeä fõ' fï wdldrhg mi wdï,slùfï ldnksl fmdfydr fh°u m%fhdackj;ah' †.=ld,Skj
fya;=fjka fnda. j,g iuyr Ydl fmdaIl Wrd .ekSug ldnksl fmdfydr fh°fuka mfia ;;ajh †hqKq ù
ndOd we;s fõ' flfia kuq;a mil ldnksl øjH ie,lsh we;s nj kqjrt<sh m%foaYfha t<jΩ j.d lrk mi
hq;= m%udKhla we;akï" mfia iajdrCIl nj jeäjk wOHhkh ls¯fuka fyd¢ka fmkS hkq we;'
w;r" tu.ska ridhksl fmdfydr fh°fï fya;=fjka ● ldnksl fmdfydr fh°u ksid mfia f;;ukh fnda.
wdï,slùug m%;sfrdaëj ls%hd ls¯fï jeä yelshdjla j,g wjYH uÜgulska mj;ajd .ekSug Wmldr fõ'
mig ,efí' t<jΩ fnda. j, olakg ,efnk fõ.j;a jr®Okh
tfiau ldnksl fmdfydr f,i l=l=,a fmdfydr fh°u i|yd mfia f;;ukh jeo.;a jk w;r th Ydl
u.ska tys wka;r®.; le,aishï ix>gl ksid mfia fmdaIl Wrd .ekSug yd fjk;a mdxY= m%;sls%hd i|yd
wdï,sl nj wvqfõ' fuh l=l=,a fmdfydr j, olakg o m%fhdackj;a fõ' tfiau mfia „j;ajk .evúÆka
,efnk iqúfYaI ,CIKhls' tksid t<jΩ fnda. j.d yd fjk;a CIqø ‚ùkaf.a ls%hdldrlï i|yd o ksjer†
ls¯fuka jeä wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug o th fya;=jla uÜgñka mfia f;;ukh mej;Su w;HdjYHh' fuf,i
fõ' tksid l=l=,a fmdfydr fhdod t<jΩ j.dlrkq mfia f;;ukh r|jd .ekSug ridhksl fmdfydr
,nk wjia:d j,° fvd,uhsÜ fyda wΩyqKq fh°u muKla m%fhdackj;a fkdjk w;r" ta i|yd ldnksl
wjYH fkdfõ' fmdfydr fh°u o wksjdr®fhkau l<hq;=h'
● fndfyda t<jΩ fnda.j, we;af;a ≥r®j, fukau l=vd ● ldnksl fmdfydr fh°fuka mfia jHqyh †hqKqùu ksid
uq,a moaO;shls' fuu uq,a moaO;sh fyd¢ka jr®Okh mfia wka;r®.; jd; m%udKh jeäfõ' mfiys wvx.=
lr .ekSu i|yd mfiys jHqyh ta i|yd ys;lr jk jd; m%udKh †hqKq lr.ekSu úfYaIfhka jeo.;a
wdldrhg mej;sh hq;=h' mfia jHqyh †hqKq lr .ekSu" jkafka jeä jYfhka ueá wvx.= mia i|ydh' mfia
ridhksl fmdfydr muKla fh°fuka l< fkdyelsh' is≥jk fkdfhla m%;sls%hd i|yd fukau mdxY= „ùkaf.a
ta i|yd ldnksl fmdfydr fh°u wksjdr®h fõ' fï ls%hdld¯Fjhg o mdxY= jd;h fnfyúka jeo.;ah'
wkaoug ldnksl fmdfydr fh°fuka mfia is≥jk ,sys,a fuh ridhksl fmdfydr fh°fuka is≥l, fkdyels
nj fya;=fjka fnda.fha uq,a moaO;sh fyd¢ka jeãug w;r fï i|yd odhl jkafka ldnksl fmdfydr mu◊'
ys;lr ;;a;ajhla we;sjk ksid" th t<jΩ j.dfõ ● ldnksl fmdfydr mfia „j;ajk fndfyda mdxY= „ùkag
idr®:l wiajekaklg fya;= fõ' jeo.;a jk w;r Tjqkaf.a „úldj mj;ajd f.k
● t<jΩ j.djg je,s wêl mila fukau ueá wêl hdug mfia ldnksl øjH wka;r®.;ùu w;HdjYHh'
mila o fhda.H ke;' je,s wêl mfia wvq Ydl fmdaIl idr®:l fnda. j.djla i|yd mfiys is≥úh hq;=
m%udKhla wka;r®.; jk w;r Ydl fmdaIl blau◊ka fkdfhla m%;sls%hd ksis wkaoug is≥ùu ms◊i CIqø
fia°hduo is≥fõ' tfiau mfia idrj;a nj ;SrKh „ùkaf.a ls%hdld¯Fjh fnfyúka jeo.;ah
3
● ldnksl fmdfydr fh°fuka t<jΩ j.dfõ olakg myiqfjka imhd.; yels fmdfydr ms,sn|j o ie,ls,su;aùu
,efnk jgmkq ydksh wju lr.; yelsh' uq, .eá;s jeo.;ah' úfYaIfhka t<jΩ j.dfõ° i;aj fmdfydr i|yd
jgmkq ydksh" úfYaIfhka fid,fkais l=,fha t<jΩ ,efnkafka iqúfYaI ia:dkhls' i;aj fmdfydr j, fndfyda
fnda. jk ;lald,s" udÆ ñ˙ia jïngq yd wr®;dm,a úg olakg ,efnk jeä Ydl fmdaIl m%udKh yd fjk;a
hkd†fha iq,nj oelsh yelsh' fuu ydksh ldnksl lreKq fï i|yd fya;= ù we;' tfiau fndfyda m%foaY j,
fmdfydr fh°fuka wvqlr .; yels w;r ta i|yd i;aj fmdfydr myiqfjka fidhd .ekSug yelsùuo fï i|yd
l=l=,a fmdfydr fh°u jvd;a idr®:l m%;slr®uhls' n,md ;sfí' i;aj fmdfydr f,i l=l=,a fmdfydr" f.du
ldnksl fmdfydr fkdfh¥ j.dj, uQ, .eá;s jgmkq fmdfydr" fn%dhs,r® fmdfydr" tΩ fmdfydr" W!re fmdfydr
ydksh ksid wêl f,i wiajekak wvqjk nj t<jΩ yd jjq,a fmdfydr wd†h idr®:lj Ndú;d l, yels nj
j.d lrkq ,nk fndfyda m%foaY j,ska jdr®;d ù we;' mr®fhaIK u.ska fmkajd ° we;' kuq;a f.du yd l=l=,a fmdfydr"
fuu ydksh j,ld,Su i|yd l=l=,a fmdfydrj, t<jΩ j.djka i|yd jeä jYfhka Ndú;d lrkq ,nk
odhl;ajh ms<sn|j wm rfÜ muKla fkdj úfoaY ldnksl fmdfydr j._ folls'
rgj, is≥l, mr®fhaIK .Kkdjla u.ska o fmkajd
i;aj fmdfydr j,g wu;rj" ldnksl fmdfydr f,i
° we;'
fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr jqjo idr®:lj Ndú;d lrkq ,nk
mr®fhaIK m%;sM, wjia:d tugh' tfiau iuyr m%foaYj, t<jΩ j.dj i|yd
jiqkla f,i ms≥re fhdod .kakd wjia:d o olakg ,efí'
t<jΩ fnda. wdYs%;j is≥ lrkq ,enQ mr®fhaIK úYd,
f.j;= j, t<jΩ j.d ls¯fï° fld< fmdfydr Ndú;d l,o
ixLHdjla u.ska meye†,s ù we;s lreKla kï" t<jΩ fnda.j,
jd◊c uÜgñka t<jΩ j.d lrk wjia:d j,° th t;rï
wiajekak jeä ls¯ug ^j.= wxl 1& fukau t<jΩ j.dfjka
m%dfhda.sl fkdfõ'
wdr®:ßl jdishla ,eîug ^j.= wxl 2& ridhksl fmdfydr
muKla fkdj ldnksl fmdfydro fh†h hq;= njhs' tfiau fh†h hq;= m%udK
fuu fojr®.hgu wh;a fmdfydr fh°u u.ska mfia †.=ld,Sk
§Wvrg t<jΩ fnda.¶ i|yd l=,a fmdfydr" fn%dhs,r®
idrj;anj /l .ekSug o bv ,efí'
fmdfydr" tΩ fmdfydr" W!re fmdfydr" jjq,a fmdfydr yd
fojk j.=fõ i|yka jkafka jeo.;a t<jΩ fnda. úh,s f.du hkd†h wlalrhlg fgdka 4 la muK tla
;=klska ,nd.; yels Y=oaO wdodhu" fhdok ,o úúO fmdfydr lkakhl° fh°u iEfya' fuh o< jYfhka fmdfydr uΩ 80
j._ iu. fjkia ù we;s wkaouhs' fylaghdrhlg fgdka 10 la muK ixLHdjl wvx.= m%udKhla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
^wlalrhg fgdka 4& l=l=,a fmdfydr fhdod" ta iu. ksr®foaYs; Wvrg t<jΩ fnda. i|yd j,lg foda;lska .;yels m%udKhla
ridhksl fmdfydr fh°fuka jeäu wdodhula fuu fnda. ne.ska fh°fuka tu m%udKh ,nd†h yel' fndfyda úg f;;
j.dlr ,nd .; yels nj fuhska meye†,s fõ' f.du yd f.du iu. fjk;a ;Kfld< frdvq wd†h ñY% ù
we;súg wlalrhlg fgdka 8-10 la muK jqjo Ndú;d l<
wdodhï úhoï .Kkh ls¯u ms◊i fuhg jir
yelsh' th o< jYfhka idudkH g%elagr® f,daâ 4-5 la muK
lsysmhlg fmr mej;s ridhksl yd ldnksl fmdfydr ñ,
mqrjd .;aúg ,efnk m%udKhla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
o tlS t<jΩ j._ i|yd j.dlrejka ,nd.;a idudkH ñ,o
Ndú;d lr ;sfí' flfia jqjo fuu o;a; i|yd jr®;udk my;rg t<jΩ fnda. j._ jk jegfldΩ" mf;da,"
w.hka Ndú;d l<o úúO fmdfydr fh°fï l%u wkqj ,nd.; nKavlald jeks oE i|yd jqjo by; i|yka l< ldnksl
yels Y=oaO ,dNh by; ms<sfj, wkqju fkdfjkiaj mj;skq fmdfydr Ndú;d l< yelsh' flfia kuq;a" wiajekak i|yd
we;' ,efnk ñ<" fnda. u.ska Wrd.kakd fmdaIl m%udKh yd wiajkq
m%udKh ie,ls,a,g .ekSfï° Wvrg t<jΩ fnda. j,g fh¥
ldnksl fmdfydr j._
m%udKfhka wvl muK m%udKhla tkï" wlalrhlg fgdka
ldnksl fmdfydr fh°fï°" fhdokq ,nk ldnksl 2 la muK fh°u m%dfhda.sl fukau wdr®:sljo jdisodhlh'
fmdfydr j._ iy m%udK ms<sn|j muKla fkdj m%foaYfha fuh fmdfydr uÆ jYfhka ie,lSfï° fmdfydr uÆ 40 la
4
muK fõ' wuq f.du fhdok wjia:dfõ° g%elagr® f,daâ 2 ridhksl yd ldnksl fmdfydr fojr®.hu l%udkql+,j
- 2 1$2 la muk fõ' my;rg t<jΩ fnda. j._ jk jegfldΩ" Ndú;d l< t<jΩ j.djlg †hr fmdfydr fh°u wkjYH
mf;da, yd lrú, wd†h jeä mr;rhlska isgqjk neúka jqjo" hï wjia:djl ldnksl fmdfydr muKla fyda ridhksl
tla j,lg o< jYfhka lsf,da 1 la fyda foda;j,a 4 la fmdfydr muKla fyda fhdod t<jΩ j.d lr we;s wjia:d
muK fh°u l<hq;= fõ' j,° †hr fmdfydr fh°u m%fhdackj;a úh yelsh' flfia
jqjo" tu.ska ldnksl yd ridhksl fmdfydr fojr®.hu
fh†h hq;= wjia:dj
fh°fuka ,nd.kakd wiajekak lsisfia;au ,nd.; fkdyels
't<jΩ j.djka i|yd l=l=,a fmdfydr Ndú;d lrk nj úfYaIfhka i|yka l, hq;=h'
úg fnda. isgqùug †k 3-4 lg fmr j,j,a j,g kshñ;
m%udKh fhdod mi iu. l,jï lrkak' jr®Idj fkdue;s
kï †k 2-3 la muK c,h fhdokak' tu.ska t<jΩ îc
j,g fyda isgjQ l=vd me, j,g fyda l==l=,a fmdfydr u.ska
is≥jk ydksh iïmQr®Kfhkau j,ld .; yelsh' t<jΩ
fnda.j,g l=l=,a fmdfydr fh°fï° wÆyqKq mig fh°u
wjYH fkdfõ' fuh wr®;dm,a j.dfõ° b;du jeo.;ah' tkï
wr®;dm,a j.djg l==l=,a fmdfydr fh¥úg wÆyqKq fh°u is≥
fkdl, hq;=h' tfia fkdl<fyd;a" wr®;dm,a w, §ialeí¶
frda.hg md;%úh yelsh' fufia l=l=,a fmdfydr fh°u ksid
wΩ yqKq i|yd jehjk uqo, iïmQr®Kfhkau b;s˙lr.;
yels jk w;r fuh l==,a fmdfydr fh°fuka ,nd.; yels
w;sfr®l jdishla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
†hr fmdfydr