TRANSFORMER

S. Kar Chowdhury
Substations Department

CESC Limited
TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Elementary Transformer
TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Elementary Transformer
TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Main & Leakage Flux

 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
Core Construction:

Hollow Core Construction

 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
E & I Section Laminations
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
E & I Section Laminations

Shell Type Core Construction

 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
Rectangular Cut Mitred Cut
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
 Advantages of Mitred & Step Lap Construction
• Mitred core joints allow efficient flux transfer
along natural grain lines between yoke & core legs

• Step lap construction further enhances efficiency

by reducing joint fringing-thus reducing core loss
& exciting current

• For rigidity & support top & bottom channels

are clamped with tie plates- arrangement known
as Flitch. Low noise & vibration.
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
 Core Material – CRGO - Physical Properties
• Density in gms/cc: 7.65
• Silicon Content: 3.1 %
• Resistivity : 48.0 micro-ohm-cm
• Stacking Factor:
M4 – 96 %
M5- 96.5 %
M6- 97 %
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
 Coil Construction :
• Cross-over Coil- Suitable for current upto 30 A.
Round section conductor is used

• Disc Coil – suitable for current in the range of 40

to 60 A. Rectangular section conductor is used.

• Helical- suitable for current range of 70 to 100 A.

• Spiral- suitable for current range more than 100 A

TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Section of Crossover Coil

TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Section of Disc Winding

TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Spiral winding for 315

KVA Dist. Trafo.

2-layer spiral winding with 2 x 3

rectangular section conductor
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
Diagram & Rating Plate:
• Capacity in KVA or MVA
• Voltage for both Primary & Secondary in KV
• Current for both Primary & Secondary in Amps.
• No. of phases ie three phase or single phase
• Frequency in Hz
• Vector Grouping if three phase system
• Type of Cooling ie ONAN / ONAF
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
• % age Impedance
• No-load Loss & Load Loss
• Weight of Core & Coil – untanking weight
• Volume of oil in litres
• Type & make of tap changer
• Maker’s serial no. & year of manufacture
• Tap connection diagram
• Max. Temperature rise of oil & winding
• Name of Customer / purchaser
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
Voltage Variation & OLTCs:

 A tap changer is basically used to change the turn

ratio between two windings.
 This ratio determines the voltage ratio and is essential
for voltage stabilisation under variable load conditions.

 OLTCs normally have regulation range of +/- 20% in

steps of 1.25%. There may be a max. of 35 steps
 Other applications include rectifiers & furnace in
industries, HVDC & phase shifters in Transmission
network.
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
OLTCs – Main Components:
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
OLTCs – Type of Regulation:

 Regulating range
is equal to the
voltage of the
tapped winding

Linear Switching
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS

 The changeover
selector sw. extends
the regulating range
to twice the voltage
of the tapped
winding by
connecting the
regulating wdg. To
different ends of
main wdg.
Changeover (+/-) Switching
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS

 The changeover
selector sw. extends
the regulating range
to twice the voltage
of the tapped
winding by
connecting/disconne
cting the coarse
regulating winding

Coarse / Fine Switching

 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
OLTCs – Type of Connection:

Single Phase connected 3-Phase Star connected

 TRANSFORMER - BASICS

3-Phase Delta 3-Phase Auto Transformer

TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Cut away section of

resistance type OLTC-
Diverter unit

Courtesy ABB
TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Outer view of V type

tap changer – diverter
& selector combined

Courtesy MR
TRANSFORMER - BASICS
Cut away section of
conventional
Diverter type OLTC
with Changeover
selector switch

Courtesy ABB
TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Inner view of V type

tap changer – diverter
& selector combined

Model: V III 350 Y 76 10 17 3W

Courtesy MR
TRANSFORMER - BASICS
OIL TAP - M

Model: M III 350 Y 76

Courtesy MR
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
Principle of Operation- switching sequence

Tap –1 : Normal position

 TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Tap-1 to Tap-2: Step-1

 TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Tap-1 to Tap-2: Step-2

 TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Tap-1 to Tap-2: Step-3

 TRANSFORMER - BASICS

Step-4 Tap-2 Normal Position

 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
OLTC – Design Philosophy:

 The switching mechanism is mounted inside a sealed

cylindrical glass fibre reinforced epoxy enclosure to
separate oil of the Diverter unit from that of Transformer
main tank- ensuring that oil affected by arcing cannot
contaminate the transformer oil.

 In diverter-selector philosophy, the tap selector has two

branches. During operation only one tap branch is
energised while the other branch is free to move to the
next tap.
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
 An input signal to the motor drive unit makes the
selector move to the next higher or lower tap whilst
charging the energy storage device that drives the
diverter switch. The operation is synchronised to ensure
that tap selection is complete before the storage device
releases its energy to activate diverter switch.
 The electrical switching sequence takes approximately
50 ms. During this time the current path is changed but
is never broken.
 The transition resistances share load current and limit
circulating current during transition of switching
contacts from one tap to another.
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
Switching Sequence- From tap-6 to tap-5:
 Selector V – on tap 6
 Selector H – on tap 7
 Main contact x carries
load current
TRANSFORMER - BASICS

 Selector H has moved

to tap-5 in no-load
state
TRANSFORMER - BASICS

 Main Contact x has

opened.
 Load current diverted
through Resistance &
contact y
TRANSFORMER - BASICS

 Load current diverted

through both
resistors.
 Circulating current
is limited by Ry+Ru.
TRANSFORMER - BASICS

 Contact y has opened.

 Load current carried
by Resistance &
contact u.
TRANSFORMER - BASICS

 Main Contact v has

closed.
 Load current flows
through contact v.
TRANSFORMER - BASICS
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
Improvement in Switching Technology:
 Major reasons for improvement in switching technology:
 Wear & tear of contact surface due to arcing.
 Arcing by-products cause contamination of oil.
 Tap changer manufacturers are embracing vacuum
technology as an alternative with distinct advantages:
 Minimal wear & tear of contact surface due to
arcing.
 Arcing by-product contained within vacuum
bottle.
TRANSFORMER - BASICS
TRANSFORMER - BASICS
 TRANSFORMER - BASICS
Video Show OLTC Operation:

Video Show PRV Operation: