PLANE182

2-D 4-Node Structural Solid

MP ME ST PR PRN DS <> <> PP EME MFS

Product Restrictions

PLANE182 Element Description

PLANE182 is used for 2-D modeling of solid structures. The element can be used as
either a plane element (plane stress, plane strain or generalized plane strain) or an
axisymmetric element. It is defined by four nodes having two degrees of freedom at
each node: translations in the nodal x and y directions. The element has plasticity,
hyperelasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection, and large strain capabilities. It also
has mixed formulation capability for simulating deformations of nearly incompressible
elastoplastic materials, and fully incompressible hyperelastic materials.
See PLANE182 in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference for more details about this
element.
Figure 182.1: PLANE182 Geometry

PLANE182 Input Data

The geometry and node locations for this element are shown
in Figure 182.1: PLANE182 Geometry. The element input data includes four nodes, a
thickness (for the plane stress option only), and the orthotropic material properties. The
default element coordinate system is along global directions. You may define an
element coordinate system using ESYS, which forms the basis for orthotropic material
directions.
Element loads are described in Nodal Loading. Pressures may be input as surface loads
on the element faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 182.1: PLANE182
Geometry. Positive pressures act into the element. Temperatures may be input as
element body loads at the nodes. The node I temperature T(I) defaults to TUNIF. If all
other temperatures are unspecified, they default to T(I). For any other input pattern,
unspecified temperatures default to TUNIF.
Input the nodal forces, if any, per unit of depth for a plane analysis (except for
KEYOPT(3) = 3 or KEYOPT(3) = 5) and on a full 360° basis for an axisymmetric
analysis.
KEYOPT(3) = 5 is used to enable generalized plane strain. For more information about
the generalized plane strain option, see Generalized Plane Strain in the Element
Reference.
KEYOPT(6) = 1 sets the element for using mixed formulation. For details on the use of
mixed formulation, see Applications of Mixed u-P Formulations in the Element
Reference.
You can apply an initial stress state to this element via the INISTATE command. For
more information, see Initial State in the Basic Analysis Guide.
As described in Coordinate Systems, you can use ESYS to orient the material properties
and strain/stress output. Use RSYS to choose output that follows the material
coordinate system or the global coordinate system. For the case of hyperelastic
materials, the output of stress and strain is always with respect to the global Cartesian
coordinate system rather than following the material/element coordinate system.
The effects of pressure load stiffness are automatically included for this element. If an
unsymmetric matrix is needed for pressure load stiffness effects, use NROPT,UNSYM.
"PLANE182 Input Summary" contains a summary of the element input. For a general
description of element input, see Element Input. For axisymmetric applications
see Harmonic Axisymmetric Elements.
PLANE182 Input Summary
Nodes

I, J, K, L
Degrees of Freedom

UX, UY
Real Constants

THK - Thickness (used only if KEYOPT(3) = 3)

HGSTF - Hourglass stiffness scaling factor (used only if KEYOPT(1) = 1); default is 1.0 (if you input
0.0, the default value is used)

Material Properties

TB command: See Element Support for Material Models for this element.
 MP command: EX, EY, EZ, PRXY, PRYZ, PRXZ (or NUXY, NUYZ, NUXZ),

ALPX, ALPY, ALPZ (or CTEX, CTEY, CTEZ or THSX, THSY, THSZ),

DENS, GXY, GYZ, GXZ, ALPD, BETD

Surface Loads

Pressures --

face 1 (J-I), face 2 (K-J), face 3 (L-K), face 4 (I-L)

Body Loads

Temperatures --

T(I), T(J), T(K), T(L)

Body force densities --

The element values in the global X and Y directions.

Special Features --

Birth and death

Element technology autoselect

Initial state

Large deflection

Large strain

Linear perturbation

Material force evaluation

Nonlinear stabilization

Rezoning

Stress stiffening

KEYOPT(1)
 Element technology:
0 --

Full integration with method

1 --

Uniform reduced integration with hourglass control

2 --

Enhanced strain formulation

3 --

Simplified enhanced strain formulation

KEYOPT(3)

Element behavior:
0 --

Plane stress
1 --

Axisymmetric
2 --

Plane strain (Z strain = 0.0)

3 --

Plane stress with thickness input

5 --

Generalized plane strain

KEYOPT(6)

Element formulation:
0 --

Use pure displacement formulation (default)

1 --

Use mixed u-P formulation (not valid with plane stress)

PLANE182 Element Technology
PLANE182 uses the full-integration method (also known as the selective reduced
integration method), enhanced strain formulation, simplified enhanced strain
formulation, or uniform reduced integration.
When enhanced strain formulation (KEYOPT(1) = 2) is selected, the element introduces
fourinternal (user-inaccessible) degrees of freedom to handle shear locking, and one
internal degree of freedom to handle volumetric locking.
For more information, see Element Technologies.
PLANE182 Output Data
The solution output associated with the element is in two forms:
 Nodal displacements included in the overall nodal solution
 Additional element output as shown in Table 182.1: PLANE182 Element
Output Definitions
Several items are illustrated in Figure 182.2: PLANE182 Stress Output.
The element stress directions are parallel to the element coordinate system. A general
description of solution output is given in Solution Output. See the Basic Analysis
Guide for ways to view results.
Figure 182.2: PLANE182 Stress Output

Stress directions are shown for Global.

The Element Output Definitions table uses the following notation:

A colon (:) in the Name column indicates that the item can be accessed by the
Component Name method (ETABLE, ESOL). The O column indicates the availability of
the items in the fileJobname.OUT. The R column indicates the availability of the items
in the results file.
In either the O or R columns, “Y” indicates that the item is always available, a number
refers to a table footnote that describes when the item is conditionally available, and “-”
indicates that the item is not available.
Table 182.1: PLANE182 Element Output Definitions
 Name Definition O R

EL Element number - Y

NODES Nodes - I, J, K, L - Y

MAT Material number - Y

THICK Thickness - Y

VOLU: Volume - Y

XC, YC Location where results are reported Y 3

PRES Pressures P1 at nodes J,I; P2 at K,J; P3 at L,K; P4 at I,L - Y

TEMP Temperatures T(I), T(J), T(K), T(L) - Y

S:X, Y, Z, XY Stresses (SZ = 0.0 for plane stress elements) Y Y

S:1, 2, 3 Principal stresses - Y

S:INT Stress intensity - Y

S:EQV Equivalent stress Y Y

EPEL:X, Y, Z, XY Elastic strains Y Y

EPEL:EQV Equivalent elastic strain [6] Y Y

EPTH:X, Y, Z, XY Thermal strains 2 2

EPTH:EQV Equivalent thermal strain [6] 2 2

EPPL:X, Y, Z, XY Plastic strains[7] 1 1

EPPL:EQV Equivalent plastic strain [6] 1 1

EPCR:X, Y, Z, XY Creep strains 1 1

 Name Definition O R

EPCR:EQV Equivalent creep strains [6] 1 1

EPTO:X, Y, Z, XY Total mechanical strains (EPEL + EPPL + EPCR) Y -

EPTO:EQV Total equivalent mechanical strains (EPEL + EPPL + EPCR) Y -

NL:SEPL Plastic yield stress 1 1

NL:EPEQ Accumulated equivalent plastic strain 1 1

NL:CREQ Accumulated equivalent plastic strain 1 1

NL:SRAT Plastic yielding (1 = actively yielding, 0 = not yielding) 1 1

NL:PLWK Plastic work/volume 1 1

NL:HPRES Hydrostatic pressure 1 1

SEND:ELASTIC, PLASTIC, CREEP Strain energy densities - 1

LOCI:X, Y, Z Integration point locations - 4

SVAR:1, 2, ... , N State variables - 5

1. Nonlinear solution, output only if the element has a nonlinear material, or if

large-deflection effects are enabled (NLGEOM,ON) for SEND.
2. Output only if element has a thermal load.
3. Available only at centroid as a *GET item.
4. Available only if OUTRES,LOCI is used.
5. Available only if the UserMat subroutine and TB,STATE command are used.
6. The equivalent strains use an effective Poisson's ratio: for elastic and thermal
this value is set by the user (MP,PRXY); for plastic and creep this value is set at
0.5.
7. For the shape memory alloy material model, transformation strains are reported
as plasticity strain EPPL.
For axisymmetric solutions in a global coordinate system, the X, Y, Z, and XY stress and
strain outputs correspond to the radial, axial, hoop, and in-plane shear stresses and
strains, respectively.
Table 182.2: PLANE182 Item and Sequence Numbers lists output available
through ETABLEusing the Sequence Number method. See Creating an Element Table in
the Basic Analysis Guideand The Item and Sequence Number Table in this manual for
more information. The following notation is used in Table 182.2: PLANE182 Item and
Sequence Numbers:
Name

output quantity as defined in the Table 182.1: PLANE182 Element Output

Definitions
Item

predetermined Item label for ETABLE

E

sequence number for single-valued or constant element data

I,J,K,L

sequence number for data at nodes I, J, K, L

Table 182.2: PLANE182 Item and Sequence Numbers

Output Quantity Name ETABLE and ESOL Command Input

Item E I J K L

P1 SMISC - 2 1 - -

P2 SMISC - - 4 3 -

P3 SMISC - - - 6 5

P4 SMISC - 7 - - 8

THICK NMISC 1 - - - -

PLANE182 Assumptions and Restrictions

 The area of the element must be nonzero.
  The element must lie in a global X-Y plane as shown
in Figure 182.1: PLANE182 Geometry and the Y-axis must be the axis of
symmetry for axisymmetric analyses. An axisymmetric structure should be
modeled in the +X quadrants.
 You can form a triangular element by defining duplicate K and L node
numbers (seeDegenerated Shape Elements). For triangular elements where
the or enhanced strain formulations are specified, degenerated shape
functions and a conventional integration scheme are used.
 If you use the mixed formulation (KEYOPT(6) = 1), you must use the sparse
solver.
 For modal cyclic symmetry analyses, ANSYS, Inc. recommends using
enhanced strain formulation.
 Stress stiffening is always included in geometrically nonlinear analyses
(NLGEOM,ON). Prestress effects can be activated by
the PSTRES command.
PLANE182 Product Restrictions
There are no product-specific restrictions for this element.

Release 15.0 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved.