Akedah by Tavis Bohlinger PDF

Journal for the study of the Pseudepigrapha
9RO

7KH$XWKRUV5HSULQWVDQG3HUPLVVLRQV
KWWSZZZVDJHSXEFRXN-RXUQDOV3HUPLVVLRQVQDY
'2,

KWWS-63VDJHSXEFRP

7KH$NHGDKLQ3VHXGR3KLOR
$3DUDGLJPRI'LYLQH±+XPDQ5HFLSURFLW\

7$9,6$%2+/,1*(5

'HSDUWPHQWRI7KHRORJ\DQG5HOLJLRQ'XUKDP8QLYHUVLW\$EEH\+RXVH3DODFH
*UHHQ'XUKDP'+/-

$EVWUDFW

3VHXGR3KLOR L.A.B. SUHVHQWV WKH $NHGDK $EUDKDP¶V VDFUL¿FH RI ,VDDF LQ *HQHVLV
LQDXQLTXHPDQQHUFRPSDUHGWRWKHUHVWRIWKH-HZLVKSVHXGHSLJUDSKD1RWRQO\
GRHVWKH$NHGDKHQMR\DJUHDWHUIUHTXHQF\RIUHFROOHFWLRQLQWKLVUHZULWLQJRI,VUDHO¶V
IRXQGDWLRQDO QDUUDWLYH EXW D VSHFLDO SDWWHUQ RI GLYLQH±KXPDQ LQWHUDFWLRQ FDQ EH
GLVFHUQHGWKURXJKH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHWKUHHXQDPELJXRXVUHIHUHQFHVWRWKH$NHGDKLQ
L.A.B. :KLOVW SUHYLRXV VWXGLHV KDYH IRFXVHG RQ WKHVH UHIHUHQFHV SULPDULO\ LQ WKH
FRQWH[WRIDWRQHPHQWWKHRU\WKHSUHVHQWDUWLFOHVHHNVWRDQVZHUDGLIIHUHQWTXHVWLRQ
ZKDWGRHVWKH$NHGDKFRQYH\IRU3VHXGR3KLORDERXWWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRI*RGZLWKKLV
FRYHQDQWSHRSOH"7KLVVWXG\SURSRVHVWKDWWKH$NHGDKUHSUHVHQWVIRU3VHXGR3KLORWKH
SHUIHFWcounterSDUDGLJPWR,VUDHO¶VF\FOHRIVLQDQGMXGJPHQWGUDZQIURP-XGJHVDQG
UHSOLFDWHGLQL.A.B.DQGLVWKXVWKHTXLQWHVVHQWLDOFRYHQDQWSDWWHUQRIGLYLQH±KXPDQ
LQWHUFRXUVH

.H\ZRUGV3VHXGR3KLOR$NHGDK-HZLVKSVHXGHSLJUDSKDFRYHQDQW

Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KH$NHGDKLQD)LUVW&HQWXU\&RQWH[W
$EUDKDP¶V QHDUVDFUL¿FH RI ,VDDF LQ *HQ WUDGLWLRQDOO\
NQRZQDVWKH$NHGDKKDVORQJFDSWXUHGWKHDWWHQWLRQRIWKRVHZKRVH
FXOWXUDODQGUHOLJLRXVLGHQWLW\JHUPLQDWHGLQWKHHYHQWLWVHOIWKH-HZ
LVKSHRSOH*RG¶VGHPDQGWKDW$EUDKDPVDFUL¿FHKLVVRQLQZKRPWKH
SURPLVHVRIEOHVVLQJUHVWHGKDVSUHVHQWHGDSDUDGR[WRJHQHUDWLRQVRI
LQWHUSUHWHUV ZKR \HW ¿QG LQ WKH $NHGDK D VWRU\ RI IDLWK DQG KRSH LQ
*RG7KLVLVFHUWDLQO\WKHFDVHLQWKHPLOLHXRI¿UVWFHQWXU\3DOHVWLQH
ZKHQ WKH YDULRXV VRFLDO FXOWXUDO DQG SROLWLFDO SUHVVXUHV RQ -HZLVK
VHOIXQGHUVWDQGLQJQHFHVVLWDWHGDWZRIROGUHVSRQVHHQJDJHPHQWZLWK
WKRVH RXWVLGH WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQG HQFRXUDJHPHQW WR WKRVH ZLWKLQ
([DPSOHVRIWKHIRUPHULQFOXGH-RVHSKXVDQG3KLORZKRIRXQGLQWKH
$NHGDKDPRGHORIIDLWKWRZDUGV*RGLQRUGHUWRGHPRQVWUDWH-HZLVK
YLUWXHWRWKH*HQWLOHV([DPSOHVRIWKHODWWHUZKRVHLQWHQGHGKHDUHUV
ZHUH WKH -HZLVK FRPPXQLW\ LWVHOI LQFOXGH Jubilees WKH 4XPUDQ
VFULEHV DQG WKH 5DEELV 7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH $NHGDK IRU WKHVH
VRXUFHVLVWKDWLWFRQVWLWXWHVWKHIRXQGDWLRQDOQDUUDWLYHRI*RG¶VUHOD
WLRQVKLS ZLWK KLV FRYHQDQW SHRSOH 2QH ZULWHU IURP WKLV SHULRG
KRZHYHU HPSOR\V WKH $NHGDK LQ DQ H[FHSWLRQDO PDQQHU WKH DXWKRU
NQRZQDV3VHXGR3KLOR

$NHGDKRUaqedahPHDQVµELQGLQJ¶LQWKHRULJLQDO+HEUHZDQGUHIHUVWR,VDDF
EHLQJERXQGE\$EUDKDPEHIRUHKHSODFHGKLPRQWKHDOWDUVHH*HQ
6HH*HUKDUGYRQ5DGGenesis /RQGRQ6&03UHVVUGHGQSS
%UHYDUG6&KLOGVBiblical Theology of the Old and New Testaments /RQGRQ6&0
3UHVV SS 5:0 0REHUO\ The Bible, Theology, and Faith &DP
EULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVSS-RQ'/HYHQVRQThe Death
and Resurrection of the Beloved Son: The Transformation of Child Sacri¿ce in
Judaism and Christianity /RQGRQ<DOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVSS
3HWHU(QQVµ([SDQVLRQVRI6FULSWXUH¶LQ'$&DUVRQ372¶%ULHQDQG0$
6HLIULG HGV The Complexities of Second Temple Judaism , Justi¿cation and
Variegated Nomism 7ELQJHQ 0RKU 6LHEHFN S ZULWHV µ7KLV LV QRW D
ERRN IRU RXWVLGHUV EXW LQVLGHUV WR WKH IDLWK ZKR DUH EHVHW ZLWK FKDOOHQJHV WR WKHLU
FRYHQDQWVWDWXVDQGZKRDUHZDUQHGQRWWRWXUQDZD\¶3KLOLS$OH[DQGHUµ5HWHOOLQJ
WKH 2OG 7HVWDPHQW¶ LQ It Is Written: Scripture Citing Scripture &DPEULGJH &DP
EULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVSDJUHHV)RUKLPL.A.B. µSUHVXSSRVHVWKH%LEOH
DWDQXPEHURISRLQWVDQGZDVHYLGHQWO\PHDQWWREHUHDGE\DQDXGLHQFHZKRNQHZ
WKH%LEOHZHOO¶

%2+/,1*(5The Akedah in Pseudo-Philo
3VHXGR3KLOR¶V+LVWRULFDO&RQWH[WDQGWKH%RRNRI-XGJHV
7KH Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum L.A.B.LV DQ LPSRUWDQW ZLWQHVV
WRHDUO\-HZLVKSHUVSHFWLYHVRQWKHLUIRUPDWLYHKLVWRU\3VHXGR3KLOR
FRPSRVHVDXQLTXHQDUUDWLYHIURP$GDPWRWKHGHDWKRI6DXOHPSOR\
LQJYDULRXVKHUPHQHXWLFDOPRYHVGHVFULEHGE\RQHVFKRODUDVµUHKHDUV
LQJ¶ 7KH ZRUN ZDV DUJXDEO\ ZULWWHQ LQ ¿UVWFHQWXU\ 3DOHVWLQH
SHUKDSVLQWHQGHGIRUXVHLQWKHV\QDJRJXH7KHGDWHRIFRPSRVLWLRQLV

,XVHKHUHLQ+DUULQJWRQ¶VFULWLFDOHGLWLRQRIWKH/DWLQWH[WRIL.A.B.DVIRXQGLQ
& 3HUURW DQG 30 %RJDHUW Pseudo-Philon: Les Antiquités Bibliques 6&
3DULV/HVeGLWLRQVGX&HUIKHUHDIWHU6&RU)RUWKH(QJOLVKWH[W,XVH
+DUULQJWRQ¶VWUDQVODWLRQDVIRXQGLQOTP,,SS
µ3VHXGR3KLOR¶ LV XVHG KHUHLQ WR UHIHU WR WKH DXWKRU RI L.A.B. WKH DFURQ\P LV
XVHGIRUWKHZRUNLWVHOI
)LVN HPSKDVL]HV WKH LPSRUWDQFHRI WKH µVWRU\¶IRU WKHDXWKRU RI3VHXGR3KLOR
:KDW KH PHDQV E\ WKLV LV WKDW WKH DXWKRU FDSLWDOL]HV RQ WKH LQWHUWH[WXDO G\QDPLFV
DOUHDG\SUHVHQWLQWKHELEOLFDOWH[WWRLQWHUSUHWWKDWVDPHWH[WZKLOVWLQWHJUDWLQJORQJ
VWDQGLQJ H[WUDELEOLFDO WUDGLWLRQV DOO XQGHU WKH JXLGLQJ IUDPHZRUN RI *RG¶V
IDLWKIXOQHVVWRKLVSHRSOH3VHXGR3KLOR¶VQDUUDWLYHLVµHLWKHUVHOIHYLGHQWO\GHSHQGHQW
XSRQ WKH XQGHUO\LQJ ELEOLFDO QDUUDWLYH RU KHDYLO\ LQGHEWHG WR VHFRQGDU\ 6FULSWXUH¶
%UXFH 1 )LVN Do You Not Remember? Scripture, Story and Exegesis in the
Rewritten Bible of Pseudo-Philo >6KHI¿HOG6KHI¿HOG$FDGHPLF3UHVV@S
7KHUH LV OLWWOH GRXEW WKDW L.A.B. ZDV RULJLQDOO\ FRPSRVHG LQ +HEUHZ LQ
3DOHVWLQH EHIRUH EHLQJ WUDQVODWHG LQWR *UHHN DQG WKHQ LQWR /DWLQ 6HH WKH VHPLQDO
DUWLFOHE\'DQLHO-+DUULQJWRQµ7KH%LEOLFDO7H[WRI3VHXGR3KLOR¶VLiber Antiquita-
tum Biblicarum¶ CBQ SS 6HH DOVR /RXLV + )HOGPDQ µ3UROHJR
PHQRQ¶LQThe Biblical Antiquities of Philo: Now First Translated from the Old Latin
Version WUDQV05 -DPHV /RQGRQ 63&. UHSU 1HZ<RUN .7$9
SS[[Y[[YLL'DQLHO-+DUULQJWRQThe Hebrew Fragments of Pseudo-Philo’s Liber
Antiquitatum Biblicarum Preserved in the Chronicles of Jerahmeel 0LVVRXOD 07
6%/SS5HJDUGLQJWKH+HEUHZDQG*UHHNVWDJHVRIFRPSRVLWLRQVHHWKH
LQWURGXFWLRQ WR +RZDUG -DFREVRQ A Commentary on Pseudo-Philo’s Liber Antiqui-
tatum Biblicarum with Latin Text and English Translation > YROV /HLGHQ %ULOO
@SS1R+HEUHZRU*UHHNPDQXVFULSWVUHPDLQWKHWZHQW\WKUHHH[WDQW
PDQXVFULSWVDUHLQ/DWLQVHH6&SS-DFREVRQCommentarySS
)HOGPDQµ3UROHJRPHQRQ¶SS[YL[[L
3HUURW SURSRVHV WKDW L.A.B. LV EHVW XQGHUVWRRG DV D FRPSLODWLRQ RI KDJJDGLF
H[KRUWDWLRQV IRU XVH LQ WKH V\QDJRJXH 6& SS )RU D GLYHUJHQW YLHZ
ZKLFK VHHV L.A.B. DV D KLJKO\ OLWHUDU\ WH[W LQWHQGHG IRU HOHYDWHG LQWHOOHFWXDO UHDGHU
VKLS VHH $OH[DQGHU µ5HWHOOLQJ¶ S 6HH IXUWKHU WKH FRPPHQWV E\ -DFRE 0DQQ
UHJDUGLQJ WKH XVH RI *HQ LQ WKH DQFLHQW V\QDJRJXH The Palestinian Triennial
Cycle: Genesis and Exodus YRO RI The Bible as Read and Preached in the Old
Synagogue: A Study in the Cycles of the Readings from Torah and Prophets, as well
as from Psalms, and in the Structure of the Midrashic Homilies >&LQFLQQDWL 2+
-DFRE0DQQ@SS

DPDWWHURIFRQWHPSRUDU\GHEDWHDQGZKLOVWWKHIRFXVRIWKLVDUWLFOHLV
QRW WR VHWWOH WKH LVVXH LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR NHHS LQ PLQG WKH GHOLFDWH
VLWXDWLRQ RI WKH -HZLVK SHRSOH DURXQG &(5HJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU
L.A.B. ZDVZULWWHQEHIRUHRUDIWHUWKHIDOORI-HUXVDOHPWKHQDUUDWLYH
ZDVPHDQWWREROVWHUWKH-HZLVKSHRSOHGXULQJDWLPHLQWKHLUKLVWRU\
ZKHQGRXEWDQGGLVLOOXVLRQPHQWZHUHFORVHDWKDQG
3VHXGR3KLORFHQWHUVKLVQDUUDWLYHRQWKHHYHQWVLQ-XGJHVGUDZLQJ
DFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHHYHQWVRI,VUDHO¶VSDVWDQGWKRVHRIKLVRZQ
GD\,WKDVEHHQREVHUYHGWKDWL.A.B. UHSOLFDWHVWKHF\FOHRIVLQDQG
MXGJPHQW SUHVHQW LQ -XGJHV:LWK VXFK DQ HPSKDVLV RQ WKH LQFUHDV
LQJO\ GLVPDO SHULRG LQ ,VUDHO¶V KLVWRU\ DIWHU WKH GHDWK RI 0RVHV DQG
-RVKXD LW LV QR ZRQGHU WKDW 3VHXGR3KLOR LV VR HPSKDWLF ERWK LQ KLV
FRQGHPQDWLRQ RI LGRODWU\ DQG LQ KLV DGYRFDF\ RI JRRG OHDGHUVKLS

)RUSURSRVDOVRQL.A.B.¶VGDWHRIFRPSRVLWLRQVHH-DFREVRQCommentarySS
-DPHV The Biblical Antiquities of Philo SS )HOGPDQ µ3UROHJR
PHQRQ¶ SS [[YLL[[[L 'DQLHO - +DUULQJWRQ µ3VHXGR3KLOR¶ LQ OTP ,, S
)UHGHULFN-0XUSK\Pseudo-Philo: Rewriting the Bible 2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVVS(PLO6FKUHUThe History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus
Christ (175 B.C.–A.D. 135) YRO,,,RIThe History of the Jewish People in the Age
of Jesus Christ >HG *H]D 9HUPHV )HUJXV 0LOODU DQG 0DUWLQ *RRGPDQ (GLQEXUJK
7 7 &ODUN UHY HGQ @ SS 0LFKDHO :DGVZRUWK µ$ 1HZ ³3VHXGR
3KLOR´¶JJS SS6&S
µ7KHDXWKRU¶VGHFLVLRQWRJLYHH[WHQVLYHWUHDWPHQWWRWKHSHULRGRIWKHMXGJHV
PD\ KDYH EHHQ LQÀXHQFHG E\ WKH IDFW WKDW ERWK GXULQJ WKDW HUD DQG GXULQJ WKH ¿UVW
FHQWXU\ ,VUDHO IRXQG LWVHOI VXEMHFW WR IRUHLJQ RFFXSDWLRQ ZLWK XQVHWWOHG OHDGHUVKLS
DQG ZLWK IRUHLJQ UHOLJLRXV LQÀXHQFHV D GDQJHU« 7KH LVVXH RI KRZ WR FRQIURQW DQG
KDQGOH FULVHV UDLVHG E\ IRUHLJQ KRVWLOLW\ RU E\ WKH SHRSOH¶V QHJOHFW RI 7RUDK ZDV DV
PXFKDPDWWHURIGHEDWHLQWKH¿UVWFHQWXU\-HZLVKVRFLHW\DVLWLVLQ3VHXGR3KLOR¶V
QDUUDWLYH¶0XUSK\Pseudo-PhiloS6HHDOVR)UHGHULFN0XUSK\µ7KH0DUWLDO
2SWLRQLQ3VHXGR3KLOR¶CBQ SS
2Q WKH F\FOH RI VLQ MXGJPHQW UHSHQWDQFH DQG GHOLYHUDQFH LQ -XGJHV VHH
6XVDQ 1LGLWFK Judges: A Commentary 27/ /RXLVYLOOH .< :HVWPLQVWHU -RKQ
.QR[ S 5REHUW % &KLVROP A Commentary on Judges and Ruth .(/
*UDQG 5DSLGV .UHJHO S %DUU\ * :HEE The Book of Judges 1,&27
&DPEULGJH(HUGPDQVS2QWKHUHSOLFDWLRQRIWKLVSDWWHUQLQL.A.B.VHH
*:( 1LFNHOVEXUJ µ7KH %LEOH 5HZULWWHQ DQG ([SDQGHG¶ LQ 0( 6WRQH HG
Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period: Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Qumran
Sectarian Writings, Philo, Josephus 3KLODGHOSKLD)RUWUHVV3UHVVS
2Q WKH WKHPH RI LGRODWU\ LQ L.A.B. VHH )UHGHULFN - 0XUSK\ µ5HWHOOLQJ WKH
%LEOH,GRODWU\LQ3VHXGR3KLOR¶JBL S2QWKHWKHPHRIOHDGHUVKLS
VHH*:(1LFNHOVEXUJµ*RRGDQG%DG/HDGHUVLQ3VHXGR3KLOR¶VLiber Antiquita-

2WKHU GRPLQDQW PRWLIV LQ L.A.B. LQFOXGH *RG¶V VRYHUHLJQ UXOH RYHU
KLVWRU\WKHFHQWUDOLW\RIWKHFRYHQDQWDQGPRUDOFXOSDELOLW\IRUVLQDOO
RIZKLFKFDQEHVXEVXPHGXQGHURQHPHWDWKHPH*RGLVIRUHYHUIDLWK
IXO WR KLV SHRSOH7KLV RIIHUV XV D FOXH DV WR ZK\ WKH $NHGDK DQ
H[DPSOHRIIDLWKIXOREHGLHQFHWR*RGLVUHSHDWHGO\HYRNHGLQDQDUUD
WLYHZKLFKUHSOLFDWHVWKHSDWWHUQRIUHEHOOLRQDQGGHOLYHUDQFHLQ-XGJHV

3VHXGR3KLORDQGWKH$NHGDK
3VHXGR3KLOR LV XQLTXH DPRQJ -HZLVK VRXUFHV IRU KLV PXOWLSOH UHIHU
HQFHVWRWKH$NHGDK\HWVFKRODUVKLSKDVQRWLQYHVWLJDWHGZK\WKLVLV
WKH FDVH7KHUH DUH WKUHH FOHDU UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH $NHGDK LQ 3VHXGR
3KLOR DQG SHUKDSV QXPHURXV DOOXVLRQV QR RWKHU H[DPSOH RI -HZLVK
UHWHOOLQJ RI 6FULSWXUH UHSHDWV WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ )XUWKHUPRUH WKH
$NHGDKGRHVQRWDSSHDULQLWVH[SHFWHGFKURQRORJLFDOORFDWLRQ
,QVWHDG 3VHXGR3KLOR LQWHUMHFWV WKH $NHGDK DV µUHPLQGHUV¶ LQ WKH
VSHHFKHV RI QRWDEOH FKDUDFWHUV *RG HQOLJKWHQV %DODDP

tum Biblicarum¶ LQ *:( 1LFNHOVEXUJ DQG -- &ROOLQV HGV Ideal Figures in
Ancient Judaism: Pro¿les and Paradigms &KLFR&$6FKRODUV3UHVVSS

-DFREVRQCommentarySSZULWHVµ1RPDWWHUKRZPXFKWKH-HZLVK
SHRSOH VXIIHU QR PDWWHU KRZ EOHDN WKH RXWORRN DSSHDUV *RG ZLOO QHYHU FRPSOHWHO\
DEDQGRQKLVSHRSOHDQGLQWKHHQGVDOYDWLRQDQGWULXPSKZLOOEHWKHORWRIWKH-HZV¶
&RPPHQWDWRUV KDYH UHFRJQL]HG WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH $NHGDK IRU 3VHXGR
3KLOR EXW QR VWXG\WR WKLV SRLQW KDV DGGUHVVHGWKH UHDVRQVwhy 3VHXGR3KLOR IHHOV
FRPSHOOHGWRLQWHUMHFWWKH$NHGDKVRRIWHQ,QVWHDGWKH$NHGDKUHIHUHQFHVLQ3VHXGR
3KLORKDYHPRVWO\EHHQHPSOR\HGLQUHFHQWGLVFXVVLRQVRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDWRQH
PHQWWKHRU\LQHDUO\-XGDLVPDQG&KULVWLDQLW\6HH5REHUW-'DO\µ7KH6RWHULRORJLFDO
6LJQL¿FDQFH RI WKH 6DFUL¿FH RI ,VDDF¶ CBQ SS 35 'DYLHV DQG
%'&KLOWRQµ7KH$THGDK$5HYLVHG7UDGLWLRQ+LVWRU\¶CBQ SS
/RXLV + )HOGPDQ µ-RVHSKXV DV D %LEOLFDO ,QWHUSUHWHU 7KH ³$THGDK´¶ JQR
SS*H]D9HUPHVScripture and Tradition in Judaism /HLGHQ%ULOO
QGHGQSS6&SS5RJHU/H'pDXWLa Nuit Pascale
5RPH,QVWLWXW%LEOLTXH3RQWL¿FDOSS%UXFH1)LVNµ2IIHULQJ,VDDF
$JDLQ DQG $JDLQ 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V 8VH RI WKH $THGDK DV ,QWHUWH[W¶ CBQ
SS3DED1LGKDQL'H$QGUDGRThe Akedah Servant Complex: The Soterio-
logical Linkage of Genesis 22 and Isaiah 53 in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian
Writings/HXYHQ3HHWHUVSS
&UHGLW IRU WKLV FRQFHSW RI WKH $NHGDK DV D µUHPLQGHU¶ JRHV WR -RKQ 0*
%DUFOD\LQSHUVRQDOFRUUHVSRQGHQFH
2QWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIGLUHFWGLVFRXUVHWR3VHXGR3KLORVHH0XUSK\Pseudo-
PhiloSS

'HERUDK VLQJV D K\PQ RI SUDLVH DQG -HSKWKDK¶V GDXJKWHU

UHVSRQGV WR KHU IDWKHU¶V GHVSDLU , KDYH FKRVHQ WKHVH WKUHH
SDVVDJHV DV WKH VXEMHFW RI P\ VWXG\ EHFDXVH WKH\ FRQWDLQ WKH RQO\
XQDPELJXRXV UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH $NHGDK LQ L.A.B ,Q HDFK FDVH WKH
$NHGDKLVZRYHQVHDPOHVVO\LQWR3VHXGR3KLOR¶VQDUUDWLYHWDSHVWU\LWV
WKUHDGV H[WHQGLQJ RXWZDUGV DQG DGGLQJ FRORU WR WKH RULJLQDO LPDJH
ERUURZHGIURPWKHELEOLFDOQDUUDWLYH
:KLOVW DOO WKUHH SDVVDJHV DUH H[SOLFLW LQ WKHLU UHIHUHQFH WR WKH
$NHGDK 3VHXGR3KLOR RPLWV D QXPEHU RI GHWDLOV HVVHQWLDO WR RWKHU
-HZLVK VRXUFHV )LUVW WKHUH LV QR PHQWLRQ RI 0RULDK RU WKH SODFH
QDPHµ<DKZHKVHHV¶!:' !#!'*HQ&RQVHTXHQWO\DQ\FRQ
QHFWLRQ WR WKH 7HPSOH 0RXQW DQG WKH FLW\ RI -HUXVDOHP KDV EHHQ
UHPRYHG FI &KURQ 7KLV LV D VWULNLQJ RPLVVLRQ FRQVLGHULQJ
3VHXGR3KLOR¶VSUREDEOHGDWHRIFRPSRVLWLRQFLUFD&(RWKHU-HZLVK
VRXUFHV E\ ZD\ RI FRQWUDVW PDNH PXFK RI WKH ORFDWLRQ 6HFRQG
QRZKHUHLVWKHVXEVWLWXWHUDPPHQWLRQHG*HQ7KH/DWLQZRUG
aries UDP DSSHDUV IRXU WLPHV LQ 3VHXGR3KLOR RQO\ RQH RI WKHVH
LQVWDQFHV PD\ DOOXGH WR WKH $NHGDK7KLV FRQVSLFXRXV RPLV
VLRQ RI WKH UDP LV DV UHPDUNDEOH DV 0RULDK¶V DEVHQFH HVSHFLDOO\
FRQFHUQLQJ WKH DWWHQWLRQ JLYHQ WR WKH DQLPDO LQ ODWHU UDEELQLF ZULW
LQJV$FFRUGLQJWR6SLHJHOµ7KHJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHZKLFKWKH$NHGDK

6HH/HRSROG&RKQµ$Q$SRFU\SKDO:RUN$VFULEHGWR3KLORRI$OH[DQGULD¶
JQR S -DPHV Antiquities S 3DXO 5LHVVOHU Altjüdisches
Schrifttum Außerhald der Bibel 'DUPVWDGW :LVVHQVKFKDIWOLFKH %XFKJHVHOOVFKDIW
S
JubµRQHRIWKHPRXQWDLQV¶µ,WLV0W=LRQ¶-RVHSKXVAnt.
µ0RULDK¶ ŪÉÀÇÅ 3KLOR Abr. µYHU\ ORIW\ KLOO¶ ĨÐ¾ÂÇÌŠÌÇÍ ÁÇÂÑÅÇı
Tg. Ps.-J. RQ *HQ µODQG RI ZRUVKLS¶ 1%+#6 3:+ 6HH HVSHFLDOO\ WKH GLV
FXVVLRQ RI UDEELQLF VRXUFHV LQ 6KDORP 6SLHJHO The Last Trial: On the Legends and
Lore of the Command to Abraham to Offer Isaac as a Sacri¿ce: The Akedah WUDQV
-*ROGLQ1HZ<RUN%HKUPDQ+RXVHSS
L.A.B.
6HH-DFREVRQCommentarySS
$EUDP6SLURµ6DPDULWDQV7RELDGVDQG-XGDKLWHVLQ3VHXGR3KLOR¶Proceed-
ings of the American Academy for Jewish Research SS
6SLURSRLQWVRXWWKDWQRZKHUHLQ3VHXGR3KLORDUHWKHSDWULDUFK¶VVDFUL¿FHVUHFRUGHG
ZKLFK LQ KLV RSLQLRQ HYLGHQFHV SROHPLF DJDLQVW WKH 6DPDULWDQV +LV SRLQW LV ZHOO
DUJXHGEXWUHVWVRQVSHFXODWLYHLQIHUHQFHVLQWKHWH[W3VHXGR3KLORPD\KDYHGLUHFWHG
QXDQFHG SROHPLF DJDLQVW WKH 6DPDULWDQV EXW LW LV XQOLNHO\ WKLV ZDV D GRPLQDQW
FRQFHUQIRURXUDXWKRU

SRVVHVVHVDOUHDG\OHGWKHKDJJDGDKPDVWHUVRIWKHHDUOLHVWJHQHUDWLRQV
WRGHYRWHWKHLUH[HJHWLFDOVNLOOWRWKHWKHPHRIWKHUDPVXEVWLWXWHGIRU
,VDDFWKH\FRXOGQRWUHVWXQWLOWKH\KDGLQFOXGHGLWLQWKHOLVWRIWKLQJV
FUHDWHGRQWKH¿UVW6DEEDWKHYHDWWZLOLJKW¶$OWKRXJKHDUOLHUH[DP
SOHVRIUHZULWWHQ%LEOHGRQRWLQGLFDWHWKHVDPHKHLJKWHQHGLQWHUHVWLQ
WKH UDP DV GR WKH 5DEELV WKH\ QHYHU IDLO WR LQFOXGH LW LQ WKHLU UHWHOO
LQJ7KLUG WKH DQJHO RI WKH /RUG PDNHV QR H[SOLFLW DSSHDUDQFH LQ
3VHXGR3KLOR¶V$NHGDKUHIHUHQFHV7KHDQJHORIWKH/RUGLVDFHQWUDO
FKDUDFWHULQRWKHUQDUUDWLYHSRUWLRQVRI3VHXGR3KLORRIWHQUHFHLYLQJ
DXQLTXHQDPH%XWLQL.A.B.µMHDORXV¶RUµPLQLVWHULQJ¶DQJHOVKDYH
WDNHQ WKH SODFH RI WKH DQJHO RI WKH /RUG 7KHVH RPLVVLRQV VWDQG LQ
VKDUS FRQWUDVW ERWK WR -RVHSKXV¶ QHDUYHUEDWLP UHWHOOLQJ DQG WR WKH
5DEELV¶ORTXDFLRXVGLVFXVVLRQRI¿QHUSRLQWVRIGHWDLOWKH¿UHNQLIH
ZRRGUDPHWF
:H PXVW WKHQ DVN ZKLFK HOHPHQWV RI WKH $NHGDK DUH LQFOXGHG
H[FOXGHGDQGDGGHGE\3VHXGR3KLORLQRUGHUWRDVFHUWDLQZKLFKRQHV
KH ¿QGV LPSRUWDQW DQG WKHQ why 7KH FHQWUDO FKDUDFWHUV UHPDLQ
LQFOXGLQJ *RG $EUDKDP DQG ,VDDF 7KH \RXQJ PHQ KDYH EHHQ
UHPRYHG*HQZKLOVWMHDORXVDQJHOVMRLQWKHFDVWL.A.B.
7KH PDWHULDO GHWDLOV LQFOXGLQJ WKH ¿UH NQLIH DQG ZRRG DUH
JRQH *HQ DV LV WKH µWKLUG GD\¶*HQ \HW L.A.B. PDNHV
WKHUHPDUNDEOHDGGLWLRQRI,VDDF¶VEORRGL.A.B.6RIDUZHKDYH
EHHQFRQVLGHULQJWDQJLEOHVLQWKHQDUUDWLYHERWKSHRSOHDQGWKLQJVDV
WKRXJK VXUYH\LQJ D VWDJH WR HQVXUH WKH ULJKW DFWRUV DQG SURSV DUH
SUHVHQW%XW3VHXGR3KLORLVFDUHIXOWRUHWDLQDQGDGGSDUWLFXODUnon
WDQJLEOHV*RG¶VGHPDQG$EUDKDP¶VMR\,VDDF¶VZLOOLQJQHVVQDPHO\

6SLHJHOTrialSS6HHDOVR0DQQSynagogueS
Jub ZKHUH WKH UDP LV PHQWLRQHG LPPHGLDWHO\ VXEVHTXHQW WR 0DV
WHPDK¶V KXPLOLDWLRQ -RVHSKXV Ant. 3KLOR Abr. LPSOLHG LQ Ìġ
»ľÉÇÅ :RUWK QRWLQJ LV WKDW WKH UDP LV OLNHZLVH RPLWWHG IURP &KULVWLDQ DOOXVLRQV WR
WKH$NHGDKFI5RP+HE-DV
7KHGLYLQHQDPHKDVEHHQFDSLWDOL]HGRQO\LQFLWDWLRQVRIWKHELEOLFDOWH[W
L.A.B. 6HHDOVR6&
SS0XUSK\Pseudo-PhiloS
)HOGPDQµ3UROHJRPHQRQ¶SS[OYLLL[OL[FRUUHODWHVHDFKRIWKHVHFDVHVWRWKH
DUFKDQJHO*DEULHOLQGLFDWLQJDSRVVLEOHOLQNEHWZHHQL.A.B. DQGWKH'HDG6HD6FUROOV
,Q 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V $NHGDK UHIHUHQFHV KRZHYHU WKH DQJHO RI WKH /RUG LV QRW RQO\
XQQDPHGEXWFRPSOHWHO\DEVHQW

WKHDFWLRQVRIWKHFKDUDFWHUVWRZDUGVRQHDQRWKHU3VHXGR3KLORVHHPV
LQWHQWWRUHPLQGKLVKHDUHUVRIWKHZD\*RGHQJDJHGZLWKWKHIDWKHUV
DW WKH HYHQW ZKLFK FHPHQWHG WKHLU H[LVWHQFH ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV the
Akedah is important to Pseudo-Philo because it is paradigmatic of
how God interacts with his covenant people 0\ TXHVWLRQ WKHQ LV
WKXV ZKDW GR WKH WKUHH H[SOLFLW UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH $NHGDK LQ 3VHXGR
3KLORFRQYH\DERXWWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ*RGDQGKLVSHRSOH"

0HWKRGRORJ\
,Q RUGHU WR DQVZHU WKLV TXHVWLRQ , KDYH DGRSWHG D VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG
PHWKRGRORJ\)LUVWWKHSULPDU\WH[WLQ(QJOLVKLVFLWHGIRUWKHVDNHRI
WKHUHDGHU¶VIDPLOLDULW\ZLWKWKHFRQWH[WDQGFRQWHQWRIHDFKSDVVDJH
1H[W , XQGHUJR DQ H[HJHWLFDO VWXG\ RI HDFK SDVVDJH 7KH H[HJHVLV
LQYROYHV ORFDWLQJ WKH SDVVDJH LQ LWV FRQWH[W ERWK ZLWKLQ WKH JUHDWHU
QDUUDWLYHDQGLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHU-HZLVKVRXUFHVLQFOXGLQJWKH
2OG 7HVWDPHQW 4XPUDQ -RVHSKXV 3KLOR Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
DQG RWKHU UDEELQLF VRXUFHV DQG WKH 1HZ 7HVWDPHQW 7KHVH FRPSDUL
VRQV KHOS WR KLJKOLJKW LPSRUWDQW QXDQFHV RI 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V QDUUDWLYH
FUHDWLYLW\ DQG LOOXPLQDWH KLV WKHPDWLF HPSKDVHV )LQDOO\ , XQGHUWDNH
DQ DQDO\VLV RI SURPLQHQW PRWLIV IRXQG LQ HDFK RI WKH WKUHH SDVVDJHV
$V ZLOO EHFRPH FOHDU 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V LQWHUMHFWLRQ RI WKH $NHGDK
VHUYHV DV D FURVVURDGV IRU WKH GRPLQDQW PRWLIV LQ KLV QDUUDWLYH DV D
ZKROH :KDW UHPDLQV WR EH VHHQ LV ZKDW 3VHXGR3KLOR LQWHQGV WR
FRQYH\IURPWKHHYHQWDERXW*RGDQG,VUDHO

,DPGH¿QLQJWKHWHUPµKLVSHRSOH¶LQWKHVHQVHLQZKLFK3VHXGR3KLORZRXOG
KDYH OLNHO\ XQGHUVWRRG LW PHPEHUV RI WKH -HZLVK FRPPXQLW\ ZKRVH UHODWLRQVKLS WR
*RGZDVEDVHGRQWKHFRYHQDQWSURPLVHVWRWKHIDWKHUV,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHWKDW
WKH /DWLQ HPSOR\V RQO\ testamentum ZKHQ UHIHUULQJ WR WKH FRYHQDQW DQG QHYHU WKH
DOWHUQDWLYHV conventus conditio foedus RU pactum $OWKRXJK WKH ZRUG testamentum
GRHV QRW DSSHDU LQ DQ\ RI WKH WKUHH SDVVDJHV H[DPLQHG LQ WKLV DUWLFOH WKHUH LV HYHU\
LQGLFDWLRQWKDW3VHXGR3KLORDVVRFLDWHGWKH$NHGDKZLWKWKHFRQFHSWRIµFRYHQDQW¶,Q
IRUH[DPSOHWKHUHIHUHQFHWR$EUDKDP¶VEHLQJOLIWHGµDERYHWKH¿UPDPHQW¶KDV
EHHQ QRWHG E\ PRVW VFKRODUV DV DQ HPEHOOLVKPHQW RI *HQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH
RULJLQDOFRYHQDQWZLWK$EUDKDP-DFREVRQCommentaryS


%DODDP¶V(QOLJKWHQPHQWL.A.B.

3ULPDU\7H[W

,QWKDWWLPH0RVHVNLOOHG6LKRQDQG2JWKHNLQJVRIWKH$PRULWHVDQG
KHKDQGHGRYHUDOOWKHLUODQGWRKLVRZQSHRSOHDQGWKH\GZHOOHGLQLW
1RZ %DODN ZDV NLQJ RI 0RDE DQG ZDV OLYLQJ RSSRVLWH WKHP DQG KH
ZDVYHU\PXFKDIUDLG$QGKHVHQWWR%DODDPWKHVRQRI%HRUWKHLQWHU
SUHWHURIGUHDPVZKROLYHGLQ0HVRSRWDPLDDQGFRPPDQGHGKLPVD\LQJ
µ%HKROG,NQRZWKDWLQWKHUHLJQRIP\IDWKHU=LSSRUZKHQWKH$PRULWHV
IRXJKWKLP\RXFXUVHGWKHPDQGWKH\ZHUHKDQGHGRYHUEHIRUHKLP$QG
QRZFRPHDQGFXUVHWKLVSHRSOHEHFDXVHWKH\DUHWRRPDQ\IRUXVDQG,
ZLOOGR\RXJUHDWKRQRU¶
$QG%DODDPVDLGµ%HKROGWKLVKDVJLYHQSOHDVXUHWR%DODNEXWKHGRHV
QRWNQRZWKDWWKHSODQRI*RGLVQRWOLNHWKHSODQRIPDQ1RZKHGRHVQRW
UHDOL]HWKDWWKHVSLULWWKDWLVJLYHQWRXVLVJLYHQIRUDWLPH%XWRXUZD\V
DUH QRW VWUDLJKW XQOHVV *RG ZLVKHV LW $QG QRZ ZDLW KHUH DQG , ZLOO VHH
ZKDWWKH/RUGPD\VD\WRPHWKLVQLJKW¶
$QG *RG VDLG WR KLP E\ QLJKW µ:KR DUH WKH PHQ ZKR KDYH FRPH WR
\RX"¶ $QG %DODDP VDLG µ:K\ /25' GR \RX WU\ WKH KXPDQ UDFH" 7KH\
FDQQRWHQGXUHLWEHFDXVH\RXNQRZZHOOZKDWLVWRKDSSHQLQWKHZRUOG
HYHQEHIRUH\RXIRXQGHGLW$QGQRZHQOLJKWHQ\RXUVHUYDQWLILWEHULJKW
WRJRIRUWKZLWKWKHP¶
$QG KH VDLG WR KLP µ,V LW QRW UHJDUGLQJ WKLV SHRSOH WKDW , VSRNH WR
$EUDKDP LQ D YLVLRQ VD\LQJ ³<RXU VHHG ZLOO EH OLNH WKH VWDUV RI WKH
KHDYHQ´ ZKHQ , OLIWHG KLP DERYH WKH ¿UPDPHQW DQG VKRZHG KLP WKH
DUUDQJHPHQWVRIDOOWKHVWDUV"$QG,GHPDQGHGKLVVRQDVDKRORFDXVW$QG
KHEURXJKWKLPWREHSODFHGRQWKHDOWDUEXW,JDYHKLPEDFNWRKLVIDWKHU
DQGEHFDXVHKHGLGQRWUHIXVHKLVRIIHULQJZDVDFFHSWDEOHEHIRUHPHDQG
RQ DFFRXQW RI KLV EORRG , FKRVHWKHP $QG WKHQ, VDLGWR WKHDQJHOV ZKR
ZRUNVHFUHWO\³'LG,QRWVD\UHJDUGLQJWKLVµ,ZLOOUHYHDOHYHU\WKLQJ,DP
GRLQJWR$EUDKDP
DQGWR-DFREKLVVRQWKHWKLUGRQHZKRP,FDOOHG¿UVWERUQZKRZKHQ
KHZDVZUHVWOLQJLQWKHGXVWZLWKWKHDQJHOZKRZDVLQFKDUJHRIK\PQV
ZRXOG QRW OHW KLP JR XQWLO KH EOHVVHG KLP¶ ´ $QG GR \RX SURSRVH WR JR

IRUWKZLWKWKHPWRFXUVHZKRP,KDYHFKRVHQ"%XWLI\RXFXUVHWKHPZKR
ZLOOEHWKHUHWREOHVV\RX"¶

([HJHVLV
7KH IRFXV RI WKH SUHYLRXV QLQH FKDSWHUV LQ L.A.B. KDV EHHQ 0RVHV
LQFOXGLQJ KLV SURYLGHQWLDO ELUWK KLV LQWHUFHVVRU\ UROH LQ WKH
([RGXV6LQDLDQGWKH*ROGHQ&DOIGLVDVWHU
0RVHV¶ SHUVRQDO LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK *RG LV IRUHJURXQGHG DV WKH
SHRSOHZDQGHULQWKHZLOGHUQHVV7KHGLJUHVVLRQ
WR %DODDP
LV D QRWHZRUWK\ PDQHXYHU HVSHFLDOO\ FRQVLGHULQJ 0RVHV¶
LPSRUWDQFH IRU 3VHXGR3KLOR :KLOVW FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH ELEOLFDO

QDUUDWLYH LQ 1XPEHUV 3VHXGR3KLOR LV KLJKO\ VHOHFWLYH RI ZKDW
PDWHULDO WR LQFRUSRUDWH RU WR H[FOXGH %HWZHHQ ,VUDHO¶V IDLOHG ¿UVW
DWWHPSW WR HQWHU &DQDDQ DQG WKH VWRU\ RI %DODDP 3VHXGR3KLOR
LQFOXGHV RQO\ .RUDK¶V UHEHOOLRQ DQG WKH VHOHFWLRQ RI WKH SULHVWV YLD
DOPRQG URGV VHH *HQ 3VHXGR3KLOR WKXV LJQRUHV WKH
HYHQWV RI 1XPEHUV 0LULDP¶V GHDWK 1XP 0RVHV¶ VLQ DQG
FRQGHPQDWLRQ DW .DGHVK 1XP DQG $DURQ¶V GHDWK RQ
0RXQW+RU1XP3HUKDSVPRUHWHOOLQJLVWKHGLVDSSHDU
DQFHRIDQ\OHJDOPDWHULDO1XPDWHDFKRIWKHVHLQVWDQFHV
LQWKH2OG7HVWDPHQWQDUUDWLYH*RGKLPVHOIVSHDNV,QL.A.B.*RG
XWWHUVQHZZRUGVWKDWH[SODLQKLVDFWLRQVRQEHKDOIRI,VUDHO
&RQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH ELEOLFDO QDUUDWLYH FK RSHQV ZLWK ,VUDHO
µWDNLQJ SRVVHVVLRQ RI¶ habitaverunt HQHP\ ODQG DIWHU D QXPEHU RI
NH\PLOLWDU\YLFWRULHVVHH1XP3VHXGR3KLORFRQVROLGDWHV

,WLVWKXVXQFOHDUZK\1LFNHOVEXUJµ/HDGHUV¶SH[FOXGHV%DODDPIURPKLV
DQDO\VLV RI 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V OHDGHUV ZKLOVW RWKHU QRQ,VUDHOLWHV $RG DUH LQFOXGHG
&HUWDLQO\ %DODDP¶V VWDWXV LV HOHYDWHG ZKHQFRPSDUHG WR RWKHUFKDUDFWHUV LQ 3VHXGR
3KLOR E\ YLUWXH RI KLV WLWOH RI µVHUYDQW¶ D WLWOH XVXDOO\ UHVHUYHG IRU DSSUR
SULDWH GHVLJQHHV LH $EUDKDP 0RVHV WKH JRGO\ RSSRQHQWV RI -DLU
3KLQHKDV DQG WKH IDWKHUV KLV GLUHFW VSHHFK ZLWK *RG DQG
KLVZLOOLQJQHVVWRREH\*RG9HUPHVScriptureSYLHZV%DODDPSRVLWLYHO\
DVµKDUGO\UHFRJQL]DEOHDVWKHVDPHSHUVRQ7KLV%DODDPGRHVQRWKDWH,VUDHOKDVQR
SDVVLRQ IRU PRQH\ DQG IHHOV QR VSHFLDO V\PSDWK\ IRU WKH FDXVH RI 0RDE¶ LQ PRVW
RWKHU-HZLVKZULWLQJVWKHUHLVDQRWDEOHELDVDJDLQVWKLP)HOGPDQµ3UROHJRPHQRQ¶
SFLVOLNHZLVHIDYRUDEOHWR%DODDPEXW3HUURW6&SSVHHVDQLQLWLDO
HQGRUVHPHQWWKDWTXLFNO\WXUQVVRXU
3VHXGR3KLOR¶V FRQFHUQ WR SRUWUD\ WKH OHDGHUV RI ,VUDHO DV PRGHOV RI ZLOOLQJ
REHGLHQFH WR *RG PD\ KDYH LQÀXHQFHG WKLV RPLVVLRQ 6HH 1LFNHOVEXUJ µ/HDGHUV¶
SS
,Q IDFW DOO RI WKH OHJDO PDWHULDO LQ 1XPEHUV DQG ([RGXV LV RPLWWHG IURP
3VHXGR3KLOR¶V QDUUDWLYH RQO\ ([RG WKH 7HQ &RPPDQGPHQWV LV UHWDLQHG 7KH
PDMRULW\RI/HYLWLFXVDQG'HXW±LVDOVRRPLWWHG
µ*RG LV UHDOO\ WKH SULQFLSDO FKDUDFWHU DQG WKH QDUUDWLYH PDNHV OLEHUDO XVH RI
*RG¶VZRUGV7KHUHDGHUIUHTXHQWO\KHDUV*RGVSHDNDQGHYHQKHDUV*RG¶VWKRXJKWV
2QH DOVR KHDUV *RG KROGLQJ FRQYHUVDWLRQV ZLWK WKH SHRSOH RI ,VUDHO ZLWK SDUWLFXODU
FKDUDFWHUVDQGZLWKDQJHOVDQGVWDUV*RGLVWKHPRVWUHOLDEOHFRPPHQWDWRURQHYHU\
WKLQJ¶ )UHGHULFN - 0XUSK\ µ'LYLQH 3ODQ +XPDQ 3ODQ $ 6WUXFWXULQJ 7KHPH LQ
3VHXGR3KLOR¶JQR >@S7KXVµWKHUHDGHUFDQNQRZ*RG¶VPRWLYDWLRQV
EHWWHUIURPUHDGLQJ3VHXGR3KLORWKDQIURPUHDGLQJWKH%LEOH¶)UHGHULFN-0XUSK\
µ*RGLQ3VHXGR3KLOR¶JSJPHRP >@S

1XPEHUVLQWRRQHVHQWHQFHµ0RVHVVPRWH6LKRQDQG2J«DQGKH
DSSRUWLRQHGDOOWKHLUODQGWRKLVSHRSOHDQGWKH\GZHOOHGLQLW¶
,VUDHO KDV EHHQ RQ WKH PRYH VLQFH WKH ([RGXV EXW WKHLU
PLOLWDU\ VXFFHVVHV JUDQW WKHP WKH OX[XU\ RI VHWWOLQJ PRPHQWDULO\
7KLVKRZHYHUPDNHVWKHPDGDQJHURXVWKUHDWWRWKHLUQHZQHLJKERU
%DODNNLQJRI0RDEZKRUHFUXLWV%DODDPWRµFRPHDQGFXUVH¶veni
et maledic,VUDHO7KHFRQWH[WRIFXUVLQJDQGEOHVVLQJLQGLFDWHV
WKDWWKHGDQJHUWR,VUDHOLVQRWPHUHO\PLOLWDU\DJJUHVVLRQVLQFHWKH\
KDYH SUHYLRXVO\ SURYHG WKHLU PHWWOH DJDLQVW SRZHUIXO DUPLHV
,QVWHDGWKHUHLVDUHDOVHQVHWKDWWKHEOHVVLQJZKLFK*RGKDVSURPLVHG
WR,VUDHOWKURXJKWKHFRYHQDQWVLVXQGHUWKUHDWDIHDUYRLFHGHDUOLHUE\
WKH SHRSOH DW WKH 5HG 6HD <HW %DODN LV IRROLVK DFFRUGLQJ WR
%DODDP WR WKLQN KH FDQ UHPRYH WKH FRYHQDQW EOHVVLQJV WKURXJK D
FRXQWHUFXUVHRUWKDWKHFDQEX\*RG¶VFRYHQDQWIDYRUWKURXJK
H[FHVVLYHEXUQWRIIHULQJV%DODDP¶VUHVSRQVHWR%DODNLVD
WKUHHIROGZDUQLQJ*RG¶VSODQVGLIIHUIURPSHRSOH¶VKXPDQVSLULWLV
JLYHQRQO\WHPSRUDOO\DQGWKHZD\VRIDKXPDQEHLQJDUHFRPSOHWHO\
GHWHUPLQHG E\ *RG¶V ZLVKHV 7KHVH DGGLWLRQV WR WKH ELEOLFDO
UHFRUGSURYLGHIXUWKHULQVLJKWLQWR3VHXGR3KLOR¶VWKHRORJ\GLVFXVVHG
EHORZ
%DODDP WKHQ DVNV *RG ZK\ KH WHVWV WKH KXPDQ UDFH 7KH
WKHPH RI WHVWLQJ LV WKXV JLYHQ D XQLYHUVDO VFRSH QRW OLPLWHG WR
$EUDKDP¶VRU,VDDF¶VSHUVRQDOWULDO$OWKRXJKWKHFRQFHSWRI*RG¶V
IRUHNQRZOHGJHLVUHSHDWHGWKHFRQQHFWLRQWRKXPDQNLQG¶VLQDELOLW\WR
HQGXUH *RG¶V WHVWLQJ LV QRW H[SODLQHG %DODDP D VHOISURFODLPHG
VHUYDQW RI *RG servum tuum UHFHLYHV D SRVLWLYH UHVSRQVH WR KLV
UHTXHVWIRUµHQOLJKWHQPHQW¶illumina servum tuumWKLVFRPHVLQWKH
IRUPRIDUHPLQGHURIWKH$NHGDK
*RG¶VUHFROOHFWLRQRIWKH$NHGDKLQLVFRQFLVH*RGSURPLVHG
SURJHQ\ WR $EUDKDP *RG GHPDQGHG ,VDDF DV D EXUQW RIIHULQJ
$EUDKDP REH\HG ,VDDF ZDV UHWXUQHG WR $EUDKDP WKH RIIHULQJ ZDV
GHHPHGDFFHSWDEOHEHFDXVHRI$EUDKDP¶VZLOOLQJQHVV,VDDF¶VµEORRG¶
LV D UHDVRQ IRU ,VUDHO¶V HOHFWLRQ pro sanguine eius elegi istos $Q

µnon ita est consilium Dei sicut consilium himinis. Ipse autem non novit,
quoniam spiritus qui nobis datus est in tempore datus est, vie autem nostre non sunt
directe nisi velit Deus¶6HH0XUSK\µ'LYLQH3ODQ+XPDQ3ODQ¶SS
3VHXGR3KLOR FLWHV *HQ YHUEDWLP &I *HQ
HWDO

LQWHUHVWLQJDGGLWLRQLV*RG¶VUHEXNHRIWKHDQJHOVDWWKHHQGRID
FRQFHSW ZKLFK LV HODERUDWHG XSRQ LQ 'HERUDK¶V K\PQ 7KH
WHUVH PDQQHU RI UHFROOHFWLRQ RI WKH $NHGDK LQ WKRXJK PXFK
VKRUWHU WKDQ WKH ELEOLFDO QDUUDWLYH LQ *HQHVLV UHYHDOV PXFK DERXW
3VHXGR3KLOR¶VFRQFHSWRI*RG¶VUHODWLRQVKLSWRKLVSHRSOHZKLFKZH
ZLOOQRZH[DPLQH

7KHPDWLF$QDO\VLV
,QWURGXFWLRQ ,Q ZKDW IROORZV ZH ZLOO H[DPLQH KRZ 3VHXGR
3KLOR¶V QDUUDWLYH HPSKDVL]HV FHUWDLQ PRWLIV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH UHODWLRQ
VKLSEHWZHHQ*RGDQG,VUDHO:HDUHDIIRUGHGDVSHFLDOYDQWDJHSRLQW
LQEHFDXVH*RGGHVFULEHVWKH$NHGDKin his own words7KLVLV
XQLTXHQRWRQO\WRWKHRWKHU$NHGDKUHIHUHQFHVLQ3VHXGR3KLORLQQR
RWKHUFRQWHPSRUDU\-HZLVKRUODWHUUDEELQLFVRXUFHGRHV*RGKLPVHOI
UHIHUWRWKH$NHGDKLQWKHVWRU\RI%DODDP

'LYLQH 3URYLGHQFH *RG¶V SURYLGHQFH LV D NH\ PRWLI LQ WKH
%DODDP DFFRXQW H[HPSOL¿HG LQ WKH $NHGDK UHIHUHQFH 'LYLQH SURYL
GHQFH LV VHHQ LQ *RG¶V EOHVVLQJ RI KLV SHRSOH DQG KLV LQLWLDWLYH RQ
WKHLU EHKDOI *RG¶V EOHVVLQJ LV VR LQWULQVLF WR KLV UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK
,VUDHO WKDW KH ZDUQV %DODDP RI WKH GDQJHU RI FXUVLQJ ,VUDHO KH ZLOO
IRUIHLW DQ\ SRVVLELOLW\ RI EHLQJ EOHVVHG KLPVHOI ,QGHHG WKRVH ZKR
EOHVV,VUDHODUHEOHVVHGWKRVHZKRFXUVHWKHPDUHOLNHZLVHFXUVHGVHH
*HQ*RG¶VSODFHDVWKHFHQWUDOFKDUDFWHULQWKH$NHGDK
LV LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH YHUEV KH XVHV WR GHVFULEH KLV SHUVRQDO DFWLYLW\ µ,
VSRNH dicens«, OLIWHG levavi«, VKRZHG ostendi«, GHPDQGHG
petii«, JDYH reddidi«, FKRVH elegi«, VDLG dixi¶ 7KLV KLJK
OLJKWV *RG¶V GLUHFW LQYROYHPHQW RQ EHKDOI RI KLV SHRSOH KH LV WKH
µSULPHPRYHU¶LQ,VUDHO¶VKLVWRU\IURPWKHEHJLQQLQJ

2IWHQ LQ WKH SVHXGHSLJUDSKD DQG UDEELQLF VRXUFHV $EUDKDP DQG ,VDDF DUH
JLYHQ DGGLWLRQDO GLDORJXH VHH 6SLHJHO Trial SS EXW UDUHO\ LI HYHU *RG
Jubilees PD\ EH DQ H[FHSWLRQ VLQFH WKH DQJHO RI WKH /RUG VSHDNV WR $EUDKDP EXW
WKHUH DUH WZR LPSRUWDQW GLIIHUHQFHV )LUVW LQ Jub WKHUH LV D FOHDU GLVWLQFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ WKH DQJHO ZKR VWDQGV EHIRUH $EUDKDP DQG WKH /RUG ZKR VSHDNV IURP
KHDYHQ6HFRQGLQJubilees WKHDQJHOVSHDNVWR$EUDKDPDVDFKDUDFWHUpresent ZLWKLQ
WKH QDUUDWLYH LQ 3VHXGR3KLOR *RG VSHDNV WR %DODDP DERXW KLV past DFWLRQV DQG
LQWHQWLRQV
6HH-DFREVRQCommentarySRQWKHGRPLQDQWWKHPHRI*RG¶VGLUHFWLQJ
RIDOORIKLVWRU\

'LYLQH 6RYHUHLJQW\ *RG¶V JLYLQJ RI JLIWV DQG KLV GHPDQGLQJ
WKHP EDFN DUH VXEVXPHG XQGHU WKH PRWLI RI GLYLQH VRYHUHLJQW\ 7KH
UHFROOHFWLRQ RI *RG¶V RULJLQDO SURPLVH WR EOHVV $EUDKDP¶V GHVFHQ
GDQWVOLNHWKHVWDUVRIKHDYHQVHH*HQLVLPPHGLDWHO\IROORZHG
E\ KLV GHPDQG IRU $EUDKDP¶V VRQ *HQ 3VHXGR3KLOR MXPSV
IURPWKHLQLWLDWLRQRIWKHFRYHQDQWWRLWVFRQVXPPDWLQJHYHQW*RG¶V
SURYLVLRQHQWDLOVQRWRQO\WKHJLYLQJRIJRRGWKLQJVEXWDOVRKLVSUH
URJDWLYHWRDVNIRUWKHLUUHWXUQVHH-RE%DODDPTXHVWLRQV
WKLV ULJKW ZKHUHXSRQ KLV WKUHH SUHFHGLQJ DI¿UPDWLRQV RI *RG¶V
VRYHUHLJQW\ LQ DUH SXW WR WKH WHVW)LUVW %DODDP PDLQWDLQV WKDW
*RG¶VSODQVDQGKXPDQSODQVGLIIHU,PSOLFLWLQWKLVVWDWHPHQWLVWKH
SULRULW\ RI *RG¶V ZLOO (YHQ LI %DODN ZLVKHV ,VUDHO FXUVHG WKH
UHFLSLHQWRIGLYLQHSURYLVLRQLVFRQWLQJHQWXSRQ*RG¶VGHVLJQ6HFRQG
OLIHLWVHOILVDJLIWIURP*RG%DODDPDI¿UPVWKDWWKHKXPDQVSLULWµLV
JLYHQIRUDWLPH¶spiritus qui nobis datus est in tempore datus est,Q
RWKHU ZRUGV *RG SURYLGHV OLIH RQO\ WHPSRUDOO\ DQG GHSHQGHQW XSRQ
KLVRZQZLOO)LQDOO\%DODDPVSHDNVRI*RG¶VVRYHUHLJQW\+XPDQLW\
LV UHOLDQW XSRQ *RG IRU KLV ZD\V WR EH µPDGH VHFXUH¶ *RG GRHV QRW
MXVW know ZKHWKHU D SHUVRQ¶V ZD\V ZLOO SURVSHU KH causes WKHP WR
VXFFHHG RU IDLO E\ KLV GLYLQH LQLWLDWLYH vie autem nostre non sunt
directe nisi velit Deus 7KH SULRULW\ RI *RG¶V SODQV KLV SUHURJDWLYH
RYHUOLIHDQGKLVFRQWURORYHUDOOWKDWKDSSHQVDUHWKHPHVLQWULQVLFWR
WKH ELEOLFDO $NHGDK :KLOVW *HQHVLV OHDYHV WKHVH SRLQWV LPSOLFLW
3VHXGR3KLOR YRFDOL]HV WKHP WKURXJK %DODDP ZKR JLYHV WKHP D

,W LV UHPDUNDEOH WKDW %DODDP D SRZHUIXO HQHP\ RI ,VUDHO ERWK TXHVWLRQV
*RG¶V WHVWLQJ DQG DVVHUWV KLV IRUHNQRZOHGJH EHIRUH FUHDWLRQ VHH ,VD
3VV 3HW Avot 5DEELQLF SRUWUD\DOV RI %DODDP DUH
TXLWHQHJDWLYHEHFDXVHWKH\VHHKLPIDLOLQJDµWHVW¶RI*RG¶VRPQLVFLHQFH-DFREVRQ
Commentary S VHHV %DODDP¶V EHLQJ WHVWHG RQ KLV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI *RG¶V
omniscience EXW WKLV FRQFOXVLRQ UHOLHV RQ SDUDOOHOV ZLWK 0LGUDVKLF WH[WV ZKLFK
GLYHUJH IURP 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI %DODDP¶V VSHHFK DQG FKDUDFWHU 7KH
FRQWH[WRIFKSRLQWVWRDPRUHSRVLWLYHXQGHUVWDQGLQJ)HOGPDQµ3UROHJRPHQRQ¶
S FL %DODDP SDVVHV D WHVW RI *RG¶V sovereignty ,QGHHG µ%DODDP¶V DQVZHU
DFFRUGLQJWRSV3KLORLVLGHQWLFDOZLWKWKHRQHKHRXJKWWRKDYHJLYHQDFFRUGLQJWR
WKH 5DEELV¶ /RXLV *LQ]EHUJ Legends of the Jews > YROV 3KLODGHOSKLD -HZLVK
3XEOLFDWLRQ6RFLHW\@9,S
7KLVDI¿UPDWLRQLVSURPLQHQWLQWKHELEOLFDOSURSKHWV,VD(]HN
3VVDQGRWKHUFRQWHPSRUDU\-HZLVKDXWKRUV5RP3VHXGR3KLOR
LVOLNHZLVHWDNLQJKLVFXHIURPELEOLFDOVRXUFHVLQVD\LQJWKDW*RG¶VZD\VDUHLQVFUXW
DEOHHYHQZKHQWKH\VHHPIURPDKXPDQSHUVSHFWLYHRXWRIOLQHZLWKKLVFKDUDFWHU

XQLYHUVDODSSOLFDWLRQEH\RQG$EUDKDPut quid Domine temptas genus

hominum)RUKLPWKH$NHGDKLVSDUDGLJPDWLFRIWKHLQWHUSOD\
EHWZHHQ*RG¶VVRYHUHLJQW\DQGKXPDQPRUWDOLW\

7KH&RYHQDQWDQG(OHFWLRQ*RG¶VUHFROOHFWLRQRIWKH$NHGDK
LQ DOVR VWUHVVHV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH FRYHQDQW LQ WHUPV RI
HOHFWLRQ,QUHPLQGLQJ%DODDPRIWKH$NHGDKKHHPSKDVL]HV,VUDHO¶V
FKRVHQQHVV DW WKH HYHQW ZKLFK FRQ¿UPHG WKH FRYHQDQW,QGHHG WKH
IDLWKIXOQHVVRI*RGWRGLVREHGLHQW,VUDHOLVDQFKRUHGLQWKHSURPLVHVWR
WKHIDWKHUV(YHQLI%DODDPGRHVGHI\*RGDQGFXUVHWKHSHRSOHWKHLU
FRYHQDQWVWDWXVLVXQFKDQJHG*RGZLOOUHPDLQIDLWKIXOWRKLVGHFLVLRQ
WRFKRRVH$EUDKDP¶VVHHG)LVNZULWHVµ,VUDHO¶VEOHVVLQJIRU3VHXGR
3KLOR FRQVLVWV RI WKH LUUHYRFDELOLW\ RI KHU HOHFWLRQ¶0XUSK\ FRP
PHQWV µ$V XVXDO 3VHXGR3KLOR ORFDWHV WKH EDVLV IRU *RG¶V SUHVHQW
SURWHFWLRQ RI ,VUDHO LQ WKH SDVW ,W >sic@ LV GXH WR *RG¶V UHODWLRQVKLS
ZLWKWKHIDWKHUV¶%DODDPPXVWQRWIRUJHW*RG¶VVSHFLDOUHODWLRQVKLS
ZLWK ,VUDHO RI ZKLFK WKH $NHGDK LV WKH SUHPLVH WKH IRXQWDLQKHDG RI
WKHLUDELGLQJSURWHFWLRQDQGEOHVVLQJ
:H UHDG KRZHYHU WKDW *RG FKRVH ,VUDHO µLQ UHWXUQ IRU KLV EORRG¶
pro sanguine eius elegi istos<HWHOVHZKHUH3VHXGR3KLORPDNHVLW
FOHDU WKDW *RG FKRVH ERWK WKH QDWLRQ RI ,VUDHO DQG $EUDKDP SULRU WR
,VDDF¶VVDFUL¿FHVHH7KHFRYHQDQWKDGDOUHDG\EHHQPDGH

2Q WKH µVHDOLQJ¶ IXQFWLRQ RI ,VDDF¶V VDFUL¿FH VHH 5REHUW &7 +D\ZDUG
Targums and the Transmission of Scripture into Judaism and Christianity /HLGHQ
%ULOO6&S-6ZHWQDPJesus and Isaac: A Study of Hebrews in
the Light of the Aqedah 2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVSS
+D\ZDUGTargumsSQRWHVDVLPLODUHPSKDVLVLQL.A.B. DQGMekhilta de
R. Simeon b. YohaiWKDWµ*RG¶VDFWLYLW\RQEHKDOIRI,VUDHOLVLQTXLWHVSHFL¿FZD\V
GHWHUPLQHG E\ KLV FRYHQDQW SURPLVHV WR WKH 3DWULDUFKV¶ 6HH DOVR 0XUSK\ Pseudo-
PhiloSS
)LVNDo You Not Remember?S
0XUSK\Pseudo-PhiloS
:KLOVW WKH 5DEELV ZHUH IRQG RI WKLV FRQFHSW VHH ,VUDHO - <XYDO µ*RG :LOO
6HHWKH%ORRG6LQ3XQLVKPHQWDQG$WRQHPHQWLQWKH-HZLVK±&KULVWLDQ'LVFRXUVH¶
LQ0LWFKHOO+DUW>HG@Jewish Blood: Reality and Metaphor in History, Religion and
Culture>1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH@SS6SLHJHOTrialSS
WKH DQFLHQW WUDGLWLRQV ZHUH DYHUVH WR WKH LGHD µ*RG IRUEDGH $EUDKDP WR FDXVH
HYHQWKHVOLJKWHVWLQMXU\WR,VDDF¶*LQ]EHUJJews9S6HHWKHGLVFXVVLRQLQ
+D\ZDUGTargumsSSFRQFHUQLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ,VDDF¶VEORRGDQG
-HVXV¶FUXFL¿[LRQ

DQGUHDI¿UPHGLQ*HQHVLVDQG,VDDF¶VEORRGLVWKXVVHFRQG
DU\ WR WKH SURPLVH ZKHWKHU WKLV LV D UHIHUHQFH WR DFWXDO KXPDQ
VDFUL¿FHRUVLPSO\PHWDSKRU%DODN¶VGHVLUHWRµSHUVXDGHWKH/RUG
ZLWK JLIWV DQG WR EX\ D GHFUHH ZLWK PRQH\¶ muneribus persuadere
Fortissimum et pecuniis emere dogma LV QXJDWRU\ *RG¶V
IDYRUUHVWVXSRQ,VUDHOEDVHGXSRQD human VDFUL¿FH1R DPRXQWRI
DQLPDOVDFUL¿FHFRXOGHTXDO,VDDF¶VEORRGVHH*RG¶VUHFROOHF
WLRQ RI WKH $NHGDK DI¿UPV KLV SHUVRQDO ¿GHOLW\ WR ,VUDHO KH ZLOO QRW
UHMHFWWKHPDQGWKHFRYHQDQWZLOOQHYHUEHVROGWRWKHKLJKHVWELGGHU

$Q $FFHSWDEOH 6DFUL¿FH 7KHUH LV D SDWWHUQ VXJJHVWHG LQ WKH
ELEOLFDO$NHGDKWKDW*RGDUWLFXODWHVKHUHLQZKLFKWKHDFFHSWDELOLW\RI
DQ RIIHULQJ LV D SUHUHTXLVLWH IRU *RG¶V UHWXUQ RI WKH JLIW 7KH SDWWHUQ
FDQEHORRVHO\GHVFULEHGWKXV*RG¿UVWJLYHVDJLIW*HQWKHQ
KHGHPDQGVLWEDFN*HQWKHQWKHSHUVRQUHFLSURFDWHVWKHJLIW
*HQ IROORZHG E\ *RG¶V re-UHFLSURFDWLRQ RI WKH IRUIHLWHG
JLIWZLWKEOHVVLQJ*HQ7KHKXPDQDFWLRQRIJLYLQJEDFN
WR*RGLVQRWDFFHSWDEOHKRZHYHUXQOHVVGRQHZLOOLQJO\$EUDKDP¶V
RIIHULQJZDVVDWLVIDFWRU\µEHFDXVHKHGLGQRWREMHFW¶quia non contra-
dixit 3VHXGR3KLOR DUWLFXODWHV WKLV VDPH FRQFHSW RI DQ DFFHSW

$FFRUGLQJ WR /HYHQVRQ Transformation S LQ L.A.B. µ*RG DFFRXQWV
>$EUDKDP¶V@ ZLOOLQJQHVV WR JR WKURXJK ZLWK WKH DFW DV LI KH KDG LQ IDFW VKHG KLV
EORRG $EUDKDP¶V ELQGLQJ KLV VRQ DQG WDNLQJ WKH EXWFKHU¶V NQLIH LQ KDQG WKXV
FRQVWLWXWH LQ *RG¶V H\HV WKH IXOO HTXLYDOHQW RI WKH VDFUL¿FH WKDW WKDQNIXOO\ QHYHU
WRRNSODFH,VDDF¶VV\PEROLFGHDWKDWWKHKDQGRIKLVORYLQJIDWKHUKDVWKHWKHRORJLFDO
YDOXH RI D UHDO GHDWK >LH QR UHDO GHDWK WRRN SODFH@¶ 7KLV YLHZ LV SUHIHUUHG ZKHQ
FRQVLGHULQJWKDWWKHIROORZLQJWZR$NHGDKUHIHUHQFHVPDNHQRPHQWLRQRIWKHEORRG
RU HYHQ DOOXGH WR ,VDDF¶V µGHDWK¶ %XW VHH &KULVWLDQ 'LHW]IHOELQJHU µ3VHXGR3KLOR
$QWLTXLWDWHV %LEOLFDH /LHEHU $QWLTXLWDWXP %LEOLFDUXP¶ LQ + /LFKWHQEHUJHU et al.
HGV Jüdische Schriften aus hellenistisch-römischer Zeit, Band II—Buchdecke
*WHUVORK *WHUVORKHU 9HUODJVKDXV S µ2IIHQEDU JLOW GLH 2SIHUXQJ
,VDDNVDOVYROO]RJHQ¶
7KRXJK D VLJQL¿FDQW VWDWHPHQW LQ DQG RI LWVHOI WKH UHVW RI 3VHXGR3KLOR
LQGLFDWHVWKDW*RGFKRVH,VUDHOZHOOEHIRUHWKHFRYHQDQWZLWK$EUDKDPLQGHHGEHIRUH
WKHFUHDWLRQRIWKHZRUOGVHH,VDDF¶VEORRGKRZHYHULVLPSRUWDQW
LQODWHUUDEELQLFFRQFHSWVRIDWRQHPHQW6HH)HOGPDQµ3UROHJRPHQRQ¶SFL6&
SS*LQ]EHUJJews9S-DFREVRQCommentarySZULWHVWKDWWKH
$NHGDKZDVDVRXUFHRIPDQ\EHQH¿WVWRWKH-HZLVKSHRSOHLQFOXGLQJWKH([RGXVWKH
5HG 6HD FURVVLQJ DQG WKH HVFKDWRORJLFDO UHVXUUHFWLRQ RI WKH GHDG +H NQRZV RI QR
UDEELQLFVRXUFHWKDWLQFOXGHV*RG¶VHOHFWLRQRI,VUDHODVRQHRIWKRVHEHQH¿WV

DEOH VDFUL¿FH LQ WKH VWRU\ RI 6HLOD DQG D UHIHUHQFH WR $EHO
7KHVHH[DPSOHVOLNHZLVHFRQWUDVWVKDUSO\ZLWK%DODN¶VDWWHPSW
WR SXUFKDVH GLYLQH IDYRU WKURXJK EXUQW RIIHULQJV never demanded by
God%DODNWHOOV%DODDPLQµ%HKROG,NQRZWKDWZKHQ\RXRIIHU
EXUQW RIIHULQJV WR *RG *RG ZLOO EH UHFRQFLOHG ZLWK PHQ 1RZ VHHN
DJDLQ IURP \RXU /RUG DQG EHJ ZLWK DV PDQ\ EXUQW RIIHULQJV DV KH
ZLVKHV%XWLIKHVKRXOGIRUJLYHP\ZURQJGRLQJV\RXZLOOKDYH\RXU
UHZDUG DQG *RG ZLOO >DFFHSW \RXU@ RIIHULQJV¶ %DODN LV ZURQJ LQ
WKLQNLQJ KH FDQ FLUFXPYHQW WKH SDWWHUQ RI UHFLSURFLW\ H[HPSOL¿HG LQ
WKH $NHGDK KH QRW WKH /RUG LV GHPDQGLQJ WKH RIIHULQJV 7KXV ZH
VHHDQLPSRUWDQWFDYHDWLQWKHGLYLQH±KXPDQH[FKDQJHPDGHH[SOLFLW
LQWKH$NHGDKWKHHQWLUHSURFHVVPXVWEHLQLWLDWHGE\*RGUHJDUGOHVV
RI D SHUVRQ¶V ZLOOLQJQHVV $EUDKDP¶V DFTXLHVFHQFH WR D GLYLQHO\
LQLWLDWHG UHFLSURFDO UHODWLRQVKLS LV WKH FRXQWHUSRLQW WR %DODN¶V SUH
VXPSWLRQ *RG LQ KLV SURYLGHQFH RULJLQDWHV WKH GLYLQH±KXPDQ LQWHU
FKDQJHWKDWUHTXLUHVDZLOOLQJVDFUL¿FHIRUWKHUHODWLRQVKLSWREHYDOLG
DQGWKHWUDQVDFWLRQVXFFHVVIXO$EUDKDPLVEOHVVHGE\EHLQJµFKRVHQ¶
elegi%DODNµGZHOOVDPRQJWKHGHDG¶inhabitat in gyro mortuorum

6XPPDU\
7KH DQDO\VLV DERYH SRLQWV WR WKH FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW 3VHXGR3KLOR
LQWHUMHFWVWKH$NHGDKLQWKHVWRU\RI%DODDPWRHPSKDVL]HERWK*RG¶V
LQLWLDWLYH LQ UHODWLRQVKLS DQG WKH LGHDO KXPDQ UHVSRQVH 7KHVH DUH
GULYLQJ PRWLIV LQ L.A.B. DV D ZKROH EXW SDUWLFXODUO\ UHVRQDQW LQ WKH
FRQFLVH DQG JUDSKLF UHPLQGHU RI WKH GLYLQH±KXPDQ LQWHUSOD\ DW WKH
$NHGDK7KHDSSOLFDWLRQIRU3VHXGR3KLOR¶VUHDGHUVLVWKDW*RGDFWVLQ
DFFRUG ZLWK WKH FRYHQDQW WKHUHIRUH KH FDQ EH WUXVWHG HYHQ LQ WKH

Holocaustomata HFKRHV,VDDF¶VRIIHULQJFI*HQ>/;;@
Deus accipiet oblationes suas/tuas .LVFK -DPHV DQG 'LHW]IHOELQJHU GLIIHU
IURP-DFREVRQDQG+DUULQJWRQWRWUDQVODWHaccipiet DVµDFFHSW¶YHUVXVµUHFHLYH¶WDNLQJ
µtuas¶ RYHU µsuas¶ 7KHPDWLFDOO\ DQG VHPDQWLFDOO\ WKLV FRLQFLGHV EHWWHU ZLWK 3VHXGR
3KLOR¶VFRQWHQWDQGZRUGFKRLFH2IIHULQJVDUHQHYHUGHVFULEHGLQL.A.B. DVpossessed
E\*RGEXWgiven µXQWRWKH/RUG¶RUµWR*RG¶DVVHHQHDUOLHULQWKHVDPHYHUVHVHH
DOVR)RUWKHPDQXVFULSWHYLGHQFHVHH*XLGR.LVFKPseudo-
Philo’s Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum ,QGLDQD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1RWUH 'DPH
SQI

RSSUHVVLYH DWPRVSKHUH RI ¿UVWFHQWXU\ 3DOHVWLQH ,QGHHG 3VHXGR

3KLOR¶VQDUUDWLRQHFKRHVWKHSUDLVHVLQ3VWKHK\PQLFFRP
PHPRUDWLRQRIWKHGHIHDWRI6LKRQDQG2JE\GodZKRVHµVWHDGIDVW
ORYH2%HQGXUHVIRUHYHU¶%\ZHDYLQJLQWR1XPEHUVWKHSDWWHUQ
RI UHFLSURFLW\ IURP *HQHVLV 3VHXGR3KLOR IRUPV D SLFWXUH RI WKH
H[HPSODU\ UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH VRYHUHLJQ *RG DQG KLV FKRVHQ
SHRSOH+H PD\ WHVW WKHP EXW KLV 2% LV HWHUQDO PDGH VHFXUH DQG
GH¿QHGE\KLVDFWLRQVDWWKH$NHGDK

'HERUDK¶V+\PQL.A.B.

3ULPDU\7H[W

7KHQ 'HERUDK DQG %DUDN WKH VRQ RI $ELQR DQG DOO WKH SHRSOH WRJHWKHU
VDQJDK\PQWRWKH/RUGRQWKDWGD\VD\LQJµ%HKROGWKH/RUGKDVVKRZQ
XV KLV JORU\ IURP RQ KLJKDV KH GLG LQWKH KHLJKW RI WKH KHDYHQO\ SODFHV
ZKHQ KH VHQW IRUWK KLV YRLFH WR FRQIXVH WKH ODQJXDJHV RI PHQ $QG KH
FKRVH RXU QDWLRQ DQG WRRN $EUDKDP RXU IDWKHU RXW RI WKH ¿UH DQG FKRVH
KLPRYHUDOOKLVEURWKHUVDQGNHSWKLPIURPWKH¿UHDQGIUHHGKLPIURPWKH
EULFNVGHVWLQHGIRUEXLOGLQJWKHWRZHU$QGKHJDYHKLPDVRQDWWKHHQGRI
KLV ROG DJH DQG WRRN KLP RXW RI D VWHULOH ZRPE $QG DOO WKH DQJHOV ZHUH
MHDORXVRIKLPDQGWKHZRUVKLSLQJKRVWVHQYLHGKLP
$QGVLQFHWKH\ZHUHMHDORXVRIKLP*RGVDLGWRKLP³.LOOWKHIUXLWRI
\RXUERG\IRUPHDQGRIIHUIRUPHDVDVDFUL¿FHZKDWKDVEHHQJLYHQWR
\RXE\PH´$QG$EUDKDPGLGQRWDUJXHEXWVHWRXWLPPHGLDWHO\$QGDV
KHZDVVHWWLQJRXWKHVDLGWRKLVVRQ³%HKROGQRZP\VRQ,DPRIIHULQJ
\RXDVDKRORFDXVWDQGDPGHOLYHULQJ\RXLQWRWKHKDQGVWKDWJDYH\RXWR
PH´
%XWWKHVRQVDLGWRWKHIDWKHU³+HDUPHIDWKHU,IDODPERIWKHÀRFNLV
DFFHSWHGDVVDFUL¿FHWRWKH/RUGZLWKDQRGRURIVZHHWQHVVDQGLIIRUWKH
ZLFNHG GHHGV RI PHQ DQLPDOV DUH DSSRLQWHG WR EH NLOOHG EXW PDQ LV
GHVLJQHGWRLQKHULWWKHZRUOGKRZWKHQGR\RXQRZVD\WRPHµ&RPHDQG
LQKHULWOLIHZLWKRXWOLPLWDQGWLPHZLWKRXWPHDVXUH¶"<HWKDYH,QRWEHHQ
ERUQLQWRWKHZRUOGWREHRIIHUHGDVDVDFUL¿FHWRKLPZKRPDGHPH"1RZ
P\EOHVVHGQHVVZLOOEHDERYHWKDWRIDOOPHQEHFDXVHWKHUHZLOOEHQRWKLQJ

)RU 3VHXGR3KLOR µKLVWRU\ LV D VXFFHVVLRQ RI HYHQWV GLUHFWHG E\*RG WRZDUG
WKHHQGRIHVWDEOLVKLQJDSURSHUUHODWLRQZLWKKXPDQVEXWKXPDQVDOZD\VUXLQWKLQJV
HLWKHU WKURXJK ZLFNHGQHVV RU PLVWDNHV *RG¶V PHUF\ UHVXOWV LQ WKH FRQWLQXDWLRQ RI
KLVWRU\DQGSRLQWVWRZDUGEHWWHUWKLQJV¶0XUSK\Pseudo-PhiloS
µ:KHQ ,VUDHO UHPHPEHUV LWV SDVW LW REH\V DQG HQMR\V VXFFHVV :KHQ *RG
UHPHPEHUV WKH FRYHQDQWV ZLWK WKH IDWKHUV DQG WKH SURPLVHV WR WKHP ,VUDHO EHQH¿WV¶
0XUSK\Pseudo-PhiloS

OLNH WKLV DQG DERXW PH IXWXUH JHQHUDWLRQV ZLOO EH LQVWUXFWHG DQG WKURXJK
PHWKHSHRSOHVZLOOXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWKH/RUGKDVPDGHWKHVRXORIDPDQ
ZRUWK\WREHDVDFUL¿FH´
$QGZKHQKHKDGRIIHUHGWKHVRQXSRQWKHDOWDUDQGKDGERXQGKLVIHHW
VRDVWRNLOOKLPWKH0RVW3RZHUIXOKDVWHQHGDQGVHQWIRUWKKLVYRLFHIURP
RQ KLJK VD\LQJ ³<RX VKDOO QRW VOD\ \RXU VRQ QRU VKDOO \RX GHVWUR\ WKH
IUXLW RI\RXU ERG\ )RU QRZ , KDYH DSSHDUHG VR DV WR UHYHDO\RX WRWKRVH
ZKRGRQRWNQRZ\RXDQGKDYHVKXWWKHPRXWKVRIWKRVHZKRDUHDOZD\V
VSHDNLQJ HYLO DJDLQVW \RX 1RZ \RXU PHPRU\ ZLOO EH EHIRUH PH DOZD\V
DQG\RXUQDPHDQGKLVZLOOUHPDLQIURPRQHJHQHUDWLRQWRDQRWKHU´¶

([HJHVLV
:KLOVW LQ WKH %DODDP VWRU\ ,VUDHO LV XQGHU WKUHDW RI GHVWUXFWLRQ LQ
'HERUDK¶V DFFRXQW ,VUDHO¶V HQHPLHV KDYH EHHQ YDQTXLVKHG DQG WKH
WKUHDW UHPRYHG +HUH WKH $NHGDK LV OLNHZLVH UHFDOOHG WKURXJK WKH
GLDORJXHRIDPDLQFKDUDFWHU'HERUDKLVFHUWDLQO\XQOLNH%DODDPRQH
RI WKH JRRG OHDGHUV RI ,VUDHO OLNH -XGLWK VKH LV WKH SURWRW\SH RI D
IDLWKIXO,VUDHOLWH,QGHHGVKHLVWKHODVWRIWKHJRRGMXGJHVRI,VUDHOLQ
ERWK WKH %LEOH DQG L.A.B. DIWHU KHU GHDWK WKH QDWLRQ SOXQJHV LQWR
LGRODWU\
L.A.B. LVQRWKLQJOLNHLWVELEOLFDOFRXQWHUSDUWLQ-XGJHV7KH
GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH $NHGDK LV IXOOHU KHUH WKDQ HOVHZKHUH LQ WKH QDUUD
WLYH7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHK\PQLVWRSUDLVHWKH/RUGZKRKDVGLVSOD\HG
µKLV JORU\ IURP RQ KLJK¶ de alto ostendit nobis Dominus gloriam
suam7KHVDPHWHUPLQRORJ\LVXVHGLQZKHUH*RGVHQGV
KLVµYRLFHIURPRQKLJK¶misit de alto vocem suamWRVWRS$EUDKDP
IURPNLOOLQJ,VDDFWKXVJUDQWLQJWKH$NHGDKVSHFLDOVLJQL¿FDQFHDVD
PDQLIHVWDWLRQRI*RG¶VJORU\RQ,VUDHO¶VEHKDOI
7KHUHDUHWKUHHDVSHFWVRIWKLVDFFRXQWUHOHYDQWWRRXUWKHVLV)LUVW
LQ YHUVHV DQG *RG¶V WHVWLQJ RI $EUDKDP LV PRWLYDWHG E\ MHDORXV
DQJHOV VHH 7KH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI HYLO DQJHOV DV WKH FDXVH RI
*RG¶VWHVWLQJRI$EUDKDPPD\VWHPIURPDQHDUOLHUWUDGLWLRQDVIRXQG

6HH 1LFNHOVEXUJ µ/HDGHUV¶ S µ'HERUDK«>LV@ D SXEOLF VSRNHVZRPDQ RI
WKH/RUGZKROLNH-XGLWKUHVSRQGVWRWKHGHVSDLURIWKHSHRSOHZLWKWKHSURPLVHRI
GLYLQHGHOLYHUDQFH¶
2QWKHFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQL.A.B. DQGWKH7DUJXPLPRQ-XGJVHH
9HUPHVScriptureSS/H'pDXWPascaleSS)HOGPDQµ3UROHJR
PHQRQ¶SF[YLL
6HH3KLORAbr.

LQJubileesDW4DQGHDUOLHUKDJJDGLFWUDGLWLRQV/LNHZLVHWKH
SUHVHQFH RI 6DWDQ DW WKH $NHGDK LV H[SRXQGHG RQ LQ ODWHU UDEELQLF
ZULWLQJV7KHUHLVQRHYLGHQFHLQ3VHXGR3KLORKRZHYHURIDFRVPLF
VWUXJJOH RI FRPSDUDEOH SRZHUV DW WKH $NHGDK ,QVWHDG *RG LV
SUHYDLOHGXSRQE\WKHDFFXVLQJDQJHOVRQO\WRWKHH[WHQWWKDWKHLVLQ
-RE$VWKH5DEELVZRXOGODWHUVD\6DWDQPXVWVWLOOµJHWOHDYH¶
IRUKLVDFWLRQV6RDOWKRXJK3VHXGR3KLORKDVWDNHQOLEHUW\ZLWKWKH
WH[W RI -XGJHV KLV QDUUDWLYH UHPDLQV ZLWKLQ D ELEOLFDO IUDPHZRUN ,Q
WKHFDVHRIWKH$NHGDKL.A.B. IROORZVWKHVWRU\RI-REDQDQDORJRXV
H[DPSOH RI *RG¶V UHFLSURFDO WKRXJK RIWHQ SHUSOH[LQJ GHDOLQJV ZLWK
KXPDQLW\
6HFRQG LQ Y $EUDKDP UHYHDOV WKH VDFUL¿FH SODQV WR KLV VRQ
HOLFLWLQJDSURORQJHGUHVSRQVHIURP,VDDFLQY7KLVFRQWUDVWVZLWK
WKH ELEOLFDO $NHGDK LQ ZKLFK $EUDKDP UHSOLHV WR KLV VRQ ZLWK DQ
DI¿UPDWLRQ RI *RG¶V SURYLGHQFH µ*RG ZLOO SURYLGH IRU KLPVHOI WKH
ODPE IRU D EXUQW RIIHULQJ P\ VRQ¶ *HQ ,VDDF¶V UHSO\ LV
XQLTXH KHUH FRPSDUHG WR HDUOLHU -HZLVK DFFRXQWV RI WKH $NHGDK
WKRXJK RWKHUV DOVR PDNH DGGLWLRQV -RVHSKXV IRU LQVWDQFH DGGV

,Q Jub. 0DVWHPDK 6DWDQ LV WR EODPH IRU HYHQ UDLVLQJ WKH LGHD WR WHVW
$EUDKDP Jubilees KRZHYHU JLYHV D PRUH HOHYDWHG UROH WR 0DVWHPDK WKDQ 3VHXGR
3KLOR GRHV WR WKH DQJHOV 0DVWHPDK KDV KLV RZQ PRQRORJXH LQ ZKLFK WKH IRUP RI
WHVWLQJLVSUHVFULEHGZKHUHDVLQ3VHXGR3KLORWKHDQJHOVDUHPHQWLRQHGLQSDVVLQJ
6HH 6SLHJHO Trial S 0DQQ Synagogue S 0RVKH - %HUQVWHLQ
µ$QJHOV DW WKH $THGDK $ 6WXG\ LQ WKH 'HYHORSPHQW RI D 0LGUDVKLF 0RWLI¶ DSD
SS
6HH6SLHJHOTrialSS
&I(SK&RU
6HH6SLHJHOTrialS
,Q L.A.B. ,VDDF QRW $EUDKDP PDNHV PHQWLRQ RI D µODPE¶ 7KH WHUP agnus
!<LQWKLVYHUVHLVWKHFORVHVWWKDW3VHXGR3KLORFRPHVWRWKHELEOLFDOKLQWVRI,VDDF
EHLQJWKHVDFUL¿FLDOµODPE¶*HQ/HY'HXW7KLVPD\LQGLFDWHWKH
EHJLQQLQJVRIWKHFRQFHSWWKDW,VDDFLVWKHRULJLQDOVDFUL¿FLDOODPERIWKH3DVVRYHUDQ
LGHDIRXQGLQODWHU-HZLVKDQG&KULVWLDQZULWLQJV)RUUDEELQLFUHIHUHQFHVVHH6SLHJHO
Trial SS Q &KULVWLDQ UHIHUHQFHV RFFXU DW 1 Clem. Mart. Pol.
Barn. 7HUWXOOLDQ Adv. Jud. Prax. -XVWLQ 1 Apol. Dial.
(XVHELXVHist. eccl.
,Q Targum Pseudo-Jonathan ,VDDF VD\V µ%LQG PH SURSHUO\ DULJKW OHVW ,
WUHPEOHIURPWKHDIÀLFWLRQRIP\VRXODQGEHFDVWLQWRWKHSLWRIGHVWUXFWLRQDQGWKHUH
EHIRXQGSURIDQHQHVVLQWK\RIIHULQJ¶T. Ps.-J*HQ7KLVLVOLNHO\DQH[SDQ
VLRQRQWKHWH[WRI4ZKLFKUHDGVIUDJPHQWDULO\µ,VDDFVDLGWRKLVIDWKHU³7>LH
PH ZHOO«@´ *H]D 9HUPHV The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English >/RQGRQ

µ>,VDDF VDLG@ WKDW KH ZDV QRW ZRUWK\ WR EH ERUQ DW ¿UVW LI KH VKRXOG
UHMHFW WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI *RG DQG RI KLV IDWKHU DQG VKRXOG QRW
UHVLJQKLPVHOIXSUHDGLO\WRERWKWKHLUSOHDVXUHVVLQFHLWZRXOGKDYH
EHHQ XQMXVW LI KH KDG QRW REH\HG HYHQ LI KLV IDWKHU DORQH KDG VR
UHVROYHG¶ Ant. $GGLWLRQDO GLDORJXH LV DOVR JLYHQ WR ,VDDF E\
WKH 5DEELV WKDW FRQYH\V KLV SURIRXQG VXEPLVVLYHQHVV 7KXV WKH
VSHHFKRI,VDDFLQ3VHXGR3KLORLVVLPLODUWRWKDWLQ-RVHSKXVDQGODWHU
UDEELQLF ZULWLQJV LQ WKH ZD\ WKDW LW HPSKDVL]HV ,VDDF¶V ZLOOLQJQHVV
%XWWKHUHDUHLPSRUWDQWGLIIHUHQFHVZKLFKLQIRUPRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI
3VHXGR3KLOR¶VLQWHUMHFWLRQRIWKH$NHGDKZKLFKZHH[SORUHEHORZ
)LQDOO\ LQY $EUDKDP¶V REHGLHQFH WR *RG EULQJV D EOHVVLQJ DV
ZHOO DV FHQVRULQJ KLV LQWHUORFXWRUV $W WKH FRQFOXVLRQ RI WKH ELEOLFDO
$NHGDK WKHUH LV QR PHQWLRQ RI MHDORXV DQJHOV EXW LQ 3VHXGR3KLOR
WKHVHPDOLJQHUVDUHVLOHQFHGEHFDXVHRI$EUDKDP¶VDFWRIIDLWKclausi
ora maledicentium semper adversus te7KHUH DUH SDUDOOHOV DW WKLV
SRLQW ZLWK HDUOLHU -HZLVK DFFRXQWV DV ZHOO DV HDUO\ &KULVWRORJ\ ,Q
4 DQG Jubilees 0DVWHPDK LV µERXQG¶ 4 RU µSXW
WRVKDPH¶Jub. ZKHUHDVLQ3VHXGR3KLOR*RGVLOHQFHV$EUD
KDP¶V PDOLJQHUV WKURXJK WKH $NHGDK &RQWHPSRUDULHV RI
3VHXGR3KLOR DOVR VDZ 6DWDQ¶V LQYROYHPHQW LQ WKH µVHFRQG¶ $NHGDK
WKH FURVV RI -HVXV 6DWDQ¶V EHLQJ µERXQG¶ LV IXUWKHU PHQWLRQHG

3HQJXLQ %RRNV @ S 7KH SUREDEOH GDWH RI Targum Pseudo-Jonathan LV
VHYHQWKHLJKWKFHQWXU\&(EXWHYHQLIWKHRULJLQRIWKHVSHHFKVWHPVIURPWKH4XPUDQ
FRPPXQLW\VHH3KLOLS6$OH[DQGHUµ7DUJXP7DUJXPPLQ¶LQAYBD9,SLW
FRPHVDWDODWHUSRLQWLQWKHQDUUDWLYHWKDQLQ3VHXGR3KLORDQGODFNVWKHNH\WKHPHV
RI EOHVVLQJ WR WKH QDWLRQV DQG *RG¶V SURYLGHQFH 2Q WKH FORVH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ
4DQGJubileesVHH9HUPHVDead Sea ScrollsSS
6HH6SLHJHOTrialS
3VHXGR3KLORLVQRWH[SOLFLWFRQFHUQLQJWKHUHDVRQIRUWKHDQJHOV¶MHDORXV\,Q
RWKHU-HZLVKVRXUFHVWKHDQJHOVRU0DVWHPDKDUHPRWLYDWHGE\WKHIDYRUZKLFK*RG
EHVWRZV XSRQ $EUDKDP ZKLFK ZRXOG DJUHH ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQWV LQ L.A.B.
3VHXGR3KLORPD\EHGUDZLQJRQ-REµ(YHQLQKLVVHUYDQWVKHSXWVQRWUXVWDQGKLV
DQJHOV KH FKDUJHV ZLWK HUURU¶ -RE ,Q 3VHXGR3KLOR WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV RI WKH
$NHGDKRQWKHUROHRIDQJHOVLVHYLGHQWLQWKDWDIWHUWKHHYHQWWKHDQJHOVDUHVHHQWR
EHVXEVHUYLHQWWR,VUDHODFWLQJDVWKHLUZLWQHVVHVDQGGHIHQGHUV
$VWULNLQJVWDWHPHQWLVIRXQGLQ*RG¶VUHEXNHRI,VUDHODWWKH¿UVWIDLOHGHQWU\
LQWR &DQDDQ ZKHUH KH UHYHDOV WKDW KH µSXW WKH DQJHOV EHQHDWK WKHLU IHHW¶ D
UHYHUVDORIWKHSKUDVHLQ3VFI+HE
6HH0DQQSynagogueSRQWKHVHFRQFHSWVLQWKHDQFLHQWV\QDJRJXH
&I0W0N/N-Q

HOVHZKHUH LQ WKH 1HZ 7HVWDPHQW 7KXV WKH FRQFHSW RI D FRVPLF
VWUXJJOH ¿QGV UHVRQDQFH LQ HDUO\ -XGDLVP DQG &KULVWLDQLW\ EXW
3VHXGR3KLOR VWDQGV DSDUW LQ HPSKDVL]LQJ WKH LQWHUSOD\ EHWZHHQ*RG
DQGhumanityWKHDQJHOVDUHVLPSO\VXSSRUWLQJFDVW

7KHPDWLF$QDO\VLV
,QWURGXFWLRQ 'HERUDK¶V UHIHUHQFH WR WKH $NHGDK FRUUHODWHV D
QXPEHURINH\PRWLIV(OHFWLRQGLYLQHUHZDUGDQGZLOOLQJQHVVIHDWXUH
SURPLQHQWO\$VLQWKH%DODDPDFFRXQW3VHXGR3KLOR¿QGVLQ*HQHVLV
FHUWDLQQRQWDQJLEOHVZKLFKUHVRQDWHZLWKKLVYHUVLRQRI'HERUDK¶V
K\PQHVSHFLDOO\WKHG\QDPLFVRI*RG¶VUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK,VUDHO

,VUDHO¶V(OHFWLRQ*RGLVRIWHQKHDUGLQ3VHXGR3KLORVSHDNLQJ
DERXW KLV FKRRVLQJ RI $EUDKDP DQG ,VUDHO +H FKRVH $EUDKDP IURP
DPRQJDOOWKHRWKHUSHRSOHDWWKHWRZHURI%DEHO+HFKRVH,VUDHO
GXH WR ,VDDF¶V µEORRG¶ VHH DERYH *RG¶V FKRRVLQJ RI ,VUDHO LV
GHVFULEHGDVKLVKDQGVHOHFWLQJDSODQWIURPDYLQH\DUG
DQG OHDGLQJ D FKRLFH UDP IURP DPRQJVW WKH ÀRFN RI RWKHU
QDWLRQV :KHUHDV WKH PHULWV RI $EUDKDP ZHUH DQ LPSRUWDQW
PRWLI IRU WKH UDEELV 3VHXGR3KLOR VSHDNV RI *RG¶V SULRU DQG
DUELWUDU\FKRLFHRIKLVSHRSOH-DFREVRQULJKWO\VHHV
DUHVRQDQFHLQZLWKWKHODQJXDJHRI'HXW

)RU\RXDUHDSHRSOHKRO\WRWKH/25'\RXU*RG7KH/25'\RXU*RGKDV
FKRVHQ \RX WR EH D SHRSOH IRU KLV WUHDVXUHG SRVVHVVLRQ RXW RI DOO WKH
SHRSOHVZKRDUHRQWKHIDFHRIWKHHDUWK,WZDVQRWEHFDXVH\RXZHUHPRUH
LQ QXPEHU WKDQ DQ\ RWKHU SHRSOH WKDW WKH /25' VHW KLV ORYH RQ \RX DQG
FKRVH\RXIRU\RXZHUHWKHIHZHVWRIDOOSHRSOHV'HXW

7KHUHVWRIWKHELEOLFDOSDVVDJHKRZHYHUSXWVWKHHPSKDVLVRQ*RG¶V
¿GHOLW\WRWKHFRYHQDQWZLWKWKHIDWKHUV

,WLVEHFDXVHWKH/25'ORYHV\RXDQGLVNHHSLQJWKHRDWKWKDWKHVZRUHWR
\RXU IDWKHUV« +H LV WKH IDLWKIXO *RG NHHSLQJ +LV FRYHQDQW RI ORYH WR D
WKRXVDQG JHQHUDWLRQV RI WKRVH ZKR ORYH +LP DQG NHHS +LV FRPPDQGV
'HXW

&I$FWV5RP5HY
1RWH WKH LQWHUHVWLQJ SDUDOOHO KHUH ZLWK WKH FKRRVLQJ RI 'DYLG LQ L.A.B.
FI6DP
6HH6SLHJHOTrialSQ

&HUWDLQO\ WKH IRFXV RI 'HXW LV *RG¶V ¿GHOLW\ WR WKH SUHYLRXVO\
HVWDEOLVKHG FRYHQDQW EXW L.A.B. KLJKOLJKWV *RG¶V DFWLYLW\ RQ
EHKDOIRIWKHFRYHQDQWyet to be made
,QGHHG *RG¶V GHOLYHUDQFH RI $EUDKDP IURP WKH ¿HU\ IXUQDFH
UHFRXQWHGKHUHIURPL.A.B. RFFXUVbefore$EUDKDP¶VFDOODQG
MRXUQH\WR&DQDDQL.A.B. QDPHO\SULRUWRKLV¿UVWDSSHDUDQFHLQ
WKH%LEOH*HQ-DFREVRQDOVRPHQWLRQV1HKDVDSDUDOOHO
VWDWHPHQW RI $EUDKDP¶V HOHFWLRQ ZKLFK FHUWDLQO\ DOOXGHV WR
$EUDKDP¶V HOHFWLRQ DV SULRU WR KLV GHSDUWXUH IURP 8U µ<RX DUH WKH
/25' WKH *RG ZKR FKRVH $EUDP DQG EURXJKW KLP RXW RI 8U RI WKH
&KDOGHDQV DQG JDYH KLP WKH QDPH $EUDKDP¶ 3VHXGR3KLOR KRZ
HYHUSXWVWKHQDWLRQ¶VFKRRVLQJbefore $EUDKDP¶V¿GHOLW\DWWKHWRZHU
DQG KLV PRYH WR &DQDDQ elegit gentem nostram, et eiecit de igne
Abraham patrem nostrum 7KLV LV IXUWKHU DWWHVWHG LQ L.A.B.¶V
GHSLFWLRQ RI *RG¶V DFWLRQV RQ EHKDOI RI KLV SHRSOH KH µFKRVH¶ WKH
QDWLRQRI,VUDHOKHµJDYH¶$EUDKDPDVRQKHVKDOOµEOHVV¶WKHQDWLRQV
KH µPDNHV >$EUDKDP@ NQRZQ¶ WR KLV DFFXVHUV ,QGHHG WKH YHU\ ¿UVW
H[DPSOH'HERUDKJLYHVRI*RG¶VPDQLIHVWµJORU\¶LVKLVVHQGLQJ
IRUWK KLV YRLFH emittens vocem suam D SKUDVH UHSHDWHG LQ
vocem suam dicens ZKHQ KLV µYRLFH¶ VWRSV WKH VDFUL¿FH 7KXV
3VHXGR3KLORJUDQWVWR*RGWKHSULRULW\LQHYHU\UHVSHFWRIFKRRVLQJ
,VUDHO WKHUH LV OLWWOH HYLGHQFH IRU WKH ODWHU UDEELQLF FRQFHSW RI
$EUDKDP¶V µPHULW¶ ,QVWHDG ZLWKLQ WKH FRQWH[W RI 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V
UHFLSURFDWLRQPRWLIWKHWKHPHRIµFKRRVLQJ¶LQGLFDWHVWKDW*RG¶VJLIW

6HH6DP,VD-RHO3VV
0XUSK\ QRWHV WKDW *RG¶V REOLJDWLRQ WR XSKROG WKH $EUDKDPLF SURPLVHV LQ
L.A.B. LVGLIIHUHQWWKDQWKHGRFWULQHRIzekut abot µPHULWVRIWKHIDWKHUV¶,QL.A.B.
µWKH XVXDO IRUPDWLRQ«LV VDOYDWLRQ EHFDXVH RI WKH promises to RU covenant with WKH
IDWKHUVDQGQRWEHFDXVHRIWKHLUPHULW¶)UHGHULFN-0XUSK\µ7KH(WHUQDO&RYHQDQW
LQ3VHXGR3KLOR¶JSP >@SS>Q@6HHIXUWKHU(36DQGHUVPaul
and Palestinian Judaism 3KLODGHOSKLD )RUWUHVV 3UHVV SS 3UHVWRQ
6SULQNOH µ%H\RQG &RYHQDQW 1RPLVP 5HYLVLWLQJ 3DOHVWLQLDQ -XGDLVP LQ /LJKW RI
3VHXGR3KLOR¶VBiblical Antiquities¶LQ6WDQOH\(3RUWHUDQG$QGUHZ:3LWWVHGV
Christian Origins and Hellenistic Judaism: Social and Literary Contexts for the New
Testament /HLGHQ %ULOO SS 6LPRQ *DWKHUFROH Where Is Boasting?
Early Jewish Soteriology and Paul’s Response in Romans 1–5 &DPEULGJH 0$
(HUGPDQVSS

RIHOHFWLRQLVEDVHGRQVRPHWKLQJRWKHUWKDQ$EUDKDP¶VREHGLHQFHRU
MHDORXVDQJHOV

2EHGLHQFH 5HZDUGHG *RG¶V DFWLRQ RI UHUHFLSURFDWLRQ
LQYROYHVEOHVVLQJWRWKHQDWLRQVEXWWKHUHLVDOVRLQGLYLGXDOUHZDUGIRU
$EUDKDPDQG,VDDF*RGVWRSVWKHNLOOLQJDQGVD\VµQRZ,KDYHPDGH
\RX NQRZQ¶ nunc enim manifestavi«te 7KLV ODQJXDJH LV
VWULNLQJ VLQFH LQ *HQ WKH UHFLSLHQW RI NQRZOHGJH LV *RG
KLPVHOIµ>*RG@VDLG³'RQRWOD\\RXUKDQGRQWKHER\RUGRDQ\WKLQJ
WR KLP IRU QRZ , NQRZ WKDW \RX IHDU *RG VHHLQJ \RX KDYH QRW
ZLWKKHOG\RXUVRQ\RXURQO\VRQIURPPH´ ¶*HQ,QL.A.B.

KRZHYHUWKHUHFLSLHQWRINQRZOHGJHLV$EUDKDPWKRXJKLQWKHSDVVLYH
VHQVH 3VHXGR3KLOR UHSODFHV *RG¶V DWWDLQLQJ NQRZOHGJH ZLWK
$EUDKDP¶V being made known 7KLV LV H[SUHVVHG HDUOLHU LQ L.A.B. DW
WKHFRQFOXVLRQRIWKH¿HU\IXUQDFHLQFLGHQW7KHSODFHZKHUH
$EUDKDP LV VDYHG IURP WKH ÀDPHV LV GHVLJQDWHG µDIWHU WKH QDPH RI
$EUDP DQG LQ WKH ODQJXDJH RI WKH &KDOGHDQV ³'HOL´ ZKLFK PHDQV
³*RG´ ¶ cognominaverunt locum illum nomine Abrae et lingue

Chaldeorum Deli, quod interpretatur Deus:KLOVWFRPPHQWD

WRUV KDYH PDGH DWWHPSWV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH ORFDWLRQ RI 'HOL WKH\ DUH
VLOHQWRQWKHDVVRFLDWLRQRI$EUDP¶VQDPHZLWK*RG¶V3HUKDSVZKDW
ZDVVXJJHVWHGDIWHUWKH¿HU\IXUQDFHLVPDGHH[SOLFLWLQWKH$NHGDK
$EUDKDP VKDUHV *RG¶V QDPH LQDVPXFK DV KH LV FKRVHQ E\ KLP 7KLV
DVVRFLDWLRQQDWXUDOO\H[WHQGVIURP$EUDKDPWR,VUDHODVFRQ¿UPHGLQ

-RKQ 0* %DUFOD\ µ³, ZLOO KDYH PHUF\ RQ ZKRP , ZLOO KDYH PHUF\´ 7KH
*ROGHQ&DOIDQG'LYLQH0HUF\LQ5RPDQV±DQG6HFRQG7HPSOH-XGDLVP¶Early
Christianity SSQRWHVWKDW3VHXGR3KLORLVQHYHUH[SOLFLWDERXW
WKHUHDVRQIRU*RG¶VFKRRVLQJRIWKHSDWULDUFKVRU,VUDHO$OWKRXJKWKHZRUWKLQHVVRI
$EUDKDP DQG ,VDDF LV VRPHWLPHV PHQWLRQHG
WKHUHDUHLQGLFDWLRQVRIHOHFWLRQWDNLQJSODFHSULRUWRWKHLUµGHHGV¶FI
µ)HDU¶ LV D VLJQL¿FDQW QRQWDQJLEOH HOHPHQW RI *HQ RPLWWHG LQ
3VHXGR3KLOR¶V UHWHOOLQJ 7KH WRSLF ZDUUDQWV IXUWKHU VWXG\ EXW DW WKLV SRLQW ZH FDQ
DVVXPH WKH FRQFHSW LV LPSOLHG LQ 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V GHVFULSWLRQV RI $EUDKDP¶V VXE
VHUYLHQW DFWLRQV LQ REHGLHQFH WR *RG +RZHYHU WKH ODQJXDJH RI UHMRLFLQJ LQ 6HLOD¶V
DFFRXQWPD\VSHDNRWKHUZLVH
6HH )HOGPDQ µ3UROHJRPHQRQ¶ S O[[[YLLL -DFREVRQ Commentary S
6&SS+DUULQJWRQOTP,,S0XUSK\Pseudo-PhiloS
1RWH WKH QRPLQDWLYH VLQJXODU IRUP Deus LV XVHG 7KH JHQLWLYH PLJKW DOORZ
IRUDWUDQVODWLRQRIµ$EUDKDPhe who was RI*RG¶7KHQRPLQDWLYHSRLQWVWRDFORVHU
DVVRFLDWLRQRIWKHLUQDPHV

D ODWHU VSHHFK E\ *RG UHJDUGLQJ KLV SHRSOH µ, ZLOO SODQW D JUHDW
YLQH\DUGDQGRXWRILW,ZLOOFKRRVHDSODQWDQG,ZLOOWUDQVSODQWLWDQG
FDOO LW E\ P\ QDPH¶ plantabo vineam grandem, et de ea eligam
plantationem, et disponam eam, et nominabo eam nomine meo
7KXV UHZDUG IRU REHGLHQFH LV LQWULQVLF WR WKH FRYHQDQW SDWWHUQ
H[HPSOL¿HGLQWKH$NHGDKZKLFKJLYHV'HERUDKDQGWKHSHRSOHHYHU\
UHDVRQWRVLQJ
7KHPDJQLWXGHRI$EUDKDP¶VUHZDUGLVLQWHQVL¿HGZKHQ*RGVD\V
µ<RXUPHPRU\ZLOOEHEHIRUHPHDOZD\VDQG\RXUQDPHDQGKLVIURP
JHQHUDWLRQ WR JHQHUDWLRQ¶ 7KH SKUDVH µIURP JHQHUDWLRQ WR
JHQHUDWLRQ¶in generationem et generationemLVSODXVLEO\ :# :+LQ
WKHRULJLQDO+HEUHZKHQFHDGLVFHUQLEOHHFKRRI*HQ:KDWLV
VWULNLQJDERXW3VHXGR3KLOR¶VOLNHO\XVHRI:# :+LVWKDWLQWKH%LEOH
WKH SKUDVH LV W\SLFDOO\ UHVHUYHG IRU UHIHUHQFH RQO\ WR God KLV
IDLWKIXOQHVVLV:# :+KLVQDPHLV:# :+HWF7KHIHZWLPHV :+
:# LV XVHG RI SHRSOH LW LV RIWHQ LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI PHPRU\ GLUHFWHG
HLWKHU WRZDUGV *RG RU WKH WKLQJV KH KDV GRQH*RG¶V QDPH LV WR EH
UHPHPEHUHGE\KLVSHRSOH :# :+([RG3V3XULPLV
WREHµUHPHPEHUHGDQGNHSW¶E\,VUDHO:# :+(VW%XW3VHXGR
3KLORKDVLQYHUWHGWKHELEOLFDOSKUDVHWRUHIHULQVWHDGWRGod’s memory
of Abraham WKHUHE\ RIIHULQJ KLV UHDGHUV WKH UHDVRQ ZK\ *RG LV
DOZD\V IDLWKIXO KH QHYHU IRUJHWV $EUDKDP¶V ZLOOLQJQHVV DW WKH HYHQW
ZKLFKFRQ¿UPHGWKHFRYHQDQW,Q*HQ*RG¶VreUHFLSURFD
WLRQ IRU $EUDKDP¶V IDLWKIXOQHVV LV WKH SURPLVHG EOHVVLQJ RI SURJHQ\
DQG ODQG LQL.A.B. *RG¶V JLIW WR $EUDKDP LQFOXGHV D QDPH QHDUO\
RQSDUZLWKKLVRZQ

-DFREVRQ Commentary S 7KH DOWHUQDWLYH UHDGLQJ in generationem
generationumVXJJHVWLQJDQRULJLQDO-':# :#+IROORZLQJÈVHHDOVR.LVFKPseudo-
PhiloSLVSRVVLEOHEXWZHDNHQHGE\WKHFRQWH[WRIPHPRU\ZKLFKLVVKDUHGE\
ZLWK([RGDQG3V
µ$QG , ZLOO HVWDEOLVK P\ FRYHQDQW EHWZHHQ PH DQG \RX DQG \RXU RIIVSULQJ
DIWHU\RXWKURXJKRXWWKHLUJHQHUDWLRQVIRUDQHYHUODVWLQJFRYHQDQWWREH*RGWR\RX
DQGWR\RXURIIVSULQJDIWHU\RX¶
6HH([RG3VVHWF
-DFREVRQCommentaryS
,QWKH%LEOHQRUPDOO\RQO\*RG¶VQDPHHQMR\VWKHVWDWXVRIHWHUQDOSHUSHWXLW\
VHH6DP.JV.JV3V'DQ

:LOOLQJQHVV $ 6HOI6DFUL¿FH 7KH ¿QDO WZR WKHPHV ZH FRQ

VLGHULQYROYHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIDZLOOLQJVDFUL¿FH)LUVWZLOOLQJQHVVLV
PRUH WKDQ GXWLIXO REHGLHQFH 7KLV LV VHHQ LQ ,VDDF¶V UHVSRQVH WR
$EUDKDP,VDDF¶VVHOIRIIHULQJLVRQHRIDNLQGDQGZLOOEULQJEOHVVLQJ
WRWKHHQWLUHZRUOGVHH*HQ+HDVNV$EUDKDPµ:KDWLI
,KDGQRWEHHQERUQLQWRWKHZRUOGWREHRIIHUHGDVDVDFUL¿FHWRKLP
ZKRPDGH PH"¶+HDQVZHUVKLVRZQTXHVWLRQZLWKDQDI¿UPDWLRQRI
KLVEHOLHILQDQGDVVHQWWR*RG¶VZLOOµ1RZP\EOHVVHGQHVVZLOOEH
DERYHWKDWRIDOOPHQ¶erit autem mea beatitudo super omnes homines
7KHPRUDOLW\RIWKHGHPDQGLVLJQRUHG*RGSUHGHVWLQHG,VDDF
WR EH D EOHVVLQJ WR WKH ZRUOG WKHUHIRUH LW LV ULJKW 6R DOWKRXJK
$EUDKDP¶VDFWLRQVGHPRQVWUDWHKLVZLOOLQJQHVVWRREH\,VDDF¶V
ZLOOLQJQHVVJRHVDVWHSIXUWKHUKHUHVLJQVKLPVHOIWRWKHZLOORIERWK
*RG DQG KLV IDWKHU DQG YHUEDOO\ FRQ¿UPV WKDW KH LV DOLJQHG ZLWK
*RG¶V ZLOO ,QGHHG MXVW DV *RG JDYH KLP DV D EOHVVLQJ WRKLV IDWKHU
,VDDF¶Vself-JLYLQJUHVXOWVLQEOHVVLQJWRWKHQDWLRQV$EUDKDPREH\HG
ZLWKRXWTXHVWLRQLQJVHHEXW,VDDFwelcomed death as his
birthright*RGJDYHKLPOLIHIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIJLYLQJLWEDFNVRWKDW
*RGZRXOGUHFLSURFDWHRQDPXFKJUHDWHUVFDOH

:LOOLQJQHVV $ 3UHUHTXLVLWH WR $FFHSWDQFH 3VHXGR3KLOR LV
H[SOLFLW LQ WKH DFFRXQW RI %DODDP DQG 6HLOD VHH EHORZ
UHJDUGLQJ WKH UHTXLVLWH ZLOOLQJQHVV WKDW PXVW DFFRPSDQ\ D SHUVRQ¶V
RIIHULQJ ,Q 'HERUDK¶V K\PQ WKLV FRQFHSW LV H[SUHVVHG ERWK LQ WKH
DFWLRQVRI$EUDKDPDQGLQWKHVSHHFKRI,VDDF3VHXGR3KLORLVFDUHIXO
WRGUDZIURPWKHELEOLFDOQDUUDWLYHWKHHDJHUQHVVZLWKZKLFK$EUDKDP
REH\HGKHµGLGQRWGLVSXWHEXWVHWRXWLPPHGLDWHO\¶non contradixit,
sed profectus est statim VHH *HQ 7KH IDFW WKDW WKH /RUG
PXVWµKDVWHQ¶festinavitWRVWRS$EUDKDPIURPNLOOLQJKLVVRQIXUWKHU
LQGLFDWHV KLV HDJHUQHVV WR REH\ VHH *HQ ,QGHHG WKH
PHQWLRQ RI WKH ¿HU\ IXUQDFH DW WKH VWDUW RI 'HERUDK¶V K\PQ UHFDOOV
$EUDKDP¶VHDUOLHUGHPRQVWUDWLRQRIZLOOLQJQHVVWRGLH
,VDDF¶V VSHHFK DOVR UHYHDOV KLV ZLOOLQJQHVV WR EH VDFUL¿FHG +LV
ZRUGV LQ L.A.B. PLUURU -RVHSKXV¶ UHQGLWLRQ µ+H H[FODLPHG WKDW KH
GHVHUYHGQHYHUWRKDYHEHHQERUQDWDOOZHUHKHWRUHMHFWWKHGHFLVLRQ
RI*RGDQGRIKLVIDWKHU¶Ant,VDDF¶VTXHVWLRQµ:KDWLI,KDG

0XUSK\Pseudo-PhiloS
0XUSK\Pseudo-PhiloSS

QRWEHHQERUQ¶quid si non essem natusPD\SRLQWWRWKHLGHD

WKDWKHDORQHFRXOGVHUYHDVDEODPHOHVVDQGDFFHSWDEOHVDFUL¿FH7KH
FRQFOXGLQJ EOHVVLQJ RI D QDPHVDNH DWWHVWV WR WKH DFFHSWDELOLW\ RI WKH
RIIHULQJ ERWK E\ $EUDKDP DQG RI ,VDDF 7KXV DFFHSWDELOLW\ LV DQ
LPSRUWDQWPRWLIIRU3VHXGR3KLORLQWKDWLWGHOLQHDWHVZKDWLVUHTXLUHG
IURPWKHKXPDQVLGHLQUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK*RGRQO\willing REHGLHQFH
LVDFFHSWDEOHWR*RGLQUHFLSURFDWLRQRIKLVJLIWVDWKHPHHOXFLGDWHGLQ
6HLOD¶VDFFRXQWEHORZ

6XPPDU\
7KH$NHGDKLQHPSKDVL]HVPRWLIVFRQFHUQLQJ,VUDHO¶VHOHFWLRQ
WKH UHZDUG IRU REHGLHQFH DQG ZLOOLQJQHVV WR UHQGHU EDFN WR *RG
3VHXGR3KLOR LQWHUMHFWV WKH $NHGDK LQWR 'HERUDK¶V K\PQ LQ RUGHU WR
HOXFLGDWH WKH UHFLSURFDO QDWXUH RI *RG¶V GHDOLQJV ZLWK $EUDKDP DQG
,VDDF DQG WKXV E\ H[WHQVLRQ ZLWK ,VUDHO +LV -HZLVK KHDUHUV PDGH
DZDUHRI*RG¶VSURYLVLRQIRUWKHPDQGKXPDQLW\WKURXJKWKHIDWKHUV
DUH WKHUHE\ HQFRXUDJHG WR JLYH EDFN WR *RG ZLOOLQJO\ ZKDWHYHU KH
GHPDQGV IURP WKHP ,Q 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V ¿UVWFHQWXU\ FRQWH[W WKH
GHPDQG PLJKWEHIRUDQ\WKLQJDQGHYHU\WKLQJXSWRDQGLQFOXGLQJD
YLROHQWGHDWK%XW*RGUHZDUGVWKHULJKWHRXVVHHDOVR6DP
%\ SDLQWLQJ RQ KLV FDQYDV D YLYLG LPDJH RI WKH UHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQ*RGDQG,VUDHO3VHXGR3KLOREULQJVFRORUWRDSHRSOHZKRVH
ZRUOGKDVEHFRPHPRQRFKURPHKHLVRIIHULQJKRSHWRWKHKRSHOHVVE\
UHPLQGLQJWKHPRIWKHXQFKDQJLQJFRYHQDQWSDWWHUQ

6HLOD¶V2IIHULQJL.A.B. ±

3ULPDU\7H[W
$QG EHFDXVH WKH NLQJ RI WKH VRQV RI $PPRQ ZRXOG QRW OLVWHQ WR WKH
YRLFHRI-HSKWKDK-HSKWKDKURVHXSDQGDUPHGDOOWKHSHRSOHWRJRRXWDQG
¿JKWLQEDWWOHDUUD\VD\LQJµ:KHQWKHVRQVRI$PPRQKDYHEHHQGHOLYHUHG

6HH %UXFH &KLOWRQ Abraham’s Curse: The Roots of Violence in Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam 1HZ <RUN 'RXEOHGD\ S RQ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI
,VDDF¶VVDFUL¿FHDVDµSURWRW\SH¶LQ-XGDLVPDIWHUWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH7HPSOH
$OWKRXJK WKHUH PD\ EH LQGLFDWLRQV WKDW L.A.B. HQFRXUDJHG PDUW\UGRP WKH
QDUUDWLYH LV GLIIHUHQW ERWK IURP HDUOLHU 4 Maccabees DQG IURP ODWHU Mekhilta
BaHodesh VRXUFHV)RUYDULRXVYLHZVRQWKHWRSLFVHH&KLOWRQCurseSS
-DFREVRQ Commentary SS 7KDQNV DUH GXH KHUH WR 3KLOLS $OH[DQGHU IRU
IUXLWIXOGLVFXVVLRQRQWKLVWRSLFRQHZKLFKGHVHUYHVIXUWKHUVWXG\

LQWRP\KDQGVDQG,KDYHUHWXUQHGZKRHYHUPHHWVPH¿UVWRQWKHZD\ZLOO
EHDKRORFDXVWWRWKH/RUG¶
$QG*RGZDVYHU\DQJU\DQGVDLGµ%HKROG-HSKWKDKKDVYRZHGWKDWKH
ZLOO RIIHU WR PH ZKDWHYHU PHHWV KLP ¿UVW RQ WKH ZD\ DQG QRZ LI D GRJ
VKRXOGPHHW-HSKWKDK¿UVWZLOOWKHGRJEHRIIHUHGWRPH"$QGQRZOHWWKH
YRZRI-HSKWKDKEHDFFRPSOLVKHGDJDLQVWKLVRZQ¿UVWERUQWKDWLVDJDLQVW
WKH IUXLW RI KLVRZQ ERG\DQGKLV UHTXHVW DJDLQVW KLV RQO\EHJRWWHQ %XW ,
ZLOOVXUHO\IUHHP\SHRSOHLQWKLVWLPHQRWEHFDXVHRIKLPEXWEHFDXVHRI
WKHSUD\HUWKDW,VUDHOSUD\HG¶
$QG -HSKWKDK FDPH DQG DWWDFNHG WKH VRQV RI $PPRQ DQG WKH /RUG
GHOLYHUHGWKHPLQWRKLVKDQGVDQGKHVWUXFNGRZQVL[W\RIWKHLUFLWLHV$QG
-HSKWKDKUHWXUQHGLQSHDFHDQGZRPHQFDPHRXWWRPHHWKLPLQVRQJDQG
GDQFH$QGLWZDVKLVRQO\GDXJKWHUZKRFDPHRXWRIWKHKRXVH¿UVWLQWKH
GDQFH WR PHHW KHU IDWKHU $QG ZKHQ -HSKWKDK VDZ KHU KH JUHZ IDLQW DQG
VDLG µ5LJKWO\ ZDV \RXU QDPH FDOOHG 6HLOD WKDW \RX PLJKW EH RIIHUHG LQ
VDFUL¿FH$QGQRZZKRZLOOSXWP\KHDUWLQWKHEDODQFHDQGP\VRXORQWKH
VFDOH" $QG , ZLOO VWDQG E\ DQG VHH ZKLFK ZLOO ZLQ RXW ZKHWKHU LW LV WKH
UHMRLFLQJ WKDW KDV RFFXUUHG RU WKH VDGQHVV WKDW EHIDOOV PH $QG EHFDXVH ,
RSHQHG P\ PRXWK WR P\ /RUG LQ VRQJ ZLWK YRZV , FDQQRW FDOO WKDW EDFN
DJDLQ¶
$QG6HLODKLVGDXJKWHUVDLGWRKLPµ$QGZKRLVWKHUHZKRZRXOGEHVDG
LQGHDWKVHHLQJWKHSHRSOHIUHHG"2UGR\RXQRWUHPHPEHUZKDWKDSSHQHG
LQWKHGD\VRIRXUIDWKHUVZKHQWKHIDWKHUSODFHGWKHVRQDVDKRORFDXVWDQG
KH GLG QRW UHIXVH KLP EXW JODGO\ JDYH FRQVHQW WR KLP DQG WKH RQH EHLQJ
RIIHUHGZDVUHDG\DQGWKHRQHZKRZDVRIIHULQJZDVUHMRLFLQJ"
$QGQRZGRQRWDQQXOHYHU\WKLQJ\RXKDYHYRZHGEXWFDUU\LWRXW<HW
RQHUHTXHVW,DVNRI\RXEHIRUH,GLHDVPDOOGHPDQG,VHHNEHIRUH,JLYH
EDFN P\ VRXO WKDW , PD\ JR LQWR WKH PRXQWDLQV DQG VWD\ LQ WKH KLOOV DQG
ZDONDPRQJWKHURFNV,DQGP\YLUJLQFRPSDQLRQVDQG,ZLOOSRXURXWP\
WHDUV WKHUH DQG WHOO RI WKH VDGQHVV RI P\ \RXWK $QG WKH WUHHV RI WKH ¿HOG
ZLOOZHHSIRUPHDQGWKHEHDVWVRIWKH¿HOGZLOOODPHQWRYHUPH)RU,DP
QRWVDGEHFDXVH,DPWRGLHQRUGRHVLWSDLQPHWRJLYHEDFNP\VRXOEXW
EHFDXVHP\IDWKHUZDVFDXJKWXSLQWKHVQDUHRIKLVYRZDQGLI,GLGQRW
RIIHU P\VHOI ZLOOLQJO\ IRU VDFUL¿FH , IHDU WKDW P\ GHDWK ZRXOG QRW EH
DFFHSWDEOH RU , ZRXOG ORVH P\ OLIH LQ YDLQ 7KHVH WKLQJV , ZLOO WHOO WKH
PRXQWDLQVDQGDIWHUZDUG,ZLOOUHWXUQ¶$QGKHUIDWKHUVDLGµ*R¶
$QG 6HLOD WKH GDXJKWHU RI -HSKWKDK VKH DQG KHU YLUJLQ FRPSDQLRQV
ZHQW RXW DQG FDPH DQG WROG LW WR WKH ZLVH PHQ RI WKH SHRSOH DQG QR RQH
FRXOG UHVSRQGWR KHU ZRUG $QG DIWHUZDUG VKHFDPH WR 0RXQW6WHODFDQG
WKH/RUGWKRXJKWRIKHUE\QLJKWDQGVDLGµ%HKROGQRZ,KDYHVKXWXSWKH
WRQJXHRIWKHZLVHPHQRIP\SHRSOHIRUWKLVJHQHUDWLRQVRWKDWWKH\FDQQRW
UHVSRQGWRWKHGDXJKWHURI-HSKWKDKWRKHUZRUGLQRUGHUWKDWP\ZRUGEH
IXO¿OOHGDQGP\SODQWKDW,WKRXJKWRXWQRWEHIRLOHG$QG,KDYHVHHQWKDW
WKHYLUJLQLVZLVHLQFRQWUDVWWRKHUIDWKHUDQGSHUFHSWLYHLQFRQWUDVWWRDOO
WKHZLVHPHQZKRDUHKHUH$QGQRZOHWKHUOLIHEHJLYHQDWKLVUHTXHVWDQG
KHUGHDWKZLOOEHSUHFLRXVEHIRUHPHDOZD\VDQGVKHZLOOJRDZD\DQGIDOO
LQWRWKHERVRPRIKHUPRWKHUV¶
([HJHVLV
7KH $NHGDK UHIHUHQFH LQ WKH VWRU\ RI -HSKWKDK LV RXU WKLUG DQG ¿QDO
XQDPELJXRXV H[DPSOH 7KH FRQWH[W PLUURUV 'HERUDK¶V VRPHZKDW LQ
WKDW WKH SHRSOH KDYH MXVW EHHQ GHOLYHUHG IURP D VHULRXV WKUHDW RI
H[WLQFWLRQDWWKHKDQGVRIWKHLUHQHPLHV%XWWKHMR\RI'HERUDKLVQRZ
UHSODFHG E\ WKH ZHHSLQJ RI 6HLOD WKH QRZQDPHG GDXJKWHU RI -HSK
WKDK ZKRVH IRROLVK YRZ UHTXLUHV KHU VDFUL¿FH 7KLV KXPDQ RIIHULQJ
GUDZVSDUDOOHOVZLWK,VDDF¶VLQWKDWRQO\DZLOOLQJVDFUL¿FHLVDFFHSW
DEOH 8QOLNH ,VDDF 6HLOD¶V VDFUL¿FH HQGV LQ GHDWK XQOLNH
$EUDKDP-HSKWKDK¶VDFWLRQVDUHFRQGHPQDEOH:KLOVW3VHXGR3KLOR
FRXOGKDYHRPLWWHGWKLVVWRU\LWDFWXDOO\VHUYHVKLVWKHRORJLFDOLQWHU
HVWV ZHOO LW UHSUHVHQWV IRU KLP RQH RI WKH FOHDUHVW GHSLFWLRQV RIERWK
GLYLQHUHZDUGDQGKXPDQDFTXLHVFHQFH
-HSKWKDK¶V YRZ LQ LV FKDQJHG LQ WKUHH VLJQL¿FDQW ZD\V E\
3VHXGR3KLOR)LUVW3VHXGR3KLORPDNHVH[SOLFLWZKDWWKH%LEOHOHDYHV
LPSOLFLW WKH ¿rst WKLQJ WR PHHW -HSKWKDK ZLOO EH RIIHUHG primus
QRWMXVWµwhoever FRPHVRXWRIWKHGRRUVRIP\KRXVHWRPHHW
PH¶ -XGJ LWDOLFV DGGHG-RVHSKXV GRHV OLNHZLVH µZKDWHYHU
OLYLQJ FUHDWXUH VKRXOG ¿UVW PHHW KLP¶ Ant. 6HFRQG LQ WKH
ELEOLFDO DFFRXQW WKH µVSLULW RI WKH /25'¶ KDV DOUHDG\ FRPH XSRQ
-HSKWKDK ZKHQ KH PDNHV WKH YRZ -XGJ ,Q 3VHXGR3KLOR
WKHUHLVQRVXFKRFFXUUHQFHDVLJQL¿FDQWRPLVVLRQIRUDQDXWKRUNHHQ
WRUHODWHWKHZRUNRIWKHµVSLULW¶LQDQGWKURXJK,VUDHO¶VOHDGHUVERWK
JRRGDQGEDG)LQDOO\WKHYRZLVFRQWDLQHGLQDGLUHFWSUD\HUµWRWKH
/25'¶!#!'+ :1 %=6' :'#LQ-XGJEXWLQL.A.B. WKH
YRZ LV PDGH µEHIRUH WKH SHRSOH¶ surrexit Ieptan et armavit omnem
populum ut exiret et in procinctu pugnaret dicens7KHVHFKDQJHVWR
WKH ELEOLFDO QDUUDWLYH DUH WKH PHDQV E\ ZKLFK 3VHXGR3KLOR UHFDVWV

5LFKDUG%DXFNKDPµ7KH/LEHU$QWLTXLWDWXP%LEOLFDUXPRI3VHXGR3KLORDQG
WKH *RVSHOV DV ³0LGUDVK´ ¶ LQ 57 )UDQFH DQG 'DYLG :HQKDP HGV Gospel

Perspectives III: Studies in Midrash and Historiography 6KHI¿HOG -627 3UHVV

S
7KH FKDQJH IURP µZKRHYHU¶ omnis qui LQ -HSKWKDK¶V YRZ WR µZKDWHYHU¶
omne quod LQ *RG¶V UHVSRQVH ZRXOG QRW EH GLVFHUQLEOH LQ WKH RULJLQDO +HEUHZ
ZKHUHPDVFXOLQHDQGQHXWHUDUHLQGLVWLQJXLVKDEOHEXWLVOLNHO\DWUDQVODWRUSLFNLQJXS
RQWKHIROORZLQJUHIHUHQFHWRDµGRJ¶-DFREVRQCommentaryS
6HH L.A.B. 0DULD GDXJKWHU RI $PUDP WKH IDWKHU RI 0RVHV
%DODDP -RVKXD &HQD] 'HERUDK *LGHRQ
6DXO

-HSKWKDK DV D SHUIHFW IRLO IRU $EUDKDP ,QGHHG µ-HSKWKDK LV D FKDU
DFWHU WDLORUPDGH IRU RQH RI 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V WKHPHV²WKDW SHRSOH FDQ
EH ZHOOLQWHQWLRQHG DQG IRROLVK¶ +LV SUHVXPSWXRXVQHVV UHFDOOV
%DODN¶V HDUOLHU DWWHPSWV WR VZD\ *RG¶V IDYRU EXW WKLV WLPH IURP
ZLWKLQWKHUDQNVRI*RG¶VRZQSHRSOH
7KH WXUQLQJ SRLQW LQ WKH QDUUDWLYH FRPHV DW ZKHQ LQ D
VWULNLQJFRQWUDVWWRWKHELEOLFDODFFRXQW*RGVSHDNV+HWDNHVRIIHQVH
DW WKH OLNHOLKRRG WKDW VRPHWKLQJ XQFOHDQ VXFK DV D GRJ PLJKW EH
VDFUL¿FHG WR KLP si canis primum obviaverit Iepte, numquid canis
offeretur mihi? *RG WKHUHIRUH GHFLGHV WKDW -HSKWKDK¶V µ¿UVWERUQ¶
primogenitum DQG µRQO\EHJRWWHQ¶ unigenitam GDXJKWHU ZLOO PHHW
KLP ¿UVW LQ RUGHU WR DYRLG WKH HPEDUUDVVPHQW RI DQ LPSURSHU
VDFUL¿FH+HUHYHDOVWKDWKLVGHFLVLRQWRGHOLYHUWKHSHRSOHLVGXHWR
WKHLUSUD\HURIUHSHQWDQFHpro oratione quam oravit IsraelVHH
not -HSKWKDK¶V YRZ *RG¶V LQLWLDWLYH LQ WKH HYHQW LV FOHDU IRU KH
KLPVHOIGLYXOJHVWKHPRWLYDWLRQVDWZRUN*RGLVWKXVXQDPELJXRXVO\
WKHGLUHFWRURI6HLOD¶VWUDJLFVFHQHKHFDOOVLWµP\SODQWKDW,WKRXJKW
RXW¶consilium meum quod cogitaveram
,Q-HSKWKDK¶VMR\DWYLFWRU\LVUHSODFHGE\VRUURZZKHQXSRQ
UHWXUQLQJ KRPH KH LV PHW E\ D JURXS RI GDQFLQJ ZRPHQ OHG E\ KLV
GDXJKWHU LQ WKH ELEOLFDO DFFRXQW VKH DORQH PHHWV KLP ZLWK GDQFLQJ
3VHXGR3KLOR LV XQLTXH LQ QDPLQJ KHU 6HLOD PHDQLQJ µVKH ZKR ZDV

0XUSK\Pseudo-PhiloS
7KLV FRQFHSW LV VKDUHG E\ WKH 5DEELV EXW XQH[SUHVVHG LQ -XGJ
Taanith DFRQVLGHUV-HSKWKDKµIRUWXQDWHLQWKDWLWVRKDSSHQHGWKDWKLVRZQGDXJKWHU
FDPHWRPHHWKLP¶)HOGPDQµ3UROHJRPHQRQ¶SF[[LL6HHDOVR6&SZKR
FLWHV Lev. R. DQG -DFREVRQ Commentary S ZKR DGGV Tanhuma E
3VHXGR3KLORLVXQLTXHKRZHYHULQKDYLQJ*RGordain -HSKWKDK¶VGDXJKWHUWREHWKH
¿UVWWRPHHWKLP
3VHXGR3KLORLVPRUHHPSKDWLFWKDQWKHELEOLFDOWH[WLQUHODWLQJ6HLOD¶VVWDWXV
DVWKHµ¿UVWERUQ¶DQGµRQO\EHJRWWHQ¶GDXJKWHURI-HSKWKDK-XGJ*RGKLP
VHOI LGHQWL¿HV KHU WKLV ZD\ +H VD\V µ1RZ OHW -HSKWKDK¶V YRZ EH DFFRP
SOLVKHG XSRQ KLV RZQ ¿rst-born WKDW LV XSRQ WKH IUXLW RI KLV RZQ EHOO\ DQG OHW KLV
UHTXHVW EH XSRQ KLV only-begotten GDXJKWHU¶ 3VHXGR3KLOR WKHQ UHSHDWV WKDW 6HLOD LV
-HSKWKDK¶VµRQO\EHJRWWHQGDXJKWHU¶WKLVWLPHFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHSODFHPHQW
LQWKHELEOLFDOQDUUDWLYH7KHVHWHUPVKDYHORQJEHHQUHFRJQL]HGDVLPSRUWDQWOLQNVWR
,VDDFDWWKH$NHGDK*HQ
7KLV QRWDEOH VWDWHPHQW E\ *RG FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH SDWWHUQ LQ -XGJHV ZKHUH
*RG XOWLPDWHO\ UHVSRQGV LQ PHUF\ WR ,VUDHO¶V FU\ IRU KHOS µ$OO WKH SHRSOH SUD\HG
WRJHWKHU«*RGWXUQHGIURPKLVZUDWK¶

GHPDQGHG¶RUµVKHZKRKDVEHHQERUURZHG¶LQRWKHUZRUGVµ*RGKDV
OHQW 6HLOD WR-HSKWKDK DQG QRZ UHFODLPV WKH ORDQ¶7KLV VSHFLDO HW\
PRORJ\LVSDUDOOHOHGLQ6DPXHODQRWKHURI3VHXGR3KLOR¶VFKDUDFWHUV
ZKRKDVWLHVWRWKH$NHGDK
2WKHU-HZLVKVRXUFHVDJUHHLQSRUWUD\LQJ-HSKWKDK¶VMR\RIYLFWRU\
EHLQJ FRXQWHUEDODQFHG E\ KLV JULHI <HW WKHUH LV D UHPDUNDEOH GLIIHU
HQFHLQWKHDFWXDOZRUGVRI-HSKWKDK¶VFU\RIVRUURZLQL.A.B%URZQ
QRWHVWKDW-HSKWKDK¶VDFFXVLQJWRQHLQ-XGJHVDOVRAnt. KDV
EHHQ UHSODFHG E\ D YRFDOL]HG LQQHU HPRWLRQDO DQG HWKLFDO FRQÀLFW
VLPLODUWR+HOOHQLVWLFGUDPD7KHLGHDRIVRXOVEHLQJZHLJKHGLVDOVR

-DFREVRQCommentaryS
7KHSDUDOOHOVEHWZHHQ6HLODDQG6DPXHODUHUHPDUNDEOH)LUVWMXVWDV6DPXHO
DIWHUKHU6HLOD¶Vetymology VSHDNVRIWKHGLYLQH±KXPDQLQWHUFKDQJH6DPXHO¶VPRWKHU
+DQQDKLQIHUWLOHOLNHKHUSUHGHFHVVRU6DUDKSUD\HGDQGUHFHLYHGDVRQµLQGXHWLPH
+DQQDKFRQFHLYHGDQGERUHDVRQ6KHQDPHGKLP6DPXHOIRUVKHVDLG³,KDYHDVNHG
KLP RI WKH /25'´¶ 6DP 7KHUHDIWHU +DQQDK UHWXUQV 6DPXHO WR WKH /25'
µ)RUWKLVFKLOG,SUD\HGDQGWKH/25'KDVJUDQWHGPHWKHSHWLWLRQWKDW,PDGHWRKLP
7KHUHIRUH,KDYHOHQWKLPWRWKH/25'DVORQJDVKHOLYHVKHLVJLYHQWRWKH/25'¶
6DP:KHWKHU6HLOD¶VQDPHLVEHWWHUXQGHUVWRRGDVDERUURZLQJOHQGLQJ
RUDJLYLQJWDNLQJGHPDQGLQJEDFNWKHUHLVDFORVHSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHSDWWHUQVHHQLQ
6DPXHO¶VVWRU\
6HFRQG 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V XVH RI WKH Akedah LQWHUWZLQHV WKH WZR FKDUDFWHUV ,W LV
LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW DW WKH FULWLFDO WUDQVLWLRQ SRLQW EHWZHHQ WKH OHDGHUVKLS RI WKH
MXGJHVDQGWKHPRQDUFK\WKHSHRSOHUHTXHVWDOHDGHUZKRµFDQUXOHXVDV&HQD]GLG¶
&HQD] LV WKH ¿UVW RI WKH MXGJHV DQG WKH OHDGHU par excellence RI ,VUDHO DQG
UHFHLYHV D OHQJWK\ QDUUDWLYH LQ 3VHXGR3KLOR VHH 1LFNHOVEXUJ Leaders S %XW
DIWHUKLVSDVVLQJWKHQDWLRQIDOOVIXUWKHULQWRLGRODWU\ZLWKHDFKVXFFHVVLYHJHQHUDWLRQ
7KHEUHDNLQJSRLQWFRPHVDVLQWKH%LEOHZLWKWKHGHIHDWRI%HQMDPLQE\WKHRWKHU
WULEHVRI,VUDHO-XGJ:KHQ(ONDQDKLVFKRVHQE\ORWWROHDG,VUDHOEXWUHMHFWVWKH
VXPPRQV*RGUHYHDOVKLVRZQFKRLFHµWKHRQHERUQIURPWKHVWHULOHZRPDQZKRP,
JDYHWRKLPDVDZLIHZLOOEHSURSKHWEHIRUHPHI will love him as I loved Isaacand
his name will be before me always¶7KHFORVHDVVRFLDWLRQRI6DPXHOZLWK,VDDF
LVQRWXQLTXHWRL.A.B.EHLQJIRXQGDOVRLQWKH0LGUDVKEXWZKDWLVUHPDUNDEOHLVWKH
FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ ,VDDF 6DPXHO DQG 6HLOD $OO WKUHH DUH ¿UVWERUQ RQO\EHJRWWHQ
FKLOGUHQ ,VDDF DQG 6DPXHO DUH µORYHG¶ diligo ZKLOVW 6HLOD¶V GHDWK LV µSUHFLRXV¶
preciosus DOVR LQGLFDWLQJ D FORVHQHVV LQ UHODWLRQVKLS WR *RG 7KH SDUDGLJPDWLF
H[DPSOHVHWE\,VDDFKDVEHHQSLFNHGXSE\3VHXGR3KLORLQWKHQDUUDWLYHVRIWZRRI
KLV PRVW LPSRUWDQW FKDUDFWHUV 6HLOD DQG 6DPXHO ZKR UHSUHVHQW IRU WKH DXWKRU WKH
HSLWRPHRIIDLWKIXOQHVVWR*RG
&I -RVHSKXV Ant. ZKHUH -HSKWKDK EODPHV KLV PLVIRUWXQH RQ KLV
GDXJKWHU
&KHU\O$QQH%URZQNo Longer Be Silent: First Century Jewish Portraits of
Biblical Women /RXLVYLOOH.<:HVWPLQVWHU-RKQ.QR[3UHVVS

DWWHVWHGLQ(J\SWLDQDQG-HZLVKVRXUFHVEXWRQO\L.A.B. FRQWDLQVWKH
µQRWLRQRIZHLJKLQJWKHFRQÀLFWLQJIHHOLQJVLQWKHVRXOWRVHHZKLFKLV
JUHDWHU¶-HSKWKDKLVXQDEOHWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUMR\RUVDGQHVVZLOO
WULXPSKKHLVWUDSSHGE\7RUDK
6HLOD¶V UHVSRQVH LV WZRIROG IROORZLQJ WKH ELEOLFDO PRGHO -XGJ
6KH UHMRLFHV DW WKH SHRSOH¶V GHOLYHUDQFH DQG HQFRXUDJHV
KHUIDWKHUWRGRWKHVDPH6HLODWKHQUHPLQGV-HSKWKDKRIWKHH[DPSOH
VHW E\ both $EUDKDP DQG ,VDDF DW WKH $NHGDK µLQ WKH GD\V RI RXU
IDWKHUV¶ 6KH GUDZV IURP ,VUDHO¶V µIRXQGDWLRQDO DQG SDUDGLJ
PDWLF WLPH¶ LQ RUGHU WR SURYLGH WKH SHUIHFW PRGHO ZLWK ZKLFK WR
UHVROYH-HSKWKDK¶VZDYHULQJ3VHXGR3KLORLVQRWDORQHLQVHHLQJDWHVW
IRUboth $EUDKDPDQG,VDDFDWWKH$NHGDK-RVHSKXVAnt.
DQG 4Targum Pseudo-Jonathan RQ *HQ DJUHH DW WKLV
SRLQW<HW3VHXGR3KLORLVXQLTXHLQH[SUHVVLQJWKHFRQFHSWWKURXJK
WKH OLSV RI 6HLOD LQWHJUDWLQJ WKH MR\IXO REHGLHQFH RI $EUDKDP DQG
,VDDFDVDPRGHOIRUERWKKHUIDWKHUDQGKHUVHOI$VLQWKH%LEOHVKH
GRHVQRWFRQGHPQKHUIDWKHU%XWKHUDSSHDOLQ-XGJLVVLPSO\
IRU -HSKWKDK WR GR KLV GXW\ ,Q L.A.B. 6HLOD XUJHV KHU IDWKHU WR EH
µMR\IXO¶gaudens
,Q6HLODKHUIDWKHUSHWLWLRQVWRJRWRWKHPRXQWDLQVDQGODPHQW
KHUYLUJLQLW\VHH-XGJL.A.B. GLIIHUVLQWKUHHVLJQL¿FDQWZD\V
IURP WKH ELEOLFDO QDUUDWLYH )LUVW 3VHXGR3KLOR WXUQV WKH IRFXV FRP
SOHWHO\WR6HLOD¶Vgift6KHVD\Vµ,JLYHEDFNP\VRXO«LWGRHVQRWSDLQ
PH WR JLYH EDFN P\ VRXO¶ reddam animam meam«nec dolet mihi
quod reddo animam meam 7KXV WKH RIIHULQJ LV QR ORQJHU -HSK
WKDK¶V EXW 6HLOD¶V 6HFRQG KHU ZLOOLQJQHVV LV HYLGHQW LQ KHU KHLJKW
HQHGODQJXDJHIURPµGRWRPHDFFRUGLQJWRZKDWKDVJRQHRXWRI\RXU
PRXWK¶-XGJWRµGRQRWDQQXODQ\WKLQJ\RXKDYHYRZHGEXW
GRLWDOO¶omnia que orasti non destruas, sed fac6KHHQGVZLWK
WKHVWDWHPHQWWKDWXQOHVVVKHLVµZLOOLQJ¶WRGLHKHUVDFUL¿FHZLOOQRW

-DFREVRQCommentaryS
µ:KHQDPDQPDNHVDYRZWRWKH/25'RUVZHDUVDQRDWKWRELQGKLPVHOIE\
DSOHGJHKHVKDOOQRWEUHDNKLVZRUGKHVKDOOGRDFFRUGLQJWRDOOWKDWSURFHHGVRXWRI
KLVPRXWK¶1XP
0XUSK\Pseudo-PhiloS
6HH&OHPHQV/HRQKDUGThe Jewish Pesach and the Origins of the Christian
Easter: Open Questions in Current Research %HUOLQGH*UX\WHUSS
$OVR9HUPHVScriptureSDQG/H'pDXWPascaleSDVQRWHGLQ)HOGPDQ
µ3UROHJRPHQRQ¶SF[[LLL

EH DFFHSWHG UHÀHFWLQJ LQ VWURQJHU WHUPV D FRQFHSW SUHVHQW LQ WKH
SUHYLRXVWZRSDVVDJHVDQDO\]HGDERYH
:KHQ6HLODSUHVHQWVKHUVHOIWRWKHHOGHUVQRQHRIWKHPFDQµUHVSRQG
WRKHUZRUG¶nemo potuit respondere ad verbum eius$OWKRXJK
WKH HOGHUV DUH QRW PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH ELEOLFDO DFFRXQW 3VHXGR3KLOR
DJUHHVZLWKWKH5DEELVZKREODPHWKHHOGHUV¶VLOHQFHRQWKHLUIDLOXUH
WR UHPHPEHU WKH KDODNKDK ,I WKH\ VSHDN VKH ZLOO EH VDYHG VLQFH
-HSKWKDK¶V YRZ LV LQYDOLG 0LGUDVKLF DQG WDOPXGLF VRXUFHV FRQGHPQ
-HSKWKDKDQGWKHHOGHUVIRUWKHLUDUURJDQFHDQGUHWLFHQFHLQDOORZLQJD
KXPDQ VDFUL¿FH WR KDSSHQ %XW LQVWHDG RI FRQGHPQLQJ HLWKHU WKH
HOGHUV RU -HSKWKDK 3VHXGR3KLOR GRHV VRPHWKLQJ H[FHSWLRQDO KH
SODFHV IXOO UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RQ God IRU 6HLOD¶V DFWXDO GHDWK,W LV *RG
ZKR µVKXW XS WKH WRQJXH RI WKH ZLVH PHQ¶ LQ RUGHU WKDW ZKDW KH
RUGDLQHGDKXPDQVDFUL¿FHZRXOGFRPHWRSDVV:LWKRXWDPHQWLRQ
RI-HSKWKDKDWWKLVSRLQW*RGUHPDUNVWKDWKHLVJUDQWLQJ6HLOD¶VRZQ
µUHTXHVW¶petitione eiusWRGLH7KHUHZDUGIRUKHUDFTXLHVFHQFHWRKLV
GLYLQHSODQZLOOEHDSHUPDQHQWOHJDF\EHIRUHKLPDµSUHFLRXV¶GHDWK
erit mors eius preciosa ante conspectum meum omni tempore VHH
3V*RG¶VJLIWWRKHULVDQHWHUQDOUHVWLQJSODFHLQµWKHERVRP
RI KHU PRWKHUV¶ abiens decidet in sinum matrum suarum D IHPLQL
]DWLRQ RI WKH ELEOLFDO LGLRP ZKLFK UHSOLFDWHV WKH ODPHQW RYHU G\LQJ
FKLOGUHQLQ/DP3VHXGR3KLORPDNHVH[SOLFLWWKHUHDVRQIRUWKH
SHRSOH¶VGHOLYHUDQFHDQG6HLOD¶VGHDWK*RGRUGDLQHGLWDOO

)HOGPDQµ3UROHJRPHQRQ¶SF[[LLL
*LQ]EHUJ Jews 9, S Q UHPDUNV WKDW D UDWLRQDOLVWLF YLHZ RI WKH
HYHQWVWKDW-HSKWKDK¶VGDXJKWHUZDVPHUHO\FRQVWUDLQHGWRDOLIHRISHUSHWXDOYLUJLQLW\
LQGHYRWLRQWR*RGLVQRWDWWHVWHGXQWLOPXFKODWHULQWKHPHGLHYDO5DEELV
-DFREVRQCommentaryS
6RPHFRPPHQWDWRUVVHHLQ6HLOD¶VVDFUL¿FHDQDWRQLQJYDOXHIRUWKHVDNHRIWKH
SHRSOH ZKLFK ZRXOG VXJJHVW D FORVHU DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK ,VDDF¶V RIIHULQJ DV ZHOO DV
PDJQLI\LQJ WKH EHQH¿W RI KHU GHDWK )HOGPDQ ¿QGV VXSSRUW IURP -RVHSKXV WKDW KHU
VDFUL¿FHLQVRPHZD\HIIHFWVWKHOLEHUDWLRQRIWKHSHRSOH)HOGPDQµ3UROHJRPHQRQ¶
SF[LLLµWKLVDFWLRQWKDWZDVWREHIDOOKHUZDVQRWXQJUDWHIXOWRKHUVLQFHVKHVKRXOG
GLHXSRQRFFDVLRQRIKHUIDWKHU¶VYLFWRU\DQGWKHOLEHUW\RIKHUIHOORZFLWL]HQV¶Ant.
1LFNHOVEXUJDJUHHVµ6HLOD¶VZLOOLQJQHVVWRGLHEHFRPHVDpost-factoPHDQVWR
*RG¶VIDYRUDQGDSXEOLFH[DPSOHWRWKHSHRSOHDV,VDDFKDGSUHGLFWHGWKDWKLVRZQ
ZLOOLQJQHVVWRGLHZRXOGEH¶1LFNHOVEXUJµ/HDGHUV¶S3VHXGR3KLORKRZHYHU
FUHGLWV WKH SHRSOH¶V SUD\HU DQG XOWLPDWHO\ *RG &KULVWRSKHU 7 %HJJ
Flavius Josephus: Judean Antiquities 5–7 YRO ,, RI Flavius Josephus: Translation
and Commentary >/HLGHQ %ULOO @ S Q QRWHV WKDW ERWK -RVHSKXV DQG

7KHPDWLF$QDO\VLV
,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KH WKHRORJLFDO YDOXH RI 6HLOD¶V VWRU\ LV
XQPLVWDNDEOH3VHXGR3KLORµDLPVWRSURGXFHDWKHRORJLFDOUHDGLQJRI
WKH ELEOLFDO VWRU\ WR LPSRVH RQ D EDUEDURXV WDOH IURP WKH KHURLF DJH
WKH YDOXHV RI LWV RZQ WLPHV¶%XW KRZ GRHV WKH LQWHUMHFWLRQ RI WKH
$NHGDK ZKHUH WKH %LEOH KDV QR VXFK UHIHUHQFH VHUYH WKDW SXUSRVH"
7KH $NHGDK LQ WKH HSLVRGH RI 6HLOD IXO¿OV D VLPLODU IXQFWLRQ DV LQ
%DODDP DQG 'HERUDK LW LV SDUDGLJPDWLF IRU 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V XQGHU
VWDQGLQJ RI *RG¶V UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK ,VUDHO %XW PRUH VR LW WDNHV D
WUDJLFHSLVRGHLQ,VUDHO¶VKLVWRU\DQGUHZRUNVLWLQWRDFDOOIRUXQPLWL
JDWHGREHGLHQFH

'LYLQH'HOLYHUDQFH*RG¶VGHOLYHUDQFHDQLPSRUWDQWWKHPHLQ
WKH$NHGDKVHH*HQLVSURPLQHQWLQWKHVWRU\RI6HLOD
7KHSHRSOHDUHµGHOLYHUHG¶DQGµIUHHG¶-HSKWKDKµUHWXUQV
VDIHO\¶ DQG *RG SURPLVHV WR µIUHH P\ SHRSOH¶ $V
HDUOLHU3VHXGR3KLORLQWHUMHFWVWKH$NHGDKLQWRDFRQWH[WRIOLEHUDWLRQ
IURPHQHPLHV<HWVRPHWKLQJGLIIHUHQWLVKDSSHQLQJKHUH7KH$NHGDK
LV UHFDOOHG IRU %DODDP¶V VDNH WR HPSKDVL]H WKH LUUHYRFDELOLW\ RI WKH
FRYHQDQW prior to GHOLYHUDQFH ,Q 'HERUDK¶V K\PQ WKH $NHGDK LV
UHFDOOHGLQSUDLVHWR*RGDVDFHOHEUDWLRQRIKLVGHOLYHUDQFHjust per-
formed RQEHKDOIRIKLVFRYHQDQWSHRSOH+HUHKRZHYHUWKH$NHGDK
SURYLGHV D PRGHO RI MR\ DV WKH right response WR *RG¶V GHOLYHUDQFH.
'HDWKPD\RUPD\QRWEHDQHFHVVDU\FRUROODU\RIZLOOIXOVHOIJLYLQJ
DWWKLVSRLQWLQWKHVWRU\QHLWKHU-HSKWKDKQRU6HLODNQRZLI*RGZLOO
DIIHFWKHUGHOLYHUDQFHDVKHGLG,VDDF¶VL.A.B. LVFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKH
DWWLWXGH RI WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV UHJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU RQH¶V GHOLYHUDQFH
FRPHV SUH RU SRVWKXPRXVO\ 7KH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH SHRSOH¶V
IUHHGRP DQG WKH UHIHUHQFH WR WKH $NHGDK LQ LVWR RIIHU WKURXJK
6HLOD¶V OLSV DQ H[HPSODU RI KRZ RQH LV WR UHVSRQG WR *RG¶V GHOLYHU
DQFHHYHQLQWKHIDFHRIDQXQMXVWGHDWK

3VHXGR3KLORSRUWUD\6HLODDVZLOOLQJWRGLHEHFDXVHRIWKHSHRSOH¶VIUHHGRPQRWIRU
LW 6HLOD¶V VDFUL¿FH KDV D GLIIHUHQW SXUSRVH WKDQ HIIHFWLQJ FRUSRUDWH OLEHUDWLRQ KHU
GHDWKSURYLGHVDPRGHORIMR\IXOREHGLHQFHWR*RGRQDQindividual OHYHOZLWKLQWKH
FRQWH[WRIWKHFRYHQDQWSURPLVHV
$OH[DQGHUµ5HWHOOLQJ¶S

7KH)DWKHUV¶([DPSOH)UHTXHQWO\WKURXJKRXWL.A.B. UHIHUHQFH
LV PDGH WR µWKH IDWKHUV¶ DV H[DPSOHV WR EH IROORZHGDQG DV WHVWL
PRQ\ WR WKH FRYHQDQW PDGH ZLWK *RG 6HLOD E\ UHIHUULQJ WR µWKH
GD\VRIRXUIDWKHUV¶diebus patrum nostrorumLVHQFRXUDJLQJ
KHU IDWKHU WR IROORZ WKH SUHFHGHQW VHW E\ $EUDKDP -HSKWKDK VKRXOG
KDYH EHHQ HDJHU VLQFH KH KLPVHOI FDOOHG WKH SHRSOH WR D SUD\HU RI
UHSHQWDQFHIXOORIWKHODQJXDJHRIµFKRRVLQJ¶µSODQWLQJ¶DQGµSURPLVH¶
,QGHHG6HLOD¶VUHIHUHQFHWRWKHIDWKHUVDQG-HSKWKDK¶VVXEVH
TXHQWGHFLVLRQWRIXO¿OOKLVYRZUHFDOOVWKHG\QDPLFEHWZHHQWKHELE
OLFDOSURSKHWVDQGUHEHOOLRXV,VUDHO)UHTXHQWO\WKHSURSKHWVH[KRUWHG
,VUDHOWRUHWXUQWRWKHLUFRYHQDQW*RGUHPHPEHULQJWKHWKLQJVKHKDG
GRQHIRUWKHP,QL.A.B.µWKHDI¿UPDWLRQRI,VUDHO¶VFRYHQDQWVWDWXV
RFFXUVPRVWRIWHQLQQDUUDWLYHVWKDWGHSLFWWKHQDWLRQVXIIHULQJEHFDXVH
RI LWV GLVREHGLHQFH RI WKH FRYHQDQWDO ODZV¶ 7KXV 6HLOD¶V SUHIDFH
EHIRUHPHQWLRQLQJWKH$NHGDKEULQJVWKHFRYHQDQWUHODWLRQVKLSRI*RG
ZLWK ,VUDHO WR WKH IRUH JLYLQJ WKH VWURQJHVW SRVVLEOH DSSHDO WR KHU
IDWKHUDQGKHUVHOIWRDFWDFFRUGLQJWRWKHH[HPSODURIMR\HPERGLHG
LQWKHIDWKHUV

$:LOOLQJ6DFUL¿FH$UJXDEO\WKHWKHPHPRVWVWURQJO\HPSKD
VL]HGLQ6HLOD¶VVWRU\LVWKDWRIDZLOOLQJVDFUL¿FH3VHXGR3KLORKDV
IRXQG UHDVRQV WR JR EH\RQG WKH ELEOLFDO VWRU\ RI WKH $NHGDK LQ
SRUWUD\LQJWKHSDWULDUFKVDVFKHHUIXOSDUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHVDFUL¿FH6HLOD
GHVFULEHV $EUDKDP DQG ,VDDF DV µQRQGLVSXWLQJ¶ µJODG¶ µUHDG\¶ DQG
µUHMRLFLQJ¶7KHHPSKDVLVRQµUHMRLFLQJ¶LVXQLTXHFRPSDUHGWR
WKH SUHYLRXVWZR $NHGDKUHIHUHQFHV &RPSDUHG WR WKH SHRSOH¶V VLQJ
LQJDWWKHLUGHOLYHUDQFHMXVWDFFRPSOLVKHGWKHµUHMRLFLQJ¶RIWKH
SDWULDUFKVSUHFHGHVboth WKHLUSHUVRQDO GHOLYHUDQFHIURPWKHVDFUL¿FH
DQGWKHGHOLYHUDQFHDFKLHYHGIRUIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQV6HLODUHFRJQL]HV
WKDW WKH DFFHSWDELOLW\ RI KHU VDFUL¿FH LV HQWLUHO\ FRQWLQJHQW XSRQ KHU
MR\IXOZLOOLQJQHVVµ,I,ZLOOQRWRIIHUP\VHOIZLOOLQJO\IRUVDFUL¿FH

6HHL.A.B.
6HH L.A.B.

&I(]UD-RHO0LF0DO
1LFNHOVEXUJµ/HDGHUV¶S
2QWKHDWRQLQJYDOXHRI,VDDF¶VGHDWKIRU3VHXGR3KLORVHH%URZQSilent
S

,IHDUWKDWP\GHDWKZRXOGQRWEHDFFHSWDEOH¶si spontaneam me non

obtulero in sacri¿cium, timeo ne non sit acceptabilis mors mea
6KHUHIXVHVWRDFNQRZOHGJHVDGQHVVRUµSDLQ¶GUDZLQJ
SDUDOOHOVZLWKWKH6XIIHULQJ6HUYDQWRI,VDLDKZKRVHVDFUL¿FHZDV
DOVRGHHPHGDFFHSWDEOHDQGUHZDUGHG,VD7KLVFRUUHOD
WLRQ RI ZLOOLQJQHVV ZLWK DFFHSWDELOLW\ KDV DOUHDG\ EHHQ VHHQ LQ
µEHFDXVHKH GLGQRWREMHFWKLV RIIHULQJZDVDFFHSWDEOHEHIRUHPH¶
ZKLFK PD\ DJUHH ZLWK 6HLOD¶V DFFRXQW LQ KDYLQJ Isaac’s QRW $EUD
KDP¶V ZLOOLQJQHVV LQ YLHZ ,Q HLWKHU FDVH MXVW DV ERWK RI WKH
SDWULDUFKV GR QRW GLVSXWH DQG DUH UHZDUGHG 6HLOD PXVW DOVR JODGO\
HPEUDFHKHUIDWHLQRUGHUWKDWWKH*RGZKRRUGDLQHGLWZLOODFFHSWLW
<HW6HLOD¶VZLOOLQJQHVVLVQRWPHUHO\WUDQTXLOVXEPLVVLRQDFFRUGLQJWR
*RGVKHasks WRGLH,WLVQRWHZRUWK\WKDWWKHQDUUDWLYHGRHVQRW
UHFRUG DQ H[SOLFLW UHTXHVW WR GLH LQ 6HLOD¶V VSHHFK LQVWHDG FRXFKLQJ
KHU GHVLUH LQ D FRQGLWLRQDO VHQWHQFH µIf , ZLOO QRW RIIHU P\VHOI
ZLOOLQJO\«>then@,IHDU¶<HW3VHXGR3KLORPDNHVLWFOHDU WKDW
WKH UHTXHVW LV KHUV *RG KLPVHOI JUDQWV LW DORQJ ZLWK HWHUQDO UHZDUG
because he ordained it7KHDQFLHQWV\QDJRJXHPD\KDYHWDXJKWWKDW
*RGNQHZRI,VDDF¶VGHVLUHWRµWHVWKLVUHDGLQHVVWRGR*RG¶VZLOO¶EXW
LQ L.A.B. *RG NQRZV WKDW 6HLOD petitioned for her death ,Q WKH
KDQGV RI 3VHXGR3KLOR 6HLOD KDV EHFRPH the H[HPSODU RI MR\IXO
REHGLHQFHWRWKHZLOORI*RG

$ 'HDWK 5HZDUGHG $OWKRXJK LW LV KDUG WR JUDVS ZK\ *RG
ZRXOG DFWXDOO\ ZDQW 6HLOD WR VXIIHU GHDWK DW WKH KDQG RI KHU RZQ
IDWKHUZHPXVWQRWPLVVWKHODQJXDJHRIUHFLSURFLW\WKDWVDWXUDWHVWKLV

%URZQ QRWHV WKDW WKH KHURLQHLQWKH *UHHN WUDJHG\Iphigenia in Aulis FRQ
IURQWVWKHVDPHGHFLVLRQDV6HLODLQZKLFKVKHIUHHO\FKRRVHVGHDWKDQGWKXVYDOLGDWHV
KHUVHOIVDFUL¿FH%URZQSilentS
2QWKHSDUDOOHOLVPEHWZHHQWKHDFFRXQWVVHH%URZQSilentS)RUWKH
OLQNV EHWZHHQ *HQ DQG ,VD VHH 9HUPHV Scripture S 'H $QGUDGR
AkedahSS
6HH-DFREVRQCommentarySSUHJDUGLQJZKRLVEHLQJUHIHUUHGWR
LQWKHSHUIHFWVLQJXODUnon contradixit LQ
)URPWKHV\QDJRJXHUHDGLQJRQ6HGHUµ-XVWDV*RGFDQFUHDWHDQGVKDSH
WKLQJ LQ GDUNQHVV VR +H NQRZV ZKDW PDQ WKLQNV LQ REVFXULW\ YL] LQ KLV LQQHUPRVW
WKRXJKWV«+HWKXVNQHZ,VDDF¶VZLVKWRWHVWKLVUHDGLQHVVWRGR*RG¶VZLOOHYHQE\
OD\LQJ EDUH KLV WKURDW ZKHQ EHLQJ RIIHUHG DV D VDFUL¿FH +HQFH *RG¶V FRPPDQG WR
$EUDKDPWRWDNH,VDDFIRUDQRIIHULQJ¶0DQQSynagogueS

QDUUDWLYH :KLOVW -HSKWKDK LV XOWLPDWHO\ XQVXFFHVVIXO DV D VHFRQG

$EUDKDP6HLODLVJUDQWHGDVWDWXVPXFKJUHDWHUWKDQWKH%LEOHDFFRUGV
KHU ,W LV DORQJ WKHVH OLQHV WKDW $OH[DQGHU FDQ ZULWH µ,W VHHPV *RG
SUHIHUV 6HLOD GHDG UDWKHU WKDQ DOLYH 2QH IHHOV WKDW WKH VDFUL¿FH RI
6HLOD KDG D GHHS VLJQL¿FDQFH IRU WKH DXWKRU RI 3VHXGR3KLOR LW KDV
EHFRPH WKH IHPLQLQH FRXQWHUSDUW RI WKH aqedat yizhaq¶ 9DQ GHU
+RUVW JRHV IXUWKHU µ:KDW ZH KDYH KHUH LV LQ IDFW D VHFRQG $THGDK
FRPSOHWHO\RQSDUZLWKWKH¿UVWEXWWKLVWLPHLWLVDZRPDQZKRLVWKH
SURWDJRQLVW $QG EHFDXVH 6HLOD ZDV LQGHHG VDFUL¿FHG ZKHUHDV ,VDDF
ZDV QRW RQH IHHOV LQFOLQHG WR VD\ ³%HKROG VRPHWKLQJ JUHDWHU WKDQ
,VDDF LV KHUH´¶ $OWKRXJK WKHVH VWDWHPHQWV DUH QRW LQFRUUHFW WKH\
DWWULEXWH6HLOD¶VLPSRUWDQFHWRWKHIDFWWKDWVKHZDVDFWXDOO\VDFUL¿FHG
ZKLOVW,VDDFVXUYLYHG%XWZKDWPDNHVKHUGHDWKVRVLJQL¿FDQWLVKRZ
LWLVrewarded LQ3VHXGR3KLOR*RGGHHPVLWµSUHFLRXV¶DQGZRUWK\RI
HWHUQDO UHPHPEUDQFH :H GLVFXVVHG DERYH KRZ *RG JDYH
$EUDKDP DQG,VDDF DODVWLQJOHJDF\LQUHWXUQIRUWKHLUZLOOLQJREHGL
HQFH KHUH 6HLOD LV JUDQWHG WKH VDPH SHUPDQHQFH RI UHPHPEUDQFH
EHIRUH *RG KLPVHOI erit mors eius preciosa ante conspectum meum
omni tempore D SURPLVH JLYHQ RQO\ WR WKHVH WKUHH FKDUDFWHUV LQ
L.A.B)XUWKHUPRUH 6HLOD UHFHLYHV D KHUR¶V HQWU\ LQWR WKH DIWHUOLIH
VKH LV GHVWLQHG IRU µWKH ERVRP RI KHU PRWKHUV¶ abiens decidet in
sinum matrum suarum MXVW DV -RVKXD µOD\ ZLWK KLV IDWKHUV¶
obdormivit cum patribus suisVHH7KHIHPLQL]DWLRQRIWKH
ELEOLFDO LGLRP UHFDOOV WKRVH UHPDUNDEOH PDWULDUFKV RI ,VUDHO VXFK DV
'HERUDKZKRRQKHUGHDWKEHGLVFDOOHGDmater RI,VUDHO
*RGKDVGRQHZLWK6HLOD ZKDWKHGLGZLWK,VDDF+HKDVJUDQWHG KHU
ZKDW VKH FRXOG QHYHU DFKLHYH RQ KHU RZQ DQ HYHUODVWLQJ PHPRU\
EHIRUHKLPDQGDKHUR¶VZHOFRPHLQWRWKHQH[WOLIH<HWWKHVHFRQGRI
WKHVH ZDV QRW JUDQWHG WR ,VDDF XQWLO ORQJ DIWHU KLV nearVDFUL¿FH
7KXVLQ3VHXGR3KLOR¶VKDQGV6HLODLVWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRWKHPRGHORI
ERWKWKHLGHDOJLIWWR*RGDQGWKHXOWLPDWHUHFLSLHQWRIKLVIDYRU

3LHWHU :LOOHP YDQ GHU +RUVW µ3RUWUDLWV RI %LEOLFDO :RPHQ LQ 3VHXGR
3KLOR¶VLiber Antiquitatum Biblicarum¶JSP SS
1RWH WKDW 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V ODQJXDJH LV QHDUO\ YHUEDWLP IURP 3V
ZKLFK IRU WKH 5DEELV PHDQW WKDW WKH GHDWK RI WKH JRGO\ LV DFWXDOO\ GHVLUDEOH 6HH
-DFREVRQCommentaryS'LHW]IHOELQJHUPseudo-PhiloSQI
µ7KH GD\V RI ,VDDF ZHUH RQH KXQGUHG DQG HLJKW\ \HDUV«KH GLHG DQG ZDV
JDWKHUHGWRKLVSHRSOH¶*HQ

6XPPDU\
6HLOD¶V UHIHUHQFH WR WKH $NHGDK GLIIHUV IURP WKH SUHYLRXV WZR LQ
FHUWDLQSRLQWVRIGHWDLODQGWKHPDWLFHPSKDVLV+HUHWKHVSHDNHULVD
IHPDOH OLNH 'HERUDK EXW ZLWK D GLIIHUHQW SRVLWLRQDQG UROH 'HERUDK
ZDV D MXGJH RYHU ,VUDHO D YLFWRULRXV OHDGHU RYHU IRUHLJQ RSSUHVVLRQ
6HLOD OLYHG DQ REVFXUH OLIH LQ 7RE UHPRYHG IURP KHU IDWKHU¶V SHRSOH
DQGODQGSXWWRGHDWKE\KHURZQIDWKHU,QWKHFDVHRI%DODDP*RG
UHFDOOV WKH $NHGDK IRU WKH VDNH RI UHPLQGLQJ RQH RI ,VUDHO¶V PRVW
IRUPLGDEOH HQHPLHV RI KLV SHUPDQHQW ¿GHOLW\ WR KLVFRYHQDQW SHRSOH
'HERUDK DQG WKH SHRSOH FHOHEUDWH *RG¶V ¿GHOLW\ E\ VLQJLQJ RI WKH
$NHGDKWRKLPLQSUDLVH6HLODKRZHYHUHYRNHVWKH$NHGDKWRUHSUL
PDQGKHUIDWKHU¶VIRUJHWIXOQHVV,QVRGRLQJVKHSURYLGHVDQH[HPSODU
RIWKHEHKDYLRUDQGDWWLWXGHWKDWWKH\ERWKVKRXOGHPERG\QRWLQVSLWH
RI WKHLU FLUFXPVWDQFHV EXW because RI WKHP 7KH SURSHU UHVSRQVH WR
*RG¶V LQLWLDWLYH LQ GHOLYHUDQFH LV D UHFLSURFDO HIIRUW RI ZLOOLQJMR\IXO
VHOIJLYLQJ EDFN WR KLP$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH FRYHQDQW SDWWHUQ VHHQ LQ
WKH $NHGDK DQG 6HLOD¶V VWRU\ WKH VXEVHTXHQW DFWLRQ RI re-UHFLSURFD
WLRQOLHVZLWK*RGKHUHZDUGVDFFHSWDEOHRIIHULQJVLQKLVWLPH

&RQFOXVLRQ

2XUGLVFXVVLRQKDVVRXJKWWRGLVFHUQ3VHXGR3KLOR¶VXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI
WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ *RG DQG KLV SHRSOH WKURXJK H[DPLQDWLRQ RI
L.A.B.¶VWKUHHXQDPELJXRXVUHIHUHQFHVWRWKH$NHGDK:HPD\GHULYH
WKHIROORZLQJWKUHHFRQFOXVLRQV
3VHXGR3KLOR LV XQLTXH FRPSDUHG WR HYHU\ RWKHU HDUO\ -HZLVK
DFFRXQW RI WKH $NHGDK $SDUW IURP WKH IUHTXHQF\ ZLWK ZKLFK LW LV
UHFDOOHG 3VHXGR3KLOR RPLWV QHDUO\ HYHU\ WDQJLEOH HOHPHQW RI *HQ

&I-XGJL.A.B.
7KLV FRQFHSW LV QRW HQWLUHO\ XQLTXH WR 3VHXGR3KLOR WKH DSRVWOH 3DXO
HQFRXUDJHVKLVKHDUHUVLQVLPLODUWHUPVRIWKHDFFHSWDELOLW\RIDZLOOLQJselfRIIHULQJWR
*RGLQUHVSRQVHWRKLVPHUF\5RP,DPQRWDZDUHRIDQ\SUHYLRXVVWXGLHVWKDW
KDYH YLHZHG D FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ 3DXO DQG 3VHXGR3KLOR RQ WKLV FRQFHSW
&RPPHQWDWRUV WHQGWR GUDZ FRPSDULVRQV ZLWK*UHHNOLWHUDWXUHDQGWKH Testament of
Levi 6HH IRU H[DPSOH -DPHV '* 'XQQ Romans 9–16 :%& % :DFR 7;
:RUG SS &. %DUUHWW The Epistle to the Romans %ODFN¶V 1HZ
7HVWDPHQW&RPPHQWDULHV/RQGRQ$ &%ODFNQGHGQSS,DP
FXUUHQWO\HQJDJHGLQUHVHDUFKRQWKLVYHU\WRSLFDQGLQWHQGWRSXEOLVKP\¿QGLQJVLQ
GXHFRXUVH

LQRUGHUWRVWUHVVFHUWDLQLQWDQJLEOHV7KH$NHGDKVWULSSHGRI
YDULRXV HOHPHQWV RIIHUV 3VHXGR3KLOR D SRLQW RI FRQYHUJHQFH IRU KLV
GRPLQDQW PRWLIV 7KLV LV QRW WKH FDVH ZLWK HDUOLHU FRQWHPSRUDU\ RU
ODWHU DXWKRUV Jubilees 4 DQG -RVHSKXV ZKR DGG HOHPHQWV EXW
DUH FDUHIXO WR UHWDLQ WKH YDULRXV FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH VWRU\ (YHQ WKH
5DEELV ZKR H[HUFLVHG OLEHUW\ LQ WKHLU PLGUDVKLF LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV SDLG
FORVH DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH PLQXWH GHWDLOV LQ WKH WH[W 2XU H[HJHVLV KDV
KLJKOLJKWHG WKH XQLTXH DSSURDFK RI 3VHXGR3KLOR RQH WKDW VSRWOLJKWV
*RG¶VSHUVRQDOLQWHUDFWLRQZLWK$EUDKDPDQG,VDDF7KLVLVQRWWRVD\
WKDWRWKHU-HZLVKVRXUFHVZHUHXQLQWHUHVWHGLQFRQFHSWVVXFKDV,VDDF¶V
ZLOOLQJQHVV FHUWDLQO\ D JUHDW SRLQW RI LQWHUHVW IRU WKH 5DEELV %XW LW
GRHVPHDQWKDWWKH$NHGDKLVLPSRUWDQWIRUL.A.B.QRWVRPXFKIRULWV
¿QHU SRLQWV RI WH[WXDO GHWDLO EXW EHFDXVH RI ZKDW LWV ODUJHU PRWLIV
FRQYH\ DERXW WKH LGHDO UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ *RG DQG KLV SHRSOH RI
ZKRP$EUDKDPDQG,VDDFVWDQGDVDUFKHW\SHV
7KLV PHDQV WKDW WKH $NHGDK LV SDUDGLJPDWLF IRU 3VHXGR3KLOR
EHFDXVH LW UHSUHVHQWV IRU KLP WKH GH¿QLWLYH SDWWHUQ RI GLYLQH±KXPDQ
LQWHUDFWLRQZKLFKLVDPDUNHGFRQWUDVWWRWKHSDWWHUQRIUHEHOOLRQDQG
MXGJPHQWIRXQGLQ-XGJHV$EUDKDP¶VVDFUL¿FHRI,VDDFDUHVSRQVHRI
IDLWKWR*RG¶VHQLJPDWLFGHPDQGLVDQWLWKHWLFDOWR,VUDHO¶VLGRODWURXV
EHKDYLRULQ&DQDDQDQGSHUKDSVLQ¿UVWFHQWXU\3DOHVWLQH:KHQZH
FRQVLGHU WKH GRPLQDQW WKHPHV LQ 3VHXGR3KLOR *RG DV WKH SULPH
PRYHULQ,VUDHO¶VKLVWRU\WKHFHQWUDOLW\RIWKHFRYHQDQWLGHDOOHDGHU
VKLS RI ,VUDHO ZH FDQ XQGHUVWDQG ZK\ RXU DXWKRU LV GUDZQ WR WKH
VWRU\WKH$NHGDKLVIXQGDPHQWDOO\DKHLJKWHQHGFDVHVWXG\RI*RG¶V
PRYHPHQW LQ KLVWRU\ DQG KXPDQLW\¶V LGHDO UHVSRQVH $ SHUVRQ¶V
UHFLSURFDWLRQ RI *RG¶V JLIW PXVW EH DFFRPSDQLHG E\ D ZLOOLQJMR\IXO
DWWLWXGHRIVHOIVDFUL¿FHZKLOVW*RG¶VreUHFLSURFDWLRQRIWKHJLIWEDFN
WR WKH SHUVRQ LV DOZD\V DFFRPSDQLHG E\ UHZDUG HYHQ LI WKH SHUVRQ
SUHPDWXUHO\ GLHV 6HLOD 7KXV WKH SDWWHUQ RI UHEHOOLRXV LGRODWU\
LPSRUWHG IURP -XGJHV LV PHW E\ WKH FRXQWHUSDUDGLJP RI MR\IXO
REHGLHQFHLQKHUHQWWRWKH$NHGDK
:KLOVWWKHSDWWHUQRIVLQDQGMXGJPHQWHYLGHQWLQ3VHXGR3KLOR
LV SULPDULO\ QHJDWLYH WKRXJK UHVROYHG E\ DQ DFW RI GLYLQH PHUF\ LQ
GHOLYHUDQFH WKH $NHGDK UHIHUHQFHV DUH D UHPLQGHU RI D SULRU DQG
VXSHULRU counterSDUDGLJP RQH WKDW VWLOO XQGHUJLUGV DQG GHWHUPLQHV
*RG¶V LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK KLV FRYHQDQW SHRSOH $OWKRXJK WKHUH DUH LQGL
YLGXDOFDVHVRIIDLWKIXO,VUDHOLWHVFRQIRUPLQJWRWKLVDOWHUQDWLYHSDWWHUQ
GXULQJ WKH SHULRG RI WKH -XGJHV 'HERUDK 6HLOD HW DO WKH $NHGDK

UHIHUHQFHV UHPLQG 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V DXGLHQFH WKDW WKLV SDWWHUQ LV DOVR

IRXQGDWLRQDOWRWKHLUQDWLRQDVDZKROH%DODN¶VHIIRUWVWRWUDQVIHUWKH
FRYHQDQW EOHVVLQJV DUH GHÀDWHG LQ WKH IDFH RI WKH $NHGDK 'HERUDK
DQG WKH SHRSOH SUDLVH *RG IRU GHOLYHULQJ WKHP MXVW DV KH GHOLYHUHG
,VDDFDWWKH$NHGDK6HLODLVUHZDUGHGZLWKHWHUQDOEOHVVLQJIRUDGKHU
LQJ WR WKH IDWKHUV¶ H[DPSOH RI MR\IXO ZLOOLQJQHVV GXULQJ WKH $NHGDK
-XVW DV WKUHH PXVLFLDQV PD\ SOD\ WKH VDPH MD]] VWDQGDUG GLIIHUHQWO\
HDFK RI 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V GLVWLQFW UHPLQGHUV RI WKH $NHGDK SOD\ YDULD
WLRQV RQ WKH VDPH WKHPH WKH UHDVVXULQJ QRWHV RI WKH $NHGDK DUH D
FRXQWHUSRLQW WR WKH KDUVK WRQHV LQ -XGJHV :LWKLQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH
FRYHQDQWERWKLOOXVWUDWHDJHQHUDOSDWWHUQRIUHFLSURFLW\*RGUHZDUGV
¿GHOLW\ and SXQLVKHV VLQ (YHQ VR GHVSLWH ,VUDHO¶V FRQVLVWHQW UHEHO
OLRQWKHSURPLVHVWR$EUDKDPDUHLUUHYRFDEOHEHFDXVHWKH\ZHUHVXE
VWDQWLDWHGE\DQGVHDOHGWKURXJKWKHGLYLQH±KXPDQLQWHUFRXUVHVWDJHG
DW WKH $NHGDK 7KH counterSDUDGLJP LV WKHUHIRUH QRW VLPSO\ D SUH
IHUUHGRSWLRQEXWWKHTXLQWHVVHQWLDODQGFRQVXPPDWHFRYHQDQWSDWWHUQ

Akedah by Tavis Bohlinger PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Akedah by Tavis Bohlinger PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Journal for the study of the Pseudepigrapha

9RO

'HERUDK VLQJV D K\PQ RI SUDLVH DQG -HSKWKDK¶V GDXJKWHU

LPSRUWDQFH IRU 3VHXGR3KLOR :KLOVW FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH ELEOLFDO

XQLYHUVDODSSOLFDWLRQEH\RQG$EUDKDPut quid Domine temptas genus

RSSUHVVLYH DWPRVSKHUH RI ¿UVWFHQWXU\ 3DOHVWLQH ,QGHHG 3VHXGR

Chaldeorum Deli, quod interpretatur Deus:KLOVWFRPPHQWD

:LOOLQJQHVV $ 6HOI6DFUL¿FH 7KH ¿QDO WZR WKHPHV ZH FRQ

QRWEHHQERUQ¶quid si non essem natusPD\SRLQWWRWKHLGHD

Perspectives III: Studies in Midrash and Historiography 6KHI¿HOG -627 3UHVV

,IHDUWKDWP\GHDWKZRXOGQRWEHDFFHSWDEOH¶si spontaneam me non

QDUUDWLYH :KLOVW -HSKWKDK LV XOWLPDWHO\ XQVXFFHVVIXO DV D VHFRQG

UHIHUHQFHV UHPLQG 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V DXGLHQFH WKDW WKLV SDWWHUQ LV DOVR

Potrebbero piacerti anche

Akedah by Tavis Bohlinger PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Akedah by Tavis Bohlinger PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Journal for the study of the Pseudepigrapha

9RO  

'HERUDK VLQJV D K\PQ RI SUDLVH   DQG -HSKWKDK¶V GDXJKWHU

LPSRUWDQFH IRU 3VHXGR3KLOR  :KLOVW FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH ELEOLFDO

XQLYHUVDODSSOLFDWLRQEH\RQG$EUDKDP ut quid Domine temptas genus

RSSUHVVLYH DWPRVSKHUH RI ¿UVWFHQWXU\ 3DOHVWLQH  ,QGHHG 3VHXGR

Chaldeorum Deli, quod interpretatur Deus :KLOVWFRPPHQWD

 :LOOLQJQHVV $ 6HOI6DFUL¿FH 7KH ¿QDO WZR WKHPHV ZH FRQ

QRWEHHQERUQ¶ quid si non essem natus PD\SRLQWWRWKHLGHD

Perspectives III: Studies in Midrash and Historiography 6KHI¿HOG -627 3UHVV

,IHDUWKDWP\GHDWKZRXOGQRWEHDFFHSWDEOH¶ si spontaneam me non

QDUUDWLYH :KLOVW -HSKWKDK LV XOWLPDWHO\ XQVXFFHVVIXO DV D VHFRQG

UHIHUHQFHV UHPLQG 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V DXGLHQFH WKDW WKLV SDWWHUQ LV DOVR

Potrebbero piacerti anche

9RO

'HERUDK VLQJV D K\PQ RI SUDLVH DQG -HSKWKDK¶V GDXJKWHU

LPSRUWDQFH IRU 3VHXGR3KLOR :KLOVW FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH ELEOLFDO

XQLYHUVDODSSOLFDWLRQEH\RQG$EUDKDPut quid Domine temptas genus

RSSUHVVLYH DWPRVSKHUH RI ¿UVWFHQWXU\ 3DOHVWLQH ,QGHHG 3VHXGR

Chaldeorum Deli, quod interpretatur Deus:KLOVWFRPPHQWD

:LOOLQJQHVV $ 6HOI6DFUL¿FH 7KH ¿QDO WZR WKHPHV ZH FRQ

QRWEHHQERUQ¶quid si non essem natusPD\SRLQWWRWKHLGHD

Perspectives III: Studies in Midrash and Historiography 6KHI¿HOG -627 3UHVV

,IHDUWKDWP\GHDWKZRXOGQRWEHDFFHSWDEOH¶si spontaneam me non

QDUUDWLYH :KLOVW -HSKWKDK LV XOWLPDWHO\ XQVXFFHVVIXO DV D VHFRQG

UHIHUHQFHV UHPLQG 3VHXGR3KLOR¶V DXGLHQFH WKDW WKLV SDWWHUQ LV DOVR