WiMAX Overview

Training Manual

1.0

ZTE UNIVERSITY
ZTE University, Dameisha
YanTian District, Shenzhen,
P. R. China
518083
Tel: (86) 755 26778800
Fax: (86) 755 26778999
URL: http://ensupport.zte.com.cn
E-mail: support@zte.com.cn
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Publishing Date (MONTH/DATE/YEAR) : 03/15/2010

Contents

WiMAX Overview Training Manual ................................ 1

1 What is WiMAX .......................................................... 2
1.1 Background .......................................................................... 2
1.2 Application Scenario............................................................... 3
1.3 Main Advantages ................................................................... 3
2 WiMAX Standard Organizations ................................. 7
2.1 IEEE 802.16 Workgroup ......................................................... 7
2.2 WiMAX Forum ....................................................................... 7
2.3 Relation Between IEEE 802.16 Workgroup and WiMAX
Forum............................................................................................10
3 Evolution of the WiMAX Standards .......................... 11
4 Evolution of the Mobile WiMAX Standards ............... 15
4.1 IEEE 802.16e + Cor2 and System Profile Rel1.0........................16
4.2 IEEE 802.16Rev2 and System Profile Rel1.5 .............................19
4.3 IEEE 802.16m and System Profile Rel2.0 .................................20
5 WiMAX Network Architecture .................................. 23
6 Comparison between Profile B and Profile C ............ 25
WiMAX Overview
Training Manual
After you have completed this course, you

will be able to:

>> Know WiMAX background
>> Know WiMAX standard organization
>> Know WiMAX evolution
>> Master WiMAX network structure

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WiMAX Overview Training Manual

Chapter 1 What is WiMAX

After you have completed this chapter, you will know:
>> Background
>> Application Scenario
>> Main Advantages

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a new

radio LAN technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standard. It is
a new air interface standard for microwave and millimeter wave,
providing the high-speed link to the Internet.
WiMAX is a powerful radio technology that is used to connect the
radio access hot spots to the Internet or connect the enterprise
and family environment to the wired backbone network. It is an
extended wireless technology of cable and DSL, enabling the de-
livery of wireless broadband access.

1.1 Background
In the 1970s, the wireless broadband access technology devel-
ops rapidly. The market orientation of the radio technologies,
represented by Local Multipoint Distribute System (LMDS) and
Multichannel, Multipoint Distribution System (MMDS), is the user
of Small Office/Home Office (SOHO), small- and medium-sized
enterprises and Central Business District (CBD). The technologies
and products are in small-scale use. However, there are not any
uniform global wireless broadband access standards. The devices
of different manufacturers adopt private protocols, so the devices
cannot interconnect or interwork with each other. This increases
the cost on terminals and restricts the large-scale application.
Hence, the industry does not boom as expected.
Based on the specific market need and application modes, IEEE
puts forwards a series of complementary wireless standards,
among which IEEE 802.15 that is applicable for the personal area
network and IEEE 802.11 that is applicable for the wireless LAN
(WLAN) are widely used. Though the WLAN technology has been
widely used, the research on the wireless broadband communi-
cations has never stopped. Users expect larger coverage, higher
data rate, and better quality of service.
On July of 1999, IEEE forms the 802.16 workgroup to do research
into the wireless broadband access specifications, with the aim of
establishing uniform global wireless broadband access standards.
The IEEE 802.16 workgroups put forward the 802.16 series stan-
dards to satisfy the need. The introduction of the IEEE 802.16 fill
in the blanks of the Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)
standards. The IEEE 802.16 series standards realize the maxi-
mum transmission distance of 50 km, far longer than the 200m
coverage of the WLAN. IEEE 802.16 defines a maximum access

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 Chapter 1 What is WiMAX

rate of 120 Mbps, higher than the 54 Mbps access rate defined in
IEEE 802.11a. Meanwhile, IEEE 802.16 provides complete service
quality support and security mechanism, which is an essential de-
velopment relative to WLAN.
WiMAX is the general name of IEEE 802.16. Its physical layer and
MAC layer technologies are based on the WMAN technologies de-
veloped by the IEEE 802.16 workgroup. The WiMAX IEEE 802.16
standards define an open wireless broadband access technology,
which features high data transmission rate and mobility within a
certain range. WiMAX prevails in deployment, configuration, reli-
ability, QoS and long distance coverage. It is suitable for the "last
mile" access in WAN construction.

1.2 Application Scenario

The WiMAX forum gives the definitions of the application scenarios,
fixed, nomadic, portable, simple movement, and full movement.
Fixed application scenario: The fixed access service is the funda-
mental service model of the 802.16 operation network, including
Internet access, transmission bearer service, and WiFi hotspot and
return.
Nomadic application scenario: The nomadic service is the next
development stage of the fixed access mode. Terminals can access
the network of an operator from different access points.
Portable application scenario: In this scenario, user can connect to
the network while walking. The connection keeps connected un-
less during handoff. The portable service is developed on the basis
of nomadic service. From this stage on, handoff can be performed
between BSs.
Simple movement application scenario: In this scenario, users can
walk, drive, or take a bus when using the wireless broadband ac-
cess service. The data transmission speed decreases when the
terminal movement speed reaches 60~120 km/h.
Full movement application scenario: In this scenario, users can
use the wireless broadband access service when the movement
speed is 120 km/h or higher. When no network connection is avail-
able, the terminal is in the low power consumption mode.

1.3 Main Advantages

WiMAX adopts the Beyond 3G (B3G) technologies such as beam-
forming (BF), Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), and Orthog-
onal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) to improve the
non-line-of-sight performance. The larger system gain provides
a stronger capability of penetrating long-distance obstacles. The
technical advantages of WiMAX are its integration of the mobility
and flexibility of the Wi-Fi wireless access technologies and the
high broadband features and relatively good QoS of the traditional
broadband access technologies that are based on DSL and cable
modem.

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WiMAX Overview Training Manual

Long Transmis- WiMAX that is based on the OFDM supports the non-line-of-sight
sion Distance transmission capability, and can effectively prevent attenuation
and multipath interference. Theoretically, the maximum trans-
mission distance of WiMAX wireless signals reaches 50 km. This
is far better than WLAN. The network coverage area of the WiMAX
is 10 times that of the 3G BS. Hence, in the case of WiMAX, full
network coverage can be achieved only after you construct a few
number of BSs.
Currently, WiMAX adopts the OFDM technology for modulation,
which can effectively prevent multipath interference. It adopts
the adaptive power control technology, which dynamically adjusts
the transmit power according to the channel condition. It adopts
the adaptive coding technology, reaching a compromise between
the coverage range and the transmission rate. By adopting the
advanced technologies, WiMAX boasts larger coverage range,
higher transmission rate and more reliable transmission perfor-
mance while being compared with such wireless network as Wi-Fi
network.
High Access Rate The inclusion of MIMO antenna techniques along with flexible sub-
channelization schemes, Advanced Coding and Modulation all en-
able the Mobile WiMAX technology to support peak DL data rates
up to 63 Mbps per sector and peak UL data rates up to 28 Mbps
per sector in a 10 MHz channel.
Low Construction WiMAX can connect the hotspot areas of the WLAN to the Inter-
Cost net. It can also acts as the wireless extension of such wired access
mode as DSL, achieving the "last mile" broadband access. WiMAX
can provide wireless broadband connections for users within the
range of linearity. Broadband connections can be established be-
tween users and BS without construction of additional cables. This
greatly decreases the construction cost. In view of this, WiMAX is
expected to become part of the broadband backbone network in
the areas where cable laying or upgrading is impossible owing to
the high cost.
High Compatibility When compared with the other wireless or wired access technolo-
gies, in addition to its high speed and large coverage advantages,
WiMAX has unified international standards. Though come from
different vendors, the devices that pass the WiMAX technical certi-
fication can work in one system, with strong interoperability. This
enables WiMAX to prevail in cost control, device interoperability,
and realization of the scale economy. Meanwhile, WiMAX gives
the operators more freedom in selecting devices, and effectively
reduces the construction cost and implementation difficulties.
Hence, WiMAX gives new carriers more chances in establishing
their market. WiMAX provides the carriers with a public platform
which reduces the network deployment and operation cost and
quickly improves the cost effectiveness.
Large System According to the channel condition and transmission rate, WiMAX
Capacity adopts different coding and modulation technologies. This helps in
improving the coverage and capacity. Meanwhile, WiMAX adopts
spatial multiplexing, multi-user detection, and adaptive power
control technologies to obtain larger coverage and capacity.
Wide Service When compared with WLAN, WiMAX features better expandabil-
Applications ity and security. Hence, it can realize carrier-class multimedia
communications service to meet the application requirements of
different users. WiMAX supports interactive gaming, Voice over
IP (VoIP), video conferencing, stream media downloading, web
page browsing, instant messaging, and media content download-

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 Chapter 1 What is WiMAX

ing. High bandwidth, which greatly remedies the weakness of the

IP network, greatly improves the QoS of VoIP. From the technical
level, WiMAX is more suitable for the "last mile" wireless access
part in WAN construction, and is especially suitable for new carri-
ers. WiMAX supports fixed wireless terminals, portable terminals,
and mobile terminals.
Complete QoS In the WiMAX standards, complete QoS mechanism is defined at
Mechanism the MAC layer. At the MAC layer, different QoS parameters, includ-
ing rate and delay, can be set for each connection. To better con-
trol bandwidth allocation for uplink data, the standards define four
different uplink bandwidth scheduling modes, Unsolicited Grant
Service (UGS), Real-Time Polling Service (rtPS), Non-Real-Time
Polling Service (nrtPS), and Best Effort (BE) service.

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Chapter 2 WiMAX Standard
Organizations

After you have completed this chapter, you will know:

>> IEEE 802.16 Workgroup
>> WiMAX Forum
>> Relation Between IEEE 802.16 Workgroup and WiMAX Forum

2.1 IEEE 802.16 Workgroup

The IEEE 802.16 wireless broadband access workgroup mainly
works on the Physical (PHY) layer and the Media Access Control
(MAC) layer specifications of the air interface of the wireless ac-
cess system. The workgroup also works on the consistency tests
related to the air interface protocol, and the co-existence specifi-
cations between different wireless access systems.
IEEE 802.16 contains two standards that have profound im-
pacts, Fixed broadband wireless access standard 802.16d (i.e.
802.16–2004) and wireless broadband access standard 802.16e
that supports the mobility feature. IEEE 802.16d is released on
October 2004. It defines the air interface between user terminals
and the BS in the case of fixed broadband wireless access. It also
standardizes the PHY layer and the MAC layer specifications. The
major feature of 802.16e is its support of mobility. 802.16e sup-
ports both fixed and mobile broadband wireless access system.
The working frequency of lower than 6 GHz, a band class that
supports mobility. It supports mobility of users at the speed of
car.

2.2 WiMAX Forum

To establish an operational network, IEEE 802.16 must have sup-
port of other parts. To meet the requirement, WiMAX Forum is
born. WiMAX Forum is a non-commercial forum that is established
on April 2001 by component supplier, device supplier and telecom
operators that support IEEE 802.16. The major role of the WiMAX
Forum is to establish test specifications and certification system
based on IEEE 802.16, ensuring that the certified components
from different device vendors support better interoperability. This
promotes the wide application of the IEEE 802.16 products, and
reduces the R&D and production cost of the products. The tele-
com operators can choose vendors or network devices according
to their own development requirements so as to achieve the busi-
ness success. The products with the WiMAX Forum Certified marks

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WiMAX Overview Training Manual

can interoperate with each other, providing the fixed, portable and
mobile broadband services.
With the development of the 802.16 technologies and specifica-
tions, the aim of the organization is also expanded. In addition to
establishing a certification system based on IEEE 802.16, the or-
ganization is also devoted to promoting the market development
tasks of the wireless broadband access. The tasks include the re-
search, requirement analysis, application mode exploration and
market expansion of the operable wireless broadband access sys-
tem. Currently, the WiMAX Forum has become a very influential
organization in the world. It has become the main force and pilot
of the IEEE 802.16 technique development.
WiMAX Forum Promote global adoption of WiMAX as the broadband wireless In-
Vision ternet technology of choice anytime, anywhere.
WiMAX Forum The WiMAX Forum is the worldwide consortium focused on global
Mission adoption of WiMAX and chartered to establish certification pro-
cesses that achieve interoperability, publish technical specifica-
tions based on recognized standards, promote the technology and
pursue a favorable regulatory environment.
WiMAX Forum � Establish cost-effective and timely certification processes and
Strategic certification infrastructure for WiMAX that achieve device and
Objectives network interoperability.
� Ensure that the WiMAX Forum certification process is valued
and trusted by network providers, service providers and
consumers worldwide.
� Ensure on-time availability of test specifications and certi-
fication requirements.
� Ensure test infrastructure is in place to meet the global
need for cost-effective WiMAX certification.
� Publish technical specifications to achieve a commercially vi-
able global ecosystem for WiMAX.
� Deliver high-quality technical specifications based on the
IEEE 802.16 standard to enable a high-performance,
end-to-end Internet network architecture supporting fixed,
portable, nomadic and mobile users.
� Establish a WiMAX technology road map to support a wide
variety of applications and use case scenarios, and foster a
robust ecosystem.
� Enable global roaming for WiMAX-to-WiMAX networks and
across networks that meets market demand for ease of use.
� Enable interworking for WiMAX networks with other wire-
less networks.
� Ensure WiMAX supports coexistence with other wireless
technologies to provide access to a broad set of frequency
bands.
� Promote the brand and technology to establish WiMAX as the
worldwide market leader for broadband wireless.
� Promote attractive services and economic value proposi-
tions to foster user demand.
� Promote WiMAX to ensure spectrum availability and a fa-
vorable regulatory environment.

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 Chapter 2 WiMAX Standard Organizations

� Promote the advantages of WiMAX to facilitate growth of

the ecosystem worldwide.
WiMAX Forum The WiMAX Forum has set up 8 workgroups, as shown in Figure 1.
Structure Each workgroup is dedicated to the research of one key domain,
with the common goal of pushing the WiMAX Forum certified prod-
ucts to the market.

FIGURE 1 WIMAX FORUM STRUCTURE

The functions of the eight workgroups are described as follows.

� Technical Steering Committee (TSC): TSC is chartered to over-
see the non-Advisory Working Groups and the development of
WiMAX Forum technical specifications and certification proce-
dures to ensure an integrated, timely, and predictable technical
program with broad membership support. It shall:
� Ensure the consistency of Working Group activities and out-
puts;
� Ensure that technical planning, specification, and certifica-
tion is broad-based, representing the Principal Membership
and driving the ecosystem;
� Promote broad acceptance of roadmaps and decisions by
the WiMAX Forum Membership.
� Applications Working Group (AWG): Characterize and demon-
strate best practice solutions across classes of user-friendly
applications, ensure various applications are competitive with
existing technologies and exploit unique WiMAX™ capabilities
� Certification Working Group (CWG): Manage the WiMAX Forum
Certification Program through the selection and oversight of
certification test labs, the evaluation of testing options and the
integration of key Technical Working Group System Profiles,
PICS and TSS & TP deliverables to ensure that products are
certified under the highest ethical and technical standards.
� Technical Working Group (TWG): Develop technical product
specifications and certification test suites for the air interface
based on the OFDMA PHY, complementary to the IEEE 802.16
standards, primarily for the purpose of interoperability and cer-

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WiMAX Overview Training Manual

tification of mobile stations, subscriber stations and base sta-

tions conforming to the IEEE 802.16 standards.
� Global Roaming Working Group (GRWG): Assure availability of
global roaming service for WiMAX technology in a timely man-
ner as demanded by the marketplace.
� Marketing Working Group (MWG): Drive worldwide adoption
of WiMAX-enabled wireless broadband connectivity anytime,
anywhere.
� Network Working Group (NWG): Create end-to-end networking
and network interoperability (NWIOT) specifications for fixed,
nomadic, portable and mobile WiMAX systems, beyond what is
defined in the scope of IEEE 802.16. The specifications shall
be based on harmonized requirements delivered by the Service
Provider Working Group and requirements from other organi-
zations as deemed appropriate.
� Regulatory Working Group (RWG): Promote worldwide access
to spectrum “fit for purpose” for WiMAX Forum Certified sys-
tems with sufficient harmonization of frequency ranges to fa-
cilitate significant economies of scale; and encourage adoption
of appropriate regulatory frameworks based on principles of
technology and service neutrality, allowing service providers
to deploy the most appropriate solutions for their markets. To
achieve these goals, RWG is the central authority within the
WiMAX Forum on spectrum and regulatory matters.
� Service Provider Working Group (SPWG): Provide coordinated
input from service providers to other working groups and the
WiMAX Forum Board. Participation is open to all WiMAX Fo-
rum members. The Service Provider Working Group is the
single source for coordinated recommendations and require-
ments that drive the network and air interface specifications
for WiMAX networks and products.

2.3 Relation Between IEEE 802.16

Workgroup and WiMAX Forum
Usually, we regards the IEEE 802.16 workgroup as the constitutor
of the IEEE 802.16 series standards and regards the WiMAX Forum
the promoter of the WiMAX technologies and industry chain.

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Chapter 3 Evolution of the WiMAX
Standards

After you have completed this chapter, you will know:

IEEE 802.16 family of standards, also called IEEE Wireless MAN

standards, standardize the air interfaces, conformity, and coexis-
tence of the wireless access systems that work on different band
classes.
Based on the band classes, 802.16 systems can be applied to the
line-of-sight (LOS) application or non-line-of-sight (NLOS) applica-
tion. The system that uses the 2~11 GHz band class is applicable
for the NLOS application, while the system that uses the 10~66
GHz band class is applicable for the LOS application. Based on the
support of the mobility feature, the IEEE 802.16 standards can be
classified into fixed broadband wireless access standards and mo-
bile broadband wireless access standards. Based on the content
of the specifications, the IEEE 802.16 standards can be classified
into the air interface standards, conformity standards, and coexis-
tence standards. Here the air interface standards are introduced.
Air Interface The air interface refers to the interface between the user terminal
Standards and wireless access network. The air interface is the key module of
a mobile communication. It is the centralized reflection of mobility.
Currently, the air interface standards that are formulated by the
IEEE 802.16 workgroup include IEEE 802.16a, IEEE 802.16d and
IEEE 802.16e.
IEEE 802.16 works on the millimeter wave band, which may be
easily affected by buildings and various geographic conditions.
Then the amendment IEEE 802.16a is released. The working
frequency band is 2~11 GHz, and the amateur frequency band.
The frequency band can provides larger user coverage with a
lower cost. In addition, the MAC layer of IEEE 802.16a provides
the QoS guarantee mechanism, which can support the realtime
services such as voice and video and can adapt to various PHY
layer conditions.
However, IEEE 802.16a is only amendment and extension of IEEE
802.16 instead of a standalone standard. Then, the IEEE 802.16
workgroup formulated IEEE 802.16d. IEEE 802.16d, as the inte-
gration and amendment of IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.16a, is a
relatively mature and the most practical release.
The formulation of the enhanced IEEE 802.16e, is the most impor-
tant milestone of the WiMAX technology, because IEEE 802.16e
successfully introduced the technology into the mobile industry.
It works in the 2~6 GHz band class, and supports the standard
of the air interface of mobile broadband wireless access. It real-
izes the broadband wireless mobile access of the high-speed data
service, and supports the inter-BS or inter-sector high-level hand-
off. In addition, IEEE 802.16e is backward compatible with IEEE
802.16d. Figure 2 shows the performance comparison of the three
releases.

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WiMAX Overview Training Manual

FIGURE 2 802.16 BASIC DATA

In addition to the above standards, there are three important stan-

dards. The first one is IEEE 802.16c that is released in 2002, which
is an amendment of IEEE 802.16-2001. It is the compatible stan-
dard with the working frequency band of 10~66 GHz. It specifies
a series of features and functions of the IEEE 802.16 system that
works in the 10~66 GHz frequency band. The second one is IEEE
802.16f. It defines the Management Information Base (MIB) of
the MAC layer and PHY layer of the IEEE 802.16 system, and the
related management flow. The third one is IEEE 802.16g. It aims
at formulating standard management flow and interface for the
standard IEEE 802.16 system, so as to realize interoperability of
IEEE 802.16 devices and realize valid management of the network
resources, mobility and spectrums.
It should be noted that IEEE 802.16f and IEEE 802.16g was put
forward in the 31st meeting of the IEEE 802.16 workgroup, hosted
by ZTE in Shenzhen in May 17, 2004, aiming at formulating new
standards at the network management layer.
IEEE 802.16–2001 The IEEE 802.16 workgroup formally released IEEE 802.16-2001
in April 8, 2002, defining the WMAN air interface specifications for
Broadband Wireless Access system (BWA). It signifies that broad-
band wireless access is adopted as the main method of providing
commercial organizations and families the access to the global core
telecom network.
IEEE 802.16-2001 works in the 10~66 GHz frequency band. This
frequency band is not capable of penetrating obstacles such as
buildings and trees, so the links between the BS and Subscriber
Stations (SSs) must be LOS links. This restricts the coverage range
of the BS. Because the requirements on the installation of SS an-
tennas are very high, and the system easily affected by rain at-
tenuation. This hinders market development.
The success of a BWA system is mainly determined by the service
quality and price. Within the specified service range, the telecom
operator must ensure the services for most users. The telecom
operator should prevent the case that one user can obtain the ser-

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 Chapter 3 Evolution of the WiMAX Standards

vice while the neighbor of the user fails to obtain the service. The
telecom operator should also prevent deteriorated services owing
to transmission conditions and interference. In term of price, the
price of user terminals is low. The installation of user terminals is
simple. Users can install the terminals by themselves, and they
can install the terminals indoor. This requires that the transmission
between the BS and SSs is NLOS transmission, and new physical
transmission techniques need to be adopted.
IEEE 802.16a- IEEE 802.16a, released by the IEEE 802.16 workgroup on April
2003 2003, supports the working frequency of 2~11 GHz, which con-
tains the frequency band that required a license and the frequency
band that does not require a license. Compared with high fre-
quency band, the frequency band can ensure larger user coverage
at a lower cost. The system is not affected largely by rain attenu-
ation, and the system can run in the NLOS transmission environ-
ment. This greatly reduces the requirements on the SS installa-
tion. In addition, the MAC layer of IEEE 802.16a provides the QoS
guarantee mechanism, and supports the realtime services such as
voice and video. The support of the grid network is added, so IEEE
802.16a can adapt to various PHY layer conditions. These features
make IEEE 802.16a more valuable in market application than IEEE
802.16, and enable IEEE 802.16a to become the actual method of
MAN wireless access.
IEEE 802.16–2004 IEEE 802.16a is only amendment and extension of IEEE 802.16-
2001 instead of a standalone standard. Then, the IEEE 802.16
workgroup formulated IEEE 802.16d on July 2004. IEEE 802.16d
gives a detailed specifications for the PHY layer and MAC layer of
the air interface of the 2~66 GHz frequency band. It defines MAC
layer of the fixed broadband wireless system that supports multi-
ple service types and the corresponding PHY layers. IEEE 802.16d,
as the integration and amendment of IEEE 802.16-2001 and IEEE
802.16a, still belongs to the fixed broadband wireless access spec-
ifications. It is a relatively mature and the most practical release.
IEEE IEEE 802.16e works in the 2~6 GHz band class, and supports the
802.16e–2005 standard of the air interface of mobile broadband wireless access.
IEEE 802.16e aims at providing the users with both the high-speed
data service and the mobile broadband wireless access solution.
IEEE 802.16 is the only next generation wireless technology that
can compete with 3G. IEEE 802.16e hopes to be backward com-
patible with IEEE 802.16d. Hence, the standardization of IEEE
802.16e is mostly carried out on the basis of IEEE 802.16d. Based
on research of the IEEE 802.16d fixed wireless access standards,
to support mobility, IEEE 802.16e put forwards the system archi-
tecture that supports mobility. The architecture draft is passed on
September 2004, and the formal standard is released in 2005.
To support mobility, IEEE 802.16e-2005 put forward the system
architecture that supports mobility. It also extend the PHY layer
OFDMA mode. The MAC layer newly supports mobile handoff func-
tions, such as dormant state, cell search and synchronization, cell
selection and handoff.

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Chapter 4 Evolution of the Mobile
WiMAX Standards

After you have completed this chapter, you will know:

>> IEEE 802.16e + Cor2 and System Profile Rel1.0
>> IEEE 802.16Rev2 and System Profile Rel1.5
>> IEEE 802.16m and System Profile Rel2.0

Mobile WiMAX standards are formulated by the IEEE 802.16 work-

group and WiMAX Forum. The IEEE 802.16 workgroup formulates
the air interface standards, while the WiMAX Forum formulates
System Profiles of Mobile WiMAX, and formulates certification test
specifications and network side standards.
Figure 3 describes the evolution of the Mobile WiMAX standard
family, including the evolution of the air interface and network side
standards, Mobile WiMAX System Profile and certification sched-
ule.

FIGURE 3 EVOLUTION OF THE MOBILE WIMAX STANDARDS

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WiMAX Overview Training Manual

Note:
The content as shown in Figure 3 comes from the chairman re-
port of the WiMAX Forum general meeting that is held in Taipei on
September 2007. The standard release timetable is fine tuned.
For the specific time, refer to the description in later sections.

The Mobile WiMAX standard family include three air interface stan-
dard frameworks, 802.16e, 802.16Rev2, and 802.16m. Under
each air interface standard framework, the involved standards in-
clude air interface standards, Mobile System Profile, and certifica-
tion test specifications.
The IEEE 802.16 workgroup defines mainly the air interface stan-
dards, including standards for the PHY layer and MAC layer. The
IEEE 802.16 air interface standards contain a large number of op-
tional functions, the WiMAX Forum formulates Mobile WiMAX Sys-
tem Profile based on the air interface standards to select and re-
strict the WiMAX device functions. In addition, to certificate the
WiMAX products, the WiMAX Forum formulated the Wave certifi-
cation test specifications based on Mobile WiMAX System Profile.
The test specifications define the air interface functions and de-
vice performance that must the WiMAX device must provide. The
test specifications also defines the corresponding test flow and test
method specifications.
Table 1 lists the version mapping between Mobile WiMAX System
Profile, air interface standards, and network side standards.

TABLE 1 VERSION MAPPING BETWEEN MOBILE WIMAX SYSTEM PROFILE,

AIR INTERFACE STANDARDS, AND NETWORK SIDE STANDARDS

Item Rel 1.0 Rel 1.5 Rel 2.0

Air interface IEEE 802.16e- IEEE IEEE 802.16m

standard 2005 + Cor2/D3 802.16–2009
Rev2

System profile Rel 1.0 Rel 1.5 Rel 2.0

Network Side Rel 1.0/1.5 Rel 1.5/1.6 Rel 2.0

Standard

Remarks System Profile IEEE 802.16m

Rel 1.5 is strictly
is strictly backward
backward compatible with
compatible with System Profile
System Profile Rel1.0.
Rel 1.0.

4.1 IEEE 802.16e + Cor2 and

System Profile Rel1.0
IEEE 802.16e-2005, released in December 2005, is the first air
interface standard of mobile WiMAX. Later, the IEEE 802.16 work-

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 Chapter 4 Evolution of the Mobile WiMAX Standards

group made correction and amendment on IEEE 802.16e-2005.

The new release is P802.16-2005/Cor2, which is completed in July
2007.
Based on the IEEE 802.16e-2005+Cor2 air interface standard, the
WiMAX Forum formulated System Profile Rel1.0 and the related
Wave1 and Wave2 certification test specifications, including PICS,
RCT, TSS&TP, and MIOT test specifications.
Wave1 and Wave2 certification tests are based on Mobile WiMAX
System Profile Rel1.0. Wave1 certification test tests the basic
functions of Mobile WiMAX System Profile Rel1.0. In addition to
basic functions, Wave2 certification test tests the functions, such
as Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS), Multi Input Multi Out-
put (MIMO), Beamforming, and Adaptive Modulation and Coding
(AMC), that are achieved through the use of the advanced tech-
nologies.
The functions and features of IEEE 802.16e + Cor2 and System
Profile Rel1.0 are as follows.
Frequency and IEEE 802.16e-2005+Cor2 supports licensed band below 11 GHz.
Bandwidth It supports any bandwidth from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz.
The frequency and bandwidth of System Profile Rel1.0 are defined
by WiMAX Mobile Certification Profile, as shown in Figure 4.

FIGURE 4 FREQUENCY AND BANDWIDTH OF SYSTEM PROFILE REL1.0

Duplex Mode This standard adopt the Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode.
PHY Layer The PHY layer adopts OFDMA.
IEEE 802.16e-2005+Cor2 supports 2 ms, 2.5 ms, 4 ms, 5 ms, 8
ms, 10 ms, 12.5 ms, and 20 ms frame length, and supports the
1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32 CP length.

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WiMAX Overview Training Manual

System Profile Rel1.0 supports only 5 ms frame length and 1/6 CP

length.
MAP It supports Normal MAP, Compressed MAP, and SUB-DL-UL-MAP.
Coding Mode IEEE 802.16e-2005+Cor2 supports Convolutional Coding (CC),
Convolutional Turbo Coding (CTC), Block Turbo Coding (BTC),
and Low Density Parity Check (LDPC). It also support repetition,
randomization, and interleaving.
System Profile Rel1.0 supports only CC and CTC.
Modulation Mode Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (16-QAM), and 64-QAM are supported for downlink.
QPSK and 16-QAM are supported for uplink.
Multi-Antenna IEEE 802.16e-2005+Cor2 supports MIMO with 2, 3, or 4 uplink
Technique Tx antennas, MIMO with 2 Tx antennas. It supports Beamform-
ing. It supports combined spatial multiplexing of two uplink sin-
gle-antenna users, and combined spatial multiplexing of two uplink
two-antennas users.
System Profile Rel1.0 supports combined spatial multiplexing of
downlink two-antenna matrix A (STC) and matrix B (SM), and two
uplink single-antenna users.
HARQ IEEE 802.16e-2005+Cor2 supports Chase Combining HARQ and
Incremental Redundancy HARQ.
System Profile Rel1.0 supports only CC HARQ.
Power Control They support open-loop power control and closed-loop power con-
trol.
CS IEEE 802.16e-2005+Cor2 supports IPv4, IPv6, and Robust Header
Compression (RoHC).
Wave1 and Wave2 certification tests of System Profile Rel1.0 does
not contain the ROHC test.
QoS They supports service quality control based on service flow, and
they support five service types, including BE, UGS, RT-VR, NRT-
VR, and ERT-VR.
Ranging They support initial ranging, handoff ranging, bandwidth request
ranging, and periodical ranging.
Handoff IEEE 802.16e-2005+Cor2 supports hard handoff, enhanced hard
handoff, Fast BS Switching (FBSS), and Macro Diversity Handover
(MDHO). It supports user-initiated, BS-initiated, and network-ini-
tiated handoff.
System Profile Rel1.0 supports only hard handoff and optimized
hard handoff.
Energy Saving They supports sleep mode and idle mode.
Security They support Privacy Key Management v2 (PKM v2), authorization
mechanism based on the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP),
Cipher-based Message Authentication Code (CMAC) message au-
thentication code, and device and user certification capability.
MBS IEEE 802.16e-2005+Cor2 supports Single-BS MBS and Multi-BS
MBS.
System Profile Rel1.0 supports only Multi-BS MBS.

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 Chapter 4 Evolution of the Mobile WiMAX Standards

Channel They support quick feedback on the Channel Quality Indication

Measurement and Channel (CQICH) allocation, support Carrier to Interference and
Feedback Noise Ratio (CINR) measurement that is based on preamble and
pilot, and support Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) mea-
surement.

4.2 IEEE 802.16Rev2 and System

Profile Rel1.5
IEEE 802.16 Rev2 integrates IEEE 802.16 family of standards into
one standard. The IEEE 802.16 family of standards include IEEE
802.16-2004, IEEE 802.16e-2005, IEEE 802.16-2004/Cor1-2005,
IEEE 802.16f-2005, IEEE 802.16g, IEEE 802.16i, and P802.16-
2004/Cor2. Based on standards, the mobile WiMAX air interface
specifications are improved. Support for FDD/HFDD is added; the
handoff flow and resource allocation mechanism are optimized;
support for multi-antenna is added, including closed-loop MIMO,
MIMO + Beamforming, Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD), improving
the performance.
On the basis of the IEEE 802.16Rev2 air interface standard, the
WiMAX Forum will formulate System Profile Rel1.5 and the related
certification test specifications and certification profile. System
Profile Rel 1.5 is to be strictly backward compatible with System
Profile Rel1.0.
The main functions of IEEE 802.16Rev2 and system profile Rel1.5
include:
Backward � In the case of same band class, channel bandwidth, and duplex
Compatibility mode, Release 1.5 Profile should be strictly backward compat-
ible with Release 1.0 Profile.
� The mandatory features of Release 1.0 should also be manda-
tory in Release 1.5.
� Release 1.5 BS should support Release 1.0 MS seamlessly.
� Release 1.5 MS should be able to work under Release 1.0 BS
with the functions defined in Release 1.0.
� Adding and optimizing functions in Release 1.5 should be an
upgrade of Release 1.0 without interrupting the current ser-
vice.
Frequency and Compared with System Profile Rel 1.0, the new band classes and
Bandwidth bandwidths of System Profile Rel1.5 are as follows:
� FDD 2.5 GHz, 2x5 MHz and 2x10 MHz
� FDD AWS (1.7G, 2.1G), 2x5 MHz and 2x10 MHz
� FDD 700 MHz (776-787), 2x5 MHz and 2x10 MHz
� FDD 700 MHz (788-793 AND 793-798), 2x5 MHz
� FDD 700 MHz (788-798), 2x10 MHz
� FDD WCS, 3.5 MHz
� FDD WCS, 5 MHz
� FDD WCS, 10 MHz

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Duplex Mode They support TDD, FDD, and Half-Duplex Frequency Division Du-
plex (HFDD).
FDD/HFDD The support includes frame structure definition, frame configura-
Support tion boundary setting, flexible grouping, group switching, group
optimization, initial network access, handoff and grouping, net-
work re-access in idle mode, allocation of multicast and broadcast.
FDD supports open-loop power control and closed-loop power con-
trol.
Multi-Antenna According to the draft system profile Rel 1 5_Pro-
Technique file_TOC_v0[1].3 that is being discussed by the WiMAX Forum:
� Supports MIMO in AMC 2*3 with dedicated pilot mode.
� Supports uplink AMC 2x3 combined spatial multiplexing.
� Supports Code-book Based closed-loop MIMO and feedback
mechanism.
� Supports MIMO + Beamforming based on DoA.
� Supports CDD.
� Supports a maximum of 4 Tx antennas and 2 data flow multi-
plexing.
HO Enhancement The handoff enhancement includes optimization of the CID update
process, reduction of the handoff interruption time, load balance,
and TEK update during the handoff process.
Wireless Resource The Persistent Allocation mode is adopted to allocate resources for
Allocation the periodical services such as the VoIP service, and the allocated
resources and MCS do not change until the Persistent Allocation
is released or updated. In addition, such contents as MAP error
handling mechanism, HARQ re-transmission optimization, and CQI
management are also contained.
MBS Multi-BS MBS without full synchronization and macro-diversity and
non-synchronized Multi-BS MBS with synchronized SFs/CIDs are
supported.
LBS They support the measurement and report mechanism, and sup-
port transmission of the GPS auxiliary information and BS geo-
graphic location.

4.3 IEEE 802.16m and System

Profile Rel2.0
IEEE 802.16m released by the IEEE 802.16 workgroup is the air
interface standard that is formulated to meet the requirement of
the IMT-Advanced next generation mobile network. The standard
is evolved based on System Profile Rel1.0. IEEE 802.16m is back-
ward compatible with System Profile Rel1.0. The IEEE 802.16m air
interface standard aims at becoming the candidate IMT-Advanced
4G techniques. IEEE 802.16m is to be released in March 2010.
On the basis of the IEEE 802.16m air interface standard, the
WiMAX Forum will formulate System Profile Rel2.0 and the related
certification test specifications and certification profile.
The main functions of IEEE 802.16m include:

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 Chapter 4 Evolution of the Mobile WiMAX Standards

Backward The IEEE 802.16m system is backward compatible with the Wire-
Compatibility lessMAN-OFDMA Reference System that is defined in WiMAX Forum
Mobile System Profile Release 1.0.
� The IEEE 802.16m terminals can work under the BS of the
reference system.
� The IEEE 802.16m system and reference system can work with
the same frequency and same bandwidth. They can also work
with the same frequency but different bandwidths.
� The IEEE 802.16m BS can support the 802.16m MS and the
terminal of the reference system in the same frequency.
� The IEEE 802.16m BS can supports handoff of the reference
system terminal between the IEEE 802.16m BS and the refer-
ence system BS.
Frequency The frequency should be lower than 6 GHz.
Bandwidth The IEEE 802.16m supports the 5~20 MHz bandwidth, and the
other bandwidth required by the telecom operator and ITU-R.
Duplex Mode The duplex modes include TDD, FDD, and HFDD.
Multi-Antenna The minimum antenna requirement is 2x2 for downlink and 1x2
Technique for uplink. SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO, and Beamforming are supported.
Public Security The IEEE 802.16m supports Public Safety First Responder, and mil-
itary and emergency services, such as call precedence, contention,
and Push-To-Talk (PTT).
QoS The IEEE 802.16m supports QoS requirements of various services,
including interactive gaming.
Wireless Resource The IEEE 802.16m supports efficient wireless resource manage-
Management ment, including measurement, report, interference management,
and flexible resource allocation mechanism. The IEEE 802.16m
system supports collecting of reliable statistics, including system
statistics (such as call drop statistics, BS load status, and channel
occupancy), subscriber statistics (such as terminal capability, mo-
bility statistics, and battery life), service flow and grouping. The
IEEE 802.16m system supports interference mitigation and flexi-
ble frequency reuse.
Security The IEEE 802.16m supports the system integrity protection, sub-
scriber service and data privacy protection, and secure access and
use of the system service. The IEEE 802.16 security functions are
not dependent on the other functions or flow whenever possible.
Handoff IEEE 802.16m supports handoff between the IEEE 802.16 system
and the reference system. The IEEE 802.16 supports handoff be-
tween IEEE 802.16 and other wireless access techniques, and the
IEEE 802.16 MS is not required to be a multimode terminal. IEEE
802.16m supports the IEEE 802.21 MIH service.
Enhanced MBS IEEE 802.16m supports transmission of the EMBS service by us-
ing the dedicated carrier. IEEE 802.16m supports handoff between
the unicast service and broadcast service, including the case when
different carriers are adopted for unicast and broadcast. The max-
imum interruption duration for different MBS channel selection is
1.5s in the case of inter-frequency, and is 1.0s for intra-frequency.
LBS IEEE 802.16m supports the high-accuracy positioning service.
Overhead IEEE 802.16m provides effective mechanism to reduce the user
overhead and system overhead.

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Energy Saving IEEE 802.16m provides effective mechanism to reduce the energy
of all services and devices.
Multi-Hop Relay IEEE 802.16m provides the multi-hop relay mechanism.
Interworking with IEEE 802.16m supports functions of interworking with other RATs,
Other RATs including:
� IEEE 802.11
� 3GPP GSM/EDGE, UTRA, and E-UTRA
� 3GPP2 CDMA2000
Coexistence with IEEE 802.16m can coexist with other IMT-Advanced technologies
Other RATs and IMT-2000 technologies.
Self-Organization IEEE 802.16m supports self-organization mechanism, including
self-configuration and self-optimization. Self-configuration real-
izes the realtime deployment and installation of network nodes
and cells, that is, the adaptation of initial configuration, including
neighbor node and neighbor cell update, and fast re-configuration
and recovery in case of failure. Self-optimization realizes auto-
matic or autonomous optimization of the network performance.

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Chapter 5 WiMAX Network
Architecture

After you have completed this chapter, you will know:

Figure 5 shows the WiMAX network architecture defined by the

WiMAX Forum.

FIGURE 5 WIMAX NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Table 2 shows the meanings of the NEs and interfaces that are
displayed in Figure 5.

TABLE 2 NES AND INTERFACES IN THE WIMAX NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Acronym Full Name Description

ASN Access Service Network- -

CSN Core Service Network -

AGW ASN GateWay -

BS Base Station -

SS Subscriber Station -

MSS Mobile Subscriber Station -

R1 Reference Point 1 Air interface between

SS/MSS and BS

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WiMAX Overview Training Manual

Acronym Full Name Description

R2 Reference Point 2 Air interface between

SS/MSS and CSN

R3 Reference Point 3 Interface between

AGW and CSN

R4 Reference Point 4 Interface between

ASNs, that is,
interface between
AGWs

R5 Reference Point 5 Interface between

the home CSN and
visiting CSN

Mobile Station Mobile Station (MS) or Subscriber Station (SS) refers to the user
(MS) or Subscriber equipment and/or software needed for communication with the
Station (SS) WiMAX network.
Base Station (BS) The Base Station (BS) is defined as representing one sector with
one frequency assignment implementing the IEEE 802.16e inter-
face to the MS.
� UL and DL scheduling
� Traffic classification and Service Flow Management (SFM)
� Tunneling and message relay function between BS and AGW
� Reception and encryption key to MS
� Provide terminal activity (active, idle) status
Access Service Access Service Network Gateway (AGW) performs management of
Network Gateway BS and interconnects BS to the CSN
(AGW)
� Provide ASN location management and paging
� Server for network session and mobility management
� Acts as an authenticator and performs Service Flow Authoriza-
tion (SFA)
� Performs routing (IPv4/IPv6) to selected CSNs
Core Service � IP address allocation to MS for user sessions
Network (CSN)
� Policy and QoS management
� Subscriber billing and inter-operator settlement
� Inter-CSN tunneling for roaming
� Inter-ASN mobility management

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Chapter 6 Comparison between
Profile B and Profile C

After you have completed this chapter, you will know:

ASN profile maps the ASN functions to BS and ASN-GW. The pur-
pose is to describe the ASN internal reference point, providing the
interworking framework limit for internal entities, so as to realize
interworking between ASN internal entities under the ASN pro-
file. The R4 and R6 interface protocols, primitives, and messages
are involved. For ASNs of different ASN profiles, interworking is
achieved through R1~R5 reference points.
Currently, the WiMAX network defines two ASN profiles as the im-
plementation mode of ASN. The two profiles are profile B and pro-
file C.
Profile B Figure 6 shows the function diagram of profile B.

FIGURE 6 ASN PROFILE B FUNCTION DIAGRAM

The main features of profile B are as follows:

� The R6 interface is the internal interface, and the application
of R6 is not open.
� All the ASN functions can be achieved in one standalone device.
Profile C Figure 7 shows the function diagram of profile C.

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FIGURE 7 ASN PROFILE C FUNCTION DIAGRAM

The main features of profile C are as follows:

� The BS is responsible for handoff control.
� The BS is responsible for Radio Resource Control (RRC). The
BS can perform Radio Resource Management (RRM).
� ASN Anchored mobility is realized through the R4 and R6 phys-
ical connections.
Difference ASN profile B calls for a single entity that combines the BS and
between Profile the ASN-GW. Profiles C split the functions between the BS and
B and Profile C the ASN-GW, specifically functions related to mobility management
and radio resource management.
Table 1illustrates functional decomposition of ASN in various pro-
files.

TABLE 1 ASN FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION IN VARIOUS PROFILES

ASN Entity Name

Functional
Function
Category
Profile B Profile C

Security Authenticator ASN ASN-GW

Authentication relay ASN BS

Key distributor ASN ASN-GW

Key receiver ASN BS

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 Chapter 6 Comparison between Profile B and Profile C

ASN Entity Name

Functional
Function
Category
Profile B Profile C

Mobility Data path function ASN ASN-GW and

BS

Handover control ASN BS

Context server and ASN ASN-GW and

client BS

MIP Foreign agent ASN ASN-GW

Radio Radio resource ASN BS

resource controller
management
Radio resource agent ASN BS

Paging Paging agent ASN BS

Paging controller ASN ASN-GW

QoS Service flow ASN ASN-GW

authorization

Service flow manager ASN BS

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