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FORM 4
Chapter 2
Learning Objectives :
1. Analysing linear motion 8. Understanding gravity
FORM 4 PHYSICS
features in vehicles
Analysis of Past Year Questions
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
P1 8 7 8 9 9 8 7 9
A 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
P2 B 1 1 - - -
C 1 1 - 1
A 1 1 - - 1
P3
B 1 1 1 - -
Chapter 2
Forces & Motion
Dear students,
It’s not the cards you’re dealt it’s how you play the game !!!
Concept Map
Forces & Motion
Kinematics Dynamics
Physical Quantity
Distance, l Displacement, l
Distance is the total path length traveled from The distance of its final position from its initial
one location to another. position in a specified direction.
Velocity Speed
Rate of change of displacement. Rate of change of distance
Acceleration
the rate of change of velocity
Change in velocity
Acceleration
Time
4
40 ms-1 40 ms-1
30 ms-1
30 ms-1
uniform
speed uniform
speed
uniform 20 ms-1 uniform
velocity velocity
20 ms-1 10 ms-1
10 ms-1
the direction of motion same or the magnitude of its velocity
linear motion + constant
10 ms-1
10 ms-1
10 ms-1
10 ms-1
uniform uniform
speed speed
uniform uniform
10 ms-1
velocity velocity
10 ms-1 10 ms-1
10 ms-1
6
Example 1 Example 2
An aeroplane flies towards the north with a velocity The speedometer reading for a car
300 km/hr in one hour. Then, the plane moves to traveling north shows 70 km/hr. Another
the east with the velocity 400 km / hr in one hour. car traveling at 70 km/hr towards south.
(a) What is the average speed of the plane? Is the speed of both cars same? Is the
(b) What is the average velocity of the plane? velocity of both cars same?
a) 350 km/j Same speed but different velocity
b) 250 km/j (different direction)
c) Refer to p.4
7
Ticker timer Velocity
Acceleration
Elapse time, t = (5 - 1 ) x 0.2 s
11 dots Direction of movement = 0.8 s
Initial x1
velocity, u =
0.2
x1 cm x2 cm
Final x2
velocity, v =
0.2
v -u
Acceleration = 8
t
The Equations of Motion
1
s (u v)t
2
v u at
v u 2as
2 2
1 2 u = initial velocity
s ut at v = final velocity
t = time taken
2 s = displacement
a = constant acceleration
9
Exercise 2.1
Ticks
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
11
4. A group of student made a rocket and
launched it vertically upwards with velocity
of 27 ms-1. What is the total distance
travelled by the rocket?
[Assume g = 10 ms-2]
Ans : - 1.5 ms-2
12
Exercise
Question 1
A 6 cm B
Question 2
Based on the ticker tape portion given above, determine the acceleration.
3 cm 5 cm
Ans : u = 30 ms-1
v = 50 ms-1
a = 50 ms-2
13
Ticker Tape Ticker Chart Type of Motion
Constant velocity
(i)
(i) Lower velocity
Length/cm
(ii) Higher velocity
(ii)
Length/cm
Increasing uniformly
________________________
• The object is moving at a
uniform / constant
acceleration
________________________
________________________
decreasing uniformly
• The object is experiencing
uniform / constant
________________________
deceleration
14
2.2 Motion Graphs
–ve and
C–D –ve and constant 0 / zero
constant
t/s
A D
Velocity-time Graph
Part Gradient Acceleration Displacement
v /m
+ve and +ve and Area under the
A–B
B C constant constant line AB
Area under the
B–C 0 0 / zero
line BC
15
Motion Graphs 16
s versus t v versus t a versus t
Zero velocity s v a
t t t
Constant velocity
s v a
t t t
Negative & s v a
constant velocity
t t
s versus t v versus t a versus t
Constant s v a
acceleration
t t t
Constant s v a
deceleration
t t
*** Gradient of s-t graph represent velocity. Gradient ↑, velocity ↑.
17
2.3 Inertia
The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or if moving to
continue its uniform motion in a straight line.
Tomato sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out if the bottle is moved
down fast with a sudden stop. Why?
The sauce inside the bottle moves (down) together with the bottle. When the
bottle stops suddenly, the sauce continue in its state of motion due to the
effect of its inertia.
The tank which carries liquid in a lorry should To reduce the effects of inertia when stopped
be divided into smaller tanks suddenly.
u1 u2 v1 v2 u1 u2 v1 = v2
m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2
Both objects move independently at their The two objects combine and move together
respective velocities after the collision. with a common velocity after the collision.
Momentum is conserved. Momentum is conserved.
Kinetic energy is conserved. Kinetic energy is not conserved.
Total energy is conserved. Total energy is conserved.
Elastic Inelastic
Collision Collision
21
Explosion
Before explosion both object stick together and
at rest. After explosion, both object move at
At rest v1 v2 opposite direction.
m1 m2 m1 m2
Total Momentum Total Momentum after
before explosion explosion :
Before explosion After explosion is zero . m1v1 + m2v2
22
Exercise 2.4
1. A trolley A of mass 3 kg is moving with velocity 2 ms-1 and collides with another stationary
trolley B. After the collision, trolley A moves with velocity 0.4 ms-1. If the collision is elastic,
calculate the momentum of trolley B after collision.
2 ms-1 0.4 ms-1 vB=?
stationary
A B A B
23
2. A car travels with velocity 32 ms-1 collides head on with a lorry which moving at a velocity of
17ms-1 If the masses of the car and the lorry are 1 200 kg and 5 500 kg respectively, calculate
(a) the momentum of the car before collision
(b) the total momentum
(c) the final velocity of the two vehicles after collision if the collision is inelastic.
17 ms-1 v=?
32 ms-1
B B
A A
25
4. A rifle fires out a bullet of mass 10 g at a velocity of 300 ms-1. If the mass of the rifle is 7.5 kg,
calculate the recoil speed of the rifle.
26
2.5 Force
Force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another
object.
Balanced Force
When the forces acting on an object are balanced, they cancel each other out.
The net force is zero.
Effect :
Object at is at rest [ velocity = 0] or moves at constant velocity [ a = 0]
Normal Lift
Drag Thrust
Weight
Weight
F m
0 0
28
Exercise 2.5 2. Find the value of F.
1. Find the acceleration of the objects. a = 4 ms-2
a)
F = 10 N
5 kg
FR = 5 N 10 kg F
Frictionless surface
Ans : 45 N
Ans : 2 ms-2
F = 60 N
Ans : 10 ms-2 FR = 10 N m kg
Ans : 25 kg
29
4. What force is required to move a 2 kg 5. Ali applies a force of 50 N to move a 10 kg
object with an acceleration of 3 m s-2, if table at a constant velocity. What is the
a) the object is on a smooth surface? frictional force acting on the table?
b) the object is on a surface where the Ans : 50 N
average force of friction acting on the
object is 2 N?
Ans : a) 6 N b) 8 N
30
6. A car of mass 1200 kg traveling at 20 7. Which of the following systems will
m/s is brought to rest over a distance of produce maximum acceleration?
30 m. Find
a) the average deceleration, A. 80 N 100 N
b) the average braking force. m
Ans : a) 6.67 ms-2 b) 8000 N
B. 14 N 6N
m
C. 15 N 5N
m
D. 28 N 52 N
m
31
2.6 Impulse And Impulsive Force
FI FI
t↓ FI ↑ 1
FI
t↑ FI ↓ t 1
t
• Longer period of time t
→Impulsive force decrease
• Shorter period of time
→Impulsive force increase 32
Situations for Reducing Impulsive Force in Sports
Thick mattress with soft surfaces are used in events such as high
jump so that the time interval of impact on landing is extended,
thus reducing the impulsive force. This can prevent injuries to the
participants.
Goal keepers will wear gloves to increase the collision time. This
will reduce the impulsive force.
A baseball player must catch the ball in the direction of the motion of
the ball. Moving his hand backwards when catching the ball
prolongs the time for the momentum to change so as to reduce the
impulsive force.
33
Situation of Increasing Impulsive Force
A karate expert can break a thick wooden slab with his bare hand
that moves at a very fast speed. The short impact time results in a
large impulsive force on the wooden slab.
Pestle
Pestle and mortar are made of stone. When a pestle is used to
pound chilies the hard surfaces of both the pestle and mortar
cause the pestle to be stopped in a very short time. A large
impulsive force is resulted and thus causes these spices to be
crushed easily.
Mortar
34
Exercise 2.6
Question 1 Question 2
A 60 kg resident jumps from the first floor of a Rooney kicks a ball with a force of 1500 N.
burning house. His velocity just before landing The time of contact of his boot with the ball is
on the ground is 6 ms-1. 0.01 s. What is the impulse delivered to the
a) Calculate the impulse when his legs hit ball? If the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what is
the ground. the velocity of the ball?
b) What is the impulsive force on the Ans : Impulse = 15 Ns
resident’s legs if he bends upon landing v = 30 ms-1
and takes 0.5 s to stop?
c) What is the impulsive force on the
resident’s legs if he does not bend and
stops in 0.05 s?
d) What is the advantage of bending his legs
upon landing?
Ans : a) 360 Ns
b) 720 N
c) 7200 N
d) The impulsive force on the resident’s
legs is smaller and the injuries can be
prevented 35
Question 3 Question 5
A trolley with a mass of 500 g is at rest on a A rocket of 50 kg mass is launched vertically.
smooth surface. The trolley is given a Its fuel is being burnt at a rate of 2 kg ms-1
horizontal impulse of 5 Ns. What is the and its exhaust gas is being forced out with a
velocity of the trolley after the impact? speed of 1000ms-1. What is the initial
Ans : 10 ms-1 acceleration of the rocket ?
Ans : aR=40 ms-2
Question 4
A horizontal impulse of 500 Ns is exerted on a
stationary trolley with a mass of 2 kg. What is
the velocity of the trolley after the impact ?
36
2.7 Safety in Vehicle
Headrest
Seat belt
Windscreen
Crumple zone
Automakers are competitively blending performance and comforts with cutting-edge safety technology
that tries to stay one step ahead of you — and everyone else on the road. Click the link below to see
some of advanced safety technologies.
Top 10 High-Tech Car Safety Technologies 38
2.8 Gravity
Gravitational Force
Free fall
39
Acceleration due to gravity, g
• Objects dropped under the influence of the pull of gravity with constant acceleration.
• This acceleration is known as the gravitational acceleration, g.
• The standard value of the gravitational acceleration, g is 9.81ms-2. The value of g is often taken
to be 10 m s-2 for simplicity.
• The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends on the strength of the gravitational
field.
Gravitational field
• The gravitational field is the region around the earth in which an object experiences a force
towards the centre of the earth. This force is the gravitational attraction between the object and
the earth.
• The gravitational field strength is defined as the gravitational force which acts on a mass of 1
kilogram.
F
g= Its unit is N kg-1.
m
F= Gravitational force
m= mass
40
Weight
Mass Weight
The mass of an object is the amount of matter The weight of an object is the force of gravity
in the object acting on the object.
The first step in the acquisition of wisdom is silence, the second listening,
the third memory, the fourth practice, the fifth teaching others.
41
The difference
between a fall in air At vacuum state At normal state
and a free fall in a
vacuum of a coin and
a feather. Initial
Position
Final
Position
Both the coin and the There is no air resistance. Both coin and feather will fall
feather are released The coin and the feather will fall because of gravitational force.
simultaneously from freely. Air resistance effected by the
the same height. Only gravitational force acted on surface area of a fallen object.
the objects. The feather that has large area will
Both will fall at the same time. have more air resistance.
The coin will fall at first.
42
Two steel At vacuum state At normal state
spheres are
falling under The two sphere are The two spheres are falling down
gravity. The two falling with an with the same acceleration
spheres are acceleration. The two spheres are at the same
dropped at the The distance between level at all times. Thus, a heavy
same time from two successive images object and a light object fall with
the same height. of the sphere increases the same gravitational
showing that the two acceleration.
spheres are falling with Gravitational acceleration is
increasing velocity; independent of mass.
falling with an
acceleration.
t t t t t t
43
Exercise 2.8
Question 1 Question 3
An object is falling through a vacuum. Which of A coconut takes 2.0 s to fall to the ground. What
the following quantities does not change? is
A. Momentum (a) its speed when it strikes the ground
B. Acceleration (b) the height of the coconut tree.
C. Velocity
Ans: a) 20 ms-1
D. Impulse
b) 20 m
Question 2
The gravitational acceleration on the moon is
about 6 times less than that on the Earth. If the
weight of a astronaut on the Earth is 720N,
what will be his mass on the Moon? (gEarth =
10ms-2)
Ans : 72 kg
44
Question 5 Question 6
An astronaut jumps from a height of 10 m A stone is thrown upwards with an initial
above the surface of the Moon. What is the velocity of 10 ms-1. if air resistance is
time taken for him to reach the surface of the negligible and gravitational field strength of the
Moon ? Earth is 10 Nkg-1, calculate the time taken for
Ans : 3.46 s the stone to fall back to the initial position.
Ans : 2 s
45
2.9 Forces in Equilibrium
Forces in When an object is in equilibrium, the resultant force acting on it is zero.
Equilibrium The object will either be
1. at rest
2. move with constant velocity.
Thrust Drag
Weight
Weight Weight
46
Examples( Label the forces acted on the objects)
Berat Berat
Addition of Forces
Resultant Force
F1 Resultant force, F = F1 + F2 A single force that
F2 represents the combined
effect of two of more
forces in magnitude and
direction.
Resultant force, F = F1 - F2
F1
F2
47
Addition of Forces
Two tugboats pulling a ship
with forces, F1 and F2. What
is the resultant force acting on
F1 the ship and it’s direction?
F2
Parallelogram Method
Step 1 : Step 2 :
Using ruler and protractor, draw the two forces Complete the parallelogram
F1 and F2 from a point.
F1 F2
F1
60° 60°
F2 F2 F1
48
Step 3 :
Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram. The diagonal represent the resultant force, F in magnitude
and direction.
Scale: 1 cm = k
F1 F2
60° F
θ
F2 F1
49
Resolution of Forces
A force F can be resolved into components which are perpendicular to each other:
(a) horizontal component , FX
(b) vertical component, FY θ
Fx = F cos θ
FY Fy = F sin θ
F
θ
FX
Inclined Plane
N
Component of weight parallel to the
plane
= mg sin θ
Ans : 17 N
12 N
2. Ans : 23.32 N
3N 8N
Ans : 5 N
3.
6N
3N
12 N
Ans : 15 N
51
Addition of forces
F1 F1
F (F1)2 F2 2
F
F2 F2
• Two forces which perpendicular to each other combined into a single force
( Resultant force ).
Resolution of forces
FX Fcosθ
Fy
FY Fcos(90 - θ)
F
(90 - θ) FY Fsin θ
θ
Fx
F (FX )2 FY 2
• A single force split into 2 components ( 2 forces).
• The two new forces must be perpendicular to each other.
5. 7.
8N 1200 N
120°
Boat 40°
8N 800 N
Jaw : 8 N
Jaw : 1884 N
6.
2N
120°
5N
Jaw : 4.36 N
53
8. Figure shows a box with a mass of 3kg being placed on
an inclined plane.
Box The box is pushed with 50N force up along the plane
which is inclined at an angle of 30º from the ground. The
frictional force between the box and the inclined plane is
11 N.
Calculate:
30 º a) the force exerted by the box along the inclined plane
b) the resultant force along the inclined plane
c) the acceleration of the box
Ans : a) 15 N
b) 35 N
c) 8 ms-2
54
Lift
*** ***
R R R
+ + a
a
W W W
Σ F = ma +↑Σ F = ma +↓Σ F = ma
R – W = ma R – W = m (+a ) W – R = m (+a )
R – W = m(0) R – mg = ma mg – R = ma
R=W R = mg + ma R = mg – ma
R = mg R = m (a + g) R = m (g – a)
Accelerate → +a Decelerate → - a 55
Free Fall Lift decelerate upward Lift decelerate downward
W W W
+↓ Σ F = ma +↑Σ F = ma +↓Σ F = ma
W – R = ma R – W = m (-a ) W – R = m (-a )
mg – R = m(g) R – mg = -ma mg – R = – ma
R = mg – mg R = mg – ma R = mg + ma
R=0 R = m (g – a ) R = m (g + a)
Accelerate → +a Decelerate → - a 56
Exercise 2.9.2
Lift
Balance scale
1. A boy of 45 kg standing on a balance scale in a lift. What is the reading of the balance scale if
a) the lift is stationary
Ans : a) 450 N
b) accelerates 2 ms-2 upwards
b) 540 N
c) accelerates 2 ms-2 downwards
c) 360 N
d) decelerates 2 ms-2 downwards
d) 540 N
e) the lift cable snaps
e) 0 N
57
Pulley 58
Alternative Method
L R
+↑ Σ F = ma
R T – 30 =3a ------- (1)
*** ***
T T +↓ Σ F = ma
a a L 40 – T =4a -------- (2)
+ +
3 kg
4 kg
30N
40N *** depends on the
direction of motion
1. Find the resultant
force, F 40 N – 30 N = 10 N
2. Find the moving
4 kg + 3 kg = 7 kg
mass,m
3. Find the
F 10
acceleration,a a 1.429ms2
m 7
4. Find string +↓ Σ F = ma +↑ Σ F = ma
tension, T L 40 – T =4(1.429) T – 30 =3(1.429) R
T = 34.28 N OR T = 34.29 N
Alternative Method
a
L T
R +↓ Σ F = ma
4 kg
R 30 – T = 3a ------- (1)
*** ***
+→ Σ F = ma
+ 2N T L T – 2 = 4a -------- (2)
a +
40N
3 kg
*** depends on
the direction of
30N motion
1. Find the resultant
force, F 30 N – 2 N = 28 N * 40N not found in the
calculation because it’s not in
2. Find the moving the direction of motion !!!
4 kg + 3 kg = 7 kg
mass,m
3. Find the F 28
acceleration,a a 4ms2
m 7
4. Find string +→ Σ F = ma +↓ Σ F = ma
tension, T T – 2 =4(4) 30 – T=3(4)
L T = 18 N OR T = 18 N R
59
2.10 Work, Energy, Power & Efficiency
Work
W = Fs
s W = work,
F = force s = displacement
F=1N F=1N
1m
Power
Concept Definition Formula & Unit
Power The rate at which work is W
done, or the amount of P=
work done per second. t
P = Power,
W = Work / energy
t = Time
61
Exercise 2.10
1. A trolley is released from rest at point X 2. A boll is released from point A of height 0.8
along a frictionless track. What is the m so that it can roll along a curve
velocity of the trolley at point Y? frictionless track. What is the velocity of the
ball when it reaches point B?
Ans : 5.48 ms-1 Ans : 4 ms-1
A
X
2.5 m Y 0.8 m
1.0 m
Z B
62
3. A ball moves upwards along a frictionless 4. A stone is thrown upward with initial velocity
track of height 1.5 m with a velocity of of 20 ms-1. What is the maximum height
6 ms-1. What is its velocity at point B? which can be reached by the stone?
Ans : 20 m
B
1.5 m
6 ms-1
A
63
5. A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a
concrete slide of height 2.5 m. When he
slides down the slope, he does work to
overcome friction of 140 J. What is his 2.5 m
velocity at the end of the slope?
Ans : 5.48 ms-1
64
Energy
• Energy is the capacity to do work.
• SI unit : Joule (J)
• An object that can do work has energy
• Work is done because a force is applied and the objects move. This is accompanied by the
transfer of energy from one object to another object.
• Therefore, when work is done, energy is transferred from one object to another.
• When work done, energy transferred from one form to another.
• Total energy transferred = Work done
1 2
EGP = mgh m = mass EK = mv
h = height
g = gravitational acceleration
2 m = mass
v = velocity
• Two types of forces that exist between the atoms of the solid is the force of attraction and
repulsion.
• In normal circumstances, these two forces are balanced because the distance of separation
between the atoms are fixed.
• So solid has a fixed shape and a hard surface.
A wire stretched by an external force A wire compressed by an external force
Attractive Attractive
Repulsive force Repulsive Repulsive force Repulsive
force force force force
• Atoms of the wire slightly away from each • Atoms become closer and repulsive force
other and attractive force grow by more increases until it exceeds the attractive
than repulsive forces between the atoms. force between the atoms.
• This increased attractive force the will • This increased repulsive force will push the
attract the atoms to restore the original atoms to restore the original shape when
shape when the force applied to the wire the force applied to the wire removed.
removed.
66
Examples of situations / applications involving elasticity
Shock
Mattress absorbers
Catapult
Trampoline Archery
Slotted x
mass 0
F = kx F= force on the spring
x = extension
k = force constant of the spring
Retort stand
67
Elastic limit Force constant of the spring, k
F x F Stiff spring
Soft spring
Elastic limit Elastic limit
x
0
x F
0 0 • Force constant of the spring, k
defined as the force required to
• The maximum force that can be applied to a spring produce one unit of extension of the
such that the spring will be able to be restored to its spring.
original length when the force is removed.
• If a force stretches a spring beyond its elastic limit,
k= F/x
the spring cannot return to its original length even
though the force no longer acts on it. • unit : N m-1 @ N cm-1 @ N mm-1
• The Hooke’s law is not obeyed anymore.
• Elastic limit can be determined based on point on the • The spring with a larger force
graph where the straight line end and start to curve. constant is harder to extend and is
said to be more stiff.
• A spring with a smaller force
constant is easier to extend and is
said to be less stiff or softer.
68
Force, F against Extension,x graph
F
Force constant of the = Gradient of the graph F-x
spring, k
F
F
=
x x x
0
F
work done to extent/ Elastic potential
=
compress the spring energy, Ee
69
L↑
L↓ d↓ d↑
Elasticity ↑ Elasticity ↓
Elasticity ↓ Elasticity ↑
k↓ k↑
k↑ k↓
x
0
kSteel > kCopper > kAl 70
Series Susunan spring Parallel
The same load is applied to each spring. The load is shared equally among the
springs.
Tension in each spring = W Tension in each spring = W /2
Extension of each spring = x Extension of each spring = x
Total extension = 2x Extension of each spring = x / 2
If n springs are used:
Tension in each spring = W Tension in each spring = W /n
Total extension = nx Total extension = x / n
x
x x x
Force 2
W constant = k W W
Force constant = k Force constant = 2k
x
W
k
Force constant =
2 71
Factors that affect the elasticity of a spring (i)
Weak spring
Made from copper system Breaks easily
72
Factors that affect the elasticity of a spring (ii)
Strong spring
Made from steel Does not breaks easily
system
73
Exercise 2.11
1. The original length of each spring is 10 cm. With a load of 10 g, it’s length becomes 12cm.
What is the new length of the spring when it is loaded with 30 g ?
Ans : 16 cm
2. A spring is stretched from a length of 15cm to 21cm by a force of 50N . What is the elastic
potential energy of the spring?
Ans : 1.5 J
74
3. The original length of each spring is 10
cm. With a load of 10 g, the extension (a) (b) (c)
of each spring is 2 cm. What is the
length of the spring system for (a), (b)
and (c)
50 g
20 g
40 g
Ans :
a) 28 cm b) 15 cm c) 32 cm
75
4. As a researcher, you are assigned to investigate the characteristics of five springs, namely
A, B, C, D and E that could be used in children’s mattresses. Based on the information
given in the table below,
Elastic Rate of
Spring Density/kg m-3 Cost
constant rusting
A 200 7 800 Average Low
B 600 2 200 High Average
C 1 000 5 100 Low High
D 1 500 3 000 Low Low
E 5 000 10 500 Low High
(i) explain the suitable characteristics of the spring so that it can be used in children’s
mattresses.
[8 marks]
(ii) decide which spring is the most suitable to be used for your research and give
reasons for your choice.
[2 marks]
Dear students,
You are advised to answer essay type questions ( in Section B and C ) in table
format.
76
Answer :
Characteristic Explanation
Spring D is most suitable because its elastic constant is small enough, its
density is quite low, its rate of rusting is low and
its cost is low.
77