ARCHITECTURE IN THE 19TH CENTURY

HISTORICISMIn the first half of the 19th century architects drew inspiration from styles of thepast.
Some buildings continued to be built in New Classicist style, but there was arevival of styles of the past: Neo-
Byzantine, Neo- Romanesque, Neo-Gothic,Neo-Mudéjar, Neo-Baroque…SANTA MARÍA DE COVADONGA,NEO-
ROMANESQUE BARCELONA CATHEDRAL, NEO-GOTHIC

An Age of UncertaintyBy the opening of the 19th C the confidence apparent in the architecture of the age of
elegance in the preceding century had evaporated.The agitation brought about by the French Revolution of
1789 had never fully subsided, and a different kind of society began to take place.There was another
revolution every bit as influential as the French, the Industrial Revolution which was cradled in Britain, from
roughly 1750-1850 although it was not seen as a revolution but only new ways of making things.

Is known as a period of eclecticism. • Eclecticism in architecture implies freedom on the part of the architect
or client to choose among the styles of the past that seems to him appropriate. • Eclecticism is a nineteenth
style in which a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to
create something that is new and original. • Copy cat era, no originality.

Characteristics
• the use of a variety of historical styles

The first arose from the 19th century architect's perception that he had to continue in
the traditional styles of their predecessors. Elements of these earlier styles were put
together to give an air of authority to town halls (Birmingham), railway stations
(Euston, London), opera houses (Paris Opera) and legislatures (Houses of Parliament,
London). Restraints of taste and careful application of Classical standards, which had
characterised the 18th century, gave way to a variety of styles which could be either
quaint, bombastic or severe and generally, to modern eyes, of great curiosity

• the development of new materials and structural methods.

The second characteristic emerged from the development of new materials as a result
of the new industrial needs. In building, new forms - factories, warehouses, railway
terminals, administrative centres, hospitals - were demanded. In the mid years of the
century, cast iron was used structurally in large buildings such as warehouses and
libraries. The Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton for the 1851 International
Exhibition in London, provided a spectacular example of the possibilities of cast iron and
glass that had worldwide publicity. The new ferrous building materials were made to
conform to the taste for Classical, medieval or other exotic styles (Brighton Pavilion);
for example the glass and iron vault for Paddington Station by Brunel and Wyatt was
supported on 'Gothic' columns. In 1889 Gustav Eiffel designed the exhibition tower for
Paris which bears his name and provided the same form of publicity for the new
material - steel.

Curtain walls were used

example of iron and glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal curtain wall

Steel skeletons were covered with masonry

 A further development was that of the steel-framed skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron
Jenney and Louis Sullivan.

Large skylights were popular

Lacked in imagination and style

Main focus was functionality

Iron used extensively

Example

The Eiffel Tower in Paris by Gustave Eiffel.

• The Chrystal Palace in London by Joseph Paxton.

Glass used extensively

example Crystal Palace, Paxton (1851)

IRON AND STEEL ARCHITECTURE-This style developed during the 19th century.• The new
materials (iron, steel, concrete…) and the new ways of producing them spread their use because the new
necessities of industry and cities created a boom of construction of infrastructures and facilities for transport
and communications. The Library of St. Genevieve in Paris, France, by Henri Labrouste

New materials: iron, steel, concrete, glass…- New necessities of industry and cities which created a boom of
construction of infrastructures,facilities for transport, communications and trade : train stations, bridges,
viaducts, storehouses,department stores, factories… CHRYSTAL PALACE OF LONDON, JOSEPH PAXTON

Iron makingIn the Ironindustry, coke wasfinally applied to allstages of iron smelting,replacing charcoal.
Thishad been achievedmuch earlierfor lead and copper aswell as forproducing pig iron ina blast furnace, but
thesecond stage in theproduction of bariron depended on theuse of potting and Nasmyth’s steam hammer of
1840 at work in 1871stamping.

EXAMPLES OF IRON AND STEEL ARCHITECTURE

Some important examples were:

The Eiffel Tower in Paris by Gustave Eiffel.

The Chrystal Palace in London by Joseph Paxton.

Chicago sky-scrappers by Sullivan (2nd picture).

The Library of St. Genevieve by Henri Labrouste.

The Gallery of Machines of Dutert and Contamin by Louis Dutert y Contamin.(1st picture).

• . INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE OVER MIÑO RIVER, TUY (PONTEVEDRA) GUSTAVE EIFFEL

USES OF IRON
 The Iron Bridge The Iron Rail Road Station The Iron Market Place The Iron Commercial Buildings The
Iron Cultural and Religious Buildings The Iron Exhibition Buildings 16

IRON AND STEEL STRUCTURES OF 19TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

Iron and steel were not admired for their architectural qualities in the 19th C: prevailing Neo-Classical and
Romantic attitudes looked to past ages buildings had always been of load-bearing masonry construction.

Everything that architects and their clients admired and felt comfortable with could be constructed by using
traditional materials and methods

. Architects were slow to exploit the possibilities of iron and steel, which were first used in industrial
utilitarian buildings, such as textile mills, warehouses, and greenhouses.

Progress in iron fabrication

18th C industrial production of cast and wrought iron so increased its availability that iron replaced wood in
the frame of any building where heavy loads or the danger of fire was of concern.

Cast iron was favoured for columns, while the superior tensile qualities of wrought iron made it the
recommended material for beams.

In the 19th C iron began to be used instead of wood in the fabrication of truss bridges built for roads and
railroads that crossed rivers or valleys.

Decimus Burton and Richard Turner Palm House, Kew Gardens,

London, 1845-47.Iron was most elegantly employed in landscape
gardening.VictorianEngland,prosperousfrom the wealth of its empire,had a fascination withthe tropical
plants that were brought backfrom India,Africa, and theFar East.

PALM HOUSE, Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, London, 1845-1848 Wrought

Iron

Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, 1851.Joseph Paxton designed abuilding with prefabricated
parts that could be mass-produced and erected rapidly. It stood in stark contrast to traditional,massive stone
construction.Once the exhibition opened, the building was visited by about one-quarter of the population of
England and was universally acclaimed for its vast, airyi nterior space.Journalists dubbed it the Crystal
Palace,a name it had retained.

GLASS ARCHITECTURE
Glass can be manufactured in larger sizes and volumes.With the Industrial Revolution, the availability of
newly-available building materials such as iron, steel, and sheet glass drove the invention of new building
techniques.The Crystal Palace, 1851, was one of the first buildings to have vast amounts of glass supported
by structural metal, foreshadowing trends in Modernist architecture.(by Joseph Paxton)example of iron and
glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal curtain wall.

Examples
Crystal Palace, Paxton (1851)

Glass MakingA new method ofproducing glass,known as thecylinder process,was developed inEurope
during theearly 19th century.In 1832, this processwas used bythe ChanceBrothers to createsheet glass.
Theybecame the leadingproducers ofwindow and plate TheCrystal Palace held the Great Exhibition ofglass.
1851

The main types of nineteenth century architectural styles included :

• Greek Revival (1800-1900);

Greek Revival (1800-1900) was an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries,
predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States. A product of Hellenism, it may be looked upon as
the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture.

• Gothic Revival (1810-1900);

Gothic Revival (1810-1900) (also referred to as Victorian Gothic, Neo-Gothic or Jigsaw Gothic, and when used
for school, college, and university buildings as Collegiate Gothic) is an architectural movement that began in
the late 1740s in England.

• Second Empire (1850-1880);

Second Empire (1850-1880) is an architectural style, most popular between 1865 and 1880, and so named for
the architectural elements in vogue during the era of the Second French Empire. As the Second Empire style
evolved from its 17th century Renaissance foundations, it acquired an eclectic mix of earlier European styles,
most notably the Baroque often combined with mansard roofs and low, square based domes.

• Exoticism (1800-1900);

Exoticism (1800-1900) is a trend in European art and design, influenced by some ethnic groups or
civilizations from the late 19th- century.

• Industrial architecture (1850-1900);

Industrial architecture (1850-1900) is the design and construction of buildings serving industry. Such buildings
rose in importance with the industrial revolution, and were some of the pioneering structures of modern
architecture

• Skyscraper design (1885-1900).

A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was originally
used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors but now describes one of at least 40–50 floors.[1]
Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise

Skyscraper design (1885-1900) is a tall, continuously habitable building of over 10 floors, mostly designed for
office, commercial and residential uses.

e.gCARSON, PIRIE, SCOTT AND COMPANY BUILDINGHOME

INSURANCE BUILDING, LOUIS SULLIVAN WILLIAN LE BARON JENNEY

 A time of rapid change in UK and in Europe The Industrial Revolution Began in
England, (1750-1920)Time of major changes in Agriculture Manufacturing Mining Transport
TechnologyThese had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions, starting in the United
Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.It
marked a major turning point in human history, almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in
some way. The Stockton and Darlington Railway

• The Industrial Revolution

1.Inventions

It began with textiles

2.Finance

Trading opportunities

3.A change in the way goods were produced from human labor to machine.

4.The three basics were present- coal (energy), iron and other metals, population of workers.

INTRODUCTION The swift development of architectural technique and form in this century has roots that
go as far back as the 18th century.

19th CENTURY ARCHITECTURE an era of revolutionary changesaaffecting every aspects

of life

the Enlightenment : Enhanced the significance and the social status of every citizen. Fundamental
change in political culture. 19th Century : An era of revolutionary changes affecting every aspects of life. The

Industrial Revolution : spreads from England to Europe and North America, created a new type of
worker : the wage-laborer or proletarian, who earn hard living in the numerous factories.

REASONS

Why Was it Started?

Industrial Revolution as, “a widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in Britain in the
18th century.”

People did not want to do their work manually for the rest of their lives.

Somewhere around 75% of the British made their money from farming. In the winter when they couldn't farm
they worked with the wool from their sheep to make cloth. This was called the cottage industry. This was one
thing that caused the Industrial Revolution.

The factors are :

Geographic factors-As an island separated from, and yet close to, the European continent, England enjoyed a
geographical situation that was favorable in several ways.
Political factors-Government was ready to provide conditions in which trade, industry, banking and farming for
profit could flourish. The best single condition it provided was laissez-faire -no government interference with
private businesses.

Economic factors– Internally, the purchasing power of the people was generally greater than that of other
peoples. Externally, the rapidly increasing trade stimulated the production of cheap manufactured goodsin
England.

Technological factors-Before and during the Industrial Revolution, several technological processes converged:
tool improvement, use of coal as fuel, greatly increased use of iron, and use of steam power.

Population increase

At the start of the 19th Century about 1/5 of Britain’s population lived there, but by 1851 half the population of
the country had set up home in London.

The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1851 and, by 1901,
had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million.

Europe’s population doubled during the 18th century, from roughly 100 million to almost 200 million, and
doubled again during the 19th century, to around 400 million.

• 6. Factors for the Progress of the Industrial Revolution

1.Development and growth of new socio- economic classes: working class, bourgeoisie, wealthy industrial class.

Population change

The urban population dramatically increased, towns and cities multiplied in number and size, a new urban society
emerged. The demand for new buildings was greater that ever before.

2.Brought a flood of new building materialsIron was mined efficiently.

The formula for concrete was rediscovered 1756 by John Smeaton.

3.To the fashionable architects the central problem was to discover a style appropriate to this time of change.

SOCIAL EFFECTS

The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of
combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people.

The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation
of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffer
the cost of the lost production.

The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action . Many strikes were painful events for both
sides, the unions and the management. In England, the Combination Act forbade workers to form any kind of
trade union from 1799 until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still severely restricted.
 Eventually effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who, after
the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to support socialist political parties that later merged to
became the British Labour Party.

The Invention of Machines

The invention of machines to do the work of hand tools The Spinning Jenny invented by James Hargreaves

The use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles of human beings The 1698
Savery and of animals

The Steam Engine : invented by James Watt in 1785, whose proliferation into newly built machine
shop and iron foundries engendered an appropriate type of building.

Amos Beam Engine 1867

The Railway : A meaningful symbol of the new age which in turn had consequences for architecture -
stations, bridges, tunnels

The Rocket : 1829, George & Robert Stephenson

The Steam Boat : An important means of transportation which in turn had consequences for mass
migration from across the globe

Mississippi Steam boat in 1906 inspired by Robert Fulton’s Clermont : 1807

MASS MIGRATION HISTORY of ART & ARCHITECTURE 06 The possibility of travel brought about the migration
of population from the countryside to big cities and from nation to nation.

OTHER INVENTIONS
Daimler motorcycle : 1885, Gottlieb Daimler

Motorwagen : 1888, Carl Benz

Quadricycle : 1896, Henry Ford

Thomas Alva Edison INVENTED BULB

Alexander Graham Bell Bell demonstration of the telephone : 1876

First Singer sewing machine : 1851 Singer sewing machine

Kodak Pocket Camera : 1895, George Eastman

MATERIALS
New materials were increasingly used.

Cast Iron , an essentially brittle material, is approximately four times as resistant to compression as stone

Wrought Iron , which is forty times as resistant to tension and bending as stone, is only four times heavier. It
can be form and molded into any shape
Structures consisting of metal columns and girders no longer needed walls for their statics . This marked the
onset of the most significant technological revolution in architectural history.

Glass can be manufacture in larger sizes and volumes AND IN VARIETY OF COLOURS

Solid structures could be replaced by skeleton structures, making it possible to erect buildings of almost
unrestricted height and width very quickly, using prefabricated elements .

Francois Hennebique developed the reinforced concrete construction, particularly in overcoming the
weakness which existed in previous reinforced concrete structures.