1356 IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No.

6, June 1985

TRANSFOER TAP SETTING IN OPTIMAL LOAD FLOW

N. Flatabo, 3.A. Foosnas T.-O. Berntsen
The Norwegian Research Institute of Electricity Supply The Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Board
(EFI), Trondheim Oslo
(Norway)

Abstract - A new method of transformer ratio
control in optimal load flow is presented. The trans-
former taps and the phase shift angles can be
controlled by a quite general criterion function. The
method established is valid both for two- and
three-winding transformers.
The gradient pertinent to the transformer ratio is
developed by combining the reduced gradient, and the
sensitivities of transformer terminal complex powers
to changes in voltage ratio.
The transformer ratio can be optimally determined
based on different economical criteria, or to endeavour
loss minimization, simply by choosing proper criterion
functions through data input. The method established
is implemented in an optimal load flow program and can
favourably be used both in solving system planning and
control problems.
INTRODUCT ION
An optimal load flow program can be used advan-
tageously both in operation planning and system
planning.
In operation planning the objectives may be to
minimize fuel costs, transmission losses, or utililzing
available reactive power resources to achieve a proper
voltage profile within constraints provided.
In system planning the objectives may be to calcu-
late minimum reactive compensation needed to keep with-
in minimum voltage, to calculate compensation needed to
achieve minimum transmission losses, or to calculate
the compensation needed to minimize an objective
function taking into account both investment costs of
compensation equipments and value of reduced losses.
In optimal load flow the criterion function chosen
is to be minimized by control of active power in
generators, generator voltages, reactive power
generated in VAR sources, and change of transformer
ratios.
Different analytical and numerical methods are
described for control of transformer tap settings.
Mamandur and Chenoweth (1] have used a MW transmission
loss criterion where transformer taps are amongst the
control variables. The minimum solution is obtained by
a combination of Newton-Raphson load flow and a linear
programming method. Sensitivities between transmission
loss and transformer taps are calculated to decide the
change of transformer ratio during the optimization
procedure.
Stadlin and Fletcher [2] have included voltage
transformer taps as control variables in a reactive
current model for voltage/reactive power dispatch. The
transformer tap changing is simulated by attaching
incremental reactive currents between each of the
transformer terminals and ground. The main objective of
that method is to maintain a secure bus voltage
profile, while minimization of losses or generation is
considered of secondary importance.
In this paper a method of transformer ratio
control in optimal load flow will be described. The
method established can be used on a quite general
criterion function
F = f(p,P,k,Q,T,n .nc) (2.1 )
where
P energy price or cost of active power produced
active power production
k - cost of reactive power produced or absorbed
reactive power produced or absorbed
T time duration of period
number of active power generation points
ng- number of reactive power generation or
c
absorption points
f - nonlinear function of P or Q or both
With appropriate choice of input data to the
criterion function (2.1), the optimal load flow program
can be used for instance to achieve either of the solu-
tions listed below:
- minimum active power losses
- minimum reactive power losses
- minimum total losses including losses in power
generation equipment
- minimum reactive power compensation
- minimum reactive power production or absorption in
generators
- minimum cost of power produced
- minimum total cost of losses and investment in
reactive power compensation equipments
- combination of the above mentioned criteria.
In operation planning the transformer tap
settings can be determined on the basis of any of these
criteria, both within a substation having transformers
in parallell, and for transformers located in separate
substations but electrically connected both on primary
and secondary sides.
In system planning the objective may be to
determine the best transformer ratio for a transformer
that in future operation will have a fixed ratio. With
such an optimal load flow program this can be investi-
gated based on various criteria and load situations,
and based on the most important criterion and judgement
the ratio can be decided. Similarly the range of
regulation of a tap changer can be determined.
The optimal load flow solution is obtained by a
reduced gradient technique, as presented by Dommel and
Tinney [3]. The components of the gradient pertinent to
the transformer taps and phase shift angles are estab-
lished by combining the reduced gradient and the
sensitivities of transformer terminal complex powers to
transformer taps and phase shift angles.
The transformer admittances are updated between
each step in the optimization due to changed
transformer ratios.

MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF METHOD

84 SM 551-8 A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of General theory
the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation
at the IEEE/PES 1984 Summer Meeting, Seattle, The objective in optimal loadflow is to minimize a
Washington, July 15 - 20, 1984. Manuscript submit- criterion function by control of active power
ted January 25, 1984; made available for printing generations, generator voltages, reactive power
May 2, 1984. generation in VAR sources, and transformer taps.
In this paper a method of controlling transformer
taps will be presented.

0018-9510/85/0006-1356$01.00©1985 IEEE
 1357
If the criterion function is defined as F, the The sensitivities in the criterion F with respect
control of transformer taps to minimize F can be to power injections at the transformer terminals can be
carried out by calculating the sensitivities of F with determined as follows:
respect to voltage ratio of transformers. This The criterion is
sensitivity can be denoted
F = F(x,u,w) (3.3)
*
dF
where n. is the voltage ratio
where
33 x - state variables
of transformer no. j.
u - control variables
A change in voltage ratio of a transformer, or a
w - dependent variables
tap change, results in changed admittances in the
transformer. Thus changes in active and reactive power The criterion F is to be minimized with respect to
flows will occur at the transformer terminals and
the control variables, u, which are the active power
further around the network. This is exemplified in generations, reactive power generations in VAR sources,
Figure 3.1. voltages at generation buses, and transformer taps.
Pp nj Ps The state variables are the voltages and phase
angles at load buses, and phase angles at generation
buses.
The dependent variables are the power flows in
lines and transformers, and reactive power in
Qpt____
- I generators (P,E nodes).
LAyt] The active and reactive loads can be regarded as
constant, or parametric values, p.
Figure 3.1. Two winding transformer with tap changer. The criterion F shall be minimized satisfying the
constraint of balance in load flow, given by equation
The admittance of a two winding transformer can be
expressed by a complex 2x2 matrix denoted as [Y TO in (3.4).
Figure 3.1, and given for transformer ratio n.. g(x,u,p)
If the ratio is changed by An., a 3change of
= 0 (3.4)
admittance [AytI occurs and the resuliing admittance The assumed power injections at transformer
becomes:
terminals can be regarded as part of the control
variables. Thus having
EYT] =
[YTO + [Ayt] (3.1)
The change of admittance due to change in An. can
u = ,APpAp
(-- AP- APS AQs)
be added in parallel to the former admittance. Incremental changes in the control variables
The changes in power flow at the transformer affect changes in the state variables and the criterion
terminals become AP ,AQ and AP , AQ on primary and F
secondary sides repec?ively, as shown in Figure 3.1. dF = - dx + - du (3.5)
The resultant power flow through the transformer will ax au
be the sum of power flow through the "initial'
transformer represented by the matrix [Y 03, and the Differentiating equation (3.4) yields
additional power flow through the parallel admittance
[Ayt] caused by a change in the transformer ratio dg = - Ax dx + - du = 0 (3.6)
An. auag
A The changes in power flow through the transformer
can be regarded as power injections at the transformer
terminals.
dx = - ¢ gdu (3.7)
The sensitivity of the criterion F with respect to
transformer ratio n., can be obtained by combining the Substituting (3.7) into (3.5)
sensitivities of F ith respect to the power injections
at the transformer terminals, and the sensitivities of
the power injections with respect to the transformer
=a(Fau
_aF iai ag ax ax au (3.8)
ratio n..
Th2 resultant sensitivity of F with respect to n. Defining the Lagrangian multipliers as
can be expressed as:

dF 6F aPp aF aQp aF
3

aps s a 2s(
XT =
A x laxJ aF RA9 V)
I qOI
1

dn. = 8P an. ao an. aP an. + 8a an. (3.2) and substituting (3.9) into (3.8), the sensitivities in
3 p 3 p 3 s 3 s J criterion. F with respect to the control variables u are
In optimal load flow the sensitivity given by established as
equation (3.2) is the component of the gradient vector dF aF + AT 8gi3.
pertinent to the control variable n.. du ju au
In economic dispatching thi criterion F can
express the total cost of delivering or producing Equation (3.10) is equal to the reduced gradient used
active and reactive power in the system. The sensi- in optimal load flow [3].
tivities aF/aP , aF/aG etc., are the cost of The sensitivities in F with respect to the assumed
delivering activg and rea6tive power at transformer power injections at the transformer terminals thus can
terminals. be found similarly to the way of calculating the
The sensitivities aP /an., ao /an., etc., tell gradient.
how the power flow will cRange due to iap changing of Substituting (3.10) into (3.2), the component of
the transformer. the gradient pertinent to n. can be determined as
Depending on the cost of active and reactive power
at transformer terminals and the sensitivities in power faF 1au.
flow, the tap changer can be controlled to achieve an
dF
E E -.A Taau.I (.1
optimum state.
dn.
3
i=p,s,t .u.=P.,Q.o
.1 3
au.1
an.,
1J3
3.1
1358

Equation (3.11) is valid both for two winding and three Figure 3.2 shows a two winding transformer repre-
winding transformers when summing i either over primary sented by an admittance Y and a winding of ratio
and secondary sides, or primary, secondary and tertiary n.:1.
sides, respectively (i=p,s or i=p,s,t). 3
To determine the transformer tap changer gradient
(3.11), the sensitivities of (3.10) must be developed
for a specific criterion. Additionally the sensitivity Esi
of 8u.1/n. in (3.11) must be established.
1l
J
Sensitivities of criterion F to Dower iniections at
transformer terminals Figure 3.2. Equivalent of two winding transformer.
The criterion used in this case is Ohm's law applied to this equivalent gives the
following formulation
N N
F iEg1 9i NiI. j[q
j:1 kj IQ j (3.12)
El
where (3 .15)
- cost of energy resource Ip E]
Ni - f.(P.), resource energy used
"i - active power produced
P.
f. function defining the efficiency in electric
power production Where the voltage ratio, n., is a complex number
k. - cost of reactive power generated or absorbed defined as
--reactive power generated or absorbed E
N3 - number of active power generations = Ezp
nJ : (3.16)
Ngq - number of reactive power generations
/absorptions and n is the complex conjugate of n. The complex
Developing 43.10) for ui = Pi yields: voltages Ep and Es are denoted in Figure 3.2 and Figure
3.3.
dF aF T aNi In Figure 3.3 is shown how the ratio n. varies as
Cpi- dP 1 -
aP.1 + A agP =apip + A i
p
(3.13) the tap changer is moved. J
1 1 bl
Developing (3.10) for u. = Qi yields: Ep,

C. dF aaF AT ag =
qi dO. -
ai i

aN. aP. IQ 1 I ap. a,

= 4p a1 1
+ k + A -
I
+ A (3. 14 )
11 1
pi aa I
qi Figure 3.3. Primary and secondary voltages on a trans-
where former with tap changer.
ap. - incremental losses in reactive power In neutral position the primary and secondary voltages
1 generation equipment. are denoted E and Es' starting from reference point
0. The voltagb across the tap changer is denoted AE
N ap.
incremental cost of losses due to having a phase angle a with reference to E . Moving
i ap. aQ. reactive power produced or absorbed of the tap changer incurs a voltage correspondin&0
in a generator. voltage AE along the line a-b on either side of the
ap.I - neutral polition, or changing the phase angle a, or
incremental cost of losses due to both of them.
pi a reactive power produced or absorbed The primary voltage will be
in reactive compensation equipment.
Interpretation of eqations (3.13) and (3.14) and Ep = Epo + AEp (3.17)
their practical application in calculations will be
outlined-more in detail in Appendix A. and the transformer ratio becomes
In-.optimal dispatching of reactive power the
losses in reactive power generation equipment may E E *AE E AE
p P0 =
E' p - E- p
Po
influence considerably on the result (4]. As the tap njn= 5 5 5
+
5
(cosaxjsinG)
cs+int
changing of transformers affect the distribution of
reactive power generations, it is of importance to E AE (3.18)
include these losses in the calculation of the = Po (1+ E{(cosa+jsina))= n (1+t(cosa+jsina))
transformer tap gradient. 5
T_ E Po 0

Sensitivities of Dower iniections at transformer The phase shift between primary and secondary
terminals to variation in transformer ratio voltages, E and E', is equal to the angle l in Figure
The sensitivity au./an. in equation (3.11) for a two 3.3, and will varysas the tap changer is moved.
winding transformer taies the following forms The power flows into the transformer are:
*

aP p ao aP s aQ s Sp = Ep.Ip = Pp + jop primary complex (3.19)

p.- power-
an.' an an an.
s s s Ps js secondary
complex power
(3.20)
To determine these sensitivities it is appropriate
to establish an analytical expression of the power The currents I and I equation are given by
input on transformer terminals as a function of the (3.15), and substituting sinto (3.193 and (3.20), the
transformer ratio. complex powers become:
 1359

--IyE*E 1* YIE Establishing the phase angle component dF/da of

In2 t p 1
Sp = n
.

n. t p the gradient means that the sensitivities

)s
=Y | Es| ~ n*YtEpE
55= y JE I
2 L
n*
**
YtEPES (3.22)
ap D
-p p SD
aQ BPSp OoSo
sI
Sti.'j SaJ Su,'i Se
-

As the transformer complex ratio n. is a function

must be determined. This can be achieved as follows:
of both transformer tap,. t., and phase angle, a., the
gradient SF/Sn. has two inaependent components, Jwhich Differentiating the transformer terminal complex powers
are: 3 with respect to phase angle a. yields:

dF dF dF 1
55 nt * *
dn. dt .' da.j
(3.23) p
Sau..j
-

n.
22 Ytt E E
p (sina.-
s :i jcosa.
) *
3 3 3

This means that the sensitivity Su./Sn. also has

3J
2n2
two independent components +
In.1:1 I
4y fE I sino.. (3 .33)

au. rSu. au.1

Sn.
1 I1

St.' ba.
(3.24) as n t.
3 5- ~ -~= Y E E (sinao.+jcosa.)
*2 (3.34)
13 3J
t ps 3
3 (n.)
Establishing the transformer tap component SF/St.
of the gradient means that the sensivities Taking the real and imaginary parts of equations (3.33)
and (3.34) and substituting (3.13) and (3.14) into
BP SQ aP aQ (3.11), the gradient with respect to the phase angle of
p s s
a two winding transformer becomes
at., at., at., at.
dF ass1 [dS1
must be determined. This can be achieved as follows: d = C Re I-EI + C Im IR
Differentiating the transformer terminal complex powers
with respect to transformer tap t. yields
dt.
pp
'a qp [aa.
as n + C Re I-l + C Im - I
[a.j (3 .35)
'e
t
=
(n)2
O *
Y E E (cosa+tjsina.) t
PS L
qs

2n2
2nO Transformer tap gradient of a two wingina transformer
The resultant sensitivity in the criterion F with
- In i YtIE (cosa. +
t.) (3.25) respect to a transformer ratio n., thus can be estab-
aSs nO lished by substituting equations (3.32) and (3.35) into
(3.23), yielding equation (3.36)
St -
n; 2 Y t EpEs (cosa.- jsina..) (3.26)
3 (ni) dF F F
Separating into real and imaginary parts dn. dti' da

as aP . ac ras1 [as 1 rs1

at.3 at- 3 (3.27) I
Re k + C ImI- 21 + C Re Sj
,
at
-
C
= at qp
=

the partial derivatives of active and reactive power at s

transformer terminals can be established as

+'C
qs pp
Im
lat
[St j,]
.
Cps [M%
BP [ss [Ss
p = Re I[R3 Real part of (3.28) C Im + C Re 1
ppRe
[5am J
(C
at .

equation (3.25)
iaaI +

qp am. Ps
SI 1
So as [ss
)I (3.36)
atiP%
_
Im [ t) Imaginary part of (3.29)
+ C
qs
Im
am
equation (3.25)
The tap changer gradient for a three-winding
aP [as1 transformer can be determined similarly. This is
Re I I Real part of (3.30) derived in Appendix 8.
equation (3.26)
SYSTEM STUDIES
aQ
5%s Im [ at Imaginary part of (3.31) In an optimal load flow program the algorithm for
at = equation (3.26) transformer tap control has been tested with good
results on different network and transformer configura-
Substituting equation (3.13). (3.14). (3.28) - tions. The phase shift angle control has not been
(3.31) into (3.11). the gradient with respect to the completely implemented. The angles can be given
transformer tap of a two winding transformer becomes different values through data input, but have not yet
dF been included as control variables in the optimization
CPRe j + CqpIm procedure. In this paper two example calculations
dt PP aSt] will be given. These are
- transformer tap setting of parallel transformers
CsRe
p
P
Ikt.
+ [C
qs I j (3.32) with different reactive power injections at tertial
windings
1360
- transformer tap setting of transformers in a combined Table 4.2. Results of calculations on parallel
300/132 kV network transformers.
Transformer tap setting of parallel thee-winding Case Tap positions three- Total Reactive power
transformers no. winding transformers active injection at
l X] powcr tertiary windings
The network calculated on is shown in Fig. 4.1. losses
["WI MVAr
73 Ti
T
Ti T2 T2 T
T3
In a substation with three three-winding transformers I Initial
in parallel, the transformer tap positions shall be condition 0 0 0 20.59 20.0 20.0 0.0
determined to obtain minimum of a given criterion 2 Only trans-
function. former taps -5.95 -6.41 -6.88 20.18 23.0 23.1 0.0
as variables

3 Transformer
taps and
reactive power -2.95 -3.38 -3.04 19.92 22.2 22.3 39.3
production in
synchronous
compensator
as control
variables
From Table 4.2 it can be noticed that reduced
350MW 195MW active power losses are obtained by the developed
OMvar 5OMvar method of transformer tap control. Further on it can
Figure 4.1. Network with parallel threewinding be seen that different reactive power inputs from the
transformers. synchronous compensator change the optimal tap
positions. Due to differences in transformer data, the
The, transformers Ti and T2 have shunt capacitors optimal tap positions differ also.
connected to their teriary windings. The transformer
T3 has a synchronous compensator connected to its Transformer tap setting in a 300/132 kV network
teriary winding.
The data of the transformers are given in Table The network calculated on is shown in Figure 4.2.
4.1. The example 300/132 kV network has two two-winding
transformer-s, Ti and T2, and two three-winding trans-
Table 4.1. Data of three-winding transformers. formers, T3 and T4.
For the purpose of minimizing the active power
.R.
Nominal rating losses in the system, calculations were carried out to
Rated voltage
[MVA1 [ kV] find optimum tap settings of the transformers Tl, T2,
T3 and T4. In this calculation only transformer taps
P1S P/T T/S were used as control variables while all generator
e er ex er e P T S
x
terminal voltages were kept at constant values. In
50 0.47 12.1 0.36 13.4 0.39 7.4 302.7 17 66 normal operation and optimum transformer tap settings
50 0.45 11.3 0.30 12.26 0.29 7.5
some voltages and power flows are indicated in Figure
302.7 17 66
4.2. Table 4.3 shows the results of the calculations
00 0.34 11.4 0.28 13.8 0.23 8 02.3.7 17 66 carried out in normal condition and for outage of line
A-8 (dashed line i Figure 4.2).

Three different cases are examined.

As a base case a calculation is carried out
without optimization and with all transformer taps in
neutral position. The shunt capacitors are producing
20 MVAr, and no reactive power is produced in the
synchronous compensator (standby operation). The
result is given in Table 4.2.
For the purpose of minimizing the active power
losses in the system, two calculations were carried out
to find optimum transformer tap setting of primary
windings for all three transformers. The optimization
is based on case 1 as an initial situation. In case 2
only the transformer taps were used as control
variables, while in case 3 both transformer taps and
reactive power production in the synchronous compen-
sator were control variables. In the last case also,
active power loss due to reactive power generation in
the synchronous compensator is taken into account. The
generator terminal voltage was kept constant in all
cases.
In case 2 the optimization is limited by reaching
maximum voltage at the 66 kV node. The transformer tap
positions and reactive power injections at tertiary
windings are given in Table 4.2.
In case 3 the optimization is restricted by
reaching maximum terminal voltage of the synchronous
compensator. The transformer tap positions and
reactive power injection at tertiary windings are given
in Table 4.2.
Figure 4.2. 300/132 kV network.
 1361

Table 4.3. Results of calculations on combined 300/132 APPENDIX A

kV network.
Incremental cost of intiected power at transformer
terminals
NORMAL OPERATION OUTAGE LINE A-B
The incremental costs of active and reactive power at
Tap positions Active Tap positions Active
[1 power [23 power transformer terminals are given by equations (3.13) and
Ti T2 T3 T4 losses [MW] Ti T2 T3 T4 losses MWI] (3.14), and denoted C i and C
The cost formu as of active and reactive power
0 0 0 0 23.75 0 0 0 0 24.71 take different forms depending on the transformer
terminal node types in optimal load flow.
-3.21 -0.72 5.75 6.09 23.21 -5.57 0.38 7.14 7.38 23.79
In the following a list of different node types
and cost formulas are given.

1. Slack generator with active and reactive power

From Table 4.3 it can be seen that optimal trans- free (6,E-node, xor 6-node).
former tap settings reduce the active power losses
about 2.31 in normal condition and about 3.71 in outage aNi
condition. It should be mentioned that in neutral
transformer tap positions there are no voltages outside
,pi l- vi aPi (A. 1)

constraints. The moving of transformer taps is carried

out only to achieve reduced active losses. lo.1I aN. BP.
pi 1 1
(A.2)
1Qi
C c k
qL ki 'a.
i i
2. Slack generator with active power free and
CONCLUSIONS reactive power as control variable'(6,Q-node).

This paper presents a new mathematical method of

ON .
transformer ratio control in optimal load flow. The cpi c 4
i BPi. (A.3)
method enables the transformer ratio to be determined
on a quite general criterion function. The method is C. = - A. (A.4)
applicable for both two and three winding transformers.
qi qi
The paper outlines t'he theory for, controlling both L. Generator bus with active power as control
transformer taps and phase shift angles. In an optimal variable and reactive power free (P,E-node or
load flow program the transformer tap control is P-node).
implemented completely, while phase shift angles can
only get different values through data input. The
C
pi
= -PApl . (A.5)
inclusion of this last feature into optimal transformer
ratio control needs only some computational effort. The
IQ.I 8N. aP.
C k (A.6)
method established has been tested on different
networks. The results obtained show that the method 4. a) Generator bus with active and reactive power as
can be used advantageously in system planning of
control variables (P.Q-node).
transformer ratio and regulation range, and for
determination of optimal transformer tap positions in b) Reactive power compensation bus with active
economic dispatch of a power system under various loads power constant and reactive power as control
and network conditions. variable (P,Q-node, or P,Q,E-node).

c) Load bus (P,Q-node, or P,Q,E-node).

(l] Mamandur, K.R.C. and Chenoweth, R.D.: C = - A (A.7)
"Optimal Control of Reactive Power Flow for pi :pi
Improvements in Voltage Profiles and for Real C = - A . (A.8)
IEEE Transactions PAS ql ql
Power Loss Minimization."
Vol. 100, 1981, pp.3185-3193. L,. Reactive power compensation bus with active power
constant and reactive power free (P.E-node, or
t21 Stadlin, W.O. and Fletcher, D.L.: P-node).
"Voltage Versus Reactive Current Model for
C -A (A.9)
Dispatch and Control." IEEE Transactions PAS Vol. pl pi
101, 1982, pp.3751-3758. aP.
IQa. I
[3] Dommel, H.W. and Tinney, W.F.:
Cqi= k
qi
A1-
pi ao1 (A. 10)
"Optimal Power Flow Solutions". IEEE Transactions
PAS Vol. 87, 1968, pp. 1866-1876. APPENDIX 8

[4] Berntsen, T.-O., Flatabo, N., Johannesen, A. and Three winding transfoKrmer with taP changing
Olsen, K.:
"Optimal reactive power generation and voltage The sensitivity in the criterion F with respect to
level in a mixed 300-420 kV transmission network. change in transformer ratio, n is given by equation
A study carried out in the Norwegian power (3.11). For a three winding trangformer the sensitivity
system." CIGRE SC32 Paper No. 810P03, Rio de du./dn must be established for all the three terminal
Janeiro, September 1981. compleR powers.
A change in transformer ratio n can be
exemplified as in Figure B.1.
1362

The transformer ratio to be changed is the ratio

\
§ PsA
op 3an
p ~~~~[yro] denoted n between primary and secondary voltage. The
complex ra?io n is given similarly to the ratio on a

aQop IdQs two winding traRsformer. Thus

n
p
n (1+t (cosa
0~ p p
+ jsinad p )(.5)

Differentiating the terminal complex powers with

respect to transformer tap, t and phase angle, m
yields p

Figure B. 1. Three winding transformer with tap changer. as p

at p 2Pp E*s
n2-(Yps
nn
* *
+
1
y*Et)E
E*Pttppp
* *
(cosda+jsina )
.

In Figure B.2 is shown an electrical equivalent of p

a three winding transformer.
2n2a
Y 2IE (cosa
( + tp) (B.6)
Ys
p
as nO y *

atpp -= {(n *12

5)
*z Ytp Epp E E (cospp - jsinm p
Ysp (B.7)
p

ast n0 * *
at (n)2 n~ y EEt (Cosa - sinap (B.8)
n
p
Figure B.2. Equivalent of three winding transformer. as n t (y * v..
aKp -
- L
2
E + L
PAs~ n, Pta p p (~
E )E (sinG -jcosG
p
Ohm's applied to this equivalent gives the
law p
following matrix formulation.
2~~~~~
1 1 + 22 pyp Ep | in (B.9)
I y5SS' --y
n sp St
E 2nOt
s
p n
t s
p
2

as S In *I2 pp Ep E(ia csp

1 1 1 n1 y ..E pIB1
(8.1)
Ip - '* Ps
* y, 2 Ypp' T n* Pt -y E E (sins P + jcosa P ) (B. 10)
n In
.Pp
n t p (n*P )2 Sp P 5

as
t 9
j L n ~ nn In Il am -- 2
y
tp
E
p
E
t
(sinG
p
+jcoscs
Ip
) (B. I 1 )
.p (np )n
wher le
The resultant sensitivity in the criterion F with
y = y
Ps
y Ey =
Yp
y + y +
t respect to change in primary/secohdary voltage ratio,
sp ly s
n , on a three-winding transformer. can be established
Yp.Yt bg substituting equations (3.13), (3.14) and real and
ytp Ypt Ey ss
=
yPs st imaginary parts of (B.6) to (8,11) into equation
(3.11), thus having
ys ..Yt
Yts ~Yst = [y ypp yps Ypt dF dF dF
(B. 12)
dn tdtp daI
Ytt ySt aeYpt p p p

[as s [as]
The transformer terminal complex powers are: (C ReI -- + C Im1i + C Re I--
+

1 * * 1 2 pp atpJ qp [at P.
P y E2y
SE
1 *n y E E (B.2)
In1l [s
np
p [as
p np Ps sp
t
.p
C Im l-l *C Re at + Cqt
PS Im latp
Ja
at
qs pt [atp
(B 3)
2 1 1
S =
y5 1E5 I - y E E -
nn
-~ E E5 .

[as s
a sJs
P- P
'%]
(C Re *C Im

*I 1 2 PP qp [a Ps Ream'
-y E E tE Et .
y IE I (B .4 )
tA ts s .t tpn 2 tt t
[as [s
tp ~~~~t
cqs [aa cPt [ad10
+ Cq Im os]) I