9 1 9 9 7 R e v i e w of E x t r a c t i o n & P r o c e s s i n g ......

Developments in Physical Chemistry

and Basic Principles
H.Y. Sohn and W.D. Cho

A u t h o r s ' N o t e : In this annual review article, we have added
a n alphabetical author index for a ready reference of indi-
vidual authors" artic]es. As before, the reference list is in the
order of appearance and is, thus, grouped according to the
subject matter,
VALUE-ADDITION
Sohn and Wang ~ m e a s u r e d the rates
of the self-propagating high-tempera-
ture synthesis (combustion synthesis) of
TiA[3and Ni3Alintermetallic c o m p o u n d s
and analyzed the results based on a
mathematical m o d e l of the process. The
activation energies of the reaction were
determined to be 483 kJ / mol and 283 kJ /
mol for the formation of TiA13 and NiBA1,
respectively. The reaction mechanisms
of Mg3Ni (a h y d r o g e n storage material)
and Mg2NiH 4combustion synthesis 2and
the kinetics of Mg2Ni combustion syn-
thesis 3,4were investigated.
Vidal et al. 5 synthesized ultrafine zir-
conium carbide p o w d e r from zircon con-
centrate and methane in a thermal plasma
reactor. The product also contained zir-
c o n i u m oxide, silicon carbide, and sili-
con oxide. The nucleation of SiC and BN
p o w d e r s in the vapor-phase reduction
of SiO and BO was discussed.6 The chemi-
cal-vapor-deposition rates of Mo films
onto a silica surface from MoCls-H 2mix-
ture were determined and mathemati-
cally analyzed7 The electrodeposition
of TiB 2 onto metal substrates from NaF-
NaBF 4 eutectic melt containing titanium
fluoride was investigated. 8
The precipitation of fine copper p o w -
ders from organic extractant by high-
pressure h y d r o g e n reduction was stud-
ied, and the nucleation and growth of
the particles were described. 9,1~
PYROMETALLURGY
Kinetics and Mechanisms
Arvanitidis et al. 1~ carried out an ex-
perimental study on the thermal decom-
position of BaCO 3 using simultaneous
thermogravimetric analysis and differ-
ential thermal analysis. The activation
energy of the decomposition reaction
was found to be 305 k J / m o l .
Itoh and Azakami ~2 determined the
kinetics and mechanism of the reduction
of synthetic ilmenite by CO and inter-
preted the results based on the shrinking
unreacted-core model. The selective hy-
drogen reduction of nickel oxide from
lateritic nickel ore was studied ~3and the
results analyzed using the law of addi-
tive reaction times formulated by Sohn 14
as well as the two-layer porous-pellet
model. ~5,~6The h y d r o g e n - r e d u c t i o n ki-
netics of tungsten oxides starting with
pure W O 3and blue tungsten oxide were
found to be similarY Microstructural
changes taking place in several titanifer-
ous oxide materials during their chlori-
nation were examined using scanning
electron microscopy and x-ray diffrac-
tion. TMThe implications of the observed
results on the chlorination kinetics were
discussed.
Patisson et al. t9 investigated the oxi-
dation rates of porous zinc sulfide pel-
lets and a n a l y z e d the results u s i n g
Sohn's law of additive reaction times t~as
w e l l as a n o n i s o t h e r m a l n u m e r i c a l
model. The formation of Mo2C by the
reaction of MoS 2or Mo p o w d e r with CO
was examined, a~The rates of sulfation of
ehalcopyrite with steam and oxygen
were determined. 2l The r e m o v a l of H2S
by several calcium-based sorbents was
evaluated in conjunction with their ap-
plication to coal-gas desulfurization by
Fenouil and Lynn. "-'-24
Ko et al. 2sapplied the combustion syn-
thesis m e t h o d to prepare m o l y b d e n u m

Table I. Investigations Concerned with Solvent Extraction

Kinetics Extractant Medium Ref.
Fe(III) Primary amine and TBP (tri-butyl phosphate) Sulfate solutions 73
Mn(II) D2EHPA Acid chloride medium 74
Pd Bis(2-ethylhexyl)mono-thiophosphoric Chloride media 75
acid in a hollow fiber membrane extractor
Te(W) TBP Hydrochloric acid solution 76
D2EHPA Acidic solutions 77

Phase Equilibria Extractant Medium Ref.

Am(III), Eu(III) Cyanex 301 in kerosene Nitrate medium 81
Au(III) Poly oxyethylene nonyl phenyl ethers Hydrochloride acid media 82
Cyanex 471 X Hydrochloric acid media 83
Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) Aliphatic nonchelating aldoximes Hydrochloric acid media 84
Fe(III) LIX 860 Sulfuric acid solutions 85
D2EHPA, PC-88A, Cyanex 272 Hydrochloric acid solutions 86
Alkyl substituted diphosphoric acids Nitric acid solutions 87
New organophosphorous compounds Sulfuric acid solutions 88
Hf Cyanex 923 Acidic chloride solutions 89
Metal Ions Phosphoryl-containing podands Hydrochloric acid solutions 90
Phosphoryl-containing azapodands Hydrochloric acid solutions 91
Theoretical model Acid or alkali solutions 80
Mo(VI), V(IV) LIX 63, Exxsol D80 Sulfuric acid solutions 92
Mo(VI), W(VI) LIX 63 Acidic and neutral solutions 93
Nd, Pr TBP Nitric acid solutions 94
Ni(II) LIX 63 mixtures Nitrate media 95
Pb(II) Cyanex in toluene KC1 media 96
Ta(V) 3-hydroxy-2-methyM -phenyl-4-pyridone Oxalic solution 97
(HX) in chloroform

40 JOM | April 1997

 ...... i : :
powder by reducing MoO 3 with zinc
and leaching the ZnO from the product.
The reaction of ZnO and Fe powders
resulting in Zn vapor and FeO(s) was
studied, a6 The carbothermic reduction
of ilmenite in the presence of added
sodium carbonate was investigated. 27
The effect of impurities on the carburiza-
tion of steels in CO-Ha-HaO mixtures
was assessed. 28
Hong et at. :9 found that the rate of
iron-oxide reduction from slags by
graphite decreased with sulfur addition,
the effect becoming larger with decreas-
ing silica activity. It was concluded that
the reduction of iron oxide in slag is
mainly controlled by chemical reaction
affected by the interfacial adsorption of
sulfur and silica. The dissolution rate of
nickel plates in zinc melt was measured
and modeled mathematically. ~
Sun and Pehlke 3~developed a reaction
model for the reaction of liquid iron with
Oa-COa-CO-N 2 gas mixtures. The model
was verified with experiments on the
simultaneous oxidation of carbon, sili-
con, and manganese in a levitated iron
droplet. The effect of stirring on the oxi-
dation rate of steel in tundish was deter-
mined. 32The rate of a nonkilled steel is
controlled by 0 2 diffusion in the gas
phase and, thus, unaffected by stirring,
but that of the aluminum-killed steel is
controlled by oxygen diffusion through
the oxide film when unstirred and by
gas-phase 0 2diffusion when stirred. The
kinetics of the decarburization reaction
of stainless steel in an argon-oxygen de-
carburization vessel were elucidated. ~
The effects of dissolved elements on
the rate of nitrogen dissolution in mol-
ten iron alloys were reported. 34-36Bellot
et al27 discussed the validity of Lang-
muir's law for the volatilization of me-
tallic elements from liquid metals under
vacuum. The oxidation of the copper-
sulfide fraction separated from a nickel-
copper matte was studied. 38Mori et al. 39
measured the rates of CO 2 dissociation
on the surfaces of several CaO-contain-
ing slags under various slag basicities,
iron contents, temperatures, and COa/
CO ratios. The kinetics and mechanisms
of the transfer of Mn and Si,4~p,,~,42 and
Cr 42 between iron melts and slag were
determined. Xie and Oeters 43 discussed
the effect of interfacial convection on the
reduction rate of iron oxide in a basic
slag by Si dissolved in liquid iron.
Warczok and Utigard '~ developed a tech-
nique for measuring the effect of electric
fields on the settling rates of metal drops
in slags. The effect of oxygen concentra-
tion on the rate ofSiO 2inclusion removal
from liquid copper was determined. 4~
Phase Equilibria and
Thermochemistry
Choi and Cho 46 investigated the dis-
tribution of Se and Te between nickel-
.....
1997 April | JQM
copper mattes and silica-saturated iron
silicate slags under various matte and
slag compositions, temperatures, and
oxygen partial pressures. The effects of
slag additives CaO, MgO, and A]203were
also examined. Surapunt et al. 47,48 ob-
tained phase relations in the Cu-Zn-X-S
(X: Fe, Pb) systems and the distribution
ratios of Fe, Pb, As, Sb, and Ag between
the metal and matte phases and that of
Zn between liquid Cu-Zn-Fe ~alloys and
CaO-SiOa-FeOx slags. The distribution
of boron and metallic elements between
Si-based liquid alloys and CaO-A120 3-
SiO2fluxes was studied. 49Im et aLsomea-
sured the distribution ratios of P be-
tween CaO-SiOa-FetO slags and solid iron
strips and converted the results to those
for hot metals.
Itoh and Azakami s~ established the
phase relations in the Zn-Fe-O system at
1,200 K, which were similar to those at
1,100 K. The relationship between the
excess Gibbs energy in the bulk phase
and that in the surface phase was de-
rived for molten ionic solutions and al-
loys by the application of thermody-
namic solution databases, s2
Process Modeling
Zhou and Sohn ~3formulated a math-
ematical model to describe the reaction
rate and the solid particle size distribu-
tion for the chlorination of rutile by a
CO-CI., mixture. The bubble assemblage
model was applied to the description of
the gas behavior and the particle size
distribution was determined by a popu-
lation balance. The model prediction
gave satisfactory agreement with experi-
mental results.
A computer simulation modeP 4,s5pre-
viously developed for the flash smelting
of copper concentrates was adapted to
describe the K e n n e c o t t - O u t o k u m p u
flash-converting process for converting
solid-copper matte to copper. 56
Hahn et al. 57developed a mathemati-
cal model of a two-stage fluidized bed
system for iron ore reduction. Post-com-
bustion in the iron-smelting reduction
furnace was analyzed by mathematical
modeling, ss Wang et al. s9 put forward a
method for determining the optimum
bubble size for the removal of inclusions
from molten metal by flotation. The mass
transfer during the decarburization of
an iron droplet falling through an oxy-
gen atmosphere was studied.6~ A proce-
dure for describing nitrogen desorption
and decarburization reaction in a vac-
uum degasser was presented by Kita-
mura et al. 6~
HYDROMETALLURGY
Kinetics and Mechanisms
De et al. 62 investigated the effect of
silver on the oxidation of ferrous ion by
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The reduction
of As(V) to As(III) in aqueous sulfuric
acid solutions with SO 2 gas was evalu-
ated. 63 The reduction of nickel hydrox-
ide in a slurry to nickel powder with
pressurized hydrogen was carried out. 64
Lin 65 used simultaneous oxidation and
stripping to remove Se and Te from sul-
fur obtained as a by-product of hydro-
metallurgical processes. The electro-
chemical reaction of arsenopyrite in chlo-
ride solutions was studied. 66 Other re-
sults of research on the dissolution and
leaching kinetics of metals and minerals
include the roasted products of Nd-Fe-B
intermetallic compounds and Sin-Co al-
loys in a c i d s F Cu and Fe in aqueous
cupric amine solutions, ~ Sn in NaOH
solutions, 69GaAs in H202-NH,OH-HaO
solutions, 7~and Au-Ag alloys in cyanide
solutions. 71 Cobalt cementation on Zn
powder from concentrated sulfate solu-
tions was reported. 72
Investigations that were concerned
with the kinetics and mechanisms in
solvent extraction systems are listed in
Table I.
Phase Equilibria and
Thermochemistry
A series of Eh-pH diagrams for the Fe-
Ni-S aqueous system was calculated. 78
The solution chemistry of a large num-
ber of metals in hydrochloric-acid media
and its implications on the solvent ex-
traction separation of platinum-group
metals from industrial chloride liquors
were reviewed. 79Lee et al. 8~developed a
thermodynamic model for solvent ex-
traction equilibria using the K-value
method. Other articles dealing with sol-
vent extraction equilibria are summa-
rized in Table I.
Process Modeling
Sohn and Doungdeethaveeratana 98
presented a mathematical analysis of the
performance of a novel solvent extrac-
tion process in which the emulsion is
generated by bottom-gas induction
rather than mechanical stirring. This pro-
cess has a number of advantages over
the mixer-settler unit or the spray col-
umn in terms of a simple equipment
configuration and the ease of cleaning
and process control while providing a
large interfacial area for mass transfer.
Roy and Shekhar 99,1~176 determined the
oxygen mass transfer rates in an air-
agitated Pachuca tank for mineral leach-
ing operations.
ELECTROMETALLURGY
Hirato et al. ~~176investigated the fea-
sibility of the electrolytic reduction of
Eu(III) to Eu(II) ~~ and Cr(III) to Cr(II). t~
Cheng and Hiskey ~~ characterized the
product layers formed on a copper-an-
ode surface for distinctive electrochemi-
cal regions to establish a relationship
between surface morphology and passi-
vation response.
4t
 17. A. Lackner, T. Molinari, and P. Paschen, "A Ther- tion of Case Hardening Steels," Steel Research, 67 (1996), pp.
mogravimetrie Study on the Hydrogen Reduction cf Tung- 240-246.
METALS PROCESSING AND sten Oxides," Scandinavian ]. Metall., 25 (I996), pp. 115-121. 29. L Hong et at., "Reduction of Iron Oxide in Sulfur Bearing
FLUID FLOW 18. L. Zhou et aL, "Microstructural Changes in Several Ti- Slag by Graphite," ISIJ Internalional, 36 (1996), pp. 1237-1244.
taniferous Materials during Chlorination Reaction," Ind. 30. D.E. Langberg and M. Nilmani, "The Production of
Evans and coworkers ~~176 presented Eng. Chem Res., 35 (t996), pp. 954-962. Nickel-Zinc Alloys by Powder Iniection," MetafL Mater. Tran>.
19. F. Patisson, M. Galant Franqois, and D. Ablitzer, "Interac- B, 2713(1996), pp. 780-787.
a comprehensive study on the math- tions between Chemical Reaction, Pore Diffusion and Heat 31. H. Sun and R.D. Pehlke, "Modeling and Experimental
ematical modeling of the electromag- Generation during the Exothermic Zinc Sulfide Oxidation," Study of Gaseous Oxidation of Liquid Iron Alloys," Metall.
Gas Interactions in Nonferrous Metals Processing, ed. D. Saha Mater. Trans. B, 27B (1996), pp. 854-864.
netic casting process, The feasibility of (Warrendale, Pennsylvania: TMS, 1996), pp. 27-42. 32. K. Sasai and Y. Mizukami, "Effect of Stirringon Oxidation
20. P. SuD'aprakash Rao, T.R. Mankhand, and P.M. Prasad, Rate of Molten Steel," ISI] fnternational, 36 (1996), p p 38,%-
multifrequency electromagnetic stirring "Kinetics of Formation of Molybdenum Carbide (iVlo2C)by 394.
of liquid metals was shown using a con- Reaction between Carbon Monoxide and Molybdenite or 33 O.K. Tokovoi et al., "Kinetics of Decarburizing of Stain-
Molybdenum," Mater9Trans. JIM, 37 (1996), pp. 239-244. less Steel in an AOD Vessel," Russ. Metall. (3) (1995), pp. 7-
ventional stirrer. ~~ Mackenbrock and 21.S. Prasad, B.D. Pandey, and S.K. Palit, "Kineticsof Sulfation 11.
Tecke described a new formulation for of Chalcpyrite with Steam and Oxygen in the Presence of 3r H. Ono et al., "Effects of O, So, and Te on the Rate of
Ferric Oxide," MetalL Mater. Trans B, 27B (1996), pp. 465- Nitrogen Dissolution in Molten Iron," Metall. Mater Trans B,
numerical modeling of coupled heat and 474. 2713(1996), pp. 848-853.
mass transfer accompanying phase trans- 22. L.A. Fenouil and S. Lynn, "Study of Calcium-Based 35. H. Ono et al., "Effects of Oxygen and Nitrogen on the Rate
Sorbents for High-Temperature H2S Removal. 1. Kinetics of of Nitrogen Dissolution in Iron-Chromium and Iron-Vana-
formation.1~ H,S Sorption by Uncalcined Limestone," Ind. Eng. Chore9 dium Alloys," ISII International, 36 (1996), pp. 1245-1249.
The flow dynamics of steel melt in a Res., 34 (1995), pp. 2324-2333. 36. W.P. Wu and D. Janke, "Kinetics of Nitrogen Reactions in
23. LA. Fenouil and S. Lynn, "Study of Calcium-Based Iron Melts with C, Cr, Si, Mn, Ti, V, or A1 and in Some Steel
tundish was studied using a physical Sorbents for High-Temperature H2S Removal. 2. Kinetics of Melts," Ironmaking Steelmaking, 23 (1996), pp. 247-9-54.
model and tracer analysis,n~ The dis- H2_SSorption by Calcined Limestone," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37. J.P. Bellot, H. Duval, and D. Ablitzer, "Validity of the
34 (1995), pp. 2334-2342. Kinetic Langmuir's Law for the Volatilization of Metallic
persed-phase holdup in liquid-liquid 24. L.A. Fenouil and S. Lynn, "Study of Calcium-Based Elements in Vacuum Metallurgy: A Numerical Approach,"
Sorbents for High-Temperature H,S Removal. 3. Compari- Gas Interactions in Nonferrous Metals Processing, ed D Saha
emulsions generated by bottom-gas in- son of Calcium-Based Sorbents for Coal Gas Desulfuriza- (Warrendale, Pennsylvania: TMS, 1996), pp. 109-124.
jectionm and the gas holdup in slag in tion," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 34 (1995), pp. 2343-2348. 38. GJ. Morgan and J.K. Bnmacombe, "Kinetics of the Flash
25. S.K. Ko etaL, "Zinc Reduction of MoO3in a Self-Propagat- Converting of MK (Chalcocite) Concentrate," Metall. Mater.
smelting-reductionprocesses 1~2were in- ing High-Temperature Synthesis Process," Metall. Mater9 Trans. B, 27B (1996), pp. 163-175.
vestigated. The flow characteristics in Trans. B, 27B (1996), pp. 315-322. 39. M. Mori, K. Morita, and N. Sano, "Determination of the
26. J.R. Donald and C.A. Pickles, "A Kinetic Study of the Rate of CO, Dissociation on the Surface of CaO-SiO,, CaO-
gas-injected liquid systems were dis- Reaction of Zinc Oxide with Iron Powder," Metall. Mater. AI:O~,CaO-SiO2-CaF2and CaO-SiO,-Fe,O Melts," I57] Inter-
cussed. H3-~t6 The rise velocity of gas Trans9 B, 27B (1996), pp. 363-374. national, 36 (1996), pp. 624--630.
27. S.Z. EI-Tawil et al., "Alkali Reductive Roasting of II- 40. H. Xie and F. Oeters, "Kinetics of Mass Transfer of
bubbles and oxygen transfer rates in liq- menite Ore," Can Metall. Quart., 35 (1996), pp. 31-37. Manganese and Silicon Between Liquid Iron and Slags,"
uid silver were determined2 ~7 28. A. Ruck, D. Monceau, and H.J. Grabke, "Effects of Tramp Steel Research, 66 (1995), pp. 501-SOK
Elements Cu, P, Pb, Sb and Sn on the Kinetics of Carburiza- 41. S. Mukawa and Y. Mizukami, "Effect of Stirring Energy
BASIC
Table II. Investigations Concerned with Physical, Transport, and Basic
PROPERTIES Thermodynamic Properties
Table II summarizes the articles from Physical Properties Systems Involved Re(.
1996 that were concerned with physical, Density Copper-nickel mattes 118
transport, and basic thermodynamic Cryolite-based electroIytes 119
properties. Molten salts based on equimolar NaCI-KC1 120
References Surface and Interfacial Tension Fe, effect of C, Si, and Mo 121
Fe-P alloys 122
1. H.Y. Sohn and X. Wang, "Ma thematical and Experimental Iron oxide, effect of po, and P205 123
Investigation of the Self-Propagating High-Temperature
Synthesis (SHS) of TiAI3 and Ni3AI Intermetallic Com- Molten salts based on 6quimolar NaC1-KC1 120
pounds," 1. Mater. Sci., 31 (1996), pp. 3281-32889 Molten alloys, salt mixtures, and oxide mixtures 52
2. H. Isogai, T. Akiyama, and J. Yagi, "Combustion Syn thesis
of Mg.,Ni and Mg,NiH,," [. Japan Inst, Metals, 60 (1996), pp.
(calculation method based on
338-344. thermodynamic solution databases)
3. H. Isogai, T. Akiyama, and J. Yagi, "Kinetics of Mg:Ni Contact Angle A1-A89 124
Combustion Synthesis," [. Japan Inst. Metals, 60 (1996), pp.
640-646. Electrical Conductivity Cryolite-based electrolytes 119, 125
4. H. Isogai, T. Akiyama, and J. Yagi, "Mathematical Model-
ing of Mg:Ni Combustion Synthesis," J. Japan Inst. Metals, 60 Transport Properties Systems Involved Re(.
(1996), pp. 647-652.
5. E.E. Vidal, P.R. Taylor, and M. Manrique, "Synthesis of Viscosity Metals, predictions 126
Zirconium Carbide from Zircon Concentrates," Design Fun-
damentals of High Temperature Conlposites, lntermetallic~, and Superalloy 718 127
Metal-Ceramics Systems, ed. R.Y. Lin et ai. (WarrendaIe, Penn- Cu slags t28
sylvania: TMS, 1995), pp. 345-356. Cryolite-based electrolytes 119
6. A. Jha, "The Physical Chemistry, of Nucleation of Sub-
Micrometer Non-Oxide Ceramic Powders via Sub-Oxide Thermal Conductivity Ni3A1 129
Vapour-Phase Reduction Reaction," Design Fundanlentals of Heat Transfer Coefficient Spherical solid in gas or liquid 130
High Temperatu re Composites, lntermetallics, and Metal-Ceram-
ics Systems, ed. R.Y. Lin et al. (Warrendale, Pennsylvania:
TMS, 1995), pp. 433-445. Thermodynamic Quantities Systems Involved Re(.
7. N. Yoshikawa and A. Kikuehi, "Growth Rate and Micro-
structure of Mo Film by Chemical-Vapour-Deposition/" Solubility O in Cu-Fe-S-O mattes 131
Mater. Trans9JIM, 37 (1996), pp. 283-288. N in Fe alloys 132
8. T. Yamamoto, T. Takenaka, and M. Kawakami, "Electro-
plating of TiB, in NaF-NaBF~ Eutectic Melt with Titanium N in A1203-CaO-TiO 2 and CaF2-TiO2 fluxes 133
Fluoride," Mater. Trans. JIM, 37 (1996), pp. 363-366. N in CaO-SiO,-CaF2 slags 134
9. R. Sarraf-Mamoory, G.P. Demopoulos, and R.A.L. Drew, C in CaO-AI:O3-SiO 2 slags 135
"Preparation of Fine Copper Powders from Organic Media
by Reaction with Hydrogen under Pressure: Part I. Experi- C in CaO-AI203 slags 136
mental Study," Metatl, Mater. Trans. B, 2713(1996), pp. 577- Zn in cyanide solutions 137
584. Oxygen Potential CaO + FexO + P20~ systems 138
10. R. Sarraf-Mamoory, G.P. Demopoulos, and R.A.L. Drew,
"Preparation of Fine Copper Powders from Organic Media BaO-BaF2-CaF2-NaF melts 139
by Reaction with Hydrogen under Pressure: Part I1. The Activity 18 elements in Sn(l) 140
Kinetics of Particle Nucleation, Growth, and Dispersion,"
MetaU. Mater. Trans. B, 27B (1996), pp. 585-594. B, Mg in Cud) 141
I I. 1.Arvanitidis, D. Sichen, and S. Seetharaman, "A Study of Ga-Sn(1) 142
the Thermal Decomposition of BaCOS Metall. Mater. Trans. La-AI(1) 143
B, 2713(1996), pp. 40':)-416.
12. S. ltoh and T. Azakami, "Kinetics in Reduction of Syn- O, A1 in Ni-Fe(1) 144
thetic Ilmenite with Carbon Monoxide," J. Japan hlst. Metals, Fe-V and Fe-Ti(1) 145
60 (1996), pp. 177-183.
13. N.K. Nath, N. Chakraborti, and R. Shekhar, "Selective Si in Fe-C-B-Si(1) 146
Reduction ot Indian Nickeliferrous Ore: Single Pellet Experi- Bi and Pb in Fe-C~,(1) 147
ments," Scandinavian ]. Metall., 24 (I995), pp. 121-138. Cr in Fe-Cr-C~(I) 148
14. H.Y. Sohn, MetalL Trans. B, 9B (I978), pp. 89-96.
15. M. Ishida and C.Y. Wen, AIChEJ., 14 (1968), p. 311. Fe and Cu in Cu-Fe-S-Omattes 131
16. J. Szekely, J.W. Evans, and H.Y. Sohn, Gas-Sofid Reactians ZnS in Cu:S-ZnS-FeS(1) 47
(New York: Academic Press, 1976), pp. 136--138.

42 J O M 9 April 1997
 : ~2L;72'~)~I[~~-':.[7:i'~I:/[:; i2! 22.2L::~92 q.:2-:2;:., ': ; i:;:: 7 : ?;~ : . :7; , : " ' .......... ._ "

and Rate of Oxygen Supply on the Rate of Hot Metal
Dephosphorization," ISIJ International, 35 (1995), pp, 1374-
1380.
42. V.T. Burtsev, "Study of Dephosphorization and Transi-
tion of Chrome from Fe-C-Cr-P-Containing Melts to Slag
Based on Ba, Ca and Na Oxides and Fluorides in a Weakly
Oxidizing Atmosphere. 11/' Russ. MetalL 5 (1995), pp. 1~.
43. H. Xie, M. Schulz, and F. Oeters, "Kinetics of Iron Oxide
Reduction from CaO-MgO-FeO.-SiO2 Slags by Silicon Dis-
solved in Liquid Iron," Steel Research, 67 (1996), pp. 307-313.
44. A. Warczok and T.A. Utigard, "Settling of Copper Drops
in ivloltenSlags," Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 26B (1995), pp. 1165-
1173.
45. K. Okumura et al., "Effect of Initial Oxygen Concentra-
tion on the Rate of SiO: Inclusion Removal from Molten Cu,"
ISIJfnternational, 36 (1996), pp. 1.6.
46. N. Choi and W.D. Cho, "Distribution of Selenium and
Tellurium between Matte and Slag in Nickel Sulfide Smelt-
ing," EPD Congress 1996, ed. G.W. Warren (Warrendale,
Pennsylvania: TMS, 1995), pp. 407-419.
47. S. Surapunt et al., "Phase Relations and Distributions of
Minor Elements in the Cu-Zn-S, Cu-Zn-S and Cu-Zn-Pb-S
Systems at 1,473~ MetalL Roy.MM/I, 12 (1995), pp. 87-97.
48. S. Surapunt, Y. Takeda, and K. Itagaki, "Phase Equilibria
and Distribution of Minor Elements between Liquid Cu-Zn-
Fe (Iron-Saturation) Alloys and CaO-SiO:-FeO~Slag`"Metall.
Rev. MMIJ, 13 (1996), pp. 3-21.
49. H. Fujiwara et al., "Distribution Equilibria of the Metallic
Elements and Boron between Si Based Liquid Alloys and
CaO-A120~-SiO2 Fluxes," ]. Japan Inst. Metals, 60 (1996), pp.
63-71.
50. J. Ira, K. Morita, and N. San,, "Phosphorus Distribution
Ratios between CaO-SiO~-FeO Slags and Carbon-Saturated
Iron at 1,573~ ISI] lnternationa, 36 (1996), pp. 517-52I.
51. S. Itoh and T. Azakami, "Thermodynamic Study on the
Zinc-Iron-Oxygen System at 1,200~ Mater. Trans. riM, 37
(1996), p p 1074-1080.
52. T. Tanaka et ai., "Application of Thermodynamic Data-
bases to the Evaluation of Surface Tensions of Molten Alloys,
Salt Mixtures and Oxide Mixtures," Z. Metallkd., 87 (1996),
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Nitride Capacity
Sulfide Capacity
P h a s e Rela t i o n s h i p s
AG~
AG m
AH~,
AI-Im
AS~
Measurement Techniques
~ i ~ ? ' ? ~ 2 L i ~ ! ~ ; ? i ~ / .121~2.!~:~::i'
53. L. Zhou and H.Y. Sohn, "Mathematical Modeling of
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FeO i n FeO-TiOa-CaO-A 89
FeO i n FeO-TiO~-CaO-MnO(1)
CaO, P205 in CaO + P205+ FeO
CaO-MgO-AI:O 3 slags
MgO, SiO 2 in MnO-SiO2-A 89
CaO in CaO-ZrO 2
A1203-CaO-TiO 2 a n d CaF2-TiO: fluxes
CaO-A1203-MgO (or ZrO) and CaO-SiO2-MgO
(or TiO) 155
CaO-MnO-SiO 2 systems 156,157
CaO-A89 2 systems 157,158
CaO-MnO-SiO ~ systems 159
Y b - N i - G e s y s t e m a t 670 K 160
C a O - A I , O 3 - M g O (or Z r O 2) a n d C a O - S i O : - T i O 2
( M g O or AI O 3)
Cryolite-based electrolytes
Mercury sulfates and oxysulfates
CaO
FeTiO3 and Fe;TiO 4
Sb203, MgSb20 ~, and Ca4SbaO7
Ca4FegOtz
CaZrO 3
Fe-V a n d Fe-Ti(1)
Dy + (Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, a n d Pt)
Er + (Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt)
RE-A1 alloys and intermetallic compounds
Mercury sulfates and oxysulfates
Ni-V, Ni-Nb and Ni-Ta alloys
Ni-In alloys
Fe-Zr
Cu-(Fe, Co, and Ni)
Pb-Sn-Bi
Mercury sulfates and oxysulfates
Systems Involved Ref.
Na in AI(1) 176
A1 in Zn(1) 177
Basicity in alkaline earth silicate melts 178
O potential in Y-O solid solutions 179
Viscosity, density, and surface tension of metallic melts 180
Electrical conductivity of metallic melts 181
Thermal diffusivity of nonmetallic melts 182
i. ii " L ~ .! i ! _~ ...... i. :~ i~ . . . . _ :~.d. _.
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, i: " .....

1997 April | JOM 43

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H.Y. Sohn is a professor of metallurgical engineering
at the University of Utah. W.D. Cho is an assistant
professor of metallurgical engineering at the Universi~l
of Utah.
JOM | April 1997