1. At high pressures, its molecular volume becomes significant.

The ideal gas law assumes that the

volume occupied by a gas's molecules is insignificant compared to the total volume occupied by
the gas -- however, this is NOT true at high pressures as the spaces between the molecules are
reduced while the molecular volume is not.

Secondly, there is the issue of intermolecular forces, which are very weak in methane gas. At
high pressures, the molecules are brought closer together, and so the intermolecular forces pull
the molecules even closer together. However, as methane has weak intermolecular forces, the
dominant effect is that from molecular volume.
2. The reason why it condenses on the surface of the glass is because water is polar and so is the
glass. Water is naturally attracted to glass which is why when you pour water out of a glass you
will not get all the water out. paper is polar too, fill a cup about a third way full of water, put a
piece of paper on top of the cup, and turn it upside down.
3. Lithium, Li, and beryllium, Be, are both located in period 2 of the periodic table, in group 1 and
group 2, respectively. For both these elements, the outermost electrons are located on the
second energy level in the 2s-subshell. However, these outermost electrons. which ultimately
determine the atomic radius, are closer to the nucleus in beryllium's case. That happens
because beryllium has a higher effective nuclear charge, Z eff, than lithium. The effective
nuclear charge is simply a measure of the net positive charge that affects the outermost
electrons in an atom. In lithium's case, the outermost electron is being screened from the
nucleus by two core electrons. The same is true for the two outermost electrons in beryllium,
they are screened by two core electrons. However, beryllium has 4 protons in its nucleus, as
opposed to 3 protons which are present in the nucleus of a lithium atom. This means that the
nucleus of a beryllium atom will pull on the outermost electrons with more force, effectively
compressing the distance between itself and these electrons. That is why lithium has
a larger atomic radius than beryllium. In fact, atomic radius decreases as you move from left to
right across a period.
4. The reason that the second ionization energy of K is greater than the second ionization energy
of Ca is because Na+ is isoelectronic with Ne and those electrons are down one principle
number at n= 3; whereas, Ca still has that second electron in n= 4. So that second electron from
K is harder to strip.
5. The carbon-to-carbon energy in C2H4 is greater than it is in C2H6 because in C2H6, they are
single bonds:
...H.....H
...[ ......[
H-C - C - H
....[......[
....H....H
These single bonds do not need much energy to be broken because there is a less high bond
energy.

In C2H4,

H-C=C-H
......[.......[
......H.....H
There is a double bond between the carbons, which requires a lot more energy to break, and
has much greater bond energy.

To sum up, C2H4 has greater Carbon to Carbon bonds because it has a double bond which is
stronger and has higher bond energy.
6. a) When solid, SO2 consists of molecules
with dipole-dipole and dispersion forces
among the molecules. These forces are weak and are overcome at a relatively low
temperature, consistent with SO2’s low melting point.
b) When SiO2 is solid, there are of Si and O atoms linked by
strong covalent bonds. These covalent bonds are
much stronger than typical intermolecular interactions,
so very high temperatures are needed to overcome the
covalent bonds in SiO2. This is consistent with the
very high melting point for SiO2.
c) In conclusion, since SiO2 has such greater bonds than SO2, SiO2 has a much greater melting
point than SO2.
7. Boron can form a single bond with each X because it has 3 VEs. The three single covalent bonds
of the boron atom form bond angles of 120° and therefore a trigonal planar structure because
the bonds shift to maximize the distance from each other.
8. Al(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Al3+(aq) + Cu(s)
Cu2+ has a higher reduction potential than Al3+, a result of the oxidation and eventual
disappearance of the Al metal (depending upon the amount of Cu2+).
9. Each element has a distinct set of quantized energy states for its electrons due to its nuclear
charge and electron configuration being different from others. As the electrons absorb quanta
of energy, they go into higher states. During the process of de-excitation, energy is released as
EM radiation through the electrons transfer into low energy states. Each photon of the EM
radiation has a certain wavelength which makes the lines on the emission spectrum.
10. The high temperature of the steam causes the air in the container to be at an elevated
temperature. When the temperature decreases, the pressure of the residual gases decreases
below the external pressure, causing the implosion. The decrease in pressure occurs because
pressure is proportional to temperature and/or vapor pressure of water decrease with
temperature, which means that condensation occurs upon cooling with a resultant pressure
drop, as stated by the ideal gas laws.
11. Sodium fluoride is composed of smaller ions. These smaller ions fit closer together and are held
stronger by the opposite charges. In other words, the charged ions can get closer so the
attraction is larger. CsCl is composed of larger ions. The attraction they feel is less due to the
larger ions.
12. The number of bonds pairs of electrons and lone pairs of electrons around the central atom of
the complex needs to be known.
If there are four bond pairs shape will be tetrahedral, since BF4- is tetrahedral, we know there
are four bonds but no lone pairs, when the pairs distance themselves from each other, we get
109.5° angles.
If there are four bond pairs and two lone pairs shape will be square planar, since ICl4- is square
planar, we know there are four bond pairs from the Chlorine atoms with the 1 Iodine atom.
13. NH3 can participate in H-bonding with water, because of the high electronegativity value of N,
the H bonded to it, and the lone pair of electrons on the N. P has the hydrogens, and the lone
pair of electrons, but it does not have a high electronegativity value, so it does not H-bond to
water as much.