unit i

1. What are energy and power signals? (APR/MAY 17)

Energy signal: A finite energy signal is periodic sequence, which has a finite energy but zero

average power.
Power signal: An Infinite energy signal with finite average power is called a power signal.

2.Describe sampling theorem. (APR/MAY 17)

According to the sampling theorem, a band limited signal x(t) having a finiter energy,which has no
frequency components higher than fm hertz,can completely described and reconstructed from its
samples taken at the rate of 2fm samples per second.Also, the sampling rate of 2fm samples per
second is called the nyquist rate and its reciprocal 1/2πfm is called nyquist period.

1. Distinguish between digital signal & discrete-signal representation.(NOV/DEC 16)

2.IF x(n)=x(n+1)+x(n-2),is the system causal system? (NOV/DEC 16)

3.Determine wheather the system is causal system y(n)=x(n)+1/(x(n-1))

4. what is anti-aliasing filter. (MAY/JUNE 16)

A filter is used to reject frequency signals before it is sampled to reduce the

aliasing is anti-aliasing filter

5.Given a continuous time signal x(t)= 2cos500πt. What is the Nyquist rate
and fundamental frequency of the signal? (NOV/DEC 15)
ω =500π
2πf= 250π
f= 250Hz
Nyquist rate Fs=2fm= 2x250= 500Hz.

6. Determine whether x[n]=u[n] is a power signal or an energy signal.

The energy of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as

The average power of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as

Here E= and P= Finite. Therefore the given signal is a power signal.

unit II

1. What are THE properties of (ROC) region of convergence? (APR/MAY 17)

 ROC contains strip lines parallel to jω axis in s-plane.

 If x(t) is absolutely integral and it is of finite duration, then ROC is entire s-plane.

 If x(t) is a right sided sequence then ROC : Re{s} > σo.

 If x(t) is a left sided sequence then ROC : Re{s} < σo.

 If x(t) is a two sided sequence then ROC is the combination of two regions.

2.Find the convalution of the input signal {1,2,1} and its impulse is {1,1,1} using Z transform?
(APR/MAY 17)

1. Find the system transfer function H(z) if y(n)=x(n)+y(n-1). (NOV/DEC 16)

2. Explain the relationship between S-plane & Z-plane. (NOV/DEC 16)

3. DETERMINE ROC & Z-transform OF THE FOLLOWING FINITE DURATION SIGNALS?

(i)x(n)={3,2,2,3,5,0,1)

(ii)x(n)=δ(n-k)

5.What is meant by region of convergence(ROC) of Z transform?state its

properties.
The region of conve X(z) is the set of all values of z for which X(z) attains a
finite value.
PROPERTIES

The ROC is a ring or disk in the Z – plane centered at the origin.

The ROC cannot contains any poles.
The ROC of an LTI stable system contains the unit.
The ROC must be a connected region

6. State initial value theorem& final value theorem.

If x(n)and X(z) are z-Transform pairs, then the initial value of x(z) ,

provided that the first derivative of x(t) should be Laplace transformable.

If x(n)and X(z) are z-Transform pairs, then the final value of x(z) is given as

have no pole on or outside the unit circle.

unit III

1. Define twiddle factor. Write its magnitude & phase angle. (APR/MAY 17)

The complex number N is called phase factor or twiddle factor.

2. Calculate the number of multiplications & additions for 32 point DFT and FFT.
(APR/MAY 17)

For the computation of N-point DFT, N^2 complex multiplications and N[N-1] Complex additions are
required.

For the computation of N-point FFT ,Complex multiplications = N/2 log2N &

Complex additions = N log2N

For N=32, the number of the complex multiplications is equal to 32/2log232=16*5=80.

1. Why is it required to do zero padding in DFT analysis? (NOV/DEC 16)

Let the sequence x (n) has a length L. If we want to find the N point DFT (N>L) of the
sequence x(n),we have to add (N-L) zeros to the sequence x(n). This is known as zero
padding. The uses of padding a sequence with zeros are (i) Better display of the frequency
spectrum.(ii) With zero padding, the DFT can be used in linear filtering.

2.What is the need for windowing techniques in Fourier transform signals ? (NOV/DEC 16)

3. Draw the basic butterfly diagram for radix -2 DIT -FFT

4. What are the applications of FFT algorithms?

1. Linear filtering 2. Correlation 3. Spectrum analysis

5. hat is the speed of improvement factor in calculating 256-point DFT of a sequence

using direct computation and computation and FFT algorithms? (NOV/DEC 15)

The number of complex multiplications required using direct computation is N^2=256^2= .

The number of complex multiplications required using FFT is = = . Speed improvement

factor = N^2/ = .

unit IV

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of digital filters?

 High thermal stability due to absence of resistors, inductors and capacitors.

 Increasing the length of the registers can enhance the performance characteristics like
accuracy, dynamic range, stability and tolerance.
  The digital filters are programmable.
 Multiplexing and adaptive filtering are possible.
 Highly immune to noise.
 No problems in input or output impedance matching.

Disadvantages of digital filters:

 The bandwidth of the discrete signal is limited by the sampling frequency.

 The performance of the digital filter depends on the hardware used to implement the filter.
 The quantization error arises due to finite word length of digital samples.
2. What is prewarping?
The effect of the non-linear compression at high frequencies can be compensated by Prewarping,
i.e the conversion of the digital frequencies to analog frequencies are called prewarping .

1.Why are digital filters more useful than analog filters? (NOV/DEC 16)

2.Name one method that converts the transfer function of a analog into the digital filter.
(NOV/DEC 16)

Unit V

1. What is meant by pipeline technique? How to determine depth?

A technique used in advanced microprocessors where the microprocessor begins executing a

second instruction before the first has been completed. That is, several instructions are in
the pipeline simultaneously, each at a different processing stage.

1. What is Gibb’s phenomenon (or Gibb’s Oscillation)? (NOV/DEC 16)

In FIR filter design by Fourier series method the infinite duration impulse response is truncated to
finite duration impulse response at n= . The abrupt truncation of impulse response introduces
oscillations in the passband and stopband. This effect is known as Gibb’s
phenomenon (or Gibb’s Oscillation).

2.State hoe the spectrum meter application can be designed with DS Processors. (NOV/DEC 16)