Digital Filter Specifications

The magnitude response of a digital lowpass filter

may be given as indicated below

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 Digital Filter Specifications
Filter specification parameters
•  p - passband edge frequency
• s - stopband edge frequency
•  p - peak ripple value in the passband
•  s - peak ripple value in the stopband

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 Digital Filter Specifications
• Practical specifications are often given in
terms of loss function (in dB)
j
• G ( )   20 log 10 G ( e )
• Peak passband ripple
 p   20 log10 (1   p ) dB
• Minimum stopband attenuation
 s   20 log10 ( s ) dB

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 Digital Filter Specifications

• In practice, passband edge frequency Fp and

stopband edge frequency Fs are specified in Hz
• For digital filter design, normalized bandedge
frequencies need to be computed from
specifications in Hz using

 p 2 Fp
p    2 FpT
FT FT
 s 2 Fs
s    2 Fs T
FT FT 4
 Digital Filter Specifications
• Example - Let kHz, kHz, and
kHz Fp  7 Fs  3
• Then FT  25

2 (7 103 )
p  3
 0.56
25 10
2 (3  103 )
s  3
 0.24
25  10
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 Selection of Filter Type

• The transfer function H(z) meeting the

specifications must be a causal transfer function
• For IIR real digital filter the transfer function is a
real rational function of
1
p0  p1 z  p2 z  z  pM z  M
1 2
H ( z) 
d 0  d1 z 1  d 2 z  2    d N z  N
• H(z) must be stable and of lowest order N or M
for reduced computational complexity

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 Selection of Filter Type

• FIR real digital filter transfer function is a polynomial

in z 1 (order N) with real coefficients
N
n
H ( z )   h[n] z
n 0
• For reduced computational complexity, degree N of
H(z) must be as small as possible
• If a linear phase is desired then we must have:
h[n]   h[ N  n]
• (More on this later)
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 Constraints and Performance Measures

• BIBO stability:
– If |x(n)| < , it is required that |y(n)| < .
– Poles should be inside unit circle: |pj| < 1 (for causal systems where
h(n)=0 for n < 0.)
• Dynamic range overflow:
– Intermediate or final result should not cause overflow
• Quantization error:
– Should be bounded.
– Should not cause instability.
• Speed:
– Throughput rate and number of operations per data sample
• Hardware:
– Memory I/O, address calculation, register footprint, special hardware,
etc.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IIR FILTER
AND FIR FILTER
FIR Digital Filter IIR Digital Filter

• Let {h[n}: impulse response • Infinite impulse

{x(n)}: input, response (IIR) filter
{y(n)}: output
• Finite impulse response
P Q
(FIR) filter: y (n)   a(i ) y ( n  i )   b( k ) x(n  k )
i 1 k 0

Q
m
J 1
Y (z)  b( m) z
m 0 B ( z )V ( z )
y ( n)   h ( j ) x ( n  j )  P

X ( z) A( z )V ( z )
j 0 1   a(k ) z  k
k 1
FIR Digital Filter IIR Digital Filter
• Impulse input: • The length of {y(n)} may
be infinite!
if x(n)=(n), y(n)=h(n) is • Stability concerns:
the impulse response – The magnitude of y(n)
that has finite extent. may become infinity
even if all x(n) are finite!
– coefficient values,
• Computation is the – quantization error
same as convolution.
FIR Digital Filter IIR Digital Filter
• FIR filter can be • IIR filters are often factored
implemented using direct into products (cascade
form or fast convolution realization) or sum (parallel
methods like FFT ,hence realization) of 1st order or
STABLE. 2nd order sections due to
numerical concerns(Manual
Calculation only possible)
• Realized by Non-Recursive • Realised by
methods. Recursive(Feedback)
methods.
FIR Digital Filter
• They have LINEAR PHASE.
• Less susceptible to Noise.
• To design we have
a)Park Mc Clellan’s method.
b)Fourier Series method.
c)Frequency Sampling OR Inverse
Fourier Transform method.
d)Window technique.
E.g.
Rectangular,Hamming,Hanning,B
artlett,Blackmann,Kaiser
Windows.
e)Minimax or Optimal Filter Design.
IIR Digital Filter
• They don’t have linear phase &
hence are used at places where
phase distortion is tolerable.
• More susceptible to Noise.
• To design we have
a)Impulse Invarience method.
b)Bilinear Transformation method.
c)Backward difference method.
FIR Digital Filter IIR Digital Filter
• Storage Requirements • Storage Requirements
& Arithmetic operation & Arithmetic operation
is more here. is less.
• Greater Flexibility to • Less Flexibility to
control the shape of control the shape of
their Magnitude their Magnitude
response & Realization response.
Efficiency. • Often derived from
analog filters
Various other window functions
Various other window functions
Comparative Study for Trade Off between Attenuation of
Sidelobes & Transition Width of main Lobe.
 FIR Filter Design: Rectangular Window

• Let w(n)=Rectangular Window Function,

• Where
• w(n)=1 0≤ n ≤ M-1

hd(n)=Infinite Input Sequence(Arbitrary),&

h(n)=Finite Truncated Impulse Response.

Then
h(n)=hd(n) × w(n)
 Gibbs Phenomenon:Ringing Effect/Oscillatory Behaviour due to
Sidelobes(generated owing to the sharp cut-off/abrupt discontinuity) in the
Frequency Response of the window Function