Basics&In&Radiology&

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Imaging&Methods&in&evaluating&Human&Anatomy:&
1.) Radiography.(X1ray).
2.) CT.Scan.
3.) MRI.
4.) Ultrasoung.
5.) Angiography.
6.) Nuclear.Scintigraphy.
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Bone&–&produces.the.greatest.attenuation.
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CT&Scan&& .
& Tertiary.
–.looking.at.patient’s.feet. 1.Uses.arc.(longer.detection.array).114.seconds.per.slice.
1.“windowing”. .
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Progression&of&CT&Scans&
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Primary.
1.pencil.pin,.each.slice.=.5.minutes. .
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*.Helical.CT.Scan.
*.Spiral.CT.Scan.
*.4.Slice.CT.Scan.
*.64.Slice.CT.Scan.
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Greater&Matrix&Size&=&The&smaller&the&units&created&
*But$ creates$ more$ data$ for$ storage$ and$ takes$ longer$ to$
save&
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Secondary.
1.utilizes.more.detectors.
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X"ray&Attenuation&in&Cranial&CT:& Relaxes!fast!!Short!Relaxation!(Brighter)!
! !
Gray!Matter! ! 35+45! Long!T2!&!T1!=!Increased!H20!Content!
White!matter! ! 20+30! !
CSF! ! ! 4+8! Brain!!Not!bright!due!to!BBB!
Skull! ! ! 100+1000! !
Large!Vessels! ! 40+50! Larmor&Frequency:&
Tissue!Calcifications! 80+150! !
Blood!Clots! ! 70+90! At! 10,000! gauss! or! 1.0! Tesla,! the! resosnant! frequency! of!
Fat! ! ! +60!to!+70! hydrogen!is!at!42.6!MHz!(million!cycles!per!second).!
Air! ! ! +1000! !
! Magnetic&Pull&of&Earth:&
!
Poles:! 0.7!gauss! =! 2.3!Hz!
Equator:! 0.3!gauss! =! 1.8!Hz!
!
Tumor!–!Brighter!
Fluid!(Vitreous!+!CSF)!!Has!a!radiofrequency!signal!and!can!
be!cancelled!and!nulled!
!
Comparison!of!Bar!Magnet!and!Magnetic!Field!Nuclei!

!
! !
!
Partial!Volume!Averaging!
Hydrogen!Protons!in!the!usual!environment!
+ avoided!by!having!thinner!slices!
!
Thinner!Slices!!Increase!Radio!Exposure!
High!Density!!Increased!Attenuation!!Radioopaque!
Clotted!Blood!!Increased!Density!
Atomic!#!=!Increased!electron!density!!Brighter!
Water,!Air!&!Fat!!Low!Attenuation!!Darker!
Windowing!!Demostrate!a!small!area!
16!shades!of!gray!(contrast)!
!
Magnetic&Resonance&Imaging& !
& !
Components!of!MRI:! Protons!of!Hydrogen!in!a!Strong!Magnetic!Field!
a.) Large!Magnet!
b.) Radiofrequency!Transmitters!
c.) Radiofrequency!Receivers!
!
Hydrogen!
+!42.6!MHz!
+!largest!component!of!our!body!
! !
!
*T2$Pulse$segment$$Bright$
Summation!or!Net!Magnetization!of!Hydrogen!Protons!in!a!
*T2$Flare$$Dark$
Strong!Magnetic!Field!
$
Stimulation!Phase!!Defacing!
!
Relaxation!Phase!
+!in!between!stimulation!and!defacing!
+!longer!phase!!Brighter!image!
! !Increase!long!T2!Value!(More!H20)!
!
T1!–!H20!!Dark!
!
Gadolinium!!Bright!
!
 . XFray&tube&componets&
Radiofrequency.Stimulation.Causes.shift.of.magnetization.to. .
Transverse.direction.transferring.Energy.to.the.Molecules. Anode&
1.aka.Target.
1.attracts.negative.
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Two.types:..
1 Stationary.
1 Rotating.(mostly.used.now).–.large.disc.of.Tungsten.to.
.
& spread.heat.produced.
T2.Relaxation.Curve. .
*Cu.is.embedded.for.heat.dissipation.
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Cathode.
1.aka.Filament.
1.attracts.positive.
1.source.of.electricity.
Glass&Enclosure&
1.vacuum.
1.(1).gas;.if.(+).gas..weaker.energy.
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. The$ smaller$ Effective$ Focal$ spot$ size$  $ The$ better$ the$
. detail$(less$shadowing)$
Long.T2.–.Bright.Signal. $
(Inc.Bulk.H20,.proton.is.free.and.unbound). Accessories.
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Short.T2.–.Dark.Signal. XFray&film&
(Proton.in.soft.tissue,.restricted.movement). 1.exposed.crystals..Precipitates.
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*Vessels.&.cortical.bone.not.stimulated. Cassette&with&intensifying&screen&
. Plastic/Cardboard&Holder&
T2.relaxation/decay. Filtration&Devices&
1 Time.from.alignment.to.original.position& 1 grid.
. 1 diaphragms.(Potter.bucky,.Aperture.diaphragms).
*The.longer.they.stay.in.alignment..T2.signal.Inc. 1 cones.
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Protons.of.Hydrogen.in.the.Magnetic.Field.after.RF. *Greatest.Source.of.radiation..Patient.
Stimulation. *Object.not.centrally.placed..Distortion.
*The.farther.an.object.is.from.the.light.source.and.the.closer.
it.is.from.the.film,.the.lesser.the.magnification.
*Anode.Heel.Effect.
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ULTRASOUND&
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Introduction&
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Behavior.of.Hydrogen.Protons.Thru.Time.in.T2.Relaxation. - Provides. incredible. wealth. and. knowledge. in.
diagnostic.medicine.
- Tremendous.impact.in.medical.practice.
- Low.cost,.real.time.interaction.and.lack.of.bioeffect.
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Ultrasound. is. basically. sound. waves. using. high.
frequency.sound.waves.more.than.20,000.cycles/sec.
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Physics&
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Applications. based. on. interactions. and. display. of. acoustic.
& energy.
& - Interface.with.the.body.
X&F&Ray& Interaction.provide.information.to.generate.high.resolution.
. images.of.the.body.
Ionizing.Radiation. .
1.used.in.x1ray. &
1.needs.electrical.stimulation.to.produce.radiation. &
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& &
Characteristics&of&sound&
!
Sound$Beam$
Waves!transmit!energy!
Requires!a!medium!
Xray$beam$
Waves!transmit!energy!
Can!pass!through!a!vacuum!
!
Propagation&of&a&sound&wave&
!
Generalizations:$ !
- velocity! of! sound! depends! on! the! nature! of! the! !
medium! Velocity&
- the!velocity!of!sound!is!determined!by!the!rate!at! !
which!the!force!is!transmitted!from!one!molecule! Sound!Travels:!
to!another! - Slowest!in!gases!
! - Intermediate!in!Liquids!
$ - Rapidly!in!solids!
$ !
Definitions$ All!body!tissues!(Except!Bone)!behave!like!liquids!(Transmit!
a.) Cycle! –! the! combination! of! one! rarefaction! and! sound!at!about!the!same!velocity:!1540!M/Sec)!
one!compression! !
Cycle!=!1!Hertz! Transmitting&Medium&
1M!Cycles/S!=!1!Megahertz!(MHz)! Characteristics!of!the!transmitting!medium!
! 1.) Compressibility!
Longitudinal&Waves& 2.) Density!
! !
Ultrasonic! pulses! are! transmitted! through! liquids! as! Compressibility--
longitudinal!waves! –! the! velocity! of! sound! is! inversely! related! to! the!
! compressibility!of!the!conducting!material!
Molecules! of! the! conducting! liquid! move! back! and! forth! +! the! less! compressible! a! material,! the! more! rapidly! it!
producing!bands!of!compression!and!rare!faction! transmits!sound!
! !
Wave! –! starts! when! a! vibrating! drum! compresses! the! Density-
adjacent!material!when!the!drum!reverses!direction,!a!band! - Dense!materials!propagate!sound!at!lesser!velocity!
of!rarefaction!is!produced! - Made!of!large!molecules!with!great!deal!of!inertia!
! - E.g.! mercury! –! 13.9! denser! than! water! but! both!
Wavelength& transmit! sound! at! about! the! same! velocities! (because!
! of!lesser!compressibility!of!mercury)!
The!lenght!of!the!wave!is!the!distance!between!two!bands!of! - Density!and!compressibility!are!inversely!proportional,!
compression!or!rarefaction!(Lambda)! thus!all!liquids!transmit!sound!within!a!narrow!range!of!
! velocities!
Once!the!sound!wave!is!generated,!it!continues!in!its!original! !
direction!until!it!is!either!reflected,!refracted!or!absorbed! Acoustic&Impedance&
! - Junction! of! tissue/material! with! different! physical!
Frequency& properties!cause!acoustic!interfaces!
! - Ultrasound! passes! from! 1! tissue! to! another! with!
Frequency! –! number! of! cycles! per! unit! of! time.! Frequency! incidental!sound!energy!reflection!
and! wavelength! are! inversely! related.! The! higher! the! - Amount! of! reflection! is! determined! by! difference! in!
frequency!the!smaller!the!wavelength! acoustic!impedance!of!material!forming!interface!
! - Interface! with! large! acoustic! impedance! difference!
Utz!has!a!frequency!greater!than!20,000!cycles/sec! reflect!almost!all!of!the!incident!energy!
! - Interface!of!substance!with!small!difference!in!acoustic!
Audible$ sound:! 15+20,000! C/S! (Average! Man:! 100! C/S;! impedance!reflect!only!part!of!the!incident!energy!and!
Average!woman:!200!C/S)! allow!the!remainder!to!continue!
! !
Velocity& Instrumentation&
! !
Velocity!0!the!speed!at!which!sound!waves!travel!through!a! Transmitter!!Transdicer!!Receiver/Processor!
particular!medium! !
! Transmitter-
Generalizations:! Apply! precisely! lined,! high! amplitude! voltage! to! the!
The! velocity! of! transmission! of! sound! is! independent! of! transducer!
frequency,!and!depends!primarily!on!the!physical!makeup!of! Controls! rate! of! pulses! emitted! by! the! transduced! (Pulse!
the!material!through!which!the!sound!is!being!transmitted.! Repitition!Frequency)!
Transducers$
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Transducers.–.“Probe”.part.of.the.Utz.unit.that.comes.into.
contact. with. patient,. connected. to. the. Utz. scanner.
(Generator.and.Monitor).by.a.flexible.cable.
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- Converts.electric.signal.into.ultrasonic.energy.that.can.
be. transmitted. into. tissues. and. to. convert. ultrasonic.
energy. reflected. back. from. the. tissues. into. an.
electrical.signal.
- Converts.electric.energy.to.mechanical.energy.and.vice.
versa.
- Uses. piezoelectric. materials. which. respond. to. the.
action.of.the.electric.field.by.changing.shape.
- Generates.electric.potential.when.compressed.
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Piezoelectrical&crystal&&
–.most.important.component.
1. made. up. of. innumerable. dipoles. arranged. in. a. geometric.
pattern.
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Types.of.Transducers:.
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Sector.Scanner.
- Fan1shaped,. almost. triangular. and. originate.
through.a.very.small.acoustic.window.
- Wider.field.of.view.in.the.far.field,.pinpoint.near.
field.
- Used. when. only. a. small. space. available. for.
scanning.
- Useful. in. the. upper. abdomen. and. for. gyne. and.
cardio.examinations.(echo).
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Linear. . 1.wide.far.field.and.near.field.
Curvilinear.. 1.narrow.near.but.wider.far.field.(Ribs).
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