LESSON 14.

2
Key Objectives
14.2.1 DESCRIBE the relationships among the
temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas.
14.2 The Gas Laws
Additional Resources
• Reading and Study Workbook, Lesson 14.2
• Core Teaching Resources, Lesson14.2 Review
CHEMISTRY &YOU
Y U
YO
• Laboratory Manual, Labs 23–24 Q: How do you fill up a hot air balloon? A hot air balloon works on the
• Laboratory Practicals 14–1, 14–2 principle that warm air is less dense than cooler air. To make a hot air bal-
loon rise, the pilot heats the air inside the balloon. To make the balloon
• Virtual ChemLab, Labs 11, 12 descend, the pilot releases hot air through a vent in the top of the balloon.
In this section, you’ll study the laws that allow you to predict gas behavior.

Engage Boyle’s Law

CHEMISTRY & Y
YO
YOU U Have students study the
photograph and read the text that opens the section.
Ask What is the effect of heating a gas at constant
pressure? (The density of the gas decreases. As the
density of the gas inside the balloon is lowered rela-
tive to the density of the gas outside the balloon, the
balloon rises.)
Activate Prior Knowledge
Review compressibility and the factors that affect
gas pressure. Ask If the amount of gas in a cylinder
remains constant, what happens to the volume if the
gas is compressed? (It decreases.) What happens to
the pressure? (It increases.) Ask How does increasing the
temperature of a gas affect its pressure? (The pressure
increases.) Its volume? (The volume increases.)
How are the pressure and volume of a gas related ?
Kinetic theory tells you that there is empty space between the particles in a
gas. Imagine how an increase in pressure would affect the volume of a con-
tained gas. If the temperature is constant, as the pressure of a gas
increases, the volume decreases. In turn, as the pressure decreases, the vol-
Key Question ume increases. Robert Boyle was the first person to study this pressure-
How are the pressure, volume relationship in a systematic way. In 1662, Boyle proposed a law to
volume, and temperature of a describe the relationship. Boyle’s law states that for a given mass of gas at
gas related ? constant temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely with pressure.
Look at Figure 14.8. A gas with a volume of 1.0 L (V1) is at a pressure of
Vocabulary
t
#PZMFT
MBX
100 kPa (P1). As the volume increases to 2.0 L (V2), the pressure decreases
to 50 kPa (P2). The product P1
ñ
V1 (100 kPa
ñ
1.0 L
â
100 kPa
Ƃ
L) is the
t
$IBSMFTT
MBX
same as the product P2
ñ
V2 (50 kPa
ñ
2.0 L
â
100 kPa
Ƃ
L). As the volume
t
(BZ-VTTBDT
MBX
decreases to 0.5 L (V3), the pressure increases to 200 kPa (P3). Again, the
t
DPNCJOFE
HBT
MBX
product of the pressure and the volume equals 100 kPa
Ƃ
L.
Interpret

(SBQIT
Boyle’s Law

Explain that these basic relationships help form the 250

Figure 14.8 The pressure of a gas
basis of the gas laws. changes as the volume changes.
200 a. Read Graphs When the volume is
(V3,P3)
Pressure (kPa)

2.0 L, what is the pressure?

150 b. Predict What would the pressure be if
the volume were increased to 3.0 L?
100
(V1,P1) c. Draw Conclusions Based on the
shape of the graph, describe the general
50 pressure-volume relationship.
(V2,P2)

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Volume (L)

National Science Education Standards 456 $IBQUFS

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$I  - 

A-1, A-2, B-2, B-5

Focus on ELL
1 CONTENT AND LANGUAGE Ask students to state the key questions in their own
words. Have pairs make and use flashcards with key equations. Have the pairs write
the name of each gas law on one side and the equation on the other side. Allow
students with limited English to use their native languages for support.
2 FRONTLOAD THE LESSON Encourage students to think about what happens when
a partially filled balloon is squeezed. Ask them if they would notice a difference in
the air pressure and volume. Direct them to the information in Chemistry & You.
3 COMPREHENSIBLE INPUT Explain the graphs of Boyle’s and Charles’s laws. Be sure
to point out the different labels on the x and y axis of each graph and the letter
for each variable. Discuss with students the meanings of pressure, temperature,
and volume.

456 Chapter 14 • Lesson 2

 LESSON 14.2
In an inverse relationship, the product of the two variable quantities is
constant. So the product of pressure and volume at any two sets of pressure
and volume conditions is always constant at a given temperature. The math- Foundations for Reading
ematical expression of Boyle’s law is as follows.
BUILD VOCABULARY Have students make a
P1
ò
V1
ä
P2
ò
V2 compare-contrast table for the gas laws. Have
students include variables, constants, and the
The graph of an inverse relationship is always a curve, as in Figure 14.8. classification “direct or inverse.”
READING STRATEGY Have students look at Figures
14.8 and 14.10 and use the graphs to write
CHEM preliminary versions of Boyle’s law and Charles’s law.
TU
Sample Problem 14.1
TOR

Using Boyle’s Law

Explain
A balloon contains 30.0 L of helium gas at 103 kPa. What is the volume of the helium
when the balloon rises to an altitude where the pressure is only 25.0 kPa? (Assume that Boyle’s Law
the temperature remains constant.)
APPLY CONCEPTS Have students consider what will
KNOWNS UNKNOWN
— Analyze List the knowns and the unknown.
P1 ä
103 kPa V2
ä
? L
happen when a helium-filled balloon is released
Use Boyle’s law (P1
ñ
V1
â
P2
ñ
V2) to calculate the into the sky. Assume the temperature remains
unknown volume (V2). V1 ä
30.0 L
P2 ä
25.0 kPa constant. Remind students that as elevation
˜ Calculate Solve for the unknown. increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. Ask If
the balloon contains 30 L of gas at 100 kPa, what
Isolate V2 by dividing
both sides by P2: would its volume be at 25 kPa? (120 L)
Start with Boyle’s law. P1
ò
V1
ä
P2
ò
V2
P1
ò
V1 P
ò
V2
ä 2
P1
ò
V1
P2 P2 Sample Practice Problem
Rearrange the equation to isolate V2. V2 ä P2 The volume of a gas at 99.6 kPa and 24°C is 4.23 L.
What volume will it occupy at 93.3 kPa and 24°C?
Substitute the known values for P1, V1,
V2 ä 103 kPa
ò
30.0 L (4.52 L)
and P2 into the equation and solve. 25.0 kPa

ä
1.24
ò
102 L

™ Evaluate Does the result make sense? A decrease in pressure at constant temperature
must correspond to a proportional increase in volume. The calculated result agrees with
both kinetic theory and the pressure-volume relationship. The units have canceled correctly.

9. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is used as an
anesthetic. The pressure on 2.50 L
of N2O changes from 105 kPa to
40.5 kPa. If the temperature does
not change, what will the new
volume be?
10. A gas with a volume of 4.00 L at a pressure of
205 kPa is allowed to expand to a volume of
12.0 L. What is the pressure in the container
if the temperature remains constant?
Solve Problem 10 by
rearranging Boyle’s law
to isolate P2.

The Behavior of Gases 457

Foundations for Math

CONVERSION FACTORS Before beginning to solve a problem, students should
determine if the units of measurement in the problem match the units needed in Answers
the answer. If the units do not match, students should determine what conversion INTERPRET GRAPHS
factors are needed. For temperature, the possible units are degrees Farenheit (ºF), a. 50 kPa
degrees Celsius (ºC), and kelvins (K). b. about 33 kPa
Look at the first part of Step 2 in Sample Problem 14.2. In this step, temperature is c. As either pressure or volume increases, the
converted from degrees Celsius to kelvins by adding 273 to the values of T1 and T2. other variable decreases.
9. 105 kPa × 2.50 L = 40.5 kPa × V2
V2 = 105 kPa × 2.50 L/40.5 kPa = 6.48 L
10. 205 kPa × 4.00 L = P2 × 12.0 L
P2 = 205 kPa × 4.00 L/12.0 L = 68.3 kPa

The Behavior of Gases 457

LESSON 14.2
Extend
Teacher Demo
PURPOSE Students observe the effect that changing
pressure has on the volume of a gas.
MATERIALS vacuum pump, bell jar, marshmallows
PROCEDURE Explain that marshmallows contain
trapped air. Place several marshmallows in the bell
jar, and then pull a vacuum in the jar. Ask students
to explain why the marshmallows increase in size.
EXPECTED OUTCOME The removal of air
surrounding the marshmallows reduces the pressure
on them. Air trapped inside the marshmallows can
expand to a greater volume.
Explain
Charles’s Law
MAKE A CONNECTION Point out that when the
pressure and amount of a gas are unchanged,
the ratio of the volume of the gas to the
absolute temperature of the gas is a constant.
Mathematically, this constant can be expressed as
V1 /T1 = V2 /T2 and is known as Charles’s law.
USE VISUALS Direct students to the line on the
graph in Figure 14.10. Point out the ΔV and ΔT
labels in the graph. Ask What does the ratio ΔV/ΔT
represent? (slope)
APPLY CONCEPTS While solving Charles’s law
problems, students should remember that the new
volume of a gas is equal to its original volume times
a quotient. The value of the quotient indicates
whether the gas is heated or cooled. If the gas is
heated (T2 > T1), the new volume is greater because
the gas expands. So, the quotient (T2 /T1) has to be
greater than 1. If the gas is cooled (T2 < T1), the new
volume is smaller because the gas contracts. So, the
quotient must be less than 1.
458 Chapter 14 • Lesson 2
Figure 14.9 Cooling Balloons
in Liquid Nitrogen
When the gas in a balloon is
Charles’s Law
cooled at constant pressure, the How are the temperature and volume of a gas related ?
volume of the gas decreases.
Figure 14.9 shows inflated balloons being dipped into a beaker of liquid nitro-
Predict What would happen gen. For each balloon, the amount of air and the pressure are constant. As the
if you removed the balloons
air inside rapidly cools, the balloon shrinks. In fact, the gas volume decreases
from the beaker and allowed
them to warm back up to room so much that all the cooled balloons can easily fit inside the beaker.
temperature? In 1787, the French physicist Jacques Charles studied the effect of tem-
perature on the volume of a gas at constant pressure. When he graphed his
data, Charles observed that a graph of gas volume versus temperature (in °C)
is a straight line for any gas. As the temperature of an enclosed gas
increases, the volume increases if the pressure is constant. When Charles
extrapolated, or extended, the line to zero volume (V
â
0), the line always
intersected the temperature axis at Ź273.15°C. This value is equal to 0 on the
Kelvin temperature scale. The observations that Charles made are summa-
rized in Charles’s law. Charles’s law states that the volume of a fixed mass of
gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept
constant. Look at the graph in Figure 14.10. When the temperature is 300 K,
the volume is 1.0 L. When the temperature is 900 K, the volume is 3.0 L. In
both cases, the ratio of V to T is 0.0033.
ET
KIN IC
ART
Interpret Graphs
Figure 14.10 The graph shows
Charles’s Law how the volume changes as the
temperature of a gas changes.
View the Kinetic Art to see an
4 P2â100 kPa
online simulation of Charles’s law.
(T2,V2) a. Read Graphs In what unit is
the temperature data expressed?
Volume (L)
3
P1â100 kPa b. Draw Conclusions What
happens to the volume as the
2 ąV temperature rises?
c. Predict If the temperature of
1
(T1,V1)
a gas were 0 K, what would the
volume of the gas be?
ąT
0
200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature (K) Hint: ąV is the change
in gas volume resulting from
temperature change ąT.
458 $IBQUFS

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Differentiated Instruction
L3 GIFTED AND TALENTED Explain to students that Charles summarized his
observations of the relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas in
the following equation: V = V0(1 + aT ) where V0 is the volume of the gas at 0ºC,
T is its temperature expressed in ºC, and a is a constant for all gases. Have students
show that the numerical value of a is approximately 1/273.
ELL ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Have English learners make a list of terms in
this section that they don’t understand. Pair them with other students who can use
paraphrasing to explain the terms.
L1 SPECIAL NEEDS Consider having students work in pairs to solve the practice
problems in this chapter. Match up students who have mastery of algebraic equation
with students who need more practice solving for an unknown.
 LESSON 14.2
The ratio V1/T1 is equal to the ratio V2/T2. Because this ratio is constant at
all conditions of temperature and volume, when the pressure is constant, you
CHEMISTRY &YYOU
Q: A hot air balloon contains a
can write Charles’s law as follows.

V1 V2
propane burner onboard to heat
the air inside the balloon. What
CHEMISTRY & Y
YO
YOU U As the air inside a hot air
balloon is heated, it expands at constant pressure.
ä
happens to the volume of the
T1 T2 balloon as the air is heated? Charles’s law states that the volume of a fixed
amount of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin
The ratio of the variables is always a constant in a direct relationship, temperature if the pressure is kept constant.
and the graph is always a straight line. It is not a direct relationship if the
temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius. So when you solve gas law CRITICAL THINKING Explain to students that home
problems, the temperature must always be expressed in kelvins. cooks and food manufacturers rely on Charles’s law
to ensure a proper seal on glass jars with screw caps
during the canning process. Lidded jars are placed
CHEM

TU
Sample Problem 14.2 in a water bath and heated for a specified time
before being removed to cool. During the cooling
TOR
process, the centers of the rubber-lined metal caps
Using Charles’s Law depress with an audible click as the vacuum seals
A balloon inflated in a room at 24°C has a volume of 4.00 L. The balloon is then heated to
form. Have students use Charles’s law to explain
a temperature of 58°C. What is the new volume if the pressure remains constant?
why this process results in a vacuum seal. (During
— Analyze List the knowns and the unknown. KNOWNS UNKNOWN heating, the air temperature in the jar increases,
Use Charles’s law (V1/T1
â
V2/T2) to calculate the V1 ä 4.00 L V2
ä

L causing the air’s volume to increase and forcing
unknown volume (V2).
T1 ä 24°C some molecules out of the jar. As the jar begins to
˜ Calculate Solve for the unknown. T2 ä 58°C cool, the temperature of the air decreases, causing
its volume to decrease. This causes a seal to form
between the lid and the lip of the glass jar. The click
Because you will use a gas law, T1
ä
24°C
á
273
ä
297 K is caused by the vacuum pulling the center of the
start by expressing the temperatures
in kelvins. T2
ä
58°C
á
273
ä
331 K jar lid inward until it flexes.)
Isolate V2 by multiplying
both sides by T2:
V1 V2 Sample Practice Problem
Write the equation for Charles’s law. V V
T1 ä T2 T2 ò T1 ä T2 ò
T2
1 2 The volume of a gas is 0.80 L at 101.3 kPa and 0°C.
V
ò
T2 Ask What volume will it occupy at 101.3 kPa and
Rearrange the equation to isolate V2. V2 ä 1
T1 24°C? (0.87 L)

Substitute the known values for T1, V1, 4.00 L
ò
331 K

and T2 into the equation and solve. V2 ä ä
4.46 L
297 K

™ Evaluate Does the result make sense? The volume increases as the temperature
increases. This result agrees with both the kinetic theory and Charles’s law.

11. If a sample of gas occupies 6.80 L at 325°C, 12. Exactly 5.00 L of air at −50.0°C is warmed to
what will its volume be at 25°C if the pressure 100.0°C. What is the new volume if the pres-
does not change? sure remains constant?

The Behavior of Gases 459

Answers
FIGURE 14.9 The balloons would expand back to
FFoundations for Math their original size.
ISOLATING A VARIABLE The common transposition method is to do the same thing INTERPRETING GRAPHS
(mathematically) to both sides of an equation in order to get like terms together and a. kelvins
isolate the variable, or unknown. In a shortcut method, students isolate the variable b. The volume increases
by moving like terms to one side of the equation. To maintain the equality of the two c. The volume would be 0.
sides, there are two rules for the shortcut method: When moving a term to the other
11. T1 = 325°C + 273 = 598 K
side of the equal sign: Rule 1 Change the sign (for positive or negative values); Rule
T2 = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
2 Invert the coefficient.
6.80 L /598 K = V2 /298 K
Point out that in Sample Problem 14.2 Rule 1 is unnecessary because are there are V2 = 298 K × 6.80 L /598 K = 3.39 L
no additions or subtractions in the equation for Charles’s law. The only action taken
12. T1 = −50.0°C + 273 = 223 K
was to invert the coefficient, 1/T2.
T2 = 100.0°C + 273 = 373 K
5.00 L / 223 K = V2 / 373 K
V2 = 373 K × 5.00 L / 223 K = 8.36 L

The Behavior of Gases 459

LESSON 14.2
Explain
Gay-Lussac’s Law
MAKE A CONNECTION Use tire pressure to discuss
the relationship between gas pressure and Kelvin
temperature. Ask Why do auto tire manufacturers
recommend checking for proper inflation before
driving the car more than a mile? (The tires get
warm as the car moves, increasing the pressure
inside the tires.)
Explore
Student Activity
PURPOSE Students observe the relationship
between the pressure and temperature of a gas.
MATERIALS 2 large vats, ice water, hot water,
inflated bicycle tire
PROCEDURE Fill a large vat with ice water and a
second vat with hot water. First, have students
squeeze an inflated bicycle tire to assess its
firmness. Next, immerse the tire in ice water and
have them feel its firmness. Finally, immerse the tire
in hot water and have them assess the firmness.
Have the students describe the relationship
between pressure and temperature at constant
volume.
EXPECTED OUTCOME A direct relationship exists
between pressure and temperature at a constant
volume.
300 K 600 K
100 kPa 200 kPa
Figure 14.11 Gay-Lussac’s Law
When a gas is heated at constant
volume, the pressure increases.
Interpret Diagrams How can you
tell from the drawings that there
is a fixed amount of gas in the
cylinders?
Figure 14.12 Pressure Cooker
A pressure cooker is a gas-tight
container in which pressurized
steam is used to cook food.
With the lid locked, the volume
of steam and the number of
water molecules are constant.
So any increase in temperature
causes an increase in pressure.
Gay-Lussac’s Law
How are the pressure and temperature of a gas related?
When tires are not inflated to the recommended pressure, fuel efficiency
and traction decrease. Treads can wear down faster. Most importantly,
improper inflation can lead to tire failure. A driver should not check tire pres-
sure after driving a long distance because the air in a tire heats up during a
drive. As the temperature of an enclosed gas increases, the pressure
increases if the volume is constant.
Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778–1850), a French chemist, discovered the rela-
tionship between the pressure and temperature of a gas in 1802. The gas law
that describes the relationship bears his name. Gay-Lussac’s law states that
the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature if the
volume remains constant. Look at Figure 14.11. When the temperature is
300 K, the pressure is 100 kPa. When the temperature is doubled to 600 K,
the pressure doubles to 200 kPa. Because Gay-Lussac’s law involves direct
proportions, the ratios P1/T1 and P2/T2 are equal at constant volume. You can
write Gay-Lussac’s law as follows:
P1 P2
ä

T1 T2
Gay-Lussac’s law can be applied to reduce the time it takes to cook food.
One cooking method involves placing food above a layer of water and heat-
ing the water. The water vapor, or steam, that is produced cooks the food.
Steam that escapes from the pot is at a temperature of about 100°C when the
pressure is near one atmosphere. In a pressure cooker, like the one shown
in Figure 14.12, steam is trapped inside the cooker. The temperature of the
steam reaches about 120°C. The food cooks faster at this higher tempera-
ture, but the pressure rises, which increases the risk of an explosion. A pres-
sure cooker has a valve that allows some vapor to escape when the pressure
exceeds the set value.

460 $IBQUFS

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Differentiated Instruction
L3 GIFTED AND TALENTED Gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen

can be liquefied by lowering the temperature and increasing the pressure. But
different gases must be cooled to different temperatures before they condense,
no matter how high the pressure is raised. This temperature is called the critical
temperature. Have students look up the critical temperatures for oxygen, nitrogen,
helium, and hydrogen. Ask What do these temperatures indicate about the relative
strengths of the intermolecular attractions in these gases? (The lower the critical
temperature, the lower the intermolecular attractive forces.)

460 Chapter 14 • Lesson 2

 LESSON 14.2
CHEM

TU
Sample Problem 14.3
TOR
Explain
Using Gay-Lussac’s Law
START A CONVERSATION The direct relationship
Aerosol cans carry labels warning not to incinerate (burn) the cans or store them above
a certain temperature. This problem will show why it is dangerous to dispose of aerosol between pressure and temperature at constant
cans in a fire. The gas in a used aerosol can is at a pressure of 103 kPa at 25°C. If the can is volume can be expressed as P1 /T1 = P2 /T2. In
thrown onto a fire, what will the pressure be when the temperature reaches 928°C? Gay-Lussac’s law problems, the new pressure of the
— Analyze List the knowns and the unknown. Use gas is equal to its original pressure times a quotient.
Gay-Lussac’s law (P1/T1
â
P2/T2) to calculate the unknown The value of the quotient indicates whether the gas
KNOWNS UNKNOWN
pressure (P2). Remember, because this problem involves is heated or cooled. If the gas is heated (T2 > T1),
temperatures and a gas law, the temperatures must be P1
ä
103 kPa P2 ä

kPa
T1
ä
25°C the new pressure is greater. So, the quotient (T2 /T1)
expressed in kelvins.
T2
ä
928°C has to be greater than 1. If the gas is cooled
˜ Calculate Solve for the unknown. (T2 < T1), the new pressure is less. So, the quotient
must be less than 1.

Start by converting the two known

temperatures from degrees Celsius to
T1
ä
25°C
á
273
ä
298 K Sample Practice Problem
kelvins. T2
ä
928°C
á
273
ä
1201 K
A sample of nitrogen gas has a pressure of 6.58 kPa
Isolate P2 by multiplying at 539 K. If the volume does not change, what will
Write the equation for Gay-Lussac’s law.
P1 P2 both sides by T2:
T1 ä T2 P P
the pressure be at 211K? (2.58 kPa)
T2 ò T1 ä T2 ò
T2
1 2
P1
ò
T2
Rearrange the equation to isolate P2. P2 ä
T1

Substitute the known values for P1, T2, 103 kPa
ò
1201 K

and T1 into the equation and solve.
P2 ä
298 K
ä
415 kPa

ä
4.15
ò
102 kPa

™ Evaluate Does the result make sense? From the kinetic theory, one would expect
the increase in temperature of a gas to produce an increase in pressure if the volume
remains constant. The calculated value does show such an increase.

13. The pressure in a sealed plastic 14. The pressure in a car tire is 198 kPa at 27°C.
container is 108 kPa at 41°C. After a long drive, the pressure is 225 kPa.
What is the pressure when the What is the temperature of the air in the tire?
temperature drops to 22°C? Assume that the volume is constant.
Assume that the volume has
not changed.
To solve Problem 14,
rearrange Gay-Lussac’s
law to isolate T2.

The Behavior of Gases 461

FFoundations for Math

CHECK ANSWERS Whenever students have solved a problem, they should check the
answer by substituting it back into the original equation. This lets them determine Answers
whether or not the value on each side of the equal sign is the same. At the same FIGURE 14.11 The number of particles in each
time, they should make sure that the units of the answer are appropriate for the container is the same.
unknown. 13. T1 = 41°C + 273 = 314 K
In Sample Problem 14.3, substituting 4.15 × 102 kPa for P2 in the Gay-Lussac’s law T2 = 22°C + 273 = 295 K
equation gives a value of 0.346 kPa/K. Since 103 kPa / 298 K = 0.346 kPa/K as well, 108 kPa /314 K = P2 /295 K
the answer is correct. Note also that kPa is the appropriate unit of measurement for P2 = 295 K × 108 kPa / 314 K = 101 kPa
pressure. 14. T1 = 27°C + 273 = 300 K
198 kPa /300 K = 225 kPa / T2
T2 = 225 kPa × 300 K / 198 kPa = 341 K (68°C)

The Behavior of Gases 461

LESSON 14.2 The Combined Gas Law
How are the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas related?
Explain There is a single expression, called the combined gas law, that combines
Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law.
The Combined Gas Law P1
ò
V1 P2
ò
V2
ä

USE VISUALS Write the equation for the combined T1 T2
gas law on the board. Ask What variable that
is used to describe a gas is missing from this When only the amount of gas is constant, the combined gas law
describes the relationship among pressure, volume, and temperature.
equation? (n, the number of moles of gas)
USE VISUALS Direct students to the weather
balloon in Figure 14.13 on the following page. CHEM

Remind students that in many situations, a sample TU

Sample Problem 14.4
TOR
of gas is simultaneously subjected to pressure and
temperature changes that have opposite effects Using the Combined Gas Law
on volume. Consider a weather balloon rising The volume of a gas-filled balloon is 30.0 L at 313 K and
through the atmosphere. The higher it rises, the 153 kPa pressure. What would the volume be at standard KNOWNS UNKNOWN
colder the temperature and the lower the volume. temperature and pressure (STP)? V1
ä
30.0 L V2
ä

L
At the same time, atmospheric pressure decreases, T1
ä
313 K
allowing the gas to expand. The combined gas law
— Analyze List the knowns and the unknown. Use P1
ä
153 kPa
the combined gas law (P1V1/T1
â
P2V2/T2) to calcu- T2
ä
273 K (standard temperature)
allows students to determine which variable has the late the unknown volume (V2). P2
ä
101.3 kPa (standard pressure)
greater effect on the volume.
˜ Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Sample Practice Problem P1
ò
V1 P
ò
V2

The volume of a gas at 26°C and 75 kPa is 10.5 L.
The pressure is increased to 116 kPa. What final
temperature would be required to reduce the volume
to 9.5 L? (418 K, or 145°C)
Extend
Connect to BIOLOGY
Ask students to inhale, hold, and exhale. Ask
students to think about Boyle’s law and how it
applies to breathing. Ask How does Boyle’s law
explain why air enters your lungs when you inhale
and leaves when you exhale? (When you inhale,
lung volume increases. Pressure decreases and air
moves in. When you exhale, lung volume decreases.
Pressure increases and air moves out.) Ask Why do
you think scuba divers are taught never to hold their
breath as they ascend from deep water? (As a diver
ascends, pressure decreases. A decrease in pressure
means an increase in volume. If a diver holds her
breath while ascending, air volume in the lungs
will increase.)
Isolate V2 by multiplying both sides
State the combined gas law. ä 2 by T2 and dividing both sides by P2:
T1 T2
T2 P1 ò
V1 P2 ò
V2 T2
P2
ò
T1
ä
T2
ò
P2
P
ò
V1
ò
T2
Rearrange the equation to isolate V2. V2 ä 1
P2
ò
T1
Substitute the known quantities into 153 kPa
ò
30.0 L
ò
273 K
V2 ä ä 39.5 L
the equation and solve. 101.3 kPa
ò
313 K
™ Evaluate Does the result make sense? A decrease in temperature and a decrease in
pressure have opposite effects on the volume. To evaluate the increase in volume, multiply
V1 (30.0 L) by the ratio of P1 to P2 (1.51) and the ratio of T2 to T1 (0.872). The result is 39.5 L.
15. A gas at 155 kPa and 25°C has an initial 16. A 5.00-L air sample has a pressure of
volume of 1.00 L. The pressure of the 107 kPa at a temperature of Ź50.0°C. If
gas increases to 605 kPa as the tempera- the temperature is raised to 102°C and
ture is raised to 125°C. What is the new the volume expands to 7.00 L, what will
volume? the new pressure be?
462 $IBQUFS

t
-FTTPO

FFoundations for Math
IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE EQUATIONS An important step in solving gas law
problems is determining which equation to use, since many gas laws use similar
variables. Remind students that to identify the appropriate equation, they must
first identify the known and unknown variables. Then they should ask themselves
which equations use those variables. If more than one equation uses the same set
of variables, they should reread the text of the question. They can then use the
information in the question to identify the appropriate equation.
Look at Sample Problem 14.4. The question provides the known initial values for
P, V, and T and asks students to calculate a final volume at STP. Since the combined
gas law is the only equation that utilizes pressure, volume, and temperature, it is the
appropriate equation for this calculation.

462 Chapter 14 • Lesson 2

 LESSON 14.2
Weather balloons, like the one in Figure 14.13, carry a pack-
age of data-gathering instruments up into the atmosphere.
At an altitude of about 27,000 meters, the balloon bursts. The
combined gas law can help to explain this situation. Both out-
Evaluate
side temperature and pressure drop as the balloon rises. These
changes have opposite effects on the volume of the weather bal-
loon. A drop in temperature causes the volume of an enclosed
Informal Assessment
gas to decrease. A drop in outside pressure causes the volume Sketch two balloons (one twice as large as the other)
to increase. Given that the balloon bursts, the drop in pressure on the board. Label the smaller balloon V1 and the
must affect the volume more than the drop in temperature does.
The combined gas law can also help you solve gas problems
other V2, and indicate that V2 = 2V1. Copy the
when only two variables are changing. It may seem challenging following table onto the chalkboard, listing only
to remember four different expressions for the gas laws. But you those values in boldface type. Have students
actually only need to remember one expression—the combined complete the table.
gas law. You can derive the other laws from the combined gas
law by holding one variable constant.
To illustrate, suppose you hold the temperature constant T1 T2
(T1 â T2). Rearrange the combined gas law so that the two tem-
perature terms are on the same side of the equation. Because (256 K) 512 K
T1 â T2, the ratio of T1 to T2 is equal to one. Multiplying by 1
does not change a value in an equation. So when the tempera- 40°C (353°C)
ture is constant, you can delete the temperature ratio from the
rearranged combined gas law. What you are left with is the
(T1 ) 2T1
equation for Boyle’s law. (−136°C) 1°C
T
P1
ñ
V1
â
P2
ñ
V2
ñ
1
T2
Figure 14.13 Weather Balloon Then have students complete the 14.2 Lesson Check.
P1
ñ
V1
â
P2
ñ
V2
Meteorologists use weather balloons to
gather data about Earth’s atmosphere.
A similar process yields Charles’s law when pressure remains Infer Why is helium more likely to be used Reteach
constant and Gay-Lussac’s law when volume remains constant. in weather balloons than air? Write the combined gas law on the board. Remind
students that the law is a combination of Boyle’s,
Charles’s, and Gay-Lussac’s laws. Have students

14.2 Lesso
NLIN
examine the equation and rewrite the combined gas
O

LessonCheck
PR

OBLE law, using a different color for the portion of the

M

equation representing Boyle’s law. Have them repeat

17. Review How are the pressure and volume 23. Explain How can Charles’s law be derived from
the combined gas law?
this process for Charles’s law and Gay-Lussac’s law.
of a gas related at constant temperature?
18. Review If pressure is constant, how does a 24. Apply Concepts The volume of a weather bal-
change in temperature affect the volume of a gas? loon increases as the balloon rises in the atmo-
sphere. Why doesn’t the drop in temperature at
19. Review What is the relationship between
higher altitudes cause the volume to decrease?
the temperature and pressure of a contained gas
at constant volume?
20. Describe In what situations is the com-
BIGIDEA KINETIC THEORY
bined gas law useful? 25. Why do you think scientists cannot collect tem-
perature and volume data for an enclosed gas at
21. Define Write the mathematical equation for temperatures near absolute zero?
Boyle’s law and explain the symbols.
22. Calculate A given mass of air has a volume of
6.00 L at 101 kPa. What volume will it occupy at
25.0 kPa if the temperature does not change?

The Behavior of Gases 463

Lesson Check Answers Answers

17. At constant temperature, volume
decreases as pressure increases.
18. At constant pressure, volume
increases as temperature increases.
19. At constant volume, pressure
increases as temperature increases.
20. The combined gas law allows you
to do calculations when the only
constant is the amount of gas.
21. P1 × V1 = P2 × V2 ; P1 = initial
pressure; V1 = initial volume;
P2 = final pressure; V2 = final volume
22. 24.2 L
23. When the pressure is constant,
P1 = P2, so the pressure terms cancel,
leaving an equation for Charles’s law.
24. The outside pressure decreases,
causing a greater increase in the
balloon’s volume.
25. BIGIDEA As temperatures
decrease toward absolute zero,
particles in the gas slow down, and
attractions between particles increase.
A gas would liquefy and then solidify
as it cooled to temperatures near
absolute zero.
15. T1 = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
T2 = 125°C + 273 = 398 K
155 kPa × 1.00 L /298 K = 605 kPa × V2 / 398 K
V2 = 398 K × 155 kPa × 1.00 L /(298 K
× 605 kPa) = 0.342 L
16. T1 = –50°C + 273 = 223 K
T2 = 102°C + 273 = 375 K
107 kPa × 5.00 L /223 K = P2 × 7.00 L /375 K
P2 = 375 K × 107 kPa × 5.00 L /(223 K × 7.00 L)
= 1.29 × 102 kPa
FIGURE 14.13 Helium is less dense than air.
The Behavior of Gases 463