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MODULE-2
STEAM TURBINES
Operation of steam turbine is based upon the principle that the steam issuing from a
small opening attains a high velocity .this velocity attained during the expansion of the
steam depends on the initial and final heat contents of steam. The difference of the initial
and final heat contents represent the heat energy converted into kinetic energy.
Commercial turbines use series combination of impulse and reaction type because
steam can be used more efficiently by using impulse and reaction blades on the same
shaft.
According to the type of flow of steam, the steam turbines used are two types
Axial flow type
Radial flow type
Axial flow type
The steam flow over the blades in direction parallel to the axis of the wheel.
Radial flow type
The blades are arranged radially so that the steam enters at the blade tip nearest
the axis of the wheel and flows towards the circumference.
Depending upon whether the back pressure is below or above atmospheric pressure
steam turbines are of two types.
Condensing turbines
Non-condensing turbines
Steam nozzles
Function:-its function is converting the heat energy of steam into Kinetic Energy. The
difference between the initial and final heat contents represents the heat energy
converted into Kinetic Energy.
Working:- Nozzles develop a high velocity jet of steam for driving a steam turbines . This
is achieved by allowing the steam to expand from region of high pressure at inlet and
low pressure at outlet. With the expansion of steam through nozzle its velocity and
specific volume both increases.
Types:-Depending upon its shape nozzle are of two types
Convergent-divergent type
Convergent type
In convergent divergent nozzle, x section decrease minimum it reaches the section
called nozzle throat and then it incrases as shown in second figure.
Throat
Throat
In the convergent type nozzle, the nozzle exit is the throat itself.
Compounding of steam turbines
In single stage turbines steam expanded in single ring of nozzles from the boiler
Pressure down to the exhausted pressure, resulting in extremely high velocity. In such
turbines blade tips stress and disc function losses will very high resulting in poor efficiency.
Therefore compounding is necessary its gives reasonable blade tip speeds in turbines.
Compounding is of two types, velocity compounding in which the steam is expanded from
boiler pressure to condenser pressure in nozzles. And second is Pressure compounding where
Equivalent to the number of simple impulse stage is in series. The pressure drop occurring in
each stage is only a portion of total pressure drop.