Chapter 14 APUSH Notes/Study Guide

Secession and Military Stalemate, 1861-1862

Deep south wants to secede after Lincoln is elected

Some want to preserve the union

Secession Crisis

Fire-eaters (proslavery extremists) demanded secession in South Carolina since

Compromise of 1850

South Carolina state convention on December 20th, 1860, unanimously votes to

secede from the Union

Lower South Secedes

Fire-eaters in other deep southern states organize conventions and attack Union

supporters

Mississippi secedes next

Florida, Alabama, Georgia and Louisiana follow

Texas joins, ousting Unionist governor Sam Houston

States meet in Montgomery, Alabama to declare the foundation of the

Confederate States of America

Mississippian Jefferson Davis, a former U.S. senator and secretary of war named

Confederacy President

Alexander Stephens as VP

Successionism less intense in four states of Middle South

Virginia, NC, Tennessee, and Arkansas

Fewer slaves
 White opinion divided in four border slave states

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri

Yeomen farmers knew slaveholders took advantage of them

Legislatures of Tennessee and Virginia refuse to join secessionist movement and

urge compromise

President Buchanan declared secession illegal but claimed federal government

lacked authority to restore Union by force

South Carolina demands surrender of Fort Sumter (federal garrison in Charleston

Harbor) and cut off its supplies

Buchanan was timid and backed down

Crittenden Compromise

Buchanan encourages Congress to find compromise

Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky proposes Crittenden Compromise-

contained two proposals

Constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal interference in

any state where it already existed

Westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line to California border

Included territories acquired, raising prospect of expansion into

Cuba or Central America

Republicans reject second proposal on instruction from President

Imperialist ideology in it

In March 1861 address Lincoln promised to protect slavery where it existed but

opposed its expansion

 Also declared Confederate States secession illegal

Asserted intention to occupy federal property in seceded states to collected

taxes there

Would use military force if necessary to bring South back into Union

Upper South Chooses Sides

When Lincoln sends unarmed ship to resupply Fort Sumter Jefferson Davis

decides to seize fort

Opened fire on April 12th

Fort falls two days later

Lincoln orders 75,000 militiamen into federal service for 90 days to put down

southern insurrection

North supports call to arms

Northern Democrats support Union strongly

Stephen Douglas criticizes Southern Democrats

Eight middle and border South states have to choose sides

Accounted for 2/3s of whites in slave states, 3/4s of industry and over half

of the food

Geographically strategic

Home of Robert E. Lee (Virginia), recommended to lead new Union army

Virginia secedes by vote on April 17th, 1861

Lee resigns from U.S. army

Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined Virginia in Confederacy

 Northwestern Virginia, with support of General George B. McClellan, votes to

breakaway from Virginia because the yeomen farmers resisted the Confederacy

West Virginia joins Union

Delaware joins Union

First deaths in Baltimore, Maryland

Maryland secessionists destroy bridges and telegraph lines

Lincoln ordered Union troops to occupy state and arrest Confederate

sympathizers, including legislators

Released after Maryland was secured

Lincoln orders German American militia to defeat Confederate sympathizers in

Missouri to secure Mississippi River Valley

Union maintains control of Missouri

Kentucky was most evenly split

Kentucky was allowed to trade with the Confederacy until August 1861

Unions take over state government and trade stops

Illinois volunteers commanded by Ulysses S. Grant drove secessionists out of

Kentucky

Setting War Objectives and Devising Strategies

Davis views Confederacy as fight for right of self-government

Defended boundaries to maintain independence

Confederacy constitution explicitly ruled out gradual emancipation or any law

impairing right of slave ownership

Basis of Confederacy rests on racial supremacy of white men

 Lincoln responds on July 4th, 1861

Secession as an attack on representative government

Wanted to restore Union through military force

Union Thrusts towards Richmond

Lincoln hoped strike against Richmond, Virginia, Confederate capital would end

rebellion

General Irvin McDowell leads 30,000 men to attack General P.G.T. Beauregard;s

20,000 men at Manassas, Virginia railway junction 30 miles southwest of

Washington

McDowell is counterattacked and he retreats back to Washington

Showed strength of rebellion

McDowell replaced with George McClellan and enlisted a million men to serve

for 3 years

Trained troops over 1861-1862 winter

100,000 troops sent down Potomac in March 1862 and landed in Chesapeake Bay

between York and James Rivers

Slow advance to Richmond

Thomas J Stonewall Jackson mounts counterstrike

Threatens Washington

Lincoln pulls 30,000 men from McClellans army to protect capital

Robert E. Lee launches attack on Washington in June costing Confederacy

20,000 lives and Union 10,000

McClellan failed to exploit Confederate losses and pulled from Virginia

 Lee Moves North: Antietam

Lee and Jackson go on offensive in Virginia

Second Battle of Bull Run (August 1862)

Reached Western Maryland

Confederate commander divides his force sending Jackson to capture Harpers

Ferry in West Virginia

McClellan finds copy of Lees orders

Union fails to attack while Lees army is depleted, allowing them to secure strong

defensive position west of Antietam Creek

Lee is outnumbered but Jackson arrives and saves Confederates from major defeat

Battle at Antietam on September 17th, 1862, was bloodiest single day in

U.S. military history

4,800 dead and 18,500 wounded (3,000 later died of wounds)

Lee retreats but heavy casualties stops McClellan from continuing to fight

Lincoln publicly declares it a victory but privately criticized McClellan for not

fighting till the end

McClellan was worried casualties would lower morale but Lincoln wanted

a quick war. McClellan was dismissed

Ambrose E. Burnside was first choice

More aggressive but less competent

Resigns after heavy losses in Fredericksburg

Joseph Fighting Joe Hooker replaces him

The War in the Mississippi Valley

 Union was more successful in Upper South

Goal was to control Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri rivers

Divide confederacy and reduce its mobility

Union already had Ohio river because Kentucky stayed in Union

General Ulysses S. Grant in 1862 used riverboats in Tennessee and Mississippi

Rivers to seize railroad lines

Forced confederate withdraw at Shiloh, TN

Very costly battle

Union captures New Orleans in naval attack

Union also captures plantations and slaves, destroying Southern economy

Total War

General Grant and Lincoln realize in 1862 union would be restored only by

complete conquest

Total war- mobilize all of societys resources (economic, political and cultural)

for military effort

Lincoln gradually wants to abolish slavery

Southerners do not fully us resources because they are suspicious of centralized

power

Mobilizing Armies and Civilians

Many volunteered, more in the south

Eventually soldiers would be drafted due to diseases in camps and casualties

The Draft
 Confederacy starts the first legally binding draft (conscription) in American

history after bloody Battle of Shiloh in 1862

Required existing soldiers to serve for duration of war and mandate 3 years of

service for all men between 18 and 35

Later age limit becomes 45

Two problems

For 20 slaves slave owners did not have to serve

Draftees could hire substitutes

When loopholes closed in 1864 substitutes were very expensive

Farmers fed up- rich mans war and poor mans fight

Some refuse to serve. Because each state was sovereign, Richmond could not

force military service

Some state governors ignore first drafts but some state judges issued habeas

corpus- legal instruments used to protect people from arbitrary arrest

Ordered Confederate army to release reluctant draftees

Congress however could override judges authority if need be

Union was more strict on draft resisters and Confederate sympathizers

No habeas corpus

Imprisoned sympathizers or taxed them extra

Used military courts to try resistors rather than local

Volunteers were offered cash and men could pay not to be drafted

Enrollment Act of 1863 passes initiating conscription recent immigrants refuse

Worked that freeing blacks will create job competition

 Northern Democrats use opportunity to criticize Lincoln

Immigrant workers rioted, killed or terrorized blacks, targeted Republicans and

sacked the police

Troops from Gettysburg quelled riots

Native born Unionists much more supportive

Disease in camps kill 250,000 Union soldiers

Only 135,000 died in combat as comparison

Confederate army had worse health system and poorly organized

Scurvy widespread

The deaths created new cultural practices for military cemeteries and funerals

Middle-class wives wear black clothing to mourn death

Cult of mourning

Women in Wartime

200,000 women work as volunteers in Sanitary Commission and Freedmans Aid

Society

Collected suppliers for liberated slaves

War drives more women into wage earning careers as nurses and factory workers

Dorothea Dix opens up profession of medicine to women as superintendent of

female nurses

Many Union women become government clerks while many Confederate women

worked in postal service

Millions of women take over farming jobs, offices, factories and schooling

Mobilizing Resources
 North had vast advantages over South

2/3s of population and railroad mileage

90% of industrial output

Economy far superior to that of the south

Confederates were not weak though

VA, NC, and TN had substantial industrial capacity

Tredegar Ironworks manufacturing center

Every infantryman had a modern rifle-musket by 1863

9 million people, the Confederacy could have large armies

of population were slaves who produced food for the army and cotton for

export

Relied on King Cotton- leading American export and crucial part of 19th

century economy to purchase clothes, items and weapons

South saw cotton as diplomatic weapon that would persuade Britain and France

which had large textile industry to support the Confederacy

Britain had found its own cotton sources in Egypt and India but still gave some

support

Never recognized the Confederacy as a nation but loaned money and sold

weapons to them

Republican Economic and Fiscal Policies

Republicans enact a government-assisted economic development far better than

the American System

40% tariff on foreign goods encouraged domestic industry

 Offered free land to farmers to boost agricultural output

Secretary of Treasury Salmon P. Chase forced thousands of local banks to accept

federal charters and regulations to create national banking system

Financed transportation system

Metals in west encouraged travel

Congress charters transcontinental railroad in 1862 to Union and Central

Pacific companies

Won support of workers, farmers, and entrepreneurs

New industry expansion to provide for 1.5 million strong Union army

Chicago develops railways to ship pork

Government spending increased dramatically

Republicans create modern system of public finance to secure funds

Tariff increase

High taxes on alcohol and tobacco

Direct taxes on business corporations, large inheritances and incomes of

wealthy citizens

Interest-paying bonds issued

National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864 forced most banks to buy bonds

Union paid last bit of cost by printing paper money

Legal tender Act of 1862 authorized $150 million in paper currency, greenbacks,

and required public to accept them

Could not be exchanged for specie

South Resorts to Coercion and Inflation

 Daviss administration took strong control over economy

Controlled foreign trade

Many opposed tax laws

Their Congress refused to tax cotton exports and slaves by wealthy

planters so middle class and yeomen families refused to pay more than

their share

South relied heavily on loans

Printed money to cover 60% of costs, greatly causing inflation

Common people extremely poor compared to the rich

Southerners refused to accept paper money with its inflation cause

Government seized citizens property to pay costs for war

Turning Point- 1863

Lincoln administration had strengthened the Union greatly

Emancipation

Republicans want to abolish slavery as a goal of the war

Slavery sustained south so some justify abolitionism on military grounds

Contrabands

African Americans seize freedom

Benjamin Butler of Union army labels runaway slaves as contraband of war to

seize them and not return them to the South

Thousands of contrabands were camping with Union armies

Humanitarian crisis
 Congress passes Confiscation in 1861 to authorize seizure of all property

including slave property that supported the rebellion

Radical Republicans (republicans bitterly opposed to slavery since mid 1850s)

used wartime legislation to destroy slavery

Thaddeus Stevens of Penn, long time member of Congress, was skilled at passing

legislation that won majority support

Persuaded Congress to end slavery in DOC by compensating owners

Congress outlaws slavery in federal territories (passing Wilmot Proviso)

Second Confiscation Act which declared the refugee slaves captured by

the Union army free

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln originally rejects emancipation as a war aim but changes mind

Drated a proclamation of emancipation in July 1862

Linked black freedom to preservation of Union in August in public

Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation of emancipation on Sept 22, 1862

Legal authority based on his duty as commander in chief to stop rebellion

Legally abolished slavery in all slave states that remained out of the Union

on Jan 1st, 1863

Rebel states could preserve slavery by renouncing secession but none

chose to do so

Left slavery intact in Maryland and Missouri

Union army permitted slavery in territories they occupied

 Indians in Indian territory did not free their slaves until treaty in 1866 with US

government

Did not immediately free slaves

Emancipation was controversial

Davis labeled it as terrible

Racist northerners release backlash

Democrats denounce emancipation as unconstitutional and warned of

slave violence and job stealing

Democrat Horatio Seymour won governors office of NY with anti-emancipation

views

Democrats gain 34 seats in Congress but Republicans still have majority

Vicksburg and Gettysburg

Robert E Lee has two victories that damage northern support for war

Battle for the Mississippi

General Grant mounts major offensive to split confederacy in two

Along Mississippi River

At Vicksburg along the river in Mississippi Grant defeats two Confederate armies

and sieged the city

Confederates surrender Vicksburg on July 4th, 1863

Union forces took control of whole river

Cut south off and prompted slaves to desert plantations

Confederates target refugees in massacres

 Confederates look for new strategy and Lee suggests an attack on the North to

draw Grant away or crush Northern morale

Lees Advance and Defeat

Lee was preparing for attack on DOC

On July 1st two big armies met by accident at Gettysburg, Penn

Union commander George G Meade placed troops in well defended hill top

positions at southern end of Gettysburg

Lee sends General George Pickett and 14,000 men to take Cemetary ridge

Faced deadly artillery fire in the mile of charging in open terrain

Great casualties after three day battle

Confederates have 28,000 casualties

Union has 23,000 casualties

Meade allowed Confederate units to escape because of bloodshed but this angers

Lincoln

Gettysburg was a great Union victory

Southern citizens become critical of Jefferson Davis in their 1863 Confederate

elections

In North Republicans swept state elections

British built ironclad cruiser Alabama had sunk or captured more than 100 Union

ships since 1862 but Britain decides to not send two more ironclads

British workers and reformers had condemned slavery for a while and

supported emancipation
 Wheat exports to Britain from Midwest was more important to them than

cotton exports

The Union Victorious, 1864-1865

Union Victories of 1863 meant South could not win independence through a

decisive military triumph

Confederacy hoped for stalemate and negotiated peace

Soldiers and Strategy

African Americans, free and fugitive, could volunteer in Union to end slavery as

early as 1861

Douglass also believed they would gain citizenship

Many whites refused to serve with blacks

Impact of Black Troops

Emancipation Proclamation changes military policy and popular sentiment

Northern whites accept black troops should share in fighting and dying

54th Massachusetts Infantry attacks Fort Wagner in SC and this convinced Union

officers the value of black soldiers

200,000 black Americans armed by Spring of 1865

Did not end racial discrimination

Paid less than whites initially

Died at higher rates than white soldiers

Southern fear had come true

Slaves had rebelled successfully against slavery

Capable Generals Take Command

 Lincoln places General Ulysses S Grant in charge of all Union armies in March

1864

Lincoln determined strategy and Grant implemented it

Grant knew how to fight wars that relied on technology

Besieged whole city of Vicksburg in July 1863 and forced its surrender

Used railroads to rescue endangered Union army near Chattanooga, TN

Grant was willing to accept casualties to end war early

May 1864, Grant orders two offensives

Army of 115,000 he oversaw searched to destroy the 75,000 Lee troops in

Virginia

Instructed General William Tecumseh Sherman to invade Georgia and

Take Atlanta

Grant advances to Richmond but Lee remains in strong defensive positions,

avoiding mistake at Gettysburg

Lee wins two costly victories at battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court

House

Spotsylvania was at point-blank range

Heavy losses at Cold Harbor

Grant loses 55,000 and Lee loses 31,000

Stalemate

Heavy psychological toll

Morale declined and soldiers deserted

Grant sieged Petersburg, important railroad center near Richmond

 Union and Confederate soldiers build complex networks of trenches, tunnels, and

artillery emplacements for 40 miles along eastern edge of Richmond and

Petersburg

Immense stress in the trenches

Enormous casualties threatens Lincolns election in 1864

Outlooked worsened when Pennsylvania town of Chambersburg was

burned down and DOC was threatened

Grant punished sympathizers in Shenandoah region for aiding Confederates

Ordered Philip H Sheridan to launch scorched-earth campaign, destroying

everything and reducing all to useless rubble

Election of 1864 and Shermans March

Lincolns reelection depended on General Sherman in Georgia

90,000 men moving methodically toward Atlanta

General Joseph E Johnson's army of 60,000 was defending city

Inflicted heavy casualties on Union army for little Union gain

National Union Party vs Peace Democrats

Republican Party stops attempts to not renominate Lincoln

Endorsed war strategy, demanded Confederacys unconditional surrender

and called for constitutional amendment to abolish slavery

Republicans took new name, National Union Party, to attract border-state and

Democrat voters

Unionist Democrat and Tennessee slave owner Andrew Johnson as

Lincolns running mate

 Democratic Party nominates George McClellan for President

Had been removed twice from military commands for excess of caution

and opposition to emancipation

Democrats rejected emancipation and condemned Lincolns repression of

domestic unhappiness

Particularly suspension of habeas corpus and use of military courts to

prosecute civilians

Democrats split into two

War Democrats wanted fighting until the end of rebellion

Peace Democrats wanted constitutional convention to negotiate a peace

settlement

McClellan promised to end war with treaty

Alexander Stephens,Confederate VP predicted if Atlanta and Richmond

held out McClellan would win and offer peace to independent

Confederacy

Fall of Atlanta and Lincolns Victory

Atlanta fell on Sept 2nd, 1864

Sherman pulled his troops from the trenches, swept around the city and

destroyed railroads going south

Fearing encirclement John B Hood, Conf general flees city

Pessimism in Confederacy

McClellan sees Confederacys weakness and repudiates Democratic peace

platform
 Peace Democrats labelled as traitors

Lincoln won 212 of 233 electoral votes

55% popular vote

Legal emancipation begins

1864- Maryland and Missouri amended their constitutions to end slavery

Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana followed

Republican Congress approves 13th amendment in Jan 1865, ending slavery

Sent to states for ratification

William Tecumseh Sherman: Hard War Warrior

William Tecumseh Sherman

Was a young military officer stationed in the South

Sympathized with planter class and felt slavery upheld social stability

But Sherman believed in the Union

Serving under Grant, Sherman distinguished himself at Shiloh and Vicksburg

Took command of army of Tennessee

Developed tactics and philosophy of hard war

Justified treating all inhabitants of a nation as combatants

After capturing Atlanta Sherman marched all the way to the sea, demonstrating

the power of the Union to the world

Left Atlanta in flames in a 300-mile March to the sea

Consumed or demolished everything in its path

African Americans treated Sherman as a savior

 Sherman issued Special Field Order No. 15 giving 400,000 acres of prime

rich-growing land for exclusive use of freed blacks

Sherman invaded SC in Feb 1865 to punish instigators of nullifcation and

secession

Burned down capital, Columbia

Confederate Collapse

Grants war in Virginia exposed rising class resentment among poor whites in

Confederacy

Angered by slave owners exemptions from draft

Repudiated draft

Mass desertions

Prompted confederates to approve enlistment of black soldiers and

promising them freedom

Fighting ended too soon to see if slaves would fight for Confederacy

Symbolic end of war in Virginia in April 1865

Grant gained control of crucial railroad junction at Petersburg

Forced Lee to abandon Richmond

Lincoln visits destroyed Richmond and Grant cuts off Lees escape route to NC

Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House in Virginia

Grant lets Confederate officers and men to go home in return for promise not to

fight again

All secessionist armies and governments melted away by May

The north had preserved the union but much of the south was destroyed
 260,000 dead Confederate soldiers and 360,000 dead Union soldiers

Slavery was gone and military men from the lower classes led society

APUSH Chapter 14 Study Guide

People

Abraham Lincoln

Republican President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

Declared secession illegal and vowed to preserve the Union

Would bring south back through military force

Wanted aggressive military strategy

Did not care about casualties

Wanted quick and swift war

Removed generals who did not meet his expectations such as McClellan

Won election of 1864, mainly due to the progress of his generals in the South,

especially after Sherman takes Atlanta

In 1861 Lincoln wanted to abolish slavery in all territories but in 1862 wanted to

abolish slavery in general

His aggressive policies were controversial

Suspended habeas corpus

Enlisted black soldiers

Tried Confederate sympathizing civilians in military courts

Jefferson Davis

President of Confederate States

Former U.S. senator from Mississippi and secretary of war

 Strict control over Confederate economy

Davis views Confederacy as fight for right of self-government

Defended boundaries to maintain independence

Vowed to not emancipate slaves

Received criticism for failures by southern citizens in Election of 1863

Robert E. Lee

Brilliant Confederate general

Originally in Union army

Offered to lead Union army when war broke out but he resigned

Loyal to his home state, Virginia

Joined Confederates and became a highly successful general against the Union

Lost essential battle of Gettysburg and rail lines destruction at Petersburg cut Lee

and his men in Richmond off from supplies

Retreated south but was cut off by Grants forces

Surrendered in Appomattox Court House in Virginia but him and his men

were allowed to go home after they promised not to fight again

George McClellan

Union general who replaced McDowell

Failed to exploit Confederate losses that they sustained in attacking Washington

McClellan pulls from Virginia to avoid heavy casualties

Lincoln was angry

Relieved of duty as a general

Candidate for Democratic party in election of 1864

 Advocated for peace but after fall of Atlanta repudiated himself

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general who eventually became general of all Union armies

Illinois volunteers commanded by Ulysses S. Grant drove secessionists out of

Kentucky

In 1862 used riverboats in Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers to seize railroad lines

Forced confederate withdraw at Shiloh, TN

Very costly battle

General Grant mounts major offensive to split confederacy in two

Along Mississippi River

At Vicksburg along the river in Mississippi Grant defeats two Confederate armies

and sieged the city

Grant punished sympathizers in Shenandoah region for aiding Confederates

Sieged Petersburg and Richmond

Cut Lees escape route off and made him surrender

Let him go home as long as he never rebelled again

William T. Sherman

Sieged Atlanta

Atlanta fell on Sept 2nd, 1864

Sherman pulled his troops from the trenches, swept around the city and

destroyed railroads going south

Hard War Warrior

William Tecumseh Sherman

 Was a young military officer stationed in the South

Sympathized with planter class and felt slavery upheld social

stability but Sherman believed in the Union

Serving under Grant, Sherman distinguished himself at Shiloh and

Vicksburg

Took command of army of Tennessee

After capturing Atlanta Sherman marched all the way to the sea,

demonstrating the power of the Union to the world

Left Atlanta in flames in a 300-mile March to the sea

Consumed or demolished everything in its path

African Americans treated Sherman as a savior

Sherman issued Special Field Order No. 15 giving 400,000 acres

of prime rich-growing land for exclusive use of freed blacks

Sherman invaded SC in Feb 1865 to punish instigators of nullification and

secession and burned down capital of SC, Columbia

Terms

Total War

Mobilization all of societys resources (economic, political and cultural) for

military effort

Draft (conscription)
 Confederacy starts the first legally binding draft (conscription) in American

history in 1862

Required existing soldiers to serve for duration of war and mandate 3 years of

service for all men between 18 and 35

Later age limit becomes 45

For 20 slaves slave owners did not have to serve

Draftees could hire substitutes

In North draft was stricter

Men who volunteered were paid a reward

Men who did not want to serve had to pay fee

Habeas corpus

Legal instruments (laws) used to protect people from arbitrary arrest

Used in some southern states

Union was more strict on draft resisters and Confederate sympathizers

No habeas corpus

Imprisoned sympathizers or taxed them extra

Used military courts to try resistors rather than local

King Cotton

Leading American export and crucial part of 19th century economy to purchase

clothes, items and weapons

South saw cotton as diplomatic weapon that would persuade Britain and France

which had large textile industry to support the Confederacy

Greenbacks
 Legal tender Act of 1862 authorized $150 million in paper currency, greenbacks,

and required public to accept them

Could not be exchanged for specie

Contrabands

Benjamin Butler of Union army labels runaway slaves as contraband of war to

seize them and not return them to the South

Effectively freed them from the Confederacy

Thousands of contrabands were camping with Union armies

Humanitarian crisis

Congress passes Confiscation in 1861 to authorize seizure of all property

including slave property that supported the rebellion

Radical Republicans

Republicans bitterly opposed to slavery since mid 1850s who used wartime

legislation to destroy slavery

Scorched-earth campaign

Grant punished sympathizers in Shenandoah region for aiding Confederates

Ordered Philip H Sheridan to launch scorched-earth campaign, destroying

everything and reducing all to useless rubble

Destroyed everything possibly useful to Confederates

War/Peace Democrats

Democrats split in two during election of 1864

War Democrats wanted fighting until the end of rebellion

 Peace Democrats wanted constitutional convention to negotiate a peace settlement

Peace Democrats labelled as traitors by Republicans

Hard-war

Developed tactics and philosophy of hard war

Justified treating all inhabitants of a nation as combatants

Events

Crittenden Compromise

Buchanan encourages Congress to find compromise

Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky proposes Crittenden Compromise-

contained two proposals

Constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal interference in

any state where it already existed

Westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line to California border

Included territories acquired, raising prospect of expansion into

Cuba or Central America

Republicans reject second proposal on instruction from President

Imperialist ideology in it

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln originally rejects emancipation as a war aim but changes mind

Drated a proclamation of emancipation in July 1862

Linked black freedom to preservation of Union in August in public

Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation of emancipation on Sept 22, 1862

 Legal authority based on his duty as commander in chief to stop rebellion

Legally abolished slavery in all slave states that remained out of the Union

on Jan 1st, 1863

Rebel states could preserve slavery by renouncing secession but none

chose to do so

Left slavery intact in Maryland and Missouri

Union army permitted slavery in territories they occupied

March to the Sea

After capturing Atlanta Sherman marched all the way to the sea, demonstrating

the power of the Union to the world

Left Atlanta in flames in a 300-mile March to the sea

Consumed or demolished everything in its path

Questions

What advantages did the North have in the war?

What advantages did the South have in the war?

North

North had vast advantages over South

2/3s of population and railroad mileage

 90% of industrial output

Economy far superior to that of the south

South

VA, NC, and TN had substantial industrial capacity

Tredegar Ironworks manufacturing center

Every infantryman had a modern rifle-musket by 1863

9 million people, the Confederacy could have large armies

of population were slaves who produced food for the army and cotton for

export

Relied on King Cotton- leading American export and crucial part of 19th

century economy to purchase clothes, items and weapons

What was the Norths strategy (plan) to win the war?

What was the Souths strategy (plan) to win the war?

North

General Grant mounts major offensive to split confederacy in two

Along Mississippi River

Cut Confederate states off and cut off as well as railroads and supplies

Total war

Destroy everything usable by the Confederates

Treat civilians as combatants

Goal: preserve the Union

South
 Confederates target refugees in massacres

Confederates look for new strategy and Lee suggests an attack on the North to

draw Grant away or crush Northern morale

Defend borders and hold out until North gives up

Attacks on DOC multiple times

Goal: successfully declare independence from Union

The war impacted all Americans. What impact did the war have on women and

African-Americans?

Women

200,000 women work as volunteers in Sanitary Commission and Freedmans Aid

Society

War drives more women into wage earning careers as nurses and factory workers

Dorothea Dix opens up profession of medicine to women as superintendent of

female nurses

Many Union women become government clerks while many Confederate women

worked in postal service

Millions of women take over farming jobs, offices, factories and schooling

African-Americans

Emancipation Proclamation changes military policy and popular sentiment

Northern whites accept black troops should share in fighting and dying

200,000 black Americans armed by Spring of 1865

Did not end racial discrimination

 Paid less than whites initially

Died at higher rates than white soldiers

Southern fear had come true

Slaves had rebelled successfully against slavery

Slavery was abolished entirely after the war